<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2488692767372480114</id><updated>2024-10-24T15:49:03.411+07:00</updated><category term="gerbang AND"/><category term="gerbang NAND"/><category term="gerbang NOR"/><category term="gerbang OR"/><category term="gerbang XNOR"/><category term="gerbang XOR"/><category term="gerbang logika"/><title type='text'>BLOG CATATAN ELEKTRONIKA</title><subtitle type='html'>elektronika itu mudah dan menyenangkan BRAVO...</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2488692767372480114/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>foead</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12224924286365150232</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>5</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2488692767372480114.post-334613140157271494</id><published>2010-05-04T00:57:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-05-04T00:57:24.609+07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gerbang AND"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gerbang logika"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gerbang NAND"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gerbang NOR"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gerbang OR"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gerbang XNOR"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gerbang XOR"/><title type='text'>MENGENAL GERBANG LOGIKA (LOGIC GATE)</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot; http-equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot;&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;Word.Document&quot; name=&quot;ProgId&quot;&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot; name=&quot;Generator&quot;&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot; name=&quot;Originator&quot;&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot; rel=&quot;File-List&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot; rel=&quot;themeData&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot; rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;style&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Apa itu gerbang logika ?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Gerbang Logika adalah rangkaian dengan satu atau lebih dari satu sinyal masukan tetapi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;hanya menghasilkan satu sinyal berupa tegangan tinggi atau tegangan rendah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dikarenakan analisis gerbang logika dilakukan dengan Aljabar Boolean maka gerbang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;logika sering juga disebut Rangkaian logika.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Rangakaian logika sering kita temukan dalam sirkuit digital yang diimplemetasikan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;secara elekrtonik dengan menggunakan dioda atau transistor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ada 7 gerbang logika yang kita ketahui yang dibagi menjadi 2 jenis, yaitu :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Gerbang logika Inventer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Inverter (&lt;i&gt;pembalik&lt;/i&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;merupakan gerbang logika dengan satu sinyal masukan dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;satu sinyal keluaran dimana sinyal keluaran selalu berlawanan denga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;n &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;keadaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;sinyal masukan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; 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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Gerbang logika non-Inverter&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Berbeda dengan gerbang logika Inverter yang sinyal masukannya hanya satu untuk gerbang logika non-Inverter sinyal masukannya ada dua atau lebih sehingga hasil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;(output) sinyal keluaran sangat tergantung oleh sinyal masukannya dan gerbang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;ogika yang dilaluinya (NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR). Yang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;termasuk gerbang logika non-Inverter adalah :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot; http-equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot;&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;Word.Document&quot; name=&quot;ProgId&quot;&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot; name=&quot;Generator&quot;&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot; name=&quot;Originator&quot;&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot; rel=&quot;File-List&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot; rel=&quot;themeData&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot; rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;style&gt;
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&lt;/style&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;· &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Gerbang AND&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Gerbang AND mempunyai dua atau lebih dari dua sinyal masukan tetapi hanya satu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;sinyal keluaran. 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&lt;/style&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;untuk mempermudah mengetahui jumlah kombinasi sinyal yang harus dihitung&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;berdasarkan inputanya, gunakan rumus ini :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;- 2n , dimana &lt;b&gt;n &lt;/b&gt;adalah jumlah input.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Contoh :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;n = 2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; 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&lt;/style&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Gerbang OR&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Gerbang OR mempunyai dua atau lebih dari dua sinyal masukan tetapi hanya satu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;sinyal keluaran. 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&lt;/style&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;· &lt;b&gt;Gerbang XNOR (Ekuivalen, Not-Exclusive-OR)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Gerbang XNOR disebut juga gerbang Not-EXCLUSIVE-OR. Gerbang XNOR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;mempunyai sifat bila sinyal keluaran ingin benilai tinggi (1) maka sinyal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;masukannya harus benilai genap (kedua nilai masukan harus rendah keduanya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;atau tinggi keduanya).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR6j0Ig3KhhuvSkvgFgC2BmG6ge7KyDAYhwaVCh1bECl1w5AEKY3n0086jc4L5gCWh-bU5yu_jbcLnby9saDvnzU0yT-04SZnsp_nRpaBpSG39EABb90UGMarFjPu2RsglDNJVL4DYb4A/s1600/fungsi+gerbang+xnor.bmp&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR6j0Ig3KhhuvSkvgFgC2BmG6ge7KyDAYhwaVCh1bECl1w5AEKY3n0086jc4L5gCWh-bU5yu_jbcLnby9saDvnzU0yT-04SZnsp_nRpaBpSG39EABb90UGMarFjPu2RsglDNJVL4DYb4A/s320/fungsi+gerbang+xnor.bmp&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7wuTGfd7GCoESbuRUUOsYQKVqugfCMH6QlsDynfqs0aKkBSKMlTpCRtzyFZQ01_I4wbbyBR9ftUZdQmRevrRJYPKM2admwuqX9eSTlz5PHEllCHvXw1ABbOLIwn5X5rRdme8xg4tz-8o/s1600/tabel+logika+xnor+2+masukan.bmp&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7wuTGfd7GCoESbuRUUOsYQKVqugfCMH6QlsDynfqs0aKkBSKMlTpCRtzyFZQ01_I4wbbyBR9ftUZdQmRevrRJYPKM2admwuqX9eSTlz5PHEllCHvXw1ABbOLIwn5X5rRdme8xg4tz-8o/s320/tabel+logika+xnor+2+masukan.bmp&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyW_ESr1VlUyLFFkpTjiw3nINZ48vbg3KUFbPClffmGAMPqRf81H6e38Cbu0bgQBJu18ZDDxZIMCe8tXUTFfuc90Y3CUXWzfq30yZO2TEpfIMMxI94DYS21_qt7ZH7AwC4gZ6j0sAl0-s/s1600/simbol+xnor+standar.bmp&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyW_ESr1VlUyLFFkpTjiw3nINZ48vbg3KUFbPClffmGAMPqRf81H6e38Cbu0bgQBJu18ZDDxZIMCe8tXUTFfuc90Y3CUXWzfq30yZO2TEpfIMMxI94DYS21_qt7ZH7AwC4gZ6j0sAl0-s/s320/simbol+xnor+standar.bmp&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot; http-equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot;&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;Word.Document&quot; name=&quot;ProgId&quot;&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot; name=&quot;Generator&quot;&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot; name=&quot;Originator&quot;&gt;&lt;/meta&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot; rel=&quot;File-List&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot; rel=&quot;themeData&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot; rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot;&gt;&lt;/link&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;style&gt;
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&lt;/style&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Gambar simbol Gerbang XNOR Standar&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/feeds/334613140157271494/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/2010/05/mengenal-gerbang-logika-logic-gate.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2488692767372480114/posts/default/334613140157271494'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2488692767372480114/posts/default/334613140157271494'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/2010/05/mengenal-gerbang-logika-logic-gate.html' title='MENGENAL GERBANG LOGIKA (LOGIC GATE)'/><author><name>foead</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12224924286365150232</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUv4cEtrsvRHmk80LQ0yqALfBOEl0azDn7EfyPsxzm6cvQLHO_tl0nm40RSrjrRtIhOv_mEgq8oWw8BS0aVo4omsG_BHbzn6V3YXZU1GdhPauy2lrdkTY38Wf46hSCKtpsDgte67e3LeM/s72-c/tabel+logika+inverter.bmp" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2488692767372480114.post-4471843290881183625</id><published>2010-03-10T01:09:00.004+07:00</published><updated>2010-03-11T00:16:44.945+07:00</updated><title type='text'>PENGUAT OPERASIONAL</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PENGUAT OPERASIONAL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Pengenalan Penguat Operasional&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman;&quot;&gt;Penguat operasional adalah penguat dengan gain tinggi dan terhubung secara langsung. Penguat ini biasanya digunakan untuk menguatkan sinyal berjalur frekuensi lebar dan digunakan bersama jaringan umpan balik eksternal. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot; xmlns=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gambar 1.1 Simbol penguat operasional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;\enguat operasional memiliki 5 terminal dasar, yaitu 2 untuk mensuplai daya, 2 untuk masukan dan satu untuk keluaran. Penguat operasional memiliki beberapa ketentuan ideal. Ketentuan-ketentuan ini tidak terdapat dalam praktek, namun asumsi-asumsi mengenai ini memungkinkan orang untuk melakukan analisa dengan cepat mengenai rangkaian umpan balik pada penguat operasional. Ketentuan-ketentuan ideal penguat operasional ini, antara lain : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Penguatan open loop besar (A &amp;gt;&amp;gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Vo = 0 jika V1=V2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Impedansi input tinggi (Z &amp;gt;&amp;gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Impedansi output mendekati 0 (Zo &amp;lt;&amp;lt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Tidak ada tegangan offset &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Rangkaian Penguat Operasional&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.1 Inverting Amplifier&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pada rangkaian inverting amplifier, input non-inverting di-ground-kan sedangkan input inverting sebagai masukan. Dengan mengasumsikan, opamp mempunyai &lt;i&gt;open loop gain&lt;/i&gt; yang tidak berhingga, maka perbedaan tegangan antara input inverting dan input non-inverting sama dengan nol (Ed=0). Pada kondisi ini, input &lt;i&gt;inverting&lt;/i&gt; disebut &lt;i&gt;virtual ground&lt;/i&gt;. Arus yang mengalir pada Ri adalah V&lt;sub&gt;IN&lt;/sub&gt;/R&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; dan arus pada RF adalah V&lt;sub&gt;OUT&lt;/sub&gt;/R&lt;sub&gt;F&lt;/sub&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhScM0iVb_QcazhAuoLu7pqUADMcJJ5dHbViEJ9jlxFSduxVISBRrlf3WSZSQbn0FZkbxvz0FLbWX2ZVDxkdXN9AN24Iv5QQZBwLyC7QkuwzfIaiuTwG928Ec-6eqYeX5cDAWHNJVla1r4/s1600-h/Rangkaian+pembalik+%28Inverting+Amplifier%29.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446705927834248146&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhScM0iVb_QcazhAuoLu7pqUADMcJJ5dHbViEJ9jlxFSduxVISBRrlf3WSZSQbn0FZkbxvz0FLbWX2ZVDxkdXN9AN24Iv5QQZBwLyC7QkuwzfIaiuTwG928Ec-6eqYeX5cDAWHNJVla1r4/s320/Rangkaian+pembalik+%28Inverting+Amplifier%29.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 143px; width: 234px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gambar 1.2 Rangkaian pembalik (Inverting Amplifier)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Penguatan tegangan pada inverting amplifier sama dengan harga resistor feedback dibagi dengan harga resistor input. Tanda minus menunjukkan adanya perbedaan fasa antara input dan output. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivd_ru2pp0RdNzyBu_aRPwZWPkfM4k27Q3xpLSxNNTgO7Diq33mFX0hVpTRtrHxXG7cIpfAuHX39PvzBpl3KV83IUNPyI5IYghg43ELzVEgHoYDDmR4k7FuQJyrOkap6oePYEUoCKDUcE/s1600-h/rumus+1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446706923812303458&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivd_ru2pp0RdNzyBu_aRPwZWPkfM4k27Q3xpLSxNNTgO7Diq33mFX0hVpTRtrHxXG7cIpfAuHX39PvzBpl3KV83IUNPyI5IYghg43ELzVEgHoYDDmR4k7FuQJyrOkap6oePYEUoCKDUcE/s320/rumus+1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 141px; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Sering kali dibutuhkan penguat yang memberikan keluaran sama besar dan sefasa dengan masukannya serta memenuhi hubungan Rf tertentu dengan Ri. Oleh karena itu digunakannya rangkaian non inverting amplifier untuk memperoleh penguatan yang sefasa dengan masukannya. Berikut adalah gambar rangkaian non-inverting amplifier: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi00sB9tTqhnVnhVIsCM2MELUiYwKHu6JA_jHUtc3DOAoM_Tbpi1vIif8drVKfvAoEpI43AEWNhfV0aJpTLx5hFJBBec6w6y_ZrcMm457HNBfE6ag5VL_RH3C2Bar3mhOZDpPAsy569zJQ/s1600-h/Rangkaian+tidak+membalik+%28non-inverting+amplifier%29.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446706606469122338&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi00sB9tTqhnVnhVIsCM2MELUiYwKHu6JA_jHUtc3DOAoM_Tbpi1vIif8drVKfvAoEpI43AEWNhfV0aJpTLx5hFJBBec6w6y_ZrcMm457HNBfE6ag5VL_RH3C2Bar3mhOZDpPAsy569zJQ/s320/Rangkaian+tidak+membalik+%28non-inverting+amplifier%29.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 124px; width: 223px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gambar 1.3 Rangkaian tidak membalik (non-inverting amplifier)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;engan asumsi tegangan antara tegangan terminal inverting (-) dan non-inverting (+) adalah 0 volt, berarti tegangan di titik A sama dengan Vi. Arus yang mengalir pada Ri sama dengan arus yang mengalir pada Rf, yaitu: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIoHVqAadTdc7iCixjJFBkPhd_wD5y6GMcg_-vKO5knM3gqReu9EVwaiBuPXWy-zRObtQg1xrtmFp_J-MQLbR-yNYnlzLhcv6QmM-vdrlUcA9hGlZ5YH3o1bcGtHiuy6Oj2Q73b-_REGg/s1600-h/rumus+2.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446707267872598754&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIoHVqAadTdc7iCixjJFBkPhd_wD5y6GMcg_-vKO5knM3gqReu9EVwaiBuPXWy-zRObtQg1xrtmFp_J-MQLbR-yNYnlzLhcv6QmM-vdrlUcA9hGlZ5YH3o1bcGtHiuy6Oj2Q73b-_REGg/s320/rumus+2.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 139px; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.3 Penguat Differensial &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Penguat Differensial bisa mengukur maupun memperkuat sinyal-sinyal kecil yang terbenam dalam sinyal-sinyal yang jauh lebih besar. Empat tahanan presisi (1 %) dan sebuah opamp membentuk sebuah penguat differensial, seperti terlihat pada gambar 2.3. Terminal inputnya ada dua, input (-) dan (+), dihubungkan dengan terminal opamp yang terdekat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Sumber masukan penguat differensial ada 2, yaitu E1 dan E2. Jika E2 dihubung singkat, maka E1 mendapat penguatan pembalik sebesar -mR/R = -m. Karena tegangan keluaran akibat E1 adalah -mE1. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Jika E1 dihubung singkat, maka E2 akan terbagi antara R dan mR, sehingga terminal positif dari opamp menerima tegangan sebesar mendapat penguatan pembalik sebesar -mR/R = -m. Karena tegangan keluaran akibat E1 adalah -mE2/(1+m), dengan penguatan sebesar (1+m). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPOwktUd0t62KCH7Ve3Q1V_-VQSYsDK49VkKBNrWevELmWPjiPoi2WgIexUguseCS6lOunkltcCDcai3_IHxYL-3pxCSvNikLAAI51nnVWh1uFlfER05UiVdsych5MJVZv5UBeiiL4Vj4/s1600-h/Rangkaian+Penguat+Differensial.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446707776842230466&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPOwktUd0t62KCH7Ve3Q1V_-VQSYsDK49VkKBNrWevELmWPjiPoi2WgIexUguseCS6lOunkltcCDcai3_IHxYL-3pxCSvNikLAAI51nnVWh1uFlfER05UiVdsych5MJVZv5UBeiiL4Vj4/s320/Rangkaian+Penguat+Differensial.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 146px; width: 246px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gambar 1.4 Rangkaian Penguat Differensial&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Karena itu tegangan keluaran akibat E1 adalah: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipR6-bWd8CA7id08svoqAL2QzcT78iMbQ2SMnobLkk6AJgQ7tZc9oaNtNMELNiZiJ6U4xtS6e8DkLeI2ekJGG8xl8Sz5j04eEhqNZnXRa4KMNnHb5GM0mj7CakZHx79nhkHsbnb1FHSNU/s1600-h/rumus+3.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446708018915242114&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipR6-bWd8CA7id08svoqAL2QzcT78iMbQ2SMnobLkk6AJgQ7tZc9oaNtNMELNiZiJ6U4xtS6e8DkLeI2ekJGG8xl8Sz5j04eEhqNZnXRa4KMNnHb5GM0mj7CakZHx79nhkHsbnb1FHSNU/s320/rumus+3.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 55px; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Dengan demikian jika E1 dan E2 sama-sama dimasukan, maka tegangan keluaran Vo adalah: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446708264813481730&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjJ780oKaLNAI4CmVAjMW2N0ltedVENA4MVziGlwtrOHvfcPjfwhSFyUh3MSYgDtR0BSkozJqai9ceoJMPq7_RAjMHkhg-CVMhj_Cvi4LQxDL2XS1J6yGcKRkgMAkqU3MIqUv4Poqd6Bk/s320/rumus+4.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 40px; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Dari persamaan diatas, dapat dilihat bahwa tegangan keluaran dari Penguat differensial sebanding dengan perbedaan tegangan masukan E1 dan E2. Pengali ini adalah merupakan gain differensial yang ditentukan oleh perbandingan tahanannya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.4 Integrator&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Rangkaian integrator digunakan untuk mencari nilai hasil integrasi dari sinyal input. Berikut adalah gambar 2.4 dari rangkaian integrator. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrFUqydJf2O8Rj0VnJOVOBiQix2ZgiJuDS7FVkbrmK8LsEo_PncsTzjoy06Zarup0pe-8rzeBq4qg3c4KL5tCo0t4lTANgzs8vBr_L3PQdZFqT0mxr0ySsRW6JxJUg9vdRk7pRhaQOsn4/s1600-h/Rangkaian+Integrator.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446708549769572386&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrFUqydJf2O8Rj0VnJOVOBiQix2ZgiJuDS7FVkbrmK8LsEo_PncsTzjoy06Zarup0pe-8rzeBq4qg3c4KL5tCo0t4lTANgzs8vBr_L3PQdZFqT0mxr0ySsRW6JxJUg9vdRk7pRhaQOsn4/s320/Rangkaian+Integrator.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 143px; width: 236px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gambar 1.5 Rangkaian Integrator&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Rangkaian integrator memiliki penguatan tegangan sebesar:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQep_i2RaPlJxh8uPH1XL9APs73BsFxkXal0vt-V-GI3PVUNTq8iM9LD-OHEQ-Xs5YGJIT7CHEGbXTcZfC-qttUpJ2fDLhGAaQrQktDcHGWuPp8DVvVYxHpQUoz9nMNWO59UHzosooPWk/s1600-h/rumus+5.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446708890289902194&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQep_i2RaPlJxh8uPH1XL9APs73BsFxkXal0vt-V-GI3PVUNTq8iM9LD-OHEQ-Xs5YGJIT7CHEGbXTcZfC-qttUpJ2fDLhGAaQrQktDcHGWuPp8DVvVYxHpQUoz9nMNWO59UHzosooPWk/s320/rumus+5.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 63px; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Bentuk 1/R&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;C harus sesuai dengan masukan frekuensi minimum yang diharapkan: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446709142459524210&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6iV37ofhqTGzHQ0GuLvcx-G8TIhJLG7oBzG9Df4PQwODU7-bdWNS3NrBdCsX_SEabuYxxOoXcZe2lnzN7b7xFm0nZljMm7rh52GMsby7i8iffC1hyMjktMFX3UyflfWP5KR92KyCTy7U/s320/rumus+6.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 63px; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.5 Summing Amplifier&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Op-amp sering digunakan sebagai penjumlah berbagai input sinyal. Berikut ini adalah gambar dari summing amplifier. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446709491343562162&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHNPqIqgRv6xsnTOse-Er0oVgAfiC7XfKHU6ktxxrPyN_4VP3PuUeUoNNV0m3dUqhQrUbpFIgNL8FZQYaYfASHfilcNW8FLI48D2SAmIVOl5ifNJ6Zfa3e2pbrzLz2aGwdt9PSYnlzxC4/s320/Rangkaian+Summing+Amplifier.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 137px; width: 270px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gambar 1.6 Rangkaian Summing Amplifier&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Rangkaian summing amplifier mempunyai penguatan tegangan sebanyak dua penguatan tegangan. Untuk penguatan tegangan 1 adalah sebagai berikut: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5NJkSX91YPOde7lCWnGspCNn8IB1BsTn1PB8PpPkig6nrxVTMb0jU41d2zgAYNJRnarhlNpcdesmBwrmz0k2Z_Wsad9TDgUbJ-0DV3pCKn5RhQ0misTIKomFpw5J9RKu-bFk3VGgHjGo/s1600-h/rumus+7.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446709922398099922&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5NJkSX91YPOde7lCWnGspCNn8IB1BsTn1PB8PpPkig6nrxVTMb0jU41d2zgAYNJRnarhlNpcdesmBwrmz0k2Z_Wsad9TDgUbJ-0DV3pCKn5RhQ0misTIKomFpw5J9RKu-bFk3VGgHjGo/s320/rumus+7.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 49px; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Untuk penguatan tegangan 2 adalah sebagai berikut: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1IqUxqOyLkvI-cCyjKKxpflXtRwkTlMx7dPtLoSm9FkGZp4qrKTzlBOB3vnfJ3DQASHxoAEQsd5xCaKbDve9jH5erwJTuGW-9lHCK_DH77myjVXnn8aqmFI5JQIhx8i9nENCwaKv7X6g/s1600-h/rumus+8.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446710524464404786&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1IqUxqOyLkvI-cCyjKKxpflXtRwkTlMx7dPtLoSm9FkGZp4qrKTzlBOB3vnfJ3DQASHxoAEQsd5xCaKbDve9jH5erwJTuGW-9lHCK_DH77myjVXnn8aqmFI5JQIhx8i9nENCwaKv7X6g/s320/rumus+8.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 58px; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Penguatan tegangan total dari summing amplifier adalah sebagai berikut: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6kOUGPbPrhcRTHW33vE_C5S_qvcOsDijv06TfyHu1NwBGv5rI_LZxyYNkCJuf2-Ns-Gid97nz3y7sw4caQfh6eaEyWYwBoG_ma5PYueIMOO5CFd55EwJgd-e4rBo2xP3aRCEv_bwmeDM/s1600-h/rumus+9.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446710942466464642&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6kOUGPbPrhcRTHW33vE_C5S_qvcOsDijv06TfyHu1NwBGv5rI_LZxyYNkCJuf2-Ns-Gid97nz3y7sw4caQfh6eaEyWYwBoG_ma5PYueIMOO5CFd55EwJgd-e4rBo2xP3aRCEv_bwmeDM/s320/rumus+9.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 58px; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.6 Penguat Instrumentasi&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Penguat Instrumentasi termasuk salah satu Penguat yang paling bermanfaat, cermat dan serbaguna yang ada pada saat ini. Penguat ini dibuat dari 3 penguat amplifier dan 7 tahanan, seperti terlihat pada gambar 2.6. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw5NVkEEie6tSitCF2pWlnSkHP1DYnHZMmxFGgzVrwZ3C6EILPZeZ3t-e1GF4WfxEt2R7noyOmkBHDva2_NH2A1MV7dUFbRXLwxxMAFcQyKfVobEt-54xgZMOs0s67qqJFpKj5hTJofbs/s1600-h/Rangkaian+Penguat+Instrumentasi.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5446711064731163250&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw5NVkEEie6tSitCF2pWlnSkHP1DYnHZMmxFGgzVrwZ3C6EILPZeZ3t-e1GF4WfxEt2R7noyOmkBHDva2_NH2A1MV7dUFbRXLwxxMAFcQyKfVobEt-54xgZMOs0s67qqJFpKj5hTJofbs/s320/Rangkaian+Penguat+Instrumentasi.jpg&quot; style=&quot;height: 182px; width: 279px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gambar 1.7 Rangkaian Penguat Instrumentasi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Vin1 diterapkan ke masukan (+) nya dan Vin2 ke masukan (-) nya. Vo sebanding dengan perbedaan tegangan-tegangan masukan. Ciri-ciri Penguat instrumentasi adalah sebagai berikut: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Gain tegangannya, dari masukan differensial (Vin1 - Vin2) ke keluaran berujung tunggal, diatur oleh satu buah tahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Resistansi masukan dari kedua masukannya sangat tinggi dan tidak berubah jika gainnya berubah. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Vo tidak tergantung pada tegangan bersama Vin1 maupun Vin2 (tegangan mode bersama), melainkan hanya pada perbedaan keduanya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/feeds/4471843290881183625/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/2010/03/penguat-operasional.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2488692767372480114/posts/default/4471843290881183625'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2488692767372480114/posts/default/4471843290881183625'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/2010/03/penguat-operasional.html' title='PENGUAT OPERASIONAL'/><author><name>foead</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12224924286365150232</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHhJjSNxVLvi4anfqKQMJcFnJXkN8ZOLtfk3jlyjv8W0Xc3S9Cksf0_X6qExYjEgH_lUIvVjldTum7tCybDYPp7wf7psOPBtxwhu7_1NwuTEo9wp8CWnPCX7LF0sJZVTVAs5-NE32vWvo/s72-c/Simbol+penguat+operasional.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2488692767372480114.post-5976740173546409295</id><published>2009-07-30T21:36:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-07-30T21:52:13.603+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Mari belajar bikin rangkaian sederhana...</title><content type='html'>Di dalam bagian ini di bahas tentang suatu rangkaian-sirkuit alarm,dan dalam bab kali ini adalah alarm untuk mengidentifikasi kebakaran. alarm seperti sangat penting bagi komplek-komplek perumahan yang padat sehingga adanya api bisa diketahui lebih awal. Selamat mencoba!!!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;untuk komponen yang akan dipakai dapat dilihat pada gambar..&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLP9QQreJNSvKwAV5VuphKZi3Squgy2umIqPC61hr14Zjbuq8DKpUvWDvmxrFrDagqPlsIACyWUEeEWR73QIDwqPgA65r49K6PMfzK2LZszCP0KHgdV70esGKcWP0RmHNL6OyMpCLOBFU/s1600-h/alarm.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 164px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5364265658061360754&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLP9QQreJNSvKwAV5VuphKZi3Squgy2umIqPC61hr14Zjbuq8DKpUvWDvmxrFrDagqPlsIACyWUEeEWR73QIDwqPgA65r49K6PMfzK2LZszCP0KHgdV70esGKcWP0RmHNL6OyMpCLOBFU/s320/alarm.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;rangkaian alarm kebakaran&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dari berbagai sumber.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/feeds/5976740173546409295/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/2009/07/mari-belajar-bikin-rangkaian-sederhana.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2488692767372480114/posts/default/5976740173546409295'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2488692767372480114/posts/default/5976740173546409295'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/2009/07/mari-belajar-bikin-rangkaian-sederhana.html' title='Mari belajar bikin rangkaian sederhana...'/><author><name>foead</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12224924286365150232</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLP9QQreJNSvKwAV5VuphKZi3Squgy2umIqPC61hr14Zjbuq8DKpUvWDvmxrFrDagqPlsIACyWUEeEWR73QIDwqPgA65r49K6PMfzK2LZszCP0KHgdV70esGKcWP0RmHNL6OyMpCLOBFU/s72-c/alarm.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2488692767372480114.post-2215778527594929003</id><published>2009-07-30T20:54:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-07-30T21:31:12.803+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Aplikasi PLC Sederhana</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ffcc00;&quot;&gt;Aplikasi PLC – Mesin Pengering Sederhana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;Anggap saja ini mesin pengering cucian yang punya pilihan untuk mengeringkan cucian selama 1 menit, 2 menit, dan 3 menit yang dapat dipilih menggunakan tombol kuning, merah, dan biru. Teknik pengeringan adalah dengan cara memutar cucian dalam tabung berlubang-lubang dengan kecepatan tinggi selama 1, 2, atau 3 menit&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjppEwt7S74FOxPfBiERIauDL5e9L7EWUaAbMsQv9trqYLyM3-tyb87Tlpwcx0bKIvECMdg_8-DvaBwXtuK3Ba1XmMNRRHSGbjY8SxfL4JL72DwMvajyYBRaw2rzCHoDIVGYlEyGzvmFSU/s1600-h/pengering1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 316px; HEIGHT: 127px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5364253713751172018&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjppEwt7S74FOxPfBiERIauDL5e9L7EWUaAbMsQv9trqYLyM3-tyb87Tlpwcx0bKIvECMdg_8-DvaBwXtuK3Ba1XmMNRRHSGbjY8SxfL4JL72DwMvajyYBRaw2rzCHoDIVGYlEyGzvmFSU/s320/pengering1.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Skenario&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.Jika Tombol 1_Menit ditekan, maka Motor akan berputar selama 1 menit, dan kemudian OFF.&lt;br /&gt;2.Jika Tombol 2_Menit ditekan, maka Motor akan berputar selama 2 menit, dan kemudian OFF.&lt;br /&gt;3.Jika Tombol 3_Menit ditekan, maka Motor akan berputar selama 3 menit, dan kemudian OFF.&lt;br /&gt;Diagram laddernya adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH7UP3BjH8YZrRk7G2FRt_h-3bd1mTYvsG3hBUVf9w6go3hF59GuYfTdgtmTENnwbfpdvKC7A2k-EBvE1HlO3fe6lg_zb_443eYVTdvQbZ9Oy4MmvQEOHzp3-0CB2A7Ln_P_sFNrARcFM/s1600-h/pengering2.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 137px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5364254863963869298&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH7UP3BjH8YZrRk7G2FRt_h-3bd1mTYvsG3hBUVf9w6go3hF59GuYfTdgtmTENnwbfpdvKC7A2k-EBvE1HlO3fe6lg_zb_443eYVTdvQbZ9Oy4MmvQEOHzp3-0CB2A7Ln_P_sFNrARcFM/s320/pengering2.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rung 1. Jika Tombol 1_Menit ditekan, maka SV (Setting Value) Timer TIM001 akan diisi dengan nilai 600 hex (60 detik). Kenapa gak pake MOV(21) aja? Karena tidak bisa, instruksi MOV(21) tidak dapat mengakses memori area TC. Oleh karena itu digunakan instruksi BSET(71). Lihat Instruksi BSET(71).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfz0asOxrooTgGpOGnSNKCEdLBLqOe8yivhKDwgtyTP-TlbM9ka3lCDftGhSmXsN3XLbT69OFG9WUXaH4NzyO2t5Ozb1U_b1exbqGBmGwdqxP1Lz3Hv28hTMWDYP7sbY5X-D7H4Cr9cVw/s1600-h/pengering3.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 135px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5364255685369462626&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfz0asOxrooTgGpOGnSNKCEdLBLqOe8yivhKDwgtyTP-TlbM9ka3lCDftGhSmXsN3XLbT69OFG9WUXaH4NzyO2t5Ozb1U_b1exbqGBmGwdqxP1Lz3Hv28hTMWDYP7sbY5X-D7H4Cr9cVw/s320/pengering3.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rung 2. Jika Tombol 2_Menit yang ditekan, maka SV TIM001 akan diisi dengan 1200 hex (120 detik).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2qkJemSh0YvNW-4s9ute27I0T-RWRvHrvPfJAk0ozw-sn9N2htOe2IxM0aQqj3M5-1AaRM3nmS0NAnUtRA-nwYREjLYlP66EyfbIUNC37R_7j_SooNRbXsBuq-s2X-L2DLH5dd_mPCEE/s1600-h/pengering4.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 135px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5364258316883233410&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2qkJemSh0YvNW-4s9ute27I0T-RWRvHrvPfJAk0ozw-sn9N2htOe2IxM0aQqj3M5-1AaRM3nmS0NAnUtRA-nwYREjLYlP66EyfbIUNC37R_7j_SooNRbXsBuq-s2X-L2DLH5dd_mPCEE/s320/pengering4.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rung 3. Jika Tombol 3_Menit yang ditekan, maka SV TIM001 akan diisi dengan 1800 hex (180 detik).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkhN-zFz09wyx8U-tAIHFwI_uI1yYLQjNHOWBJTxKHK7u6SekEZ4WoQxZWcY2H_UBGLRnuBSwNxCb7zVBmBITsrBLiMcyJFQuzGNigA6A8Zp0fzUeCe5kS8x4jd8diaqr4WBmO1QPYEFQ/s1600-h/pengering5.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 135px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5364258586327606562&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkhN-zFz09wyx8U-tAIHFwI_uI1yYLQjNHOWBJTxKHK7u6SekEZ4WoQxZWcY2H_UBGLRnuBSwNxCb7zVBmBITsrBLiMcyJFQuzGNigA6A8Zp0fzUeCe5kS8x4jd8diaqr4WBmO1QPYEFQ/s320/pengering5.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rung 4. Jika Tombol 1_Menit ditekan ATAU Tombol 2_Menit ditekan ATAU Tombol 3_Menit ditekan, maka bit flag RUN yang ada di alamat IR200.00 akan diset oleh instruksi KEEP(11). Bit flag RUN akan direset oleh Completion-Flag dari TIM001.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdVp0RE3loozQXksZ_C4CAYSaLGEC51LS48pY0ypdrFrK4cS4nPb97rZg52Fgl_uWcAoxuNhbjp_xLuc_9Z1xrGtyWBFKTrN3zmFS4Ayjsc71HJhck2NWLdEHn2onHL0sMrFTHX59oeJc/s1600-h/pengering62.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;WIDTH: 320px; HEIGHT: 171px; CURSOR: hand&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5364259707535707794&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdVp0RE3loozQXksZ_C4CAYSaLGEC51LS48pY0ypdrFrK4cS4nPb97rZg52Fgl_uWcAoxuNhbjp_xLuc_9Z1xrGtyWBFKTrN3zmFS4Ayjsc71HJhck2NWLdEHn2onHL0sMrFTHX59oeJc/s320/pengering62.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000099;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rung 5. Selama bit flag RUN berada dalam kondisi ON, maka TIM001 akan menghitung dan MOTOR akan berputar. Sementara itu, LAMPU indikator akan berkedip-kedip dengan frekuensi 1 detik. Setelah SV samadengan nol, maka Completion-Flag TIM001 akan ON. Pada siklus berikutnya, bit flag RUN akan direset sehingga MOTOR dan LAMPU akan OFF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dan jangan lupa memberi END(01) di akhir program&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000;&quot;&gt;dari berbagai sumber.&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/feeds/2215778527594929003/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/2009/07/aplikasi-plc-sederhana.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2488692767372480114/posts/default/2215778527594929003'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2488692767372480114/posts/default/2215778527594929003'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/2009/07/aplikasi-plc-sederhana.html' title='Aplikasi PLC Sederhana'/><author><name>foead</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12224924286365150232</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjppEwt7S74FOxPfBiERIauDL5e9L7EWUaAbMsQv9trqYLyM3-tyb87Tlpwcx0bKIvECMdg_8-DvaBwXtuK3Ba1XmMNRRHSGbjY8SxfL4JL72DwMvajyYBRaw2rzCHoDIVGYlEyGzvmFSU/s72-c/pengering1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2488692767372480114.post-684103032435599832</id><published>2009-06-08T22:46:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-07-25T05:39:45.025+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Motor Stepper</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Torsi  motor stepper tidak sebesar motor DC, namun motor ini mempunyai tingkat presisi  yang sangat tinggi dalam gerakannya. Kecepatan gerak motor ini dinyatakan dalam  step per second atau jumlah step gerakan dalam setiap  detiknya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Motor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;  Stepper adalah suatu mesin listrik yang mengubah sinyal listrik kedalam gerakan  mekanik diskrit. Motor Stepper motor dibagi menjadi tiga jenis. Masing-masing  pada konstruksi nyata yaitu karakteristik unjuk kerja: variable-reluctance (VR),  permanent magnet (PM), and PM-hybrid.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Cara  kerja stepper motor didasari dengan prinsip magnet dasar: seperti kutub magnet.  Jika lilitan stator pada gambar 9-1 (a) diberi energi maka lilitan stator A  adalah kutub selatan, stator B adalah kutub utara, dan rotor permanent magnet  (PM) diposisikan seperti pada gambar, maka torsi motor akan bertambah seiring  pergerakan rotor ke 180&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;. Maka&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;hal tersebut akan menjadi tidak mungkin untuk menentukan arah dari  putaran dan dalam rotor tidak akan bergerak seperti yang telah dikatakan tadi  jika gayanya stabil. Jika yang terjadi seperti dalam gambar 9-1 (b), dua kutub  stator tambahan&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;C dan D dipasang dan  diberi energi seperti terlihat dalam gambar, kita bisa memprediksi arah dari  putaran rotor. Seperti dalm gambar 9-1(b) arah putaran rotor akan konstan searah  jarum jam dengan rotor sejajar dengannya antara ”rata-rata” pole selatan dan  ”rata-rata” pole utara. Seperti diperlihatkan dalam gambar  8-1(c).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:group id=&quot;_x0000_s3704&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0.9pt; z-index: -6; left: 0px; margin-left: 54pt; width: 396pt; position: absolute; height: 171pt; text-align: left;&quot; coordsize=&quot;10005,4875&quot; coordorigin=&quot;1440,5220&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id=&quot;_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot; preferrelative=&quot;t&quot; spt=&quot;75&quot; filled=&quot;f&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot; path=&quot; m@4@5 l@4@11@9@11@9@5 xe&quot;&gt;&lt;v:stroke joinstyle=&quot;miter&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;v:formulas&gt;&lt;v:f eqn=&quot;if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0 &quot;&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 1 0 &quot;&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum 0 0 @1 &quot;&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @2 1 2 &quot;&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelWidth &quot;&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @3 21600 pixelHeight &quot;&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 0 1 &quot;&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @6 1 2 &quot;&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelWidth &quot;&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @8 21600 0 &quot;&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn=&quot;prod @7 21600 pixelHeight &quot;&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @10 21600 0 &quot;&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:formulas&gt;&lt;v:path extrusionok=&quot;f&quot; gradientshapeok=&quot;t&quot; connecttype=&quot;rect&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;o:lock aspectratio=&quot;t&quot; ext=&quot;edit&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:lock&gt;&lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_s3705&quot; style=&quot;left: 7560px; width: 3885px; position: absolute; top: 5940px; height: 4155px;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot;&gt;&lt;v:imagedata title=&quot;gambar 32&quot; src=&quot;14026-9-997173103594_files/image001.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_s3706&quot; style=&quot;left: 1440px; width: 6135px; position: absolute; top: 5220px; height: 4650px;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot;&gt;&lt;v:imagedata title=&quot;gambar 31&quot; src=&quot;14026-9-997173103594_files/image002.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/v:group&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Gambar  9-1. cara kerja motor stepper yang didasari dari prinsip magnet  dasar&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;&quot;  lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;&quot;  lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;&quot;  lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;&quot;  lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Yang  membedakan keistimewaan dari PM mesin penggerak adalah dari penggabungan sebuah  magnet permanen, biasanya didalam kumparan rotor, untuk keluaran yang lebih  baik, lebih dari empat kutub stator yang ditambah, lalu gigi mesin diatas setiap  kutub rotor, dan juga diatas rotor. Nomor-nomor gigi diatas rotor dan stator  menunjukan segi langkah yang akan didapatkan dalam setiap satuan waktu.  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Polaritas  dari perubahan arah angin, memberikan reaksi langkah bagian batang mesin  sehingga terjadi pertambahan waktu untuk perubahan muatan kutub. Cara untuk  mengubah kutub menjadi seimbang, kurang lebih didapat dari perputaran batang  atau tambahan untuk mengetahui segi langkahnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;Langkah PM mengoprasikan jenis-jenis  mesin oleh pengaruh timbal balik diantara magnet penggerak yang terus menerus  berubah, ring dan kekuatan magnet oleh stator angin membangkitkan tenaga  listrik. Jika susunan dari energi angin sesuai, maka sebuah rangkaian akan  stabil dari keseimbangan arah angin, sehingga akan menghasilkan tenaga listrik  disekitar masin. Jika arah putaran&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;membangkitkan rangkaian rotor maka akan mengikuti perubahan titik dari  kesetimbangan dan perputaran dapat memberi reaksi untuk mengubah susunan,  sebagai petunjuk digambar 9-2.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; style=&quot;width: 234.75pt; height: 162.75pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot;&gt;&lt;v:imagedata title=&quot;gambar 33&quot; src=&quot;14026-9-997173103594_files/image004.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Gambar  9-2 Rangkaian Permanent Magnet&lt;span style=&quot;color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;(A)  diagram menurut bagan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_s3707&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 7.65pt; z-index: -5; left: 0px; margin-left: 81pt; width: 191.25pt; position: absolute; height: 117pt; text-align: left;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot;&gt;&lt;v:imagedata title=&quot;gambar 34&quot; src=&quot;14026-9-997173103594_files/image006.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;(B)&lt;span style=&quot;color:black;&quot;&gt; menswitch urutan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_s3708&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 10.4pt; z-index: -4; left: 0px; margin-left: 99pt; width: 210pt; position: absolute; height: 157.5pt; text-align: left;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot;&gt;&lt;v:imagedata title=&quot;gambar 35&quot; src=&quot;14026-9-997173103594_files/image008.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                      &lt;/span&gt;( C ) &lt;span style=&quot;color:black;&quot;&gt;bentuk gelombang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan  magnet tetap pada motor, terdapat suatu tenaga putaran yang digerakkan kedalam  gulungan motor walaupun gulungan pada stator tidak akan menghasilakan rugi-rugi.  Energi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;putaran  dapat diperoleh dengan cara memutar suatu PM stepper dengan tangan. Tenaga  putaran dapat dihasilkan pada motor jika motor dipindahkan dari posisi yang  mempunyai nilai hambatan minimum ( dimasukan kedalam&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;suatu persamaan rangkaian DC) yang  menyebabkan magnet tetap mengalami perubahan secara terus-menerus. Tenaga  putaran ini&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;lebih banyak dibandingkan  tenaga putaran tenaga normal dan hanya sebagian kecil persen saja dari tenaga  putaran yang maksimum.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_s3710&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 17.1pt; z-index: 5; left: 0px; margin-left: 162pt; width: 192pt; position: absolute; height: 226.5pt; text-align: left;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot;&gt;&lt;v:imagedata title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;14026-9-997173103594_files/image010.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Gambar  9-3. Prinsip dasar dari PM motor&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Variabel  reluktansi motor adalah sebuah stator, yang merupakan bagian dari wound poles  (katup). Rotor berbentuk silinder. Untuk bagian dari gigi memiliki hubungan  dengan katup stator dan dengan gigi itu sendiri (stator tidak boleh memiliki  gigi). Nomor dari gigi akan menentukan perbedaan sudut yang dibutuhkan  (ditunjukkan oleh gambar 9-4). Tipe sebuah motor VR ditunjukan pada gambar 9-5  dimana aliran arus sudah layak mengaliri lilitan kumparan motor. Tenaga putar  (sumber Listrik) akan menghasilkan langkah yang berupa pemutar rotor pada posisi  tidak terhubung garis edar minimum magnet.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_s3709&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0px; z-index: 4; left: 0px; margin-left: 2in; width: 191.25pt; position: absolute; height: 209.25pt; text-align: left;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot;&gt;&lt;v:imagedata title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;14026-9-997173103594_files/image012.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Gambar  9-4. Penampang atas dari Variabel Reluktansi motor&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Pada  posisi ini listrik statis akan menjadi stabil pada tenaga putar tanpa tekanan  yang diperlukan untuk memindahkan rotor dari posisi stabil.partikular ini tidak  akan berada pada satu posisi absolut. Pada rata-rata motor banyak posisi stabil  memberi energi untuk stator.yang mana sebuah perbedaan energi akan mengatur  lilitan untuk tidak terhubung pada sumber statorakan mengubah medan magnet  karena rotor pada posisi yang baru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; style=&quot;width: 343.5pt; height: 260.25pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot;&gt;&lt;v:imagedata title=&quot;gambar1&quot; src=&quot;14026-9-997173103594_files/image014.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Gambar  9-5 &lt;span style=&quot;color:black;&quot;&gt;. Langkah VR motor (potongan melintang stator  memperlihatkan lilitan berfasa tunggal yang  lengkap)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;A)&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot; &gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;tiga  fasa melilit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;B)&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot; &gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;tiga  fasa pemasangan kawat koreksi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;C)&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot; &gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;tiga  fasa tabel eksitasi rangkap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 81pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;D)&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot; &gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;pijakan  bentuk gelombang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Pemilihan  urutan energizing &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;yang tepat dari  melilit membuat posisi-posisi yang stabil dan berputar dengan lembut di stator  poles, menentukan kecepatan putaran dan pengaturan pada rotor. Ketika pola yang  diberi tenaga, posisi rotor perlahan mengubah pola energisasi kumparan. Gambar  9-5 (c), ilustrasi modus-modus pembangkitan&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;yang menghasikan suatu patokan sudut langkah yang nominal. Pembangkitan  yang rangkap (selalu dua kumparan didalamnya) &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;sering digunakan adalah karena memiliki tenaga  putaran lebh tinggi. Tidak seperti stepper PM, stepper VR memilki sisa  kemagnetan. Maka rotor (detent torque) akan menjadi tidak kuat ketika stator  tidak diberi tenaga. Sudut langkah ditentukan oleh nomor dari stator dan gigi  rotor (bervariasi dari 7.5 sampai 30). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Motor stepper Hybrid lebih mahal dibandingkan  PM – motor stepper, namun&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;dengan  penampilan yang lebih baik termasuk pengaruh resolusi langkah, torsi dan  kecepatan. Ciri khas dari sudut langkahnya berkisar dari 36° hingga 0.9° (dengan  100 – 400 langkah per putaran). Motor stepper Hybrid merupakan perpaduan bagian  terbaik dari kedua motor stepper, PM dan VR. Rotornya bergigi banyak seperti VR  dan pada bagian axis berisi magnet konsentrik disekitar batangnya. Gigi di rotor  memberikan lintasan yang lebih baik untuk&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;membiarkan fluks magnet memilih tempat yang disukai di dalam airgap. Hal  ini berlanjut pada ketahanan dan karakteristik torsi dinamis ketika kita  membandingkannya dengan kedua jenis motor yang lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_s3711&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0.25pt; z-index: 6; left: 0px; margin-left: 199.45pt; width: 129pt; position: absolute; height: 129pt; text-align: left;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot;&gt;&lt;v:imagedata title=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;14026-9-997173103594_files/image016.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Gambar  9-6. Penampang melintang Stepper Hybrid&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;&quot;   lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Tipe  motor stepper yang paling sering digunakan adalah PM dan Hybrid. Jika pembuat  tidak yakin dengan tipe yang akan dipilih sebaiknya disesuaikan dengan  aplikasinya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Motor-motor  Stepper masuk ke berbagai macam ukuran , tipe-tipe dan gaya-gaya. Prinsip yang  dasar untuk semua adalah sama, dan mereka jatuh masuk ke salah satu dari tiga  jenis yang dibahas. Mereka mungkin sedikitnya mempunyai 2 lilitan, atau  banyaknya sepuluh lilitan fasa (ini menempuh 2500 langkah untuk satu  revolusi).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.awsurveys.com/HomeMain.cfm?RefID=foead&quot;&gt; $6.00 Welcome Survey After Free Registration!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 45pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&#39;Arial&#39;,&#39;sans-serif&#39;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/feeds/684103032435599832/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/2009/06/motor-stepper.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2488692767372480114/posts/default/684103032435599832'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2488692767372480114/posts/default/684103032435599832'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catatanelektronikaku.blogspot.com/2009/06/motor-stepper.html' title='Motor Stepper'/><author><name>foead</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12224924286365150232</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>