<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045</id><updated>2026-02-02T00:21:16.199-08:00</updated><category term="Resumenes"/><category term="Recursos / Descargas"/><category term="English Clinic Case"/><category term="Casos clínicos"/><category term="Temas relacionados"/><category term="Sponsors"/><category term="Reseñas bibliográficas"/><title type='text'>Blog del Internista</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>118</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-2124004651805769608</id><published>2020-10-27T07:32:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2020-10-27T07:33:15.775-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Recursos / Descargas"/><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfLPyxyHZdQqj-vNABgBE-9Ao4sl_JClyn9nBh3OGkQiF8fC3SizT5joF1ajkqAagc9Qu74YLO40R6sDJFL6WpTrYHOBfwzG4ligigYfJSFqwPaFvZhlvUJnZYffJqR8D-ovjQS66fUXI/s951/ART+NEJM+remdesivir+como+tratamiento+para+el+COVID19.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;907&quot; data-original-width=&quot;951&quot; height=&quot;394&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfLPyxyHZdQqj-vNABgBE-9Ao4sl_JClyn9nBh3OGkQiF8fC3SizT5joF1ajkqAagc9Qu74YLO40R6sDJFL6WpTrYHOBfwzG4ligigYfJSFqwPaFvZhlvUJnZYffJqR8D-ovjQS66fUXI/w413-h394/ART+NEJM+remdesivir+como+tratamiento+para+el+COVID19.jpg&quot; width=&quot;413&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;REMDESIVIR COMO TRATAMIENTO PARA COVID-19 - REPORTE FINAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;A pesar de que se han evaluado distintos agentes terapéuticos para el tratamiento de la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19), no se ha comprobado la eficacia en agentes no antivirales.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;¿Se podrá demostrar una eficacia significativa para combatir la enfermedad por coronavirus con remdesivir?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;CONOCE EL ARTÍCULO DANDO &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CLICK AQUÍ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/2124004651805769608/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2020/10/remdesivir-como-tratamiento-para-covid.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2124004651805769608'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2124004651805769608'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2020/10/remdesivir-como-tratamiento-para-covid.html' title=''/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfLPyxyHZdQqj-vNABgBE-9Ao4sl_JClyn9nBh3OGkQiF8fC3SizT5joF1ajkqAagc9Qu74YLO40R6sDJFL6WpTrYHOBfwzG4ligigYfJSFqwPaFvZhlvUJnZYffJqR8D-ovjQS66fUXI/s72-w413-h394-c/ART+NEJM+remdesivir+como+tratamiento+para+el+COVID19.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-5531812776099355747</id><published>2020-08-02T13:50:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2020-08-02T13:50:08.060-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Recursos / Descargas"/><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIOioz81j6zIKujbPOXl0o6OlMdTSQMcUJky2Nj9S_EcraL0xkQ-ZS5yid48PrMJblyExZMdjSsa9LMBPvruIDJinNM2XstTyXjEX6-JqCi5HLIE6j6DPExTRxYsLv6DCcB8N0YPvT52c/s1022/Artic+NEJM+Hidroxicloroquina+y+o+azitromicina.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;932&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1022&quot; height=&quot;467&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIOioz81j6zIKujbPOXl0o6OlMdTSQMcUJky2Nj9S_EcraL0xkQ-ZS5yid48PrMJblyExZMdjSsa9LMBPvruIDJinNM2XstTyXjEX6-JqCi5HLIE6j6DPExTRxYsLv6DCcB8N0YPvT52c/w512-h467/Artic+NEJM+Hidroxicloroquina+y+o+azitromicina.jpg&quot; width=&quot;512&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;HIDROXICLOROQUINA CON O SIN AZITROMICINA EN COVID-19 LEVE A MODERADO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La hidroxicloroquina y la azitromicina han sido utilizadas para tratar pacientes con la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19). Sin embargo, la evidencia en la seguridad y eficacia de éste tratamiento es limitado.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico, aleatorio, de ensayo abierto, 3 grupos controlados con pacientes hospitalizados en sospecha o confirmación de Covid-19. ¿Cuáles fueron las dosis usadas? ¿Qué efectos secundarios se presentaron? ¿El tratamiento combinado obtuvo mejor respuesta en los pacientes?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Da click &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2019014&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;AQUÍ&lt;/a&gt; para enterarte de ¡TODO!&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/5531812776099355747/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2020/08/hidroxicloroquina-con-o-sin.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/5531812776099355747'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/5531812776099355747'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2020/08/hidroxicloroquina-con-o-sin.html' title=''/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIOioz81j6zIKujbPOXl0o6OlMdTSQMcUJky2Nj9S_EcraL0xkQ-ZS5yid48PrMJblyExZMdjSsa9LMBPvruIDJinNM2XstTyXjEX6-JqCi5HLIE6j6DPExTRxYsLv6DCcB8N0YPvT52c/s72-w512-h467-c/Artic+NEJM+Hidroxicloroquina+y+o+azitromicina.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-5907971826626527262</id><published>2016-02-20T16:30:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2016-02-20T16:34:50.695-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Temas relacionados"/><title type='text'>Disculpas por el estancamiento del Blog</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Buen día InterLector, comienzo esta nota pidiendo una GRAN disculpa al tener muy inactivo el sitio. La realidad es que entre el trabajo y los pacientes ha sido sumamente complicado mantenerme a la par de las publicaciones como previamente lo había estipulado, los tiempos son cortos y probablemente las fechas de publicación se cambien en un futuro.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Mi consciencia no me deja en paz y me siento a deuda con todos ustedes, los lectores que visitan asiduamente el lugar y aportan con ideas, comentarios y correcciones. Créanme que mantener un blog actualizado y al día es algo complicado y que involucra compromiso. Por esta razón he roto el hielo y he expuesto la razón de este estancamiento en el Blog del Internista, la buena noticia es que el &quot;schedule&quot; de las publicaciones cambiará y lo más probable es que sea los fines de semana.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Para no entrar en chismes y rumores, me despido de ustedes y les dejo las fechas probables de publicación a futuro. Los resúmenes se realizarán solamente 1 vez al mes, como es una recopilación de información de varios libros, bueno, me será imposible hacerlo 1 vez a la semana.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidiDQ-tgAhC7RtQPY7a4kKCiQzxg3_7vvMrJKtBQ31iRnJHw3Qk4Pz7Mm1TDIcup-uF3gE7Fqy5OxW6Y31fldphB7gh-Q9gyEpv51xxh66u2oMdn2MPwIQdOHU_4Dk_2Z6iaSwwtmSbYk/s1600/1456012703.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidiDQ-tgAhC7RtQPY7a4kKCiQzxg3_7vvMrJKtBQ31iRnJHw3Qk4Pz7Mm1TDIcup-uF3gE7Fqy5OxW6Y31fldphB7gh-Q9gyEpv51xxh66u2oMdn2MPwIQdOHU_4Dk_2Z6iaSwwtmSbYk/s400/1456012703.jpg&quot; width=&quot;308&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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¡Pasen la voz InterLectores!&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Rossyta Corb,&lt;br /&gt;Admin del Blog del Intenista&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/5907971826626527262/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2016/02/buen-dia-interlector-comienzo-esta-nota.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/5907971826626527262'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/5907971826626527262'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2016/02/buen-dia-interlector-comienzo-esta-nota.html' title='Disculpas por el estancamiento del Blog'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidiDQ-tgAhC7RtQPY7a4kKCiQzxg3_7vvMrJKtBQ31iRnJHw3Qk4Pz7Mm1TDIcup-uF3gE7Fqy5OxW6Y31fldphB7gh-Q9gyEpv51xxh66u2oMdn2MPwIQdOHU_4Dk_2Z6iaSwwtmSbYk/s72-c/1456012703.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-1185653644244851655</id><published>2016-02-20T15:26:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2016-02-20T15:27:00.317-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Recursos / Descargas"/><title type='text'>Sterile Pyuria</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3np8uiuoIuzCBpVtehl-0Y46SUYdb1uwp3NZfpc13QqlJ9kOtlrOtV7BikfvRPwzI0gofPINryaA2NwWDPiDry0VDJ_U9MrFrPR7MjeVqqREyY-uBvmGUVFOT-nZC9VymAMnProD01wI/s1600/piuria.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;157&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3np8uiuoIuzCBpVtehl-0Y46SUYdb1uwp3NZfpc13QqlJ9kOtlrOtV7BikfvRPwzI0gofPINryaA2NwWDPiDry0VDJ_U9MrFrPR7MjeVqqREyY-uBvmGUVFOT-nZC9VymAMnProD01wI/s400/piuria.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Piuria estéril.&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
La piuria es definida como la
presencia de 10 o más glóbulos blancos por milímetro cúbico en una muestra de
orina, 3 o más glóbulos blancos por campo de alta potencia en orina
centrifugada, un resultado positivo en la tinción de Gram en orina centrifugada
o mediante una prueba de varilla graduada positiva para esterasa de
leucocitos.&amp;nbsp; La piuria estéril es una
condición prevalente y los estudios basados en la población general muestran
que el 13.9% de las mujeres y 2.6% de los hombres son afectados. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Sin embargo, la pregunta clave es
¿Cuáles son las posibles causas? Y ¿Cómo se evalúa a un paciente con piuria
estéril y cuáles son los posibles tratamientos?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Entérate en este artículo del
NEJM, da click &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mediafire.com/view/ce3aqcb8cdzbflc/nejmra1410052.pdf&quot;&gt;AQUÍ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/1185653644244851655/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2016/02/sterile-pyuria.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/1185653644244851655'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/1185653644244851655'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2016/02/sterile-pyuria.html' title='Sterile Pyuria'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3np8uiuoIuzCBpVtehl-0Y46SUYdb1uwp3NZfpc13QqlJ9kOtlrOtV7BikfvRPwzI0gofPINryaA2NwWDPiDry0VDJ_U9MrFrPR7MjeVqqREyY-uBvmGUVFOT-nZC9VymAMnProD01wI/s72-c/piuria.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-2690164544742839418</id><published>2015-12-11T13:07:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2015-12-11T13:15:21.150-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English Clinic Case"/><title type='text'>An Exophytic Mass on the Mandible of an Immunocompromised Man - ANSWER</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLsIq9R-jvGuQA1wu9YlOwDeL1_BS96EjbSuiWnjNpnaf8xhur34Mszn3XuTMF4a2CBKDJ6_FqdsZP2z-jpTAZphOdNY48qhBMk3Q6boFEf1gOKdEJKcHePjjh8-jXjVgR9USmrfJEfdM/s1600/Figura+1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLsIq9R-jvGuQA1wu9YlOwDeL1_BS96EjbSuiWnjNpnaf8xhur34Mszn3XuTMF4a2CBKDJ6_FqdsZP2z-jpTAZphOdNY48qhBMk3Q6boFEf1gOKdEJKcHePjjh8-jXjVgR9USmrfJEfdM/s320/Figura+1.png&quot; width=&quot;239&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Figure 1.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
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&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRwtbef1NhHANWrGieVHkHXCH9QTDIiMKEaz8DXr2QcBtCegj-7AIVzZZZFGuxwZGZe9fa0uL5oMUL7qRCMEw93WMAhcVSFF2RJw4D77t0hmnFWlXw9rf0P6vRHgt23kx2bWYjqzlQoDg/s1600/Figura+2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRwtbef1NhHANWrGieVHkHXCH9QTDIiMKEaz8DXr2QcBtCegj-7AIVzZZZFGuxwZGZe9fa0uL5oMUL7qRCMEw93WMAhcVSFF2RJw4D77t0hmnFWlXw9rf0P6vRHgt23kx2bWYjqzlQoDg/s1600/Figura+2.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Figure 2.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
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Diagnosis: Coexistent Cryptococcus neoformans and Kaposi sarcoma in a patient with AIDS.&lt;/div&gt;
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Histopathologic examination revealed &lt;b&gt;multiple budding yeast forms surrounded by a clear halo&lt;/b&gt; (Figure 1A).Grocott-methaminesilver and mucicarmine (Figure 1B) stains highlighted these organisms and their capsules, respectively. A &lt;b&gt;proliferation of atypical spindle cells arranged in fascicles, associated with slit-like vascular spaces and extravasated red blood cells&lt;/b&gt;, was also identified (Figure 1A). Immunohistochemistry for human herpesvirus 8 demonstrated positive nuclear staining within these spindled cells (Figure 2). These findings were diagnostic for cutaneous Cryptococcus infection in the context of Kaposi sarcoma (KS).&lt;/div&gt;
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The patient &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;was treated with amphotericin B and flucytosine followed by fluconazole for his cryptococcal infection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;; emtricitabine, tenofovir, and raltegravir were initiated as therapy for AIDS. Doxorubicin therapy was initiated for probable multifocal KS. The patient’s cutaneous lesions have improved on this regimen, with concomitant resolution of his lower extremity swelling and improvement in breath sounds. His human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load is currently undetectable.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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Cutaneous disorders are estimated to affect approximately 64% of patients with HIV, with an increasing prevalence at lower CD4 counts. These conditions include common infections and malignancies such as Staphylococcus aureus and squamous cell carcinoma, as well as a variety of inflammatory dermatoses that are often more severe than in immunocompetent patients. Of particular concern are those opportunistic infections and neoplasms that are classified as AIDS-defining illnesses, including cryptococcosis and KS. Often these conditions have a protean presentation and may simulate one another. Nevertheless, &lt;b&gt;the coexistence of Cryptococcus and KS in a single clinical lesion is an uncommon occurrence&lt;/b&gt;. Colocalization of these infections may be the presenting sign of AIDS in patients with known HIV or those who had been previously undiagnosed; &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;it has also been associated with paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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The latter association is particularly noteworthy as significant morbidity and mortality are associated with KS-IRIS, particularly among patients with visceral KS.&lt;/div&gt;
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KS-IRIS may be more difficult to treat than other forms of IRIS and has important prognostic implications. &lt;i&gt;Cutaneous biopsy with meticulous histologic evaluation is therefore suggested in all HIV-infected patients with new or unusual skin lesions, even in the context of previously treated or active skin disorders&lt;/i&gt;. This practice guards against misdiagnosis of alternative or coincident disease. Multiorgan evaluation for cutaneous and visceral KS may be especially prudent in those patients who have also recently initiated HAART.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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Rarely, KS can present with other viral, mycobacterial, or opportunistic fungal infections in the same lesion. In addition to cryptococcosis, other coincident infections include cytomegalovirus, molluscum, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Mycobacterium aviumintracellulare. An instance of KS coexistent with both Cryptococcus and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare has also been reported. The etiology of this phenomenon is unknown, and may represent a chance occurrence. It has alsobeen hypothesized that the vascular lesions of KS represent an ideal environment for the growth and protection of bloodborne opportunistic infections.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Conversely, cryptococcal infection may induce a local inflammatory milieu that is hospitable to the development of KS, a concept known as inflammatory oncotaxis. These suppositions remain speculative, however, and the pathophysiologic mechanisms underpinning this unusual occurrence remain to be formally elucidated.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014;58(4):540&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit711&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/2690164544742839418/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/12/an-exophytic-mass-on-mandible-of.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2690164544742839418'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2690164544742839418'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/12/an-exophytic-mass-on-mandible-of.html' title='An Exophytic Mass on the Mandible of an Immunocompromised Man - ANSWER'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLsIq9R-jvGuQA1wu9YlOwDeL1_BS96EjbSuiWnjNpnaf8xhur34Mszn3XuTMF4a2CBKDJ6_FqdsZP2z-jpTAZphOdNY48qhBMk3Q6boFEf1gOKdEJKcHePjjh8-jXjVgR9USmrfJEfdM/s72-c/Figura+1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-933656269793573882</id><published>2015-12-11T12:52:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2015-12-11T12:53:00.178-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English Clinic Case"/><title type='text'>A 59-Year-Old Woman With Chronic Skin Lesions of the Leg - ANSWER</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjarBzI7sRSD1JvBpzCUMa__orITZRxIVUFgvahDzudXJaylCH1yhApnq6OvqWelZYVwdGeGK7AfiqWy2axEffAnFLp3aKzQdu1yn3js7TCUG8GRwWr1hyphenhyphencEWl16L2ImhkD7UcSsLrIMLI/s1600/Imagen1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;177&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjarBzI7sRSD1JvBpzCUMa__orITZRxIVUFgvahDzudXJaylCH1yhApnq6OvqWelZYVwdGeGK7AfiqWy2axEffAnFLp3aKzQdu1yn3js7TCUG8GRwWr1hyphenhyphencEWl16L2ImhkD7UcSsLrIMLI/s320/Imagen1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI5qKkrvv8DL5HGc43sDXFYO1DDdaGo8SDo-KCWpDdYi6fexJCdYwLzk43uH59ypLeZ1HGFDMFIAN5R-Asxn8JvABAiUBymC6O6XWaVjfatxKwbnvAyVnF0cCZA-GOiHcA2cvyuNs77qg/s1600/Imagen2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI5qKkrvv8DL5HGc43sDXFYO1DDdaGo8SDo-KCWpDdYi6fexJCdYwLzk43uH59ypLeZ1HGFDMFIAN5R-Asxn8JvABAiUBymC6O6XWaVjfatxKwbnvAyVnF0cCZA-GOiHcA2cvyuNs77qg/s320/Imagen2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;308&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Diagnosis: Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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The patient’s photograph of her skin rash taken 3 years ago,
which clearly showed that she had erythema chronicum
migrans (ECM) at that time, immediately prompted the diagnosis
of Lyme disease in the form of acrodermatitis chronica
atrophicans (ACA). The histology of the skin biopsy was compatible
with this diagnosis, which was confirmed with serology
and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay showed strongly elevated serum antibodies
(immunoglobulin G [IgG]) to Borrelia burgdorferi (LiaisonDiaSorin;
detection of immunoglobulin against B. burgdorferi,
Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii; IgG &amp;gt;240 UA/mL). Western
blotting (Biognost, Borrelia Euroline-WB) detected bands
positive against VlsE, p83, p39, p30, and p21 antigens [1]. PCR
on the skin biopsy sample (primer sets targeting 23S rDNA;
TaqMan) was also positive.
The patient was treated for 4 weeks with 100 mg of doxycycline
twice a day. Six months later, she had no more lesions.
Lyme borreliosis is caused by tick-transmitted spirochetes of
the B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex. Although B. burgdorferi
sensu stricto is the only species known to cause human disease
in North America, at least 5 species can cause the disease
in Europe: B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto,
Borrelia spielmanii, and Borrelia bavariensis. The clinical
symptoms vary widely and depend on the species; some have
been described only in Europe [2].
ACA appears to be due only to B. afzelii [3]. This dermatological
entity is a rare tertiary manifestation of Lyme disease,
manifesting as inflammatory and trophic lesions on acral skin.
After an early inflammatory stage with bluish-red discoloration
and doughy swelling of the skin, a late atrophic stage appears a
few weeks or months later. The skin becomes thin, wrinkled,
dry, and transparent because of the loss of epidermal and
dermal structures. Vessels may be easily visible, and telangiectasias
can be observed.
The diagnosis is suggested by dermatologic lesions and a clinical
history of tick bites or other well-defined manifestations of
Lyme borreliosis, such as ECM, shown in our patient’s picture.
Confirmation of the diagnosis is obtained by serological testing
(enzyme immunoassay and Western blotting). These methods
might increase diagnostic accuracy over that of PCR, which has a
sensitivity of about 50%, depending on primer set [4].
Treatment of ACA is usually based on a course of antibiotic
treatment with ceftriaxone [5] or doxycycline [6] for 21–28 days.
Complete disappearance of lesions is normally described [7, 8].
The absence of treatment can lead to fibrotic nodules and/or
patchy or bandlike indurations that may limit joint movement
without treatment.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013;57(12):1782&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit667&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/933656269793573882/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/12/a-59-year-old-woman-with-chronic-skin.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/933656269793573882'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/933656269793573882'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/12/a-59-year-old-woman-with-chronic-skin.html' title='A 59-Year-Old Woman With Chronic Skin Lesions of the Leg - ANSWER'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjarBzI7sRSD1JvBpzCUMa__orITZRxIVUFgvahDzudXJaylCH1yhApnq6OvqWelZYVwdGeGK7AfiqWy2axEffAnFLp3aKzQdu1yn3js7TCUG8GRwWr1hyphenhyphencEWl16L2ImhkD7UcSsLrIMLI/s72-c/Imagen1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-7203834386889198357</id><published>2015-09-19T15:55:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2015-09-19T15:56:04.560-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English Clinic Case"/><title type='text'>A 59-Year-Old Woman With Chronic Skin Lesions of the Leg - QUIZ</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghsBFvJgtcuocmCosou90lGUDIrEPYk2637Ieek-b85pjJRGXvpZGtB_wMABYN7AkIuoOKZjVGrEPJly_2R3JihkeHdPgQgUTbrV0OLzXSKwYxnZ-kEfo3rvqTSZyeGSHXD3QirYnON-g/s1600/skin1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;177&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghsBFvJgtcuocmCosou90lGUDIrEPYk2637Ieek-b85pjJRGXvpZGtB_wMABYN7AkIuoOKZjVGrEPJly_2R3JihkeHdPgQgUTbrV0OLzXSKwYxnZ-kEfo3rvqTSZyeGSHXD3QirYnON-g/s320/skin1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Figure 1. &lt;/b&gt;Progressive atrophic and erythematous skin lesions on the left
leg.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6XQu1TZ0vokRSRsZultJM2XMqGAXw2fm8cMyb6nnThi41CaycfRNjqSgdXtY0oykUi7dtSLXe0bn0MWv-gJwsq_cZTv3yAKAm4iS93yMACLQV_H4-xvZSptdgTHX1C-D1sSQEfPWLP1k/s1600/skin2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6XQu1TZ0vokRSRsZultJM2XMqGAXw2fm8cMyb6nnThi41CaycfRNjqSgdXtY0oykUi7dtSLXe0bn0MWv-gJwsq_cZTv3yAKAm4iS93yMACLQV_H4-xvZSptdgTHX1C-D1sSQEfPWLP1k/s320/skin2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;308&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Figure 3.&lt;/b&gt; Asymptomatic skin rash on the back of the patient’s left ankle
in July 2008.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqZgH5VNcsNbq-W5ADwq4Z0O5ztg382lSfQ-rTdfJo10DyoOGZdYPEyh7tP36QYBMTJmz-l5_uu6AO7mWT4dbO5g-K-g9B69w-1o97P-6Chvww1RprwKIZWYN-sRgIcwR-u1qqa490pgE/s1600/skin3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;175&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqZgH5VNcsNbq-W5ADwq4Z0O5ztg382lSfQ-rTdfJo10DyoOGZdYPEyh7tP36QYBMTJmz-l5_uu6AO7mWT4dbO5g-K-g9B69w-1o97P-6Chvww1RprwKIZWYN-sRgIcwR-u1qqa490pgE/s320/skin3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Figure 2.&lt;/b&gt; Erythema with mild atrophy of the left foot.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A 59-year-old woman, a retired school director with no particular
medical history, sought consultation because of chronic
skin lesions on her left leg (Figures 1 and 2), which had been
present for several months. Erythematous and minor atrophic
lesions of the skin were seen. No infiltration was noted, and no
other local symptom mentioned. The patient did describe pain
in several joints. The physical examination found no other
abnormalities.
The patient also mentioned a history of a skin rash 3 years
earlier, on the left ankle, which had appeared after a walk in a
forest in southern France. A photograph she had taken then
showed a large erythematous ring, which subsequently spread
to the entire leg (Figure 3). No macular lesion was seen, and no
pain at the time was reported.
Laboratory analysis revealed a white blood cell count of
4420 cells/µL. Her C-reactive protein level was 3 mg/L (reference,
&amp;lt;5 mg/L), and her fibrinogen level was 3 g/L (reference
range, 2–4 g/L). Her liver enzyme and total complement activity
levels were normal. The test for rheumatoid factor test was
negative, but that for antinuclear antibodies was positive
(1:200), with no specificity. The skin biopsy of a nonatrophic
area showed cutaneous lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of interstitial
tissue.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What is your diagnosis?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013;57(12):1751&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit661&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/7203834386889198357/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/a-59-year-old-woman-with-chronic-skin.html#comment-form' title='2 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/7203834386889198357'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/7203834386889198357'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/a-59-year-old-woman-with-chronic-skin.html' title='A 59-Year-Old Woman With Chronic Skin Lesions of the Leg - QUIZ'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghsBFvJgtcuocmCosou90lGUDIrEPYk2637Ieek-b85pjJRGXvpZGtB_wMABYN7AkIuoOKZjVGrEPJly_2R3JihkeHdPgQgUTbrV0OLzXSKwYxnZ-kEfo3rvqTSZyeGSHXD3QirYnON-g/s72-c/skin1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-6876011142037828080</id><published>2015-09-19T10:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-09-19T11:00:37.616-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Recursos / Descargas"/><title type='text'>Quinolone-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Infections Associated With International Travel</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinxSZj4UwdaTA4Rzf6uXxvWyD34fKdL5EW-8fk31N1DNNprMaeGJbgsy4uFNqsnrdnkV7QSWM4CyHjt36o15bjhTjrbrAgb0lUEx6sAo1Nclu8yRnCH6WM8Pp6WQDm0Dj6E6lcDidlj_k/s1600/Salmonella+enterica.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinxSZj4UwdaTA4Rzf6uXxvWyD34fKdL5EW-8fk31N1DNNprMaeGJbgsy4uFNqsnrdnkV7QSWM4CyHjt36o15bjhTjrbrAgb0lUEx6sAo1Nclu8yRnCH6WM8Pp6WQDm0Dj6E6lcDidlj_k/s320/Salmonella+enterica.jpg&quot; width=&quot;301&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La &lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;/i&gt; presenta diferencias en cuanto a la especificidad del hospedero; mientras algunos serovars no tienen una estricta adaptación a un huésped, siendo capaces de producir enfermedades con diversas características en distintas especies animales y en el hombre, otros serovars sí son específicos, como &lt;i&gt;S.Gallinarum&lt;/i&gt; para las aves o &lt;i&gt;S.Typhi&lt;/i&gt; en el caso del hombre. Las &lt;i&gt;Salmonellosis &lt;/i&gt;humanas pueden clasificarse en dos grandes grupos: por un lado, las debidas a serotipos estrictamente humanos, que causan habitualmente síndromes tifoídicos con presencia de bacterias en la sangre, y las debidas a serotipos ubicuos, que provocan diarrea, vómitos y fiebre.&lt;/div&gt;
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La Fiebre Tifoidea, la más grave de las &lt;i&gt;Salmonellosis&lt;/i&gt;, continúa siendo un problema mayor en muchos países en vías de desarrollo. Si bien resulta difícil conocer su real impacto, &lt;b&gt;la OMS estima que, anualmente, se registran 17 millones de casos anuales, con unas 600,000 muertes&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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En el caso de la&lt;i&gt; Salmonella entérica&lt;/i&gt; serotipo &lt;i&gt;Enteritidis&lt;/i&gt;, se debe hacer especial énfasis ya que desde mediados de la década pasada emergió en nuestro país como un &lt;b&gt;importante problema de Salud Pública&lt;/b&gt;, esto se ha relacionado con el &lt;b&gt;consumo de productos avícolas contaminados, crudos o insuficientemente cocidos (carne, huevos)&lt;/b&gt;. Parece evidente la relación entre este aumento y los cambios en las costumbres de la población, tales como el hábito de comer fuera del hogar, la ingesta de alimentos preelaborados o preparados en grandes cantidades, o la comercialización masiva de algunos tipos de alimentos. En todo el mundo, en particular en los países desarrollados planteó un serio problema para las poblaciones que buscaban la seguridad en el consumo de alimentos y consecuentemente para los productores de estos que se vieron enfrentados a dificultades inesperadas.&lt;/div&gt;
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En este artículo, la&lt;b&gt; CDC &lt;/b&gt;hizo pruebas para saber la resistencia de este patógeno hacia los antibióticos más comúnmente usados (amikacina, ampicilina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico, cefoxitina, ceftiofur, ceftriaxona, cloranfenicol, ciprofloxacina, gentamicina, kanamicina, ácido nalidíxico, estreptomicina, tetraciclina y trimetroprim-sulfametoxazol); ádemas, de encontrar una relación importante entre los casos encontrados y viajeros fuera de los Estados Unidos.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Puedes consultar el artículo &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mediafire.com/view/7wno5enlx52rb6o/Clin_Infect_Dis.-2014-O%27Donnell-e139-41.pdf&quot;&gt;AQUÍ&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Clinical Infectious Diseases® 2014;59(9):e139–41&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu505&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/6876011142037828080/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/quinolone-resistant-salmonella-enterica.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/6876011142037828080'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/6876011142037828080'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/quinolone-resistant-salmonella-enterica.html' title='Quinolone-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Infections Associated With International Travel'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinxSZj4UwdaTA4Rzf6uXxvWyD34fKdL5EW-8fk31N1DNNprMaeGJbgsy4uFNqsnrdnkV7QSWM4CyHjt36o15bjhTjrbrAgb0lUEx6sAo1Nclu8yRnCH6WM8Pp6WQDm0Dj6E6lcDidlj_k/s72-c/Salmonella+enterica.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-6471869349329762589</id><published>2015-09-14T17:43:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2015-09-14T17:44:02.186-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Resumenes"/><title type='text'>Resumenes de Nefrología - Hipernatremia pt. I</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
HIPERNATREMIA&lt;/h2&gt;
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La hipernatremia es una de las dos&lt;b&gt; alteraciones principales de la homeostasis del agua&lt;/b&gt;. La disminución del agua corporal total en relación con los electrolitos corporales totales se caracteriza por un aumento en la concentración de electrolitos en todos los líquidos corporales. &lt;b&gt;En el compartimiento intracelular esto se manifiesta por disminución del volumen celular y aumento en la concentración de K+ intracelular&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;b&gt;En el espacio extracelular, la manifestación inicial es un aumento de la concentración de Na+&lt;/b&gt;, que se traduce en el hallazgo de laboratorio de hipernatremia.&lt;/div&gt;
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Esta alteración hidroelectrolítica no implica una alteración de la homeostasis del Na+; más bien &lt;b&gt;es un trastorno de la concentración de Na+ secundario a un déficit de agua respecto a la sal&lt;/b&gt;. El contenido corporal total de Na+ es el principal determinante de volumen extracelular y en una situación de homeostasis del agua conservada no tiene un efecto importante sobre la concentración de Na+.&lt;b&gt; Las alteraciones del equilibrio del Na+ conducen a expansión o depleción isotónicas de volumen a menos que se acompañen también por un trastorno en la homeostasis del agua&lt;/b&gt;. Sin embargo, puede darse hipernatremia con un contenido corporal total de Na+ normal, aumentado o disminuido, manifiesto por las alteraciones correspondientes del volumen extracelular.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilQnGckxVunoXJi7u0d63S4CMnpeoYeL6T7f8v2AFhROPQg5sg2x2iaQMxbfeL13Zuu1sUP19E3ugQcgA2VpLsrxNIZDiHcJDFrYCZ7VWnRG7QK07ua4cnlucG2GvcTB9KEw5w2cbd1Sg/s1600/hiperNa.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilQnGckxVunoXJi7u0d63S4CMnpeoYeL6T7f8v2AFhROPQg5sg2x2iaQMxbfeL13Zuu1sUP19E3ugQcgA2VpLsrxNIZDiHcJDFrYCZ7VWnRG7QK07ua4cnlucG2GvcTB9KEw5w2cbd1Sg/s320/hiperNa.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La hipernatremia es un problema clínico frecuente, con una prevalencia en pacientes hospitalizados del 0.5-2%. En adultos, pueden identificarse dos grupos diferentes de pacientes hipernatrémicos. Los pacientes que desarrollan una hipernatremia antes de ingresar en el hospital suelen ser ancianos o debilitados y a menudo presentan una infección aguda intercurrente. Por el contrario, los pacientes que desarrollan hipernatremia durante su hospitalización tienen una distribución de edad similar a la de la población hispitalizada general. En estos pacientes, la hipernatremia es una complicación yatrogénica que &lt;i&gt;se asocia habitualmente a una disminución de la sed o a un acceso restringido al agua, en combinación con una prescripción inadecuada de adminitración de ésta&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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REGULACIÓN DE LA HOMEOSTASIS DEL AGUA&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4qEvBg0P4d9CKfzvSmDsSzcLfopXkbpLUDcWKrM48QhiEPMoHZ5S-vuNrEzqz8cKzCjZ2S7GN8-w3TTlFAqrTLyqsnLID2ajflSI1yGPiotGGY2i-W7_usmgRrk2khNVlkXX4TUv06ko/s1600/3er+ventriculo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;198&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4qEvBg0P4d9CKfzvSmDsSzcLfopXkbpLUDcWKrM48QhiEPMoHZ5S-vuNrEzqz8cKzCjZ2S7GN8-w3TTlFAqrTLyqsnLID2ajflSI1yGPiotGGY2i-W7_usmgRrk2khNVlkXX4TUv06ko/s320/3er+ventriculo.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw81s2IfgFRR0A6ME9xvrILhoy59RNfw8m9bcl0P78rdwzyOF-B5j9s7nJ5EtlS2t-mpOntOM7JGgosQTgRTUwlHUu4XAH8ygbFaFFPGNBF2CjtHVBUCZkd0HNYDQ8_GIHsVmt02gaQaY/s1600/Seccion+mediosagital+cerebral.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw81s2IfgFRR0A6ME9xvrILhoy59RNfw8m9bcl0P78rdwzyOF-B5j9s7nJ5EtlS2t-mpOntOM7JGgosQTgRTUwlHUu4XAH8ygbFaFFPGNBF2CjtHVBUCZkd0HNYDQ8_GIHsVmt02gaQaY/s200/Seccion+mediosagital+cerebral.png&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La respuesta fisiológica de la hipertonicidad incluye tanto la conservación renal de agua como el estímulo de &lt;/div&gt;
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la sed. &lt;b&gt;La hipertonicidad es detectada por osmorreceptores situados en el hipotálamo&lt;/b&gt;, en la vecinidad de la pared anterior del 3er ventrículo. &lt;b&gt;La activación de estos osmorreceptores estimula la secreción de arginina-vasopresina&lt;/b&gt; por neuronas cuyos soma celulares se localizan en los núcleos supraóptico y paraventricular del hipotálamo y cuyos axones terminan en la porción posterior de la glándula pituitaria. &lt;b&gt;En el riñón, la arginina-vasopresina modula la permeabilidad del agua del conducto colector&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;i&gt; En ausencia de vasopresina, el conducto colector es relativamente impermeable al agua&lt;/i&gt;. La vasopresina ejerce su efecto sobre el conducto colector mediante activación de los receptores V2 de vasopresina situados en la cara basolateral del epitelio tubular. El receptor V2 se vincula a la adenilato ciclasa mediante proteínas ligadoreas de GTP; la unión del receptor activa la adenilato ciclasa, que cataliza la conversión de ATP en el segundo mensajero AMP cíclico. Mediante mecanismos dilucidados incompletamente, el cAMP etimula la inserción del canal de agua acuaporina-2 (AQP2) en la membrana &lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifNcdZ0pS6SbG7ZbTjaFfs3XXi7EPXvJDHyMishr0v-HtHfTu1AVBDbczza-iFb0DFD9SABfwgG4eARedxrat2pvls-XILmKgq9Lu7wTqVuyeXehPFwWSncE6OLsC4Zq6Km3afQYG8RH8/s1600/receptor+v2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;241&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifNcdZ0pS6SbG7ZbTjaFfs3XXi7EPXvJDHyMishr0v-HtHfTu1AVBDbczza-iFb0DFD9SABfwgG4eARedxrat2pvls-XILmKgq9Lu7wTqVuyeXehPFwWSncE6OLsC4Zq6Km3afQYG8RH8/s320/receptor+v2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;celular apical. El aumento resultante de la permeabilidad hidráulica de la membrana apical de la célula permite la reabsorción pasiva de agua desde el conducto colector hacia el intersticio cortical isotónico y medular hipertónico. &lt;i&gt;La excreción de una orina concentrada depende&lt;/i&gt;, por tanto, &lt;i&gt;de la generación y mantenimiento de un gradiente osmótico corticomedular así como de la utilización del gradiente por medio de la respuesta tubular a la secreción de vasopresina&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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La regulación osmótica de la secreción de vasopresina es extremadamente sensible. &lt;b&gt;Por debajo de una osmolalidad del líquido corporal de 280 a 285 mmol/kg, se inhibe la secreción de vasopresina&lt;/b&gt; y los niveles plasmáticos de vasopresina son prácticamente indetectables. A medida que aumenta la osmolalidad del líquido corporal por encima de este umbral, la secreción de vasopresina aumenta de forma linela, de forma que&lt;b&gt; aumentos de la osmolalidad del líquido corporal de sólo 1-2% conducen a incrementos detectables de los niveles plasmáticos de vasopresina&lt;/b&gt;. La respuesta renal a los cambios de secreción de vasopresina también es extremadamente sensible. &lt;b&gt;La orina está diluida al máximo cuando se suprime la secreción de vasopresina&lt;/b&gt;; la concentración urinaria aumenta de forma lineal a medida que los niveles plasmáticos de vasopresina se elevan en respuesta de una tonicidad creciente del&amp;nbsp; plasma, alcanzándose la concentración urinaria máxima con niveles de vasopresina que corresponden a una osmolalidad plasmática de aproximadamente 295 mmol/kg.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOexxrjPsqHJYsf8cJ5ctS96DMf1CCiNkjl1JOm6rUCa6gKTQaFqn74DAvD_G5TnYE5psuhrgm-dHA7-9gg9qbTpIcaL7YW7_ShZz0SOFNOFWT6HUEToH3uQQ9eyLC9phFCyG9ZKTFZGk/s1600/sin+vasopresina.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;173&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOexxrjPsqHJYsf8cJ5ctS96DMf1CCiNkjl1JOm6rUCa6gKTQaFqn74DAvD_G5TnYE5psuhrgm-dHA7-9gg9qbTpIcaL7YW7_ShZz0SOFNOFWT6HUEToH3uQQ9eyLC9phFCyG9ZKTFZGk/s200/sin+vasopresina.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Aunque la conservación renal del agua es importante para prevenir mayor pérdida hídrica, no es suficiente para evitar una hipertonicidad progresiva o para devolver la normalidad a la tonicidad plasmática. &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;La última defensa frente al desarrollo de hipertonicidad e hipernatremia es la estimulación osmótica de la sed y el aumento subsecuente de la ingesta de agua&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;. La sed también está mediada por osmorreceptores hipotalámicos situados en la pared anterior del tercer ventrículo. Estos osmorreceptores de la sed, aunque próximos a los que modulan la secreción de vasopresina, son anatómicamente diferentes. Los impulsos de estos osmorreceptores se proyectan a niveles más superiores de la corteza cerebral, donde producen la percepción de la sed y un comportamiento de búsqueda de agua. &lt;b&gt;El umbral osmótico para la sed es aproximadamente 5 mmol/kg mayor que el de la secreción de vasopresina&lt;/b&gt;; una vez sobrepasado este umbral, la sed aumenta de forma proporcional a medida que se eleva la osmolalidad del líquido corporal. &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;BIBLIOGRAFÍA:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Tratado de Nefrología&quot;, Treviño, 1a edición, Editorial Prado, 2003.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Trastornos renales e Hidroelectrolíticos&quot;, Schrier, 7a edición, Lippincott, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #666464; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13.13px; line-height: 18.382px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Current Essentials of Nephrology &amp;amp; hypertension LANGE&quot;, Lerma, 1a edición, McGrawHill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison&#39;s Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders&quot;- Jameson/Loscalzo, 1a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison Principios de Medicina Interna&quot;- Longo, 18a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/6471869349329762589/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/resumenes-de-nefrologia-hipernatremia.html#comment-form' title='2 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/6471869349329762589'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/6471869349329762589'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/resumenes-de-nefrologia-hipernatremia.html' title='Resumenes de Nefrología - Hipernatremia pt. I'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilQnGckxVunoXJi7u0d63S4CMnpeoYeL6T7f8v2AFhROPQg5sg2x2iaQMxbfeL13Zuu1sUP19E3ugQcgA2VpLsrxNIZDiHcJDFrYCZ7VWnRG7QK07ua4cnlucG2GvcTB9KEw5w2cbd1Sg/s72-c/hiperNa.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-2425579627926863593</id><published>2015-09-11T11:18:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2015-09-11T11:19:02.962-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English Clinic Case"/><title type='text'>An Exophytic Mass on the Mandible of an Immunocompromised Man - QUIZ</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf0asXMIK7o-v2PCgrhBGHkirJEo4GX1FvuKA8x-XWmSK8HDfTF5OSdoEcS9BUcapFR__b6iWcaHkLIiVHlIfm8bG1SyoHent_YKJuaQwpm-ITWAiCtgz9jgHkqPP04T2v1OpG_jmlGhM/s1600/masa+exof%25C3%25ADticca.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;269&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf0asXMIK7o-v2PCgrhBGHkirJEo4GX1FvuKA8x-XWmSK8HDfTF5OSdoEcS9BUcapFR__b6iWcaHkLIiVHlIfm8bG1SyoHent_YKJuaQwpm-ITWAiCtgz9jgHkqPP04T2v1OpG_jmlGhM/s320/masa+exof%25C3%25ADticca.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Figure 1.&lt;/b&gt; An exophytic mass of the mandible. A firm, 7-cm exophytic&lt;/div&gt;
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and violaceous nodule surrounded by multiple agminated, violaceous&lt;/div&gt;
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papules was present on the right mandible.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJO0_Ti-KkPV4WdfgDzCYYLgYFizjOvnPKE8U3gCIgxx3MEroApksC1spvvbqzzUIIrL4RiAb2SeV2niDBGpdcwNBkGjhwDvrIucHcc7WCbRP5Dy6NMr2GaSp3CG_bQXazQNlGEkJGwoA/s1600/biopsia.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJO0_Ti-KkPV4WdfgDzCYYLgYFizjOvnPKE8U3gCIgxx3MEroApksC1spvvbqzzUIIrL4RiAb2SeV2niDBGpdcwNBkGjhwDvrIucHcc7WCbRP5Dy6NMr2GaSp3CG_bQXazQNlGEkJGwoA/s320/biopsia.jpg&quot; width=&quot;239&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Figure 2.&lt;/b&gt; Punch biopsy of the mandible. A, Hematoxylin-eosin stain&lt;/div&gt;
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(×100 magnification). B, Mucicarmine stain (×400 magnification).&lt;/div&gt;
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A man in his thirties presented with a slowly growing, painful, swollen mass overlying his right mandible. He was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus 10 months prior and had not undergone treatment. The mass initially appeared as a “small bruise” that had enlarged over the preceding 6 months.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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The cutaneous lesion was accompanied by a nonproductive cough, dyspnea, weight loss, and progressive bilateral swelling of the patient’s lower extremities. Clinical examination revealed a firm, well-circumscribed, 7-cm exophytic and violaceous nodule on the right mandible. Superolateral to this lesion were multiple agminated, firm, and violaceous papules (Figure 1).&lt;/div&gt;
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The skin underlying and between these lesions was thickened, hyperpigmented, and tender to palpation. The patient also had a thin purple-gray plaque on his right inner buccal mucosa extending to the margin of the lower lip. Breath sounds were absent with dullness to percussion on the left side of his lungs. His lower extremities were notable for pitting edema to the knees, most prominent over the dorsa of his feet. A punch biopsy of a mandibular papule was performed and sent for histologic evaluation (Figure 2A and 2B).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What is your diagnosis?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014;58(4):540&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit711&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/2425579627926863593/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/an-exophytic-mass-on-mandible-of.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2425579627926863593'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2425579627926863593'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/an-exophytic-mass-on-mandible-of.html' title='An Exophytic Mass on the Mandible of an Immunocompromised Man - QUIZ'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf0asXMIK7o-v2PCgrhBGHkirJEo4GX1FvuKA8x-XWmSK8HDfTF5OSdoEcS9BUcapFR__b6iWcaHkLIiVHlIfm8bG1SyoHent_YKJuaQwpm-ITWAiCtgz9jgHkqPP04T2v1OpG_jmlGhM/s72-c/masa+exof%25C3%25ADticca.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-3396763201893532677</id><published>2015-09-09T09:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-09-09T09:17:13.599-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Recursos / Descargas"/><title type='text'>Clinical Features of Dog- and Bat-Acquired Rabies in Humans</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTv2K-TXC-NQhXEms3pTpS2uIo6jEHPWxUX3lEwQzf8eSom8K_E9nEY1Z5oCUDHmkDVVAqJNa7fQKKwbrDYF9SvkX-lhgr5_2YgMFu6ZmuLaf9gIzEf2AQJw3U-3TT2LndmhZAVOjTLxQ/s1600/Dog-Bat+Rabies.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;197&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTv2K-TXC-NQhXEms3pTpS2uIo6jEHPWxUX3lEwQzf8eSom8K_E9nEY1Z5oCUDHmkDVVAqJNa7fQKKwbrDYF9SvkX-lhgr5_2YgMFu6ZmuLaf9gIzEf2AQJw3U-3TT2LndmhZAVOjTLxQ/s400/Dog-Bat+Rabies.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La rabia es una zoonosis, una enfermedad infecciosa aguda de tipo viral (Rhabdoviridae) que afecta el sistema nervioso central y genera encefalitis con una &lt;b&gt;letalidad muy cercana al 100%&lt;/b&gt; cuando no es tratada oportunamente.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Este virus se encuentra en todo el planeta y ataca tanto a animales domésticos como salvajes, incluyendo al hombre. &lt;b&gt;Se encuentra en la saliva y en las secreciones&lt;/b&gt; de los animales infectados; esto nos lleva a mantener una investigación epidemiológica constante para localizar casos de riesgo letal. Para esto se deben tomar en cuenta factores de riesgo por parte del animal agresor como su especie, la zona geográfica, estado clínico del animal y tipo de medio donde se llevó a cabo el suceso (urbano, rural, etc).&lt;/div&gt;
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Entre los transmisores más frecuentes de la rabia se encuentran los &lt;b&gt;perros, gatos, zorros, zorrillos, coyotes, lobos, murciélagos, ardillas, mangostas,&lt;/b&gt; etc. En cuanto a los murciélagos, están dotados de un aparato bucal perfectamente adaptado para morder y para alimentase de la sangre que emana de la herida. Cada uno muerde diariamente a uno o más bovinos (u otras especies de animales) en cualquier parte del cuerpo, pero principalmente en la base y atrás de las orejas, en el dorso y en el cuello. En cuanto al perro, la saliva será infectante generalmente a partir de los 2-5 días antes de la presentación de los síntomas; mediante la mordedura habrá soluciones de continuidad, a través de las cuales el virus podrá infectar &amp;nbsp;las células y terminaciones nerviosas.&lt;/div&gt;
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En condiciones normales, &lt;b&gt;la forma usual de transmisión ocurre a través de la mordedura&lt;/b&gt;, aunque experimentalmente se ha demostrado que la rabia puede ocurrir mediante la infección por aerosoles, a través de la vía respiratoria, e incluso por vía oral.&lt;/div&gt;
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Este artículo se centra en &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;diferenciar las características clínicas entre pacientes infectados por murciélagos y perros&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;; ya que no existe ningún artículo concluyente que sustente esta hipótesis.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Si deseas leerlo, por favor da click &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mediafire.com/view/4d3xn5a3xd7asb0/Clin_Infect_Dis.-2013-Udow-689-96.pdf&quot;&gt;AQUÍ&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013;57(5):689–96&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit372&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/3396763201893532677/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/clinical-features-of-dog-and-bat.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/3396763201893532677'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/3396763201893532677'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/clinical-features-of-dog-and-bat.html' title='Clinical Features of Dog- and Bat-Acquired Rabies in Humans'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTv2K-TXC-NQhXEms3pTpS2uIo6jEHPWxUX3lEwQzf8eSom8K_E9nEY1Z5oCUDHmkDVVAqJNa7fQKKwbrDYF9SvkX-lhgr5_2YgMFu6ZmuLaf9gIzEf2AQJw3U-3TT2LndmhZAVOjTLxQ/s72-c/Dog-Bat+Rabies.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-1923536955871455277</id><published>2015-09-07T14:03:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2015-09-07T14:03:43.436-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Resumenes"/><title type='text'>Resumenes de Nefrología - Resumenes de Nefrología - Hiponatremia y trastornos hipoosmolares pt. V</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
TRATAMIENTO&lt;/h2&gt;
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A pesar de cierta controversia que todavía continúa respecto a la velocidad óptima de la corrección de la osmolalidad en los pacienes hiponatrémicos, actualmente existe un consenso relativamente uniforme respecto al tratamiento adecuado en la mayoría de los casos. &lt;b&gt;Si existe cualquier grado &amp;nbsp;de hipervolemia clínica, debe considerarse que el paciente tiene una hipoosmolalidad inducida por depleción de solutos y debe tratarse con suero NaCl isotónico (0.9%) en cantidad adecuada a la &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSJ9s1cQvOKSzcTO0D5Vm-HOp0qPhq8Qn6ZjVMkRp4oZTDGci0ptBc_6tm25gdHVkGjQ3pt2KHPyNvZ5kj1lwIAldvXc8cA6NHOVvbCO2s4Fc2O137r7zITS5tyQtAf5Z8OvXaM8ra7u4/s1600/suero+fisiol%25C3%25B3gico.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSJ9s1cQvOKSzcTO0D5Vm-HOp0qPhq8Qn6ZjVMkRp4oZTDGci0ptBc_6tm25gdHVkGjQ3pt2KHPyNvZ5kj1lwIAldvXc8cA6NHOVvbCO2s4Fc2O137r7zITS5tyQtAf5Z8OvXaM8ra7u4/s200/suero+fisiol%25C3%25B3gico.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;depleción valorada de volumen.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Si se conoce o sospecha el &lt;b&gt;uso de diuréticos&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;el suero salino debe suplementarse con potasio (30-40 mEq/l) aún cunado la concentración plasmática de K+ no esté disminuida&lt;/b&gt;, por la tendencia de estos pacientes a la depleción del potasio corporal total. A menudo el paciente hipoosmolar aparece clínicamente como euvolémico, pero varias situaciones demandan la reconsideración de una posible depleción de solutos incluso en el paciente sin hipovolemia clínica aparente: una U&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Na&lt;/span&gt; diminuida, toda historia de &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga3Ebtuhc9I06H54BuYKvzQ-c1w_RslyBGvV4jEUQEwHYMFtMcCRk3krli3MwpeIpdedTfLrBbo4rUGQQYRJVXch0lT1xHw2IX_PHGYlf_w7rFcXhBP_3EOY-hXejr927mcX2Amqztatk/s1600/cloruro_de_potasio._Imagen_labbehrens.net_large.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga3Ebtuhc9I06H54BuYKvzQ-c1w_RslyBGvV4jEUQEwHYMFtMcCRk3krli3MwpeIpdedTfLrBbo4rUGQQYRJVXch0lT1xHw2IX_PHGYlf_w7rFcXhBP_3EOY-hXejr927mcX2Amqztatk/s200/cloruro_de_potasio._Imagen_labbehrens.net_large.gif&quot; width=&quot;131&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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uso reciente de diuréticos o toda sospecha de insuficiencia suprarrenal primaria. Siempre que exista una probabilidad razonable de hipoosmolaridad por depleción en vez de &amp;nbsp;diluional, está indicado &amp;nbsp;probar un tratamiento con suero NaCl isotónico.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Si el paciente presenta SIAD, no se habrá causado ningún perjuicio con una perfusión salina limitada&lt;/b&gt; (1-2 litros), porque tales pacientes excretarán simplemente el exceso de NaCl sin modificar significativamente su P&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;osm&lt;/span&gt;. Sin embargo, &amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;debe suspenderse este tratamiento si no mejora la concentración plasmática de Na+&lt;/i&gt;, porque períodos más prolongados de perfusión continuada de suero NaCl isotónico pueden empeorar la hiponatremia al producir retención gradual de agua.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
El tratamiento de los pacientes hipoosmolares &amp;nbsp;euvolémicos es variable y depende de su presentación. &lt;b&gt;Un paciente que cumple todos los criterios de SIAD salvo una U&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;osm &lt;/span&gt;baja debe simplemente observarse&lt;/b&gt;, puesto que esto puede representar la reversión espontánea de una forma transitoria de SIAD. &lt;b&gt;Si hay alguna sospecha de insuficiencia suprarrenal primaria o secundaria,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQTZsH7Z_HterJPQ3oPinb1hWTDmC2Hn3kzw5LH9YtlJse4_YcyB66UlFihl37dGrrTkn4_vJGEGj89ZAlP05UpZmHsY49eI8ItBar-XEuv6miapffPgRj4qAj_CUNgMZstlD_upjSFqc/s1600/siad.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQTZsH7Z_HterJPQ3oPinb1hWTDmC2Hn3kzw5LH9YtlJse4_YcyB66UlFihl37dGrrTkn4_vJGEGj89ZAlP05UpZmHsY49eI8ItBar-XEuv6miapffPgRj4qAj_CUNgMZstlD_upjSFqc/s320/siad.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Fisiopatología del SIAD.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;debe iniciarse inmediatamente tratamiento de sustitución con glucocorticoides&lt;/b&gt; tras la realización de una prueba de estimulación rápida con ACTH. Una diuresis acuosa de aparición precoz tras el inicio del tratamiento con glucocorticoides apoya fuertemente el diagnóstico de deficiencia de éstos, pero la ausencia de una respuesta rápida no descarta este diagnóstico, puesto que a veces son necesarios varios días con glucocorticoides para la normalización de la Posm.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Los &lt;b&gt;pacientes hipoosmolares hipervolémicos se suelen tratar de forma inicial mediante diuréticos y otras medidas orientadas a la alteración subyacente&lt;/b&gt;. Tales pacientes rara vez precisan tratamiento agudo para aumentar la osmolalidad el plasma, pero a menudo les es beneficiosa la restricción de Na+ y agua en grado variable, para reducir la retención de líquidos corporales.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
En todo paciente hiponatrémico de forma significativa surge la cuestión de la rapidez con la que debe corregirse la osmolalidad plasmática. Aunque la hiponatremia se asocia a un amplio espectro de &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6NAVBg1_6nue2DMSn_UcQT5xp8LlUs1_UjagtYnWvrpzBCLNxe8BjyrOjJrmku6tZiSrxrHdpOg8bPVoDtwcqkGNmC2xeQcwQw23LWu2F_8sbnbhjw7Js9SoR9vy99ACAjUmp1EpUAKk/s1600/mielinolisi-pontina.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;152&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6NAVBg1_6nue2DMSn_UcQT5xp8LlUs1_UjagtYnWvrpzBCLNxe8BjyrOjJrmku6tZiSrxrHdpOg8bPVoDtwcqkGNmC2xeQcwQw23LWu2F_8sbnbhjw7Js9SoR9vy99ACAjUmp1EpUAKk/s320/mielinolisi-pontina.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Mielinosis pontina central.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
síntomas neurológicos y a veces produce la muerte en casos graves, &lt;b&gt;la corrección demasiado rápida de la hiponatremia grave puede producir mielinosis pontina y extrapontina&lt;/b&gt; (enfermedad cerebral desmielinizante que también puede ocasonar una morbimortalidad neurológica sustancial).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
No son frecuentes ni las secuelas de hiponatremia ni la mielinosis tras el tratamiento de los pacientes en los que la concentración de Na+ en suero permanece mayor o igual a 120 mEq/l, aunque pueden desarrollarse síntomas significativos a niveles séricos de Na+ más elevados si la tasa de descenso de la osmolalidad plasmática ha sido muy rápida.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
La importancia de la duración y de la sintomatología se correlacionan con el grado de eficacia con el que el cerebro ha adaptado su volumen a la hiponatremia, y por tanto a su nivel de riesgo para la desmielinización subsecuente a una correlación rápida. Los casos de hiponatremia aguda (&lt;i&gt;igual o menor de 48 horas de duración&lt;/i&gt;) suelen ser sintomáticos si la hiponatremia es grave. Estos pacientes presentan el máximo riesgo de complicaciones neurológicas por la propia hiponatremia crónica (&lt;i&gt;más de 48 horas de duración&lt;/i&gt;) con sintomatología neurológica mínima presentan bajo riesgo de complicaciones por la propia hiponatremia, pero pueden desarrollar desmielinización tras una corrección rápida. &lt;b&gt;No está indicado corregir rápidamente a estos pacientes, debiendo tratarse mediante métodos de tratamiento más lentos como la restricción de líquidos.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Aunque los extremos arriba indicados tienen indicaciones claras de tratamiento, la mayoría de los episodios hiponatrémicos son de duración indeterminada y los pacientes tienen grados variables de sintomatología neurológica, más leve. Ese grupo ofrece los mayores retos en cuanto a las decisiones de tratamiento, puesto que la hiponatremia lleva el tiempo suficiente para permitir cierto grado de regulación del volumen cerebral, pero no el bastante para prevenir cierto edema cerebral y sintomatología neurológica. La mayoría de los autores recomiendan una tratamiento puntual de tales pacientes según sus síntomas, pero empleando métodos que permitan una corrección controlada y limitada de su hiponatremia.&lt;/div&gt;
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Los&lt;b&gt; parámetros de corrección razonables&lt;/b&gt; comprenden una proporción de la corrección máxima de la concentración plasmática de Na+ en el rango de 1-2 mEq/l/hr de forma que el grado total &amp;nbsp;de corrección no exceda de 25 mEq7l durante las primeras 48 horas. Algunos mencionan que estos parámetros deben ser más conservadores, con una tasa de corrección máxima de &amp;lt;0.5 mEq/l/hr y un grado de corrección no superior a 12 mEq/l en un periodo de 24 horas. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Debe escogerse individualmente el tratamiento para cada paciente dentro de estos límites&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, según su sintomatología. En pacientes sólo moderadamente sintomáticos, se debe proceder al límite más bajo de 0.5 mEq/l/hr, mientras que en los que presentan síntomas neurológicos más graves es más apropiada la corrección inicial a una velocidad de 1-2 mEq/l/hr.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmqfRORhQAs2bBP5gak3zHha8zb_yEw12YcP07VR3G4pvl9dY_wHuGWE44eRzdtDP531j3_L03EpOEo8oYkFmDg2AFux5Q_B5KcY2QH_SzBDynRzgQynA0Ww1Tjqv8WvvyORSxnVM8aHg/s1600/Algoritmo+hipoNa+y+Trs+osmolaridad.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;225&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmqfRORhQAs2bBP5gak3zHha8zb_yEw12YcP07VR3G4pvl9dY_wHuGWE44eRzdtDP531j3_L03EpOEo8oYkFmDg2AFux5Q_B5KcY2QH_SzBDynRzgQynA0Ww1Tjqv8WvvyORSxnVM8aHg/s400/Algoritmo+hipoNa+y+Trs+osmolaridad.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Algoritmo de Tratamiento de la Hiponatremia y Trastornos de la Osmolaridad.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #666464; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13.13px; line-height: 18.382px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;BIBLIOGRAFÍA:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Tratado de Nefrología&quot;, Treviño, 1a edición, Editorial Prado, 2003.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Trastornos renales e Hidroelectrolíticos&quot;, Schrier, 7a edición, Lippincott, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #666464; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13.13px; line-height: 18.382px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Current Essentials of Nephrology &amp;amp; hypertension LANGE&quot;, Lerma, 1a edición, McGrawHill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison&#39;s Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders&quot;- Jameson/Loscalzo, 1a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison Principios de Medicina Interna&quot;- Longo, 18a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/1923536955871455277/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/resumenes-de-nefrologia-resumenes-de.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/1923536955871455277'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/1923536955871455277'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/resumenes-de-nefrologia-resumenes-de.html' title='Resumenes de Nefrología - Resumenes de Nefrología - Hiponatremia y trastornos hipoosmolares pt. V'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSJ9s1cQvOKSzcTO0D5Vm-HOp0qPhq8Qn6ZjVMkRp4oZTDGci0ptBc_6tm25gdHVkGjQ3pt2KHPyNvZ5kj1lwIAldvXc8cA6NHOVvbCO2s4Fc2O137r7zITS5tyQtAf5Z8OvXaM8ra7u4/s72-c/suero+fisiol%25C3%25B3gico.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-7804259644330743188</id><published>2015-09-02T12:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-09-02T12:42:45.420-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Recursos / Descargas"/><title type='text'>Enzalutamide in Metastatic Prostate Cancer before Chemotherapy</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL4wzOxLj41hReEjS0WDffoREoT4IDlnYSLdrP1fy1a2xnoFnhli3jN5C7nYldzEZCY92kYpEKafSndSyuJqnvxopD6NEanoI6C6BlJyoWgUi1oV7lH9FUcBmYdk34Q_RZ6qtxL_A-CxY/s1600/Ca+Prostata.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;260&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL4wzOxLj41hReEjS0WDffoREoT4IDlnYSLdrP1fy1a2xnoFnhli3jN5C7nYldzEZCY92kYpEKafSndSyuJqnvxopD6NEanoI6C6BlJyoWgUi1oV7lH9FUcBmYdk34Q_RZ6qtxL_A-CxY/s400/Ca+Prostata.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El fármaco enzalutamida es un antineoplásico que actúa en los receptores androgénicos y está indicado su uso en pacientes adultos con cáncer de próstata metastásico resistente a la castración y donde su enfermedad ha evolucionado aún después de la quimioterapia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Es ya conocido que el cáncer de próstata es sensible a los andrógenos y responde a la inhibición de la señalización de los receptores androgénicos; sin embargo, esta misma señalización sigue favoreciendo la progresión de la enfermedad aunque las concentraciones plasmáticas de andrógenos sean bajas o indetectables.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Se realizó un estudio (fase 3) doble ciego, donde se le administraron aleatoriamente a 1717 pacientes enzalutamida o placebo una vez al día para investigar si el fármaco realmente aumentaba la sobrevida en personas con metástasis de cáncer de próstata pero que aún no recibían tratamiento quimioterápico.&lt;/div&gt;
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Si te interesa conocer más al respecto, lee el artículo &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mediafire.com/view/5b1ybbnn4bdxv4e/nejmoa1405095.pdf&quot;&gt;AQUÍ&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;N Engl J Med 2014;371:424-33.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1405095.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;l t2 L7 h9 B18&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; bottom: 1248.061314px; font-size: 1px; height: 20.412px; left: 111.971781px; position: absolute; transform-origin: 0% 100% 0px; transform: matrix(0.902985, 0, 0, 0.902998, 0, 0); white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;f9 s2 c2 C_ l4 w1 r0&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-color: transparent; color: #76797c; display: inline-block; font-family: f9; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -1.036px; line-height: 0.974; position: relative; text-shadow: none; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; word-spacing: 1.44px;&quot;&gt;N E&lt;span class=&quot;_ _4&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1.056px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ng&lt;span class=&quot;_ _4&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1.056px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;l J M&lt;span class=&quot;_ _1&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 3.0624px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;e&lt;span class=&quot;_ _0&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;d 2&lt;span class=&quot;_ _4&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1.056px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;014&lt;span class=&quot;_ _4&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1.056px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;;371:&lt;span class=&quot;_ _1&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 3.0624px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span class=&quot;_ _0&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;4&lt;span class=&quot;_ _1&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 3.0624px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-33&lt;span class=&quot;_ _0&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;l t2 L7 h9 B19&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; bottom: 1215.546153px; font-size: 1px; height: 20.412px; left: 111.971781px; position: absolute; transform-origin: 0% 100% 0px; transform: matrix(0.902985, 0, 0, 0.902998, 0, 0); white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;f9 s2 c2 C_ l0 w9 r0&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-color: transparent; color: #76797c; display: inline-block; font-family: f9; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.974; position: relative; text-shadow: none; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; word-spacing: 0.27px;&quot;&gt;DOI: 1&lt;span class=&quot;_ _3&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: -2.3466px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;0.1056&lt;span class=&quot;_ _0&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;/NEJ&lt;span class=&quot;_ _3&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: -2.3466px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Moa1&lt;span class=&quot;_ _0&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;405095&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;l t2 L7 h9 B18&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; bottom: 1248.061314px; font-size: 1px; height: 20.412px; left: 111.971781px; position: absolute; transform-origin: 0% 100% 0px; transform: matrix(0.902985, 0, 0, 0.902998, 0, 0); white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;f9 s2 c2 C_ l4 w1 r0&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-color: transparent; color: #76797c; display: inline-block; font-family: f9; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -1.036px; line-height: 0.974; position: relative; text-shadow: none; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; word-spacing: 1.44px;&quot;&gt;N E&lt;span class=&quot;_ _4&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1.056px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ng&lt;span class=&quot;_ _4&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1.056px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;l J M&lt;span class=&quot;_ _1&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 3.0624px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;e&lt;span class=&quot;_ _0&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;d 2&lt;span class=&quot;_ _4&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1.056px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;014&lt;span class=&quot;_ _4&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1.056px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;;371:&lt;span class=&quot;_ _1&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 3.0624px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;42&lt;span class=&quot;_ _0&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;4&lt;span class=&quot;_ _1&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 3.0624px; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-33&lt;span class=&quot;_ _0&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;l t2 L7 h9 B19&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; bottom: 1215.546153px; font-size: 1px; height: 20.412px; left: 111.971781px; position: absolute; transform-origin: 0% 100% 0px; transform: matrix(0.902985, 0, 0, 0.902998, 0, 0); white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;f9 s2 c2 C_ l0 w9 r0&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-color: transparent; color: #76797c; display: inline-block; font-family: f9; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.974; position: relative; text-shadow: none; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; word-spacing: 0.27px;&quot;&gt;DOI: 1&lt;span class=&quot;_ _3&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: -2.3466px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;0.1056&lt;span class=&quot;_ _0&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;/NEJ&lt;span class=&quot;_ _3&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: -2.3466px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Moa1&lt;span class=&quot;_ _0&quot; style=&quot;color: transparent; display: inline; margin-left: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: -1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;405095&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/7804259644330743188/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/enzalutamide-in-metastatic-prostate.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/7804259644330743188'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/7804259644330743188'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/09/enzalutamide-in-metastatic-prostate.html' title='Enzalutamide in Metastatic Prostate Cancer before Chemotherapy'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL4wzOxLj41hReEjS0WDffoREoT4IDlnYSLdrP1fy1a2xnoFnhli3jN5C7nYldzEZCY92kYpEKafSndSyuJqnvxopD6NEanoI6C6BlJyoWgUi1oV7lH9FUcBmYdk34Q_RZ6qtxL_A-CxY/s72-c/Ca+Prostata.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-2672260266802012856</id><published>2015-08-31T20:07:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-31T20:07:16.256-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Resumenes"/><title type='text'>Resumenes de Nefrología - Hiponatremia y trastornos hipoosmolares pt. IV</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Manifestaciones clínicas de Hiponatremia&lt;/h2&gt;
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Las &lt;b&gt;manifestaciones clínicas&lt;/b&gt; de la hiponatremia son &lt;b&gt;principalmente neurológicas&lt;/b&gt; y reflejan sobre todo un &lt;b&gt;edema cerebral&lt;/b&gt; que es el resultado de los desplazamientos osmóticos de agua del cerebro.&lt;/div&gt;
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Generalmente no aparecen síntomas significativos hasta que la concentración de Na+ en plasma no &lt;b&gt;cae por debajo de los 125 mEq/l&lt;/b&gt; y&lt;b&gt; la severidad de los síntomas se correlaciona de forma aproximada con el grado de hipoosmolalidad&lt;/b&gt;. Sin embargo; la variabilidad individual es acusada y &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmpeSLej2t2qFYXxGGkrHckuKcTDPWAeF5dimPTMAMQeft2FJeKO6-a6YLSoxCEcnUYMnBosA70VedWXyPscQIJopBq4-ailtxVQrK1CHjHSiZaLkTNV4D0bM2yItnj0AlzZUaK_sbbwQ/s1600/edema+cerebral%257D.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;178&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmpeSLej2t2qFYXxGGkrHckuKcTDPWAeF5dimPTMAMQeft2FJeKO6-a6YLSoxCEcnUYMnBosA70VedWXyPscQIJopBq4-ailtxVQrK1CHjHSiZaLkTNV4D0bM2yItnj0AlzZUaK_sbbwQ/s200/edema+cerebral%257D.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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no puede predecirse para cada paciente concreto el nivel de concentración de Na+ plasmática al que aparecerán los síntomas. Es más, varios factores diferentes de la severidad de la hipoosmolalidad influyen también en el grado de alteración neurológica. &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Lo más importante es el período que tarda en desarrollarse la hipoosmolalidad&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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El desarrollo rápido de una hipoosmolalidad grave se asocia con frecuencia a síntomas neurológicos acusados, mientras que el desarrollo gradual durante varios días o semanas se vincula a menudo con una sintomatología relativamente leve a pesar de la existencia de una hipoosmolalidad profunda. Esto es porque &lt;b&gt;el cerebro puede neutralizar el aumento de volumen de origen osmótico excretando solutos intracelulares&lt;/b&gt; (incluyendo K y osmolitos orgánicos).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Puesto que este proceso depende del tiempo, el desarrollo rápido de la hipoosmolalidad puede producir edema cerebral antes de que ocurra esta adaptación, pero durante el desarrollo más lento del mismo grado de hipoosmolalidad las células cerebrales pueden perder solutos con la suficiente rapidez &amp;nbsp;como para prevenir el edema cerebral y la disfunción neurológica.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Una enfermedad neurológica subyacente afecta también al nivel de hipoosmolalidad al que aparecen síntomas del SNC&lt;/b&gt;; la hipoosmolalidad moderada no es muy preocupante en un paciente por lo demás sano, &amp;nbsp;pero puede ser causa de morbilidad en un paciente con un trastorno convulsivo subyacente.&lt;b&gt; Las alteraciones metabólicas no neurológicas&lt;/b&gt; (hipoxia, hipercapnia, acidosis, hipercalcemia, etc.) &lt;b&gt;pueden afectar igualmente al nivel de osmolalidad plasmática&lt;/b&gt; al que se dan síntomas del SNC.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;BIBLIOGRAFÍA:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Tratado de Nefrología&quot;, Treviño, 1a edición, Editorial Prado, 2003.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Trastornos renales e Hidroelectrolíticos&quot;, Schrier, 7a edición, Lippincott, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Current Essentials of Nephrology &amp;amp; hypertension LANGE&quot;, Lerma, 1a edición, McGrawHill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison&#39;s Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders&quot;- Jameson/Loscalzo, 1a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison Principios de Medicina Interna&quot;- Longo, 18a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/2672260266802012856/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/resumenes-de-nefrologia-hiponatremia-y_55.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2672260266802012856'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2672260266802012856'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/resumenes-de-nefrologia-hiponatremia-y_55.html' title='Resumenes de Nefrología - Hiponatremia y trastornos hipoosmolares pt. IV'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmpeSLej2t2qFYXxGGkrHckuKcTDPWAeF5dimPTMAMQeft2FJeKO6-a6YLSoxCEcnUYMnBosA70VedWXyPscQIJopBq4-ailtxVQrK1CHjHSiZaLkTNV4D0bM2yItnj0AlzZUaK_sbbwQ/s72-c/edema+cerebral%257D.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-1187612924739051562</id><published>2015-08-31T10:50:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-31T10:55:53.003-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Resumenes"/><title type='text'>Resumenes de Nefrología - Hiponatremia y trastornos hipoosmolares pt. IV</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Volumen de Líquido Extracelular Aumentado (edema, ascitis).&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;L&lt;/span&gt;a existencia de hipervolemia, detectable clínicamente por la &lt;b&gt;presencia de edema y/o ascitis&lt;/b&gt;,&lt;b&gt; indica exceso de Na+ corporal total&lt;/b&gt;, y &lt;b&gt;la hipoosmolaridad en estos pacientes hace pensar en un volumen y/o presión intravasculares relativamente disminuidos que llevan a la retención de sal como resultado tanto de la elevación de los niveles plasmáticos de ADH como de la disminución de la llegada distal del filtrado glomerular&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFDCvZCS2teh1i8V7LjFf2ZMAO4pwgAjAazGih-QmvNAZd969RyAqH6lOV7Hzka66sIs53dWQpvJ3KaPyko9lO5dBCbtflDHCLvkuVyaUNsfWi3UK-JOllWwdtyn165XLavkqxrQpI-SY/s1600/edema2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;112&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFDCvZCS2teh1i8V7LjFf2ZMAO4pwgAjAazGih-QmvNAZd969RyAqH6lOV7Hzka66sIs53dWQpvJ3KaPyko9lO5dBCbtflDHCLvkuVyaUNsfWi3UK-JOllWwdtyn165XLavkqxrQpI-SY/s200/edema2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Tales pacientes suelen tener una &lt;b&gt;U&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Na&lt;/span&gt; baja&lt;/b&gt;, debido a hiperaldosteronismo secundario, pero bajo ciertas condiciones la U&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Na&lt;/span&gt; puede elevarse (p.ej., glucosuria en diabéticos, tratamiento diurético). Generalmente &lt;b&gt;no se da hiponatremia hasta fases bastante avanzadas de enfermedades&lt;/b&gt; como la insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva, cirrosis y síndrome nefrótico, de forma que el diagnóstico no suele ser difícil. La insuficiencia renal también puede producir retención de Na+ y agua, pero en este caso el factor que limita la excreción de líquido en exceso no es la disminución de volumen circulante efectivo sino la de la filtración glomerular.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Debe recordarse que, aunque &lt;b&gt;muchos estados productores de edema cursan con elevación&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaDRqV7H7PTANCwNPU6XEFXz-eEovxIBM6Og46E3C6aWIaU_EmmNq_3CAMsBrVfpQ4XmGrvB2XeGXrl2xZvmAb9NTdqoMJbU8xWfhURwx-WFLhdkBdtR-VVNBqUcvgcD6gVP41ZALwubM/s1600/edema.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaDRqV7H7PTANCwNPU6XEFXz-eEovxIBM6Og46E3C6aWIaU_EmmNq_3CAMsBrVfpQ4XmGrvB2XeGXrl2xZvmAb9NTdqoMJbU8xWfhURwx-WFLhdkBdtR-VVNBqUcvgcD6gVP41ZALwubM/s200/edema.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt; secundaria de los niveles plasmáticos de ADH a consecuencia de la disminución del volumen efectivo de sangre arterial, no se encuadran dentro de los casos de SIAD&lt;/b&gt;, puesto que no cumplen el criterio de euvolemia clínica. Aunque puede argumentarse que esto representa una distinción semántica, es importante conr especto a la separación de las distintas etiologías de hiponatremia que se asocian a sistemas diferentes de valoración y tratamiento.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;La polidipsia primaria también puede causar hipoosmolalidad en un subconjunto pequeño de pacientes con SIAD subyacente&lt;/b&gt;, especialmente en pacientes psiquiátricos con esquizofrenia de larga evolución y en tratamiento con fármacos neurolépticos, o con menos frecuencia todavía en pacientes con función renal normal si los volúmenes ingeridos exceden la tasa máxima de excreción de agua renal libre de aproximadamente 1,000 ml/hr. Sin embargo, estos pacientes raramente manifiestan señales francas de exceso de Na+, no causa hipervolemia clínicamente visible.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #666464; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1300001144409px; line-height: 18.3819999694824px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;BIBLIOGRAFÍA:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Tratado de Nefrología&quot;, Treviño, 1a edición, Editorial Prado, 2003.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Trastornos renales e Hidroelectrolíticos&quot;, Schrier, 7a edición, Lippincott, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #666464; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1300001144409px; line-height: 18.3819999694824px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Current Essentials of Nephrology &amp;amp; hypertension LANGE&quot;, Lerma, 1a edición, McGrawHill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison&#39;s Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders&quot;- Jameson/Loscalzo, 1a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison Principios de Medicina Interna&quot;- Longo, 18a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/1187612924739051562/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/resumenes-de-nefrologia-hiponatremia-y_31.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/1187612924739051562'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/1187612924739051562'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/resumenes-de-nefrologia-hiponatremia-y_31.html' title='Resumenes de Nefrología - Hiponatremia y trastornos hipoosmolares pt. IV'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFDCvZCS2teh1i8V7LjFf2ZMAO4pwgAjAazGih-QmvNAZd969RyAqH6lOV7Hzka66sIs53dWQpvJ3KaPyko9lO5dBCbtflDHCLvkuVyaUNsfWi3UK-JOllWwdtyn165XLavkqxrQpI-SY/s72-c/edema2.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-8752636809117334396</id><published>2015-08-24T14:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-24T14:22:49.645-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Resumenes"/><title type='text'>Resumenes de Nefrología - Hiponatremia y trastornos hipoosmolares pt. III</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Volumen de Líquido Extracelular normal (euvolemia)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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La existencia de hipervolemia, detectable clínicamente por la presencia de edema y/o ascitis, indica exceso de sodio corporal total, y la hipoosmolaridad en estos pacientes hace pesar en un volumen y/o presión intravasculares relativamente disminuidos que llevan a la retención de sal como resultado &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbOrdPvKT5IRbWD-DwgfTs7h3QO-QgGHsZxnYi7pZmPqVwX4o1XW7xIijkB1CGfMWsCUMl-AmJRzVV-wTqYEQFmMiufgtrCuG7Fqmvuu-zjuemQfV6gkDsWDogZWz4f49lw0YBFpU_7MA/s1600/siad.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbOrdPvKT5IRbWD-DwgfTs7h3QO-QgGHsZxnYi7pZmPqVwX4o1XW7xIijkB1CGfMWsCUMl-AmJRzVV-wTqYEQFmMiufgtrCuG7Fqmvuu-zjuemQfV6gkDsWDogZWz4f49lw0YBFpU_7MA/s200/siad.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
tanto de la elevación de los niveles plasmáticos de ADH como de la disminución de la llegada distal del filtrado glomerular.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Tales pacientes suelen tener una U&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Na&lt;/span&gt; baja, debido a hiperaldosteronismo secundario, pero bajo ciertas condiciones la U&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Na&lt;/span&gt; puede elevarse (p.ej., glucosuria en diabéticos, tratamiento diurético). Generalmente &lt;b&gt;no se da hiponatremia hasta fases bastante avanzadas de enfermedades&lt;/b&gt; como la &lt;i&gt;insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva, cirrosis y síndrome nefrótico&lt;/i&gt;, de forma que el diagnóstico no suele ser difícil. La insuficiencia renal también puede producir retención de sodio y agua, pero en este caso el factor que limita &lt;b&gt;la excreción del líquido corporal en exceso no es la disminución del volumen circulante efectivo sino la de la filtración glomerular&lt;/b&gt;. Debe recordarse que, aunque muchos estados productores de edema cursa con elevación secundaria de los niveles plasmáticos de ADH a consecuencia de la disminución del volumen efectivo de sangre arterial, no se encuentran dentro de los casos de SIAD, puesto que no cumplen con el criterio de euvolemia clínica.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRId6ejkdk3iybbJFUJDTxD3MJaC21F_QAPBPyr2Vl9_A-eWVNY9VTB0FtlAvRMZJGtnQrjjnqvzpAORjOS4E-imWuK9VOvBbijWiA3FYccI-yulgj_Zpzu6wdmc97_bOzwVUdIlC7vbA/s1600/Dx+SIAD.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;206&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRId6ejkdk3iybbJFUJDTxD3MJaC21F_QAPBPyr2Vl9_A-eWVNY9VTB0FtlAvRMZJGtnQrjjnqvzpAORjOS4E-imWuK9VOvBbijWiA3FYccI-yulgj_Zpzu6wdmc97_bOzwVUdIlC7vbA/s320/Dx+SIAD.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Aunque puede argumentarse que esto representa &amp;nbsp;una distinción semántica, es importante con &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjah-56FK6kVeSg0fBhb6ecXWY6WlZSKaHVrxehE75zcA0kB9rqBxZCUobbLGJsPlpMlkcGogOYFYrIvzWFMb4JQCFwQY0EqVAXVVVvM3cXIZ_5hyphenhyphenhDdB-kBM3O6gHkIR2DQvHXmwwIumM/s1600/hipoNa+eu.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjah-56FK6kVeSg0fBhb6ecXWY6WlZSKaHVrxehE75zcA0kB9rqBxZCUobbLGJsPlpMlkcGogOYFYrIvzWFMb4JQCFwQY0EqVAXVVVvM3cXIZ_5hyphenhyphenhDdB-kBM3O6gHkIR2DQvHXmwwIumM/s200/hipoNa+eu.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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respecto a la separación de las distintas etiologías de hiponatremia que se asocian a sistemas diferentes de valoración y tratamiento.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La polidipsia primaria también puede causar hipoosmolalidad en un subconjunto pequeño de pacientes con SIAD subyacente, especialmente en pacientes psiquiátricos con esquizofrenia de larga evolución y en tratamiento con fármacos neurolépticos, o con menos frecuencia todavía en pacientes con función renal normal si los volúmenes ingeridos exceden la tasa máxima de excreción de agua renal libre de aproximadamente 1,000 ml/h.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sin embargo,&lt;b&gt; &lt;u&gt;estos pacientes raramente manifiestan señales francas de exceso de volumen puesto que la retención de agua sola, sin exceso de sodio, no causa hipervolemia clínicamente visible&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Tratado de Nefrología&quot;, Treviño, 1a edición, Editorial Prado, 2003.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Trastornos renales e Hidroelectrolíticos&quot;, Schrier, 7a edición, Lippincott, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #666464; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1300001144409px; line-height: 18.3819999694824px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Current Essentials of Nephrology &amp;amp; hypertension LANGE&quot;, Lerma, 1a edición, McGrawHill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison&#39;s Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders&quot;- Jameson/Loscalzo, 1a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison Principios de Medicina Interna&quot;- Longo, 18a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/8752636809117334396/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/resumenes-de-nefrologia-hiponatremia-y_24.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/8752636809117334396'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/8752636809117334396'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/resumenes-de-nefrologia-hiponatremia-y_24.html' title='Resumenes de Nefrología - Hiponatremia y trastornos hipoosmolares pt. III'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbOrdPvKT5IRbWD-DwgfTs7h3QO-QgGHsZxnYi7pZmPqVwX4o1XW7xIijkB1CGfMWsCUMl-AmJRzVV-wTqYEQFmMiufgtrCuG7Fqmvuu-zjuemQfV6gkDsWDogZWz4f49lw0YBFpU_7MA/s72-c/siad.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-2716687232036331168</id><published>2015-08-23T09:45:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-23T09:45:12.401-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English Clinic Case"/><title type='text'>A ManWith Unilateral Ocular Pain and Blindness - ANSWER</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRFXIApP-BXi23xNZZ4BA_bcORwh1GkKSSsYHRYLCdSMIQn9E3M1mIkKC98LzBbL_bDWeqdft5oqtJXOTCQdXf_s4fgNHObfvqRmJXsEarJTrLsjMUAcZkXqnUGoTQPnRFxpTiqn_msYw/s1600/worm.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;190&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRFXIApP-BXi23xNZZ4BA_bcORwh1GkKSSsYHRYLCdSMIQn9E3M1mIkKC98LzBbL_bDWeqdft5oqtJXOTCQdXf_s4fgNHObfvqRmJXsEarJTrLsjMUAcZkXqnUGoTQPnRFxpTiqn_msYw/s320/worm.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Figure 1.&lt;/b&gt; The molting larva of an Armillifer species. Note the 2 pairs of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;chitinous claws (arrows) around the mouth (×10 magnification).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Diagnosis: Ocular pentastomiasis.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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The parasite was identified as the larval form of an &lt;b&gt;Armillifer species&lt;/b&gt; (Figure 1), &lt;b&gt;a pentastomid&lt;/b&gt;. Brownish pigment in the gut is from consumed hemoglobin. It is clearly recognizable that the larva is in the middle of molting ( parts of the molted “&lt;i&gt;skin&lt;/i&gt;” have been torn off during handling of the animal). Also well visible is the mouth of the larva, surrounded by the 2 pairs of claws on each side of the mouth (arrows) used for attachment.&lt;/div&gt;
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In the first descriptions, these were also thought to function as separate mouths, hence the term Pentastomida, meaning “&lt;i&gt;5 mouths&lt;/i&gt;.” The exact phylogenic position of these ancient parasites has long been debated until recent genetic evidences showed unequivocally that pentastomids are crustaceans.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The adult forms of Armillifer species live in the respiratory tract and paranasal sinuses of tropical reptiles. Human cases are almost exclusively caused by &lt;b&gt;Armillifer armillatus&lt;/b&gt;. Of note, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Linguatula serrata&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is a related pentastomid species that&lt;b&gt; lives in the nasopharynx of temperate climate mammals&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Ingestion of the eggs with the nasal secretion of the definitive host results in visceral invasion of larval Pentastomida in the intermediate host (rat, sheep, goat, camel)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pentastomid species can infect humans as either accidental definitive or accidental intermediate hosts. &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Ingesting undercooked viscera (liver, lungs, spleen) of the intermediate hosts may result in nasopharyngeal infestation called halzoun or marrara&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, an illness caused by the adult form of L. serrata infecting the human paranasal sinuses where&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt; it feeds on blood and nasal secretions&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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More commonly, in visceral pentastomiasis, humans serve as a dead-end intermediate host for the larvae. In most cases, it is caused by Armillifer species (eg, in our case). The ingested eggs hatch in the intestine; the larvae then penetrate the gut wall and migrate to parenchymal organs, surfaces of serous membranes, and soft tissues where they begin to molt and grow. They cause largely asymptomatic infestation of the liver, peritoneum, and lungs. The larvae usually die and calcify, leaving parts of their chitinous exoskeleton surrounded by a granuloma infiltrated with eosinophils. Larval pentastomiasis is usually a harmless condition accidentally found at autopsies. It is a rarity in developed countries, but still occurs in some parts of the world, for example, in Central Africa or in Malaysia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Infection of the eye is extremely rare&lt;/b&gt;. However, over a 3-year period, our ophthalmological examinations of 3000 patients in the Democratic Republic of Congo found 2 additional cases with macroscopically identical parasites, one of which was situated under the retina next to the papilla and the other one in the vitreous body, between a detached retina and the lens. Extended history revealed that all 3 patients came from the same region, where local eating habits include the consumption of various snakes, often raw.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Due to the lack of any controlled data,&lt;b&gt; the treatment of pentastomiasis is unclear&lt;/b&gt;, but &lt;b&gt;surgical approach seems to be preferable in case of ocular localization&lt;/b&gt;. Differential diagnosis of ocular pentastomiasis includes myiasis and ocular larva migrans.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013;57(3):469–70&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit316&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/2716687232036331168/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/a-manwith-unilateral-ocular-pain-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2716687232036331168'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2716687232036331168'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/a-manwith-unilateral-ocular-pain-and.html' title='A ManWith Unilateral Ocular Pain and Blindness - ANSWER'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRFXIApP-BXi23xNZZ4BA_bcORwh1GkKSSsYHRYLCdSMIQn9E3M1mIkKC98LzBbL_bDWeqdft5oqtJXOTCQdXf_s4fgNHObfvqRmJXsEarJTrLsjMUAcZkXqnUGoTQPnRFxpTiqn_msYw/s72-c/worm.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-4900116861402656765</id><published>2015-08-22T14:09:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-22T14:09:22.880-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English Clinic Case"/><title type='text'>Holoinspiratory Wheezing in a 46-Year-Old HIV-Seropositive Man - ANSWER</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiovQMNncIUwYYzzb2Z5HaEyMAit5-S2_hzI6AFbOLXFRSD1RGH9jahOAQrGWyW3Ortv-B244sSG7ttDY-hDGrtKNsxQqBQ-XVN4EvMjhwK5lIQuCmkpFhCg3_LtFGQceAqoR5F29jRso/s1600/TAC+2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;123&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiovQMNncIUwYYzzb2Z5HaEyMAit5-S2_hzI6AFbOLXFRSD1RGH9jahOAQrGWyW3Ortv-B244sSG7ttDY-hDGrtKNsxQqBQ-XVN4EvMjhwK5lIQuCmkpFhCg3_LtFGQceAqoR5F29jRso/s400/TAC+2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Figure 1.&lt;/b&gt; Computed tomographic scan of the chest revealing multiple cavitary pulmonary lesions (A) and tracheal subocclusion (B, arrow). C, Inset
shows endoscopic appearance of tracheal subocclusion caused by papillomatous exophytic lesions extending over 4 cartilaginous rings. Air passage was
possible only through a small hole (arrow).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Diagnosis: Respiratory papillomatosis of the trachea and lungs
due to human papillomavirus infection.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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This patient presented with airway obstruction caused by tracheal
papillomatous masses revealed on computed tomography
and bronchoscopy (Figure 1). In addition, he had multiple
bilateral cavitary lesions in his lungs (Figure 1A). Histological
examination of tracheal biopsy samples showed respiratory papillomatosis with low-grade epithelial dysplasia (Figure 2)
and koilocytotic atypia (Figure 3B).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Immunohistochemical analysis for human papillomavirus (HPV) performed with antiHPV
L1 (Cytoactiv Diagnostics GmBH, Pirmasens, Germany)
showed positive nuclear staining of the koilocytes (Figure 3C).
Even though lung nodules were not biopsied, other possible
causes were ruled out in the bronchoalveolar lavage, including
mycobacteria, bacterial organisms, and fungi. The patient was
treated by rigid bronchoscopy with YAG (yttrium neodymium)
laser therapy to relieve the tracheal obstruction, resulting in
normalization of his arterial blood gas and amelioration of his
respiratory symptoms. However, he experienced recurrence of
the tracheal lesions and died of unrelated causes 20 months
after the diagnosis.
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare cause of
benign tumors of the respiratory tract caused by HPV.
Most commonly it involves the larynx and trachea, but rarely
can spread distally to affect the bronchi and lung parenchyma.
Although benign, it carries significant morbidity and occasional
mortality, including life-threatening airway obstruction and a
3%–5% risk of malignant transformation. Pulmonary involvement
heralds a poor prognosis and manifests in 1.8% of RRP
patients, predominantly children, with multiple nodules and
thin-walled cysts apparent on computed tomography.
RRP has a bimodal age distribution: Juvenile-onset disease is
thought to result from vertical transmission at the time of delivery,
or, in some cases, from infection in utero; adult-onset
disease may result from sexual or oral transmission. Its incidence
in the United States has been estimated at 4.3/100 000
per year in children and 1.8/100 000 per year in adults.
HPV is a nonenveloped double-stranded DNA virus, which
replicates inside the nuclei of infected epithelial cells and is able
to persist in basal cells as an episome. More than 100 types of
HPV are known, but the majority of RRP is secondary to the
low-risk types 6 and 11, with the latter being more virulent.
Both the humoral and the cellular immune response may be
compromised in patients with respiratory papillomatosis, and
the patient’s degree of immunodeficiency may be associated with
the clinical course of the disease. In particular, a compromised
cell-mediated immune response has been associated with the
development of RRP in children. In contrast to the link
between HPV-mediated cervical and anogenital cancers with
HIV infection, there is no known association of HIV with RRP.
The condition is incurable. The mainstay of treatment is
surgical debulking, predominantly through laser therapy or use
of microdebriders. Multiple procedures may be necessary due to
frequent, repeated recurrences. Various adjuvant treatments
have been tried, including antivirals (mainly intralesional cidofovir)
and immunomodulators (eg, interferon alfa), but highquality
evidence to support their use is lacking. The advent
of a quadrivalent HPV vaccine targeting types 6, 11, 16, and
18 is a promising development that could lead to prevention or
even eradication of this condition in the long term.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI_zCY-5aZrOATX_fksushcoeeznYIoGQ5xwn1XpNjDjrk_2oXrVAWFj5tMyUk9GZLHVqvHJCrG0lsZGzGBwsHCbMbjs1qm_nGdbgsrs3Xpze6ER3MD0ZCvk1J-RywGSafTBREJLEcf0k/s1600/Histo+1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;236&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI_zCY-5aZrOATX_fksushcoeeznYIoGQ5xwn1XpNjDjrk_2oXrVAWFj5tMyUk9GZLHVqvHJCrG0lsZGzGBwsHCbMbjs1qm_nGdbgsrs3Xpze6ER3MD0ZCvk1J-RywGSafTBREJLEcf0k/s320/Histo+1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Figure 2&lt;/b&gt;. Hematoxylin-eosin stain of tracheal biopsy material (×200
magnification).&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Figure 3.&lt;/b&gt; A, Histopathological features of respiratory papillomatosis
(hematoxylin-eosin stain, ×200 magnification). B, Arrows indicate the koilocytotic
cells that show an intense immunoreaction for human papillomavirus
(C, arrows). The koilocytes show well-defined perinuclear halos with
a cookie-cutter border and cytoplasmic thickening; nuclei are enlarged
(sometimes bi- or multinucleated with variation in nuclear size) with undulating
(raisin-like) nuclear membrane.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014;58(1):134–5&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit666&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/4900116861402656765/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/holoinspiratory-wheezing-in-46-year-old_22.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/4900116861402656765'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/4900116861402656765'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/holoinspiratory-wheezing-in-46-year-old_22.html' title='Holoinspiratory Wheezing in a 46-Year-Old HIV-Seropositive Man - ANSWER'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiovQMNncIUwYYzzb2Z5HaEyMAit5-S2_hzI6AFbOLXFRSD1RGH9jahOAQrGWyW3Ortv-B244sSG7ttDY-hDGrtKNsxQqBQ-XVN4EvMjhwK5lIQuCmkpFhCg3_LtFGQceAqoR5F29jRso/s72-c/TAC+2.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-2578805124815050948</id><published>2015-08-21T17:33:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-21T17:33:16.372-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English Clinic Case"/><title type='text'>Holoinspiratory Wheezing in a 46-Year-Old HIV-Seropositive Man - QUIZ</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIKyow1j2jUnlGQMApzT2zMzH723rcDXRXCoZ3GxdcS0Nf2Nc7I_XqtlmhEF5CT_84aLTTw8CEh_s9XOm7Ha2oi6N95Ekre1XvfgNyzIbobEwWpB00pECEuH-6Vk-pE3GK8-nagteKCmw/s1600/TAC.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;120&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIKyow1j2jUnlGQMApzT2zMzH723rcDXRXCoZ3GxdcS0Nf2Nc7I_XqtlmhEF5CT_84aLTTw8CEh_s9XOm7Ha2oi6N95Ekre1XvfgNyzIbobEwWpB00pECEuH-6Vk-pE3GK8-nagteKCmw/s400/TAC.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Figure 1.&lt;/b&gt; Computed tomographic scan of the chest revealing multiple cavitary pulmonary lesions (A) and tracheal subocclusion (B, arrow). C, Inset
showing endoscopic appearance of tracheal subocclusion caused by exophytic lesions extending over 4 cartilaginous rings. Air passage was possible only
through a small hole (arrow).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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A 46-year-old Italian man seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 was admitted to our department with
a 3-month history of nonproductive cough and progressively worsening dyspnea. The patient was a former heroin addict
with liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C virus and previously
treated visceral leishmaniasis and latent syphilis. He was on antiretroviral
treatment consisting of emtricitabine, tenofovir, and
fosamprenavir with an undetectable HIV load and a CD4 Tlymphocyte
count of 180 cells/µL. On hospital admission, the
patient was&lt;b&gt; afebrile but short of breath at rest&lt;/b&gt;, with a heart rate
of 110 beats per minute, respiratory rate of &lt;b&gt;35 breaths per
minute&lt;/b&gt;, and oxygen &lt;b&gt;saturation of 80%&lt;/b&gt; on room air. &lt;b&gt;Physical examination
revealed holoinspiratory wheezing&lt;/b&gt;. His oral cavity
was unremarkable. Arterial blood gas showed an arterial pH of
7.48, an oxygen partial pressure of 56 mm Hg, and a carbon
dioxide partial pressure of 28 mm Hg while breathing ambient
air. A computed tomographic scan of the chest was performed
showing multiple bilateral pulmonary lesions, some with a cavitary
appearance (Figure 1). Bronchoscopy demonstrated tracheal
subocclusion caused by irregular, friable rosy vegetations
extending over 4 cartilaginous rings (Figure 1C). Biopsies were
obtained (Figure 2).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What is your diagnosis?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014;58(1):78&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit660&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/2578805124815050948/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/holoinspiratory-wheezing-in-46-year-old.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2578805124815050948'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2578805124815050948'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/holoinspiratory-wheezing-in-46-year-old.html' title='Holoinspiratory Wheezing in a 46-Year-Old HIV-Seropositive Man - QUIZ'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIKyow1j2jUnlGQMApzT2zMzH723rcDXRXCoZ3GxdcS0Nf2Nc7I_XqtlmhEF5CT_84aLTTw8CEh_s9XOm7Ha2oi6N95Ekre1XvfgNyzIbobEwWpB00pECEuH-6Vk-pE3GK8-nagteKCmw/s72-c/TAC.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-2341731761179472338</id><published>2015-08-19T10:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-19T10:42:08.830-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Recursos / Descargas"/><title type='text'>A novel frontal pathway underlies verbal fluency in primary progressive aphasia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhamTg63Q7kWs1j41Saqs7CEAJFUB1GKx5CaEjGDsfUrRW-mCYz3HXiZlF_JXPoSfCIKMBQj7Eo3ZsXxyDaLDWN4RC42RPpDw4KQ2wHR4zvZwZQXVkgU0StmdQhLlz9M1l6ZxGD1tbg4JE/s1600/BRAIN.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;272&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhamTg63Q7kWs1j41Saqs7CEAJFUB1GKx5CaEjGDsfUrRW-mCYz3HXiZlF_JXPoSfCIKMBQj7Eo3ZsXxyDaLDWN4RC42RPpDw4KQ2wHR4zvZwZQXVkgU0StmdQhLlz9M1l6ZxGD1tbg4JE/s400/BRAIN.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El tracto oblicuo frontal es un camino directo que conecta a la región Broca con el giro cingulado y el área motora presuplementaria. Este tracto se lateraliza hacia la izquierda en personas diestras, sugiriendo una posible influencia en el lenguaje.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
De cualquier manera, no existen estudios previos que reporten una implicación de este tracto en patologías del lenguaje. En este artículo se usó tractografía de difusión para definir la anatomía del tracto oblicuo frontal en relación con la fluidez verbal y el deterioro gramático en la afasia progresiva primaria.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Para lograr este objetivo, se reclutaron a 35 pacientes con afasia progresiva primaria y 29 sujetos de control. La tractografía se utilizó para obtener los índices indirectos de la organización microestructural del tracto oblicuo frontal. Además, se realizó un análisis del fascículo uncinado para localizar la zona asociada con deficiencias en el procesamiento semántico.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Si quieres leer todo el artículo, da click &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mediafire.com/view/5z4f30rxov36ya9/2619.full.pdf&quot;&gt;AQUÍ&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Brain 2013: 136; 2619–2628 |&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;doi:10.1093/brain/awt163&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/2341731761179472338/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/a-novel-frontal-pathway-underlies.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2341731761179472338'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/2341731761179472338'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/a-novel-frontal-pathway-underlies.html' title='A novel frontal pathway underlies verbal fluency in primary progressive aphasia'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhamTg63Q7kWs1j41Saqs7CEAJFUB1GKx5CaEjGDsfUrRW-mCYz3HXiZlF_JXPoSfCIKMBQj7Eo3ZsXxyDaLDWN4RC42RPpDw4KQ2wHR4zvZwZQXVkgU0StmdQhLlz9M1l6ZxGD1tbg4JE/s72-c/BRAIN.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-3432075255364825485</id><published>2015-08-17T17:24:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-17T17:33:10.403-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Resumenes"/><title type='text'>Resumenes de Nefrología - Hiponatremia y trastornos hipoosmolares pt. II</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUGGl_MGGMRSrqqDotM6rlnfsDmJS0yaFYTEQSqp8c39hdXL_1aUKLVCGa5dfZB7qWHcPFagmNtsIpYig13axALl2Z7scb4-A_pc9KUHfJcnnjfZcMj5bd-UI1YhyZz_Yx_GV7SxROvXI/s1600/hiponatremia.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;291&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUGGl_MGGMRSrqqDotM6rlnfsDmJS0yaFYTEQSqp8c39hdXL_1aUKLVCGa5dfZB7qWHcPFagmNtsIpYig13axALl2Z7scb4-A_pc9KUHfJcnnjfZcMj5bd-UI1YhyZz_Yx_GV7SxROvXI/s320/hiponatremia.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Volumen de Líquido Extracelular disminuido (hipovolemia).&lt;/h3&gt;
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La hipovolemia detectable clínicamente, que se suele determinar con mayor sensibilidad midiendo cuidadosamente los cambios ostostáticos en la presión y pulso arteriales, siempre indica cierto grado de depleción de solutos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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La elevación del BUN plasmático es un correlato útil de laboratorio de la disminución del volumen &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
de LEC. Incluso pérdidas de volumen iso o hipotónicas pueden producir hipoosmolaridad si se ingieren o perfunden para reposición de agua o líquidos hipotónicos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Una concentración urinaria baja de Na+ (U&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Na&lt;/span&gt;) en tales casos sugiere una causa extrarrenal de depleción de solutos, mientras que una U&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Na&lt;/span&gt; alta hace pensar en una causa renal&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6XXqs8XwSuO2JvE7o11XpO7yBoOkeSb80FuKe_rtC4teVqMc3Dyj-ZfowYmfqhpbqwJh6g6Ov9PcJRv-vVj3yu6Vl_5pK8hXmisi2MNfDU7umupHkK1WESpNzHgOuiYWHkdm-741EJMQ/s1600/Tabla+alt+hipoosmolares.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;282&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6XXqs8XwSuO2JvE7o11XpO7yBoOkeSb80FuKe_rtC4teVqMc3Dyj-ZfowYmfqhpbqwJh6g6Ov9PcJRv-vVj3yu6Vl_5pK8hXmisi2MNfDU7umupHkK1WESpNzHgOuiYWHkdm-741EJMQ/s400/Tabla+alt+hipoosmolares.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtYODox1rkZA11J7CX35vF4dDtCP0aRo_tym8m8MU2l72tHLUdLPCngP5qgFJcbe2I4jYb0WXJJR-P9ZsKG4rIsLxqICqNUcM1iNdBmnIxqnGhNIy2Q5O21wwsNaLYsDaicKtr4MJukkA/s1600/vaso.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtYODox1rkZA11J7CX35vF4dDtCP0aRo_tym8m8MU2l72tHLUdLPCngP5qgFJcbe2I4jYb0WXJJR-P9ZsKG4rIsLxqICqNUcM1iNdBmnIxqnGhNIy2Q5O21wwsNaLYsDaicKtr4MJukkA/s200/vaso.jpg&quot; width=&quot;158&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;El uso de diuréticos es la causa más común de hipoosmolaridad &lt;/b&gt;hipovolémica, y se asocian con más frecuencia a hiponatremia grave las tiazidas que los diuréticos de asa como furosemida. Aunque esto no representa un ejemplo básico de depleción de solutos, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que subyacen a la hipoosmolaridad son complejos y comprenden múltiples componentes potenciales que incluyen la retencipon de agua libre. Además, &lt;b&gt;muchos de estos pacientes no presentan evidencia clínica de hipoveolemia intensa&lt;/b&gt;, principalmente porque se ha retenido el agua ingerida como respuesta a la estimulación no osmótica de la secreción de vasopresina (ADH), como ocurre a menudo en todas las alteraciones por depleción de solutos. Para complicar aún más el diagnóstico, la U&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Na&lt;/span&gt; puede ser alta o baja dependiendo del momento en que se tomó la última dosis de diurético. Por consiguiente, casi todos los casos con sospecha de uso de diuréticos requieren la consideración atenta a este diagnóstico.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Una concentración plasmática de K+ baja es una pista importante del uso de diuréticos&lt;/b&gt;, porque hay muy pocas alteraciones productoras de hiponatremia e hipoosmolaridad aparte de esta, que ocasionen también hipopotasemia apreciable. Siempre que se sospeche la probabilidad de uso de diuréticos en ausencia de una historia positiva, debe realizarse un análisis de detección de diuréticos en orina.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;La mayoría de las otras etiologías de la pérdida de solutos renal o extrerrenal que producen hiponatremia e hipoosmolaridad son clínicamente evidentes&lt;/i&gt;, aunque algunos casos de nefropatía &quot;&lt;i&gt;pierde-sal&lt;/i&gt;&quot; (nefropatía intersticial crónica, enermedad del riñón poliquístico,uropatía obstructiva o síndrome de Bartter) o de deficiencia de mineralocorticoides (enfermedad de Addison) pueden desafiar el diagnóstico durante su fase inicial.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrxexBe4HTIC3wRGQsnsoeW2qEZVy1WXOs_Yjx_9o_LPdzQmg0QHB6QQbeGg8veRv-9olJkqDaYS1dw5qClMYmUOMWGSxR8AF4KFHoqqEK7G1tucoJLE0_oM6zifcFqgqVYhIgDXD9KYU/s1600/hipo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrxexBe4HTIC3wRGQsnsoeW2qEZVy1WXOs_Yjx_9o_LPdzQmg0QHB6QQbeGg8veRv-9olJkqDaYS1dw5qClMYmUOMWGSxR8AF4KFHoqqEK7G1tucoJLE0_oM6zifcFqgqVYhIgDXD9KYU/s320/hipo.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #666464; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1300001144409px; line-height: 18.3819999694824px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;BIBLIOGRAFÍA:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Tratado de Nefrología&quot;, Treviño, 1a edición, Editorial Prado, 2003.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Trastornos renales e Hidroelectrolíticos&quot;, Schrier, 7a edición, Lippincott, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #666464; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1300001144409px; line-height: 18.3819999694824px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Current Essentials of Nephrology &amp;amp; hypertension LANGE&quot;, Lerma, 1a edición, McGrawHill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison&#39;s Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders&quot;- Jameson/Loscalzo, 1a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison Principios de Medicina Interna&quot;- Longo, 18a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/3432075255364825485/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/resumenes-de-nefrologia-hiponatremia-y_17.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/3432075255364825485'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/3432075255364825485'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/resumenes-de-nefrologia-hiponatremia-y_17.html' title='Resumenes de Nefrología - Hiponatremia y trastornos hipoosmolares pt. II'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUGGl_MGGMRSrqqDotM6rlnfsDmJS0yaFYTEQSqp8c39hdXL_1aUKLVCGa5dfZB7qWHcPFagmNtsIpYig13axALl2Z7scb4-A_pc9KUHfJcnnjfZcMj5bd-UI1YhyZz_Yx_GV7SxROvXI/s72-c/hiponatremia.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-8750987106463922246</id><published>2015-08-14T20:08:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-14T20:08:49.981-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English Clinic Case"/><title type='text'>A Man With Unilateral Ocular Pain and Blindness - QUIZ</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm-ztDqCn3olzORVhPOTiqRD5X7EJw7D5z_1oviKmizgyHk3AXnVH08ofOBpUzW2JlEjnOVmO-pCMzi3zEfqpfqMeGoDea6tVTdFhcAA7liQpfATVhnx9bPzm_11K3GmN0-jNjJdMLS2E/s1600/1+ojo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm-ztDqCn3olzORVhPOTiqRD5X7EJw7D5z_1oviKmizgyHk3AXnVH08ofOBpUzW2JlEjnOVmO-pCMzi3zEfqpfqMeGoDea6tVTdFhcAA7liQpfATVhnx9bPzm_11K3GmN0-jNjJdMLS2E/s320/1+ojo.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfvswUnxV37GZ0Cg_lMlD2ihl1HUFed2UOc0gb4yqLe_wqE1H6QvA2jKYhL7L4RP33nfPeO2dLPhbPPM3Np49PpKXcrEW12XsntejyXUOL0OTfJO1Ty7qLEBA0Gb-qJXhKcnv9TIC0lYI/s1600/2+ojo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;243&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfvswUnxV37GZ0Cg_lMlD2ihl1HUFed2UOc0gb4yqLe_wqE1H6QvA2jKYhL7L4RP33nfPeO2dLPhbPPM3Np49PpKXcrEW12XsntejyXUOL0OTfJO1Ty7qLEBA0Gb-qJXhKcnv9TIC0lYI/s320/2+ojo.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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A 25-year-old black man with unknown medical history presented at our ophthalmologic mobile outpatient clinic (District of Sankuru, East Kasai Province, Democratic Republic of Congo) with &lt;b&gt;blindness and pain in his left eye&lt;/b&gt;. The examination showed a &lt;b&gt;shrunken, nonfunctional left eye&lt;/b&gt; (phthisis bulbi), nonreactive to light, which, by slit lamp exam,&lt;b&gt; revealed a large, blackish, crescent-shaped, worm-like foreign body wedged into the angle of the anterior chamber&lt;/b&gt; (Figure 1).&lt;/div&gt;
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Much to our surprise, the foreign body began a peristaltic motion upon physical stimulation of the eye. The patient was otherwise in good health and free of general symptoms. Physical findings were unremarkable; thus, no further diagnostic tests were performed. &lt;b&gt;The parasite was removed under local anesthesia, still alive and crawling &lt;/b&gt;(Figure 2). It was sent to the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, for further identification. The patient often consumed poorly cooked snakes. Despite the surgical procedure, the patient permanently lost vision in the left eye.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What is your diagnosis?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013;57(3):418&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit309&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/8750987106463922246/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/a-man-with-unilateral-ocular-pain-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/8750987106463922246'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/8750987106463922246'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/a-man-with-unilateral-ocular-pain-and.html' title='A Man With Unilateral Ocular Pain and Blindness - QUIZ'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm-ztDqCn3olzORVhPOTiqRD5X7EJw7D5z_1oviKmizgyHk3AXnVH08ofOBpUzW2JlEjnOVmO-pCMzi3zEfqpfqMeGoDea6tVTdFhcAA7liQpfATVhnx9bPzm_11K3GmN0-jNjJdMLS2E/s72-c/1+ojo.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-6527860193388342653</id><published>2015-08-12T17:37:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-12T17:37:38.770-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Recursos / Descargas"/><title type='text'>Glucose Levels and Risk of Dementia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7w1Tua29ZBG4Gw_oQmsgY3rsDx4SjHjnuojltf4Nbj2nBoH4Q5WLU_wjjjlmgppCvWcI46lg8HF6r_STdsFC-xS-G_2HKTPa6Tefvfwfb9E6TzZSQ5yaOod-iraFBq0-Mdv8-vhlfel8/s1600/DM+y+D.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;242&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7w1Tua29ZBG4Gw_oQmsgY3rsDx4SjHjnuojltf4Nbj2nBoH4Q5WLU_wjjjlmgppCvWcI46lg8HF6r_STdsFC-xS-G_2HKTPa6Tefvfwfb9E6TzZSQ5yaOod-iraFBq0-Mdv8-vhlfel8/s400/DM+y+D.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La diabetes mellitus es una de las enfermedades con mayor prevalencia en todo el mundo, siendo una de las primeras causas de mortalidad en la población. Con el tiempo, se ha descubierto que a mayor edad; en conjunto con los factores genéticos, cambios en el estilo de vida (sedentarismo, estrés, nutricionales, etc) obesidad y presencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, &lt;b&gt;existe un mayor riesgo de deterioro cognitivo y demencia&lt;/b&gt;, por lo que es primordial comprender las potenciales consecuencias que esto implica.&lt;/div&gt;
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En resumen,&lt;b&gt; la diabetes es un factor de riesgo de la demencia&lt;/b&gt;; sin embargo, aún no se sabe con certeza si &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;entre más altos los niveles de glucosa se tengan, más riesgo existe de padecer demencia en personas sin diagnóstico de diabetes&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Para poder indagar un poco sobre esta hipótesis se realizó investigación clínica longitudinal en casos de investigación prospectivos y de cohorte usando 35,264 personas diabéticas y no diabéticas.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Si gustas leer el artículo completo, da click &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mediafire.com/view/80i6xc8csqsqvgc/nejmoa1215740.pdf&quot;&gt;AQUÍ&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;N Engl J Med 2013;369:540-8.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215740&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/6527860193388342653/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/glucose-levels-and-risk-of-dementia.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/6527860193388342653'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/6527860193388342653'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/glucose-levels-and-risk-of-dementia.html' title='Glucose Levels and Risk of Dementia'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7w1Tua29ZBG4Gw_oQmsgY3rsDx4SjHjnuojltf4Nbj2nBoH4Q5WLU_wjjjlmgppCvWcI46lg8HF6r_STdsFC-xS-G_2HKTPa6Tefvfwfb9E6TzZSQ5yaOod-iraFBq0-Mdv8-vhlfel8/s72-c/DM+y+D.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-6513028234021444413</id><published>2015-08-10T15:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-10T15:17:18.617-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Resumenes"/><title type='text'>Resumenes de Nefrología - Hiponatremia y trastornos hipoosmolares pt. I</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmrmAHaVLIZhyphenhyphenzps1FFIzbC1f2VXapmsfcdnXOb4YoUN1tw4Ppd3axNXLgg4Tp-p90-qqrSCcEi6q5FMFOlRPxTJG8syXPLxKFRtiO6bNCnAWQCbJtzwAmxfSvE61_TbeYgN1FM8qyRpk/s1600/hiponatremia-300x104.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;68&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmrmAHaVLIZhyphenhyphenzps1FFIzbC1f2VXapmsfcdnXOb4YoUN1tw4Ppd3axNXLgg4Tp-p90-qqrSCcEi6q5FMFOlRPxTJG8syXPLxKFRtiO6bNCnAWQCbJtzwAmxfSvE61_TbeYgN1FM8qyRpk/s200/hiponatremia-300x104.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La incidencia de la hiponatremia depende del tipo de la población de pacientes y también del criterio utilizado para establecer el diagnóstico. Son comunes incidencias hospitalarias del 15-22% si la hiponatremia se define como una concentración de Na+ en plasma menor de 135 mEq/l, pero solo del 1-4% de los pacientes tienen una concentración plasmática de Na+ &amp;lt; o igual a 130. Aunque la mayoría de los casos es leve, la hiponatremia es clínicamente importante porque:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;1.- La hiponatremia aguda grave puede causar una morbi-mortalidad importantes.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;2.- La hiponatremia leve puede progresar a niveles más peligrosos durante el curso de otras enfermedades.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;3.- La mortalidad general puede ser mayor en pacientes con hiponatremia incluso asintomática.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;4.- La corrección demasiado rápida de una hiponatremia crónica puede producir alteraciones neurológicas graves e incluso la muerte.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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DEFINICIONES.&lt;/h3&gt;
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La hiponatremia&lt;b&gt; sólo es importante clínicamente cuando refleja una hipoosmolaridad correspondiente del plasma&lt;/b&gt;. Hiponatremia e hipoosmolalidad son normalmente sinónimas, pero con 2 excepciones importantes:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Puede producirse pseudohiponatremia por una elevación marcada de los lípidos y/o proteínas plasmáticas. En tales casos la concentración de Na+ por litro de agua del plasma permanece inalterada, pero la concentración de Na+ por litro de plasma está disminuida de forma artefactual por el aumento de la proporción relativa debido a los lípidos o las proteínas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Las concentraciones altas de solutos eficaces distintos del Na+ pueden causar una disminución relativa de la concentración plasmática de Na+ a pesar de no estar alterada la osmolalidad plasmática; esto suele ocurrir con la hiperglucemia.&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Se puede evitar de nuevo un diagnóstico erróneo midiendo directamente la osmolalidad del plasma o corrigiendo la concentración de Na+ plasmática en 1.6 mRq/l por cada 100 mg/dl de incremento en la concentración plasmática de glucosa por encima de los 100mg/dl&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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Recordar que la osmolalidad plasmática puede medirse directamente por osmometría o calcularse como:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h3&gt;
PATOGÉNESIS.&lt;/h3&gt;
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La existencia de&lt;b&gt; una hipoosmolaridad significativa siempre indica un exceso de agua en relación con los solutos en el líquido extracelular&lt;/b&gt;. Puesto que el agua se desplaza libremente entre el líquido intracelular y el extracelular, también indica un exceso de agua corporal total respecto al contenido de solutos corporal total. Los desequilibrios entre el agua y los solutos pueden producirse inicialmente bien por depleción de solutos más que de agua corporales o bien por dilución de los solutos corporales por aumento de agua más que de éstos en el organismo.&lt;/div&gt;
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Debe reconocerse, sin embargo, que esta distinción es demasiado simple, porque &lt;b&gt;la mayoría de los estados hipoosmolares incluyen un componente de depleción de solutos y otro de retención de agua&lt;/b&gt;. No obstante, este concepto ha demostrado ser útil porque proporciona un esquema sencillo para entender el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las alteraciones hipoosmolares.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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DIAGNÓSTICO DIFERENCIAL.&lt;/h3&gt;
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El abordaje diagnóstico de los pacientes hipoosmolares &lt;b&gt;debe incluir una historia cuidadosa&lt;/b&gt; (sobre todo acerca de medicaciones), la valoración clínica del estado de volumen del líquido extracelular, una valoración neurológica completa, electrolitos plasmáticos, glucosa, BUN y creatinina, ácido úrico, olmolalidad del plasma calculada y/o medida directamente y electrolitos y osmolalidad urinarios simultáneos. No siempre es posible obtener el diagnóstico definitivo en el momento inicial, pero una clasificación inicial según el estado clínico de volumen del LEC permitirá la determinación del tratamiento inicial apropiado en la mayoría de los casos.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh25qIswG7o9iBLl_b3hs5r7kACXnZfKJ_7kHjfVgQOWHEe7-Ih9tYyyKEZvQ01P8szzIavU8LaVwSyiF_mYRMnLi7QQIheE6zZ_1Ifvq1pGoWcN_bpFEWVQgpV8BeOHuwNcy8GDrKyUmg/s1600/hipoNa.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;246&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh25qIswG7o9iBLl_b3hs5r7kACXnZfKJ_7kHjfVgQOWHEe7-Ih9tYyyKEZvQ01P8szzIavU8LaVwSyiF_mYRMnLi7QQIheE6zZ_1Ifvq1pGoWcN_bpFEWVQgpV8BeOHuwNcy8GDrKyUmg/s320/hipoNa.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #666464; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1300001144409px; line-height: 18.3819999694824px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;BIBLIOGRAFÍA:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Tratado de Nefrología&quot;, Treviño, 1a edición, Editorial Prado, 2003.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Trastornos renales e Hidroelectrolíticos&quot;, Schrier, 7a edición, Lippincott, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #666464; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1300001144409px; line-height: 18.3819999694824px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Current Essentials of Nephrology &amp;amp; hypertension LANGE&quot;, Lerma, 1a edición, McGrawHill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison&#39;s Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders&quot;- Jameson/Loscalzo, 1a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2010.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Harrison Principios de Medicina Interna&quot;- Longo, 18a edición, McGraw-Hill, 2012.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/6513028234021444413/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/resumenes-de-nefrologia-hiponatremia-y.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/6513028234021444413'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/6513028234021444413'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/resumenes-de-nefrologia-hiponatremia-y.html' title='Resumenes de Nefrología - Hiponatremia y trastornos hipoosmolares pt. I'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmrmAHaVLIZhyphenhyphenzps1FFIzbC1f2VXapmsfcdnXOb4YoUN1tw4Ppd3axNXLgg4Tp-p90-qqrSCcEi6q5FMFOlRPxTJG8syXPLxKFRtiO6bNCnAWQCbJtzwAmxfSvE61_TbeYgN1FM8qyRpk/s72-c/hiponatremia-300x104.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5259562452251902045.post-511127203863354150</id><published>2015-08-09T13:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-17T17:33:21.002-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English Clinic Case"/><title type='text'>Rapidly Progressive Skin Lesions Requiring Admission in a Young, HIV-Infected Man - ANSWER</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjsmohfYAFA5Tflcecj5cBOnOewEIjCvEgmkJR-RJlInhSlN4BsctXS-ZyM7Ckpw9g5tZy-MDd12nU3C1S4ciGHhN3lQvs-WDY7L3usOjYTgCo3w5KH6qrzpP9w-JLlVWDsMCjIGnzdmM/s1600/histology+of+facial+skin+lesions.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;288&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjsmohfYAFA5Tflcecj5cBOnOewEIjCvEgmkJR-RJlInhSlN4BsctXS-ZyM7Ckpw9g5tZy-MDd12nU3C1S4ciGHhN3lQvs-WDY7L3usOjYTgCo3w5KH6qrzpP9w-JLlVWDsMCjIGnzdmM/s320/histology+of+facial+skin+lesions.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKzSQDZPGjELKO9nuitvt5vjUEUIKrLEZLw8Lt_rt6K6wf92RG_ODDwZ4_BbNODx2f2JSzZI0Gw0pwQHZ0SbqNaSlEFu96jkAR7gUXaL0zD6XrTY-kacbfXMFUNvhDqnxryW3UwDCB0XU/s1600/musicarmine+stain.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;291&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKzSQDZPGjELKO9nuitvt5vjUEUIKrLEZLw8Lt_rt6K6wf92RG_ODDwZ4_BbNODx2f2JSzZI0Gw0pwQHZ0SbqNaSlEFu96jkAR7gUXaL0zD6XrTY-kacbfXMFUNvhDqnxryW3UwDCB0XU/s320/musicarmine+stain.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Diagnosis: Disseminated Cryptococcosis With Prominent Skin Involvement.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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The patient’s serum cryptococcal antigen was strongly positive (titer &amp;gt;1:1024). After 96 hours of incubation, &lt;b&gt;both blood and synovial fluid grew Cryptococcus neoformans&lt;/b&gt;. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed no pleocytosis, and CSF cultures and cryptococcal antigen were negative. &lt;b&gt;Skin biopsies revealed evidence of a granulomatous inflammation&lt;/b&gt; (arrow) in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue (Figure 1A). Round fungal organisms (arrowheads) were seen within the cytoplasm of histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells (Figure 1A-insert).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Grocott’s methenamine silver stain demonstrated&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;abundant budding yeasts&lt;/b&gt; ranging in size from 5 to 15 μm in diameter (Figure 1B). The budding cells (arrowhead) had a narrow base (Figure 1B-insert). &lt;b&gt;Mucicarmine stain revealed the characteristic pink-red capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans&lt;/b&gt;. (Figure 2).&lt;/div&gt;
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The patient was treated with &lt;i&gt;amphotericin lipid complex B and flucytosine&lt;/i&gt;. His highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimen and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) prophylaxis were continued. He was eventually discharged in overall better condition and with improved skin&lt;/div&gt;
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lesions, with plans to complete the induction phase of antifungal therapy with oral fluconazole.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;The final diagnosis was disseminated cryptococcosis with fungemia, joint and prominent skin involvement, and possible pulmonary involvement, but sparing the meninges, as well as an underlying HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection with a low CD4 cell count.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Skin lesions in the setting of human innumodeficiency virus (HIV) infection often present a diagnostic challenge, and newly found nodules and/or ulcers can be the dermal manifestation of infectious and non-infectious diseases.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Among the latter, drug reactions, neoplasms (including but not limited to Kaposi’s sarcoma), and vasculitides should be considered. Potential infectious agents include viruses such as Molluscum&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
contagiosum, bacteria that include Treponema pallidum as well as non-tuberculous mycobacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (and associated ecthyma gangrenosum) and Bartonella spp. (causing bacillary angiomatosis), and fungi, including endemic fungi, and, as shown in our case, Cryptococcus neoformans.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Roughly 1 million new cases of cryptococcal meningitis occur annually worldwide, with the majority in the setting of HIV infection&lt;/b&gt;. The incidence of disseminated cryptococcosis, is when the organism is found in organs other than the meninges or lungs, is less well known. The recommended antifungal treatment is identical to that for meningitis. &lt;b&gt;Skin lesions&lt;/b&gt;, seen in 10%–15% of disseminated cases, are classically described as&lt;b&gt; umbilicated nodules&lt;/b&gt;, but can vary in appearance and sometimes resemble plaques, abscesses, sinus tracts, deep ulcers, and even cellulitis. At time of admission, our patient displayed the more typical lesions on his arms while more dramatic ulcerations were found on his face.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;The appearance of deep confluent ulcers in our patient was unusual&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. It was likely due to a strong immune response to a high organism burden in the setting of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). IRIS typically occurs in younger patients with low pre-treatment CD4 cell counts and after the initiation of HAART. In the setting of C. neoformans infection, it can manifest in 2 ways, one of which is the paradoxical worsening of a patient’s clinical status with recurrence&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
of symptoms and signs resembling those of the initial opportunistic infection despite adequate antifungal therapy.&lt;/div&gt;
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This occurs 1–3 months after HAART has been initiated and during maintenance treatment for cryptococcus. Our patient’s rather dramatic presentation with fungemia, joint involvement,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
and rapidly worsening facial lesions was likely due to the second variant of IRIS. In this less common syndrome, unveiling of subclinical cryptococcal disease occurs within weeks of initiating treatment with HAART.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The World Health Organization recommends serum cryptococcal antigen screening in resource-limited settings for all HIV-infected patients with a CD4 cell count less than 100 cell/mm3 (regardless of skin findings) and subsequent pre-emptive treatment if the test is positive. We&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
believe that such a strategy would have helped prevent dissemination and IRIS-related, severe, ulcerating, facial skin lesions in our patient. We speculate that for certain highrisk populations (ie, younger patients with critically low CD4 cell counts), screening would be a cost-effective approach&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
even in the developed world because it may allow treatment with oral agents and obviate the need for hospitalization.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Regardless of screening strategies, newly developing, progressive skin lesions seen in patients with low CD4 cell counts have a broad differential diagnosis, and disseminated cryptococcosis should always be considered, especially when HAART has been recently initiated.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013;56(1):159–60&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis667&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/feeds/511127203863354150/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/rapidly-progressive-skin-lesions_9.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/511127203863354150'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5259562452251902045/posts/default/511127203863354150'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blogdelinternista.blogspot.com/2015/08/rapidly-progressive-skin-lesions_9.html' title='Rapidly Progressive Skin Lesions Requiring Admission in a Young, HIV-Infected Man - ANSWER'/><author><name>Blog del internista</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04099523161725168395</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjsmohfYAFA5Tflcecj5cBOnOewEIjCvEgmkJR-RJlInhSlN4BsctXS-ZyM7Ckpw9g5tZy-MDd12nU3C1S4ciGHhN3lQvs-WDY7L3usOjYTgCo3w5KH6qrzpP9w-JLlVWDsMCjIGnzdmM/s72-c/histology+of+facial+skin+lesions.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>