Blog Didi 4 EnGlish

regular verbs with pronunciation

2010-01-04T14:30:00.000-08:00

This is a list of regular verbs with Spanish meaning provided with audio pronunciation of the final ed

Here is the link for the list

Click Here

Thses are the links for the audio pronunciations

Link for first group

click Here

Link for second group

click Here

Link for third group

click Here

GoodBye

English Grammar :Plural 2

2009-12-27T13:10:00.000-08:00

as I promissed you in the 1st lesson of regular plural forms
this is the 2nd Inchae Lah

Irregular Plural Nouns

liste-one

some of nouns that end in -f or -fe are changed to -ves in the plural

f- or -fe Becomes -ves

calf > calves

elf > elves

life > lives

hoof > hooves

self > selves

knife > knives

scarf > scarfs/scarves

list-two

some nouns change the vowel sound is becoming plural

singular plural

fireman > firemen

foot > feet

goose > geese

louse > lice

mouse > mice

touth > teeth

some Old English Plurals are still in use

singular plural

child > children

ox > oxen

that's all right now

^^

To be continued ....x

Finaly and not the End I would like th Thanks All Members , And a special

Thanks to the supervisors

Accept, Bro & Sis, All my respects

English Grammar : Plural 1

2009-12-27T11:25:00.000-08:00

Regular Plural Forms

The majority of English count nouns are regular and predicable in the spelling

of the plural form. Add -s to the singular form or -es th those

singulars that end in a sibilant sound

( /s/, /z/, /ts/, /dz/ )

boy > boys

bed > beds

book > books

es-

horse > horses

edge > edges

box > boxes

However, if the singular ends with -y and the -y is not precededby

a vowel (or is not a proper name) the -y changes to -i and the plural is then -es

y- becomes -ies

spy > spies

poppy > poppies

prnny > pennies

y- becomes -ys

osprey > osprys

germany > grmanys

bay > bays

To be continued ....x

Finaly and not the End I would like the Thanks All Members , And a special

Thanks to the supervisors

Accept, Bro & Sis, All my respects

Books to learn English

2009-12-26T08:27:00.000-08:00

ENGLISH GRAMMER WORK

UP FOR DUMMIES

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THE ULTIMATE PHRASEL

VERB BOOK

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BASIC ENGLISH USAGE

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THE A-Z OF CORRECT

ENGLISH

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Of the best books to teach

English Language

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A book on the TOEFL

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Book to strengthen vocabulary

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Book teach you writing skills

And article

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The book explains the rules of language

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Arab finest book explains all

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The most important 500 words Angelizip make you

Mlmap 70% of the language

English

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Summary explains most of the terminology

In the English language

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To pronounce all the words and texts

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The rule of global and translated in English

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Book of common errors in language

English and how to correct them

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The best way to pronounce words and phrases

English properly

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LONG MAN book to learn the language

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A book by the University of Cambridge

To practice tests and

General tests and is given

Better guidance to prepare for it

http://www.ziddu.com/download/7727746/NewMicrosoftWordDocument.doc.html

writing :Letter of complaint

2009-11-30T06:28:00.000-08:00

Dear Sir or Madam,
On 23 d of April this year I bought an HP pentuim4 com****r with the serial 410 workstation at your com****r store<
Unfortunately, your com****r has not performed well because it keeps shutting itself down and the keyboard remains inactive. I am disappointed because the product does not work properly
To resolve the problem, I would appreciate that you send someone to help repair the above mentioned com****r or else be sent my money back. Enclosed are copies of the guarantee, as well as the com****r bill price
I look forward to your reply and a resolution to my problem, and will wait until the end of this week before seeking help from a consumer protection agency or the Better Business Bureau. Please contact me at the above address or by phone at home
Sincerely,
Your name

Unit 2 : 2nd year Bac

2009-11-24T12:23:00.000-08:00

Unit 2 :

" Gifts of Youth "

As you read in page 27 (Insights into English)

1- The words that go with the following are :

1-Problems =====> Societal

2-Solutions =====> potoential

3-Citizens =====> Equal

4-Critical =====> Constructively

5-Role(s) =====> Determining

6-Aspirations =====> Higher

2-The Following meanings of words in article :

1-Ignored =====> Unnoticed

2-Trustworthy =====> Reliable

3-Recognize=====> Acknowledge

4-Ambitions=====> Aspirations

5-Necessary for =====> Lifeblood

6-Not of the same nature =====> Heterogeneous

2-Complete the sentences with this words :

1-Our English class is not of the same nature.We all have the same goals and the same level of English,I think.

2-Some people think that money is Necessary for happiness.

3-As young people, We should clearly define our ambitions.

4-The sources of a newspaper should be Trustworthy.

5-Ignored errors slow your computer down.

6-I recognize that hard work pays off

Expressing Wishes and Regrets : (page 29)

The verb '' Wish " is followed by an " unreal " past tense when we want to talk about situations in the present that we are not happy about .

in this lesson we will use ' I wish ' and ' If only ' to expressing a wish or a regret in some tenses !

1- I miss the train ====> Simple present

I wish I didn't miss the train
If only I didn't miss the train
I wish I couldn't miss the train

1- I don't pass ====> Simple present

I wish I passed

If only I passed

I wish I could pass

1- We lost the match because we didin't have a good goal keeper ====> Simple past

We wish we had had a good goal keeper

If only we had had a good goal keeper

We wish we could have had a good goal keeper

1- Many old houses will fall down ====> Simple futur

I wish many old houses wouldn't fall down

If only many old houses wouldn-t fall down

N.B : With wish or if only we use Were instead of was !

Conditional type Three : (page 31)

-We lost the match because we didn't have a good goal keeper.

If we had had a good goal keeper , we wouldn-t have lost the match

-I didn't travel to spain because I didn't get a Visa

If I had get a Visa , I would have travelled to spain.

If+Past perfect , Would(n't) or ,Could(n't) or ,might(n't) + have+ the past participle

future perfect simple VS Future perfect continous: (page 40)

Future perfect simple : it is an action that will be completed in a certain time in the future .

Future perfect continous : it is an action that will be continue until a certain time in the future.

(______________: mean the sentence)

1- will + have + P.P __________ by the time ______ .

2- By next October _____________ will + have + P.P ________ .

3- Will + have + P.P _________ befor _________ .

4- by the time ________ will + have + P.P .

5- In 7 years time ________ will + have + P.P___ .

6-Will + have + P.P ______ befor ________ .

7- Will + have + P.P ________ + by the time .

8- By the end of next year , will + have + been + verb+ing+ for 5 years

Unit 1 : 2nd year Bac

2009-11-06T16:46:00.000-08:00

Unit 1 :

" Cultural Issues and Values "

* Asking For Advice :

What do you suggest ..?

What do you think i should do ..?

What would you do if ..?

* Giving an Advice :

I advice You to ...

Why don't you ...

If I were you I would ...

I think you should ...

You'd better...

you'd better not...

Maybe you should...

* Responding to the Advice :

It's a good idea !

Thank you but ...

Sounds like a good idea !

Thanks for your advice, but I really..

: Examples

Responding to the Advice	Giving an Advice	Asking for Advice
It's a good idea !	I advise you to do Extrahours of English	I have a headache,what do you suggest ?
1- I'm bad at English,what do you think I should do ?	Why don't you take an Aspirine ?	3-What would you do if you had a lot of money ?
Sounds Like a good idea !	If I were you, I would spend my summer vocation in Haway.	3-What would you do if you had a lot of money ?

Expressions used to interrupt

someone

Exercice : Futur tense

2009-11-04T13:48:00.000-08:00

English doesn't have a future tense, but there are many ways we can talk about the future.

Here are some examples:
1. Look at those clouds, it's going to rain.
2. I'm meeting Yoko for a drink this evening.
3. I'm going to emigrate to Australia next year.
4. You'll need a visa if you want to work in Japan.
5. This time next week I'll be flying to Japan.
6. Stay there, I'll answer the phone.
7. The train arrives at 1608.
8. By Christmas I'll have been working here for ten years.
9. England will beat Italy 1-0.
10. I'll have driven 350 miles by this evening.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

answer

1. Look at those clouds, it's going to rain. going to
2. I'm meeting Yoko for a drink this evening. present continuous
3. I'm going to emigrate to Australia next year. going to
4. You'll need a visa if you want to work in Japan. future simple (will ....)
5. This time next week I'll be flying to Japan. future continuous
6. Stay there, I'll answer the phone. future simple (will ....)
7. The train arrives at 1608. simple present
8. By Christmas I'll have been working here for ten years. future perfect continuous
9. England will beat Italy 1-0. future simple (will ....)
10. I'll have driven 350 miles by this evening. future perfect
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Now try to work out the rules - the first one is done for you:
To talk about ...........
We use .....

1. Future personal arrangements / fixed plans
present continuous

2. Something that will be completed by some future time

3. Predictions based on opinion (no evidence)

4. Prediction based on present evidemce

5. Plans, decisions, firm intentions (informal)

6. Timetabled / scheduled events

7. Spontaneous decisions

8. How long something will have continued for at a
future time

9. General information about the future

10. Something in progress at a certain future time
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

answer

To talk about ...........
We use .....

. Future personal arrangements / fixed plans
present continuous

. Something that will be completed by some future time
future perfect

. Predictions based on opinion (no evidence)
future simple (will ....)

. Prediction based on present evidence
going to

. Plans, decisions, firm intentions (informal)
going to

. Timetabled / scheduled events
simple present

. Spontaneous decisions
future simple (will ....)

. How long something will have continued for at a future time
future perfect continuous

. General information about the future
future simple (will ....)

. Something in progress at a certain future time
future continuous
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Finally, please complete these sentences
(the verb you need is in brackets, you just have to put it in the correct form):
1. Germany ..... the 1998 World Cup. (win)
2. By the time we get to Scotland I ..... for six hours. (drive)
3. I ..... your money by Friday if you want to come on the trip. (need)
4. They are ..... their own business. (start)
5. Look Out! We ..... (crash)
6. Good luck with the exam. I ..... of you. (think)
7. I .... 50 pages by this evening. (write)
8. The sun ..... at 5:07am (rise)
9. I ..... my hair this evening. (wash)
10. What shall I do tonight? Ah! I know, I ..... to the cinema. (go)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

answer

1. Germany will win the 1998 World Cup.
2. By the time we get to Scotland I'll have been driving for six hours.
3. I'll need your money by Friday if you want to come on the trip.
4. They are going to start their own business.
5. Look Out! We're going to crash.
6. Good luck with the exam. I'll be thinking of you.
7. I'll have written 50 pages by this evening.
8. The sun rises at 5:07am.
9. I'm going to wash my hair this evening.
10. What shall I do tonight? Ah! I know, I'll go to the cinema.

Punctuation Guide 1

2009-11-04T13:47:00.001-08:00

Question mark [?]

A question mark is a punctuation mark that replaces the period at the end of an interrogative sentence (ie one which asks a question). It can also be used mid-sentence to mark a merely interrogative phrase, where it functions similarly to a comma, such as in the sentence "where shall we go? and what shall we do?," but this usage is increasingly rare. The question mark is not used for indirect questions, Jim asked what time it was.
Exclamation mark [!]

An exclamation mark is a punctuation mark that marks the end of a sentence. A sentence ending in an exclamation mark is either an actual exclamation (Wow!), a command (Stop!), or is intended to be astonishing in some way (They were the footprints of a gigantic hound!).
Dash [—]

A dash is a punctuation mark, and is not to be confused with the shorter hyphen, which has different uses.

There are various forms of dash, two common ones being the en-dash and the em-dash.

En dash

The en dash (–) is one en in width. By definition, this is by exactly half the width of an em dash.

The en dash is used to indicate a closed range, or a connection between two things of almost any kind: numbers, people, places, etc. For example:
June–July 1967
1:00–2:00 p.m.
For ages 3–5
pp. 38–55
New York–London flight

The Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) recommends that the word "to" be used instead of an en dash when a number range might be misconstrued as subtraction, such as a range of units.

The en dash can also be used as a hyphen in a compound adjective, one part of which consists of two words or a hyphenated word:
pre–World War II period
anti–New Zealand sentiment
high-priority–high-pressure tasks (tasks which are both high-priority and high-pressure).

The en dash is also used, with a single space on each side, instead of a colon, and around parenthetical statements – like this one – in place of the more common em dash.

Except when used parenthetically or instead of a colon, an en dash does not have spaces around it.

Em dash

The em dash (—) is defined as one em in width. By definition, this is twice as wide as the en dash in any particular font.

The em dash indicates a sudden break in thought—a parenthetical statement like this one—or an open range (such as John Doe, 1987—). The em dash is used in much the way a colon or set of parentheses is used: it can show an abrupt change in thought or be used where a period is too strong and a comma too weak.

In North American usage—and also in old British usage—an em dash is never surrounded by spaces. In contrast, the modern practice in many other parts of the English-speaking world and in journalistic style is to separate the dash from its surrounding words when used parenthetically, by using spaces.

When an actual em dash is unavailable, a double hyphen-minus ("--") can be used in American English. However, this has never been accepted in other variants of English, such as Commonwealth English; instead, a single hyphen is used with space on either side (" - ").
Hyphen [-]

The hyphen ( - ) is used both to join words and to separate syllables.
Nouns formed of two nouns, or a noun and an adjective, are sometimes hyphenated, as blue-blood.
Except for noun-noun and adverb-adjective compound modifiers, when a compound modifier appears before a term, the compound modifier is generally hyphenated in order to prevent any possible misunderstanding, such as light-blue paint, twentieth-century invention, cold-hearted person, and award-winning show. Without the hyphens, there is potential confusion about whether 'light' applies to 'blue' or 'paint', whether 'twentieth' applies to 'century' or 'invention', etc. Hyphens are generally not used in noun-noun or adverb-adjective compound modifiers, because no such confusion is possible; for example:
government standards organization and department store manager
wholly owned subsidiary and quickly moving vehicle
Hyphenation is also common with adjective-noun compound modifiers. For example, real-world example; left-hand drive. Where the adjective-noun phrase would be plural standing alone, it usually becomes singular and hyphenated when modifying another noun. For example, four days becomes four-day week.
Names of numbers less than one hundred are hyphenated. For instance, the number 123 should be written one hundred [and] twenty-three.
Hyphens are also used to denote syllabification, as in syl-la-bi-fi-ca-tion.
If a word beginning on one line of text continues into the following line, a hyphen will usually be inserted immediately before the split.
Some married couples compose a new surname for their new family by combining their two surnames together with a hyphen in between. Jane Doe and John Smith might become Jane and John Smith-Doe, for instance. More often, however, only the woman hyphenates her birth surname with her husband's surname.
Slash [/]

The most common use of the slash is to replace the hyphen to make clear a strong joint between words or phrases, such as the Ernest Hemingway/William Faulkner generation. Yet very often it is used to represent the concept or, especially in instruction books.

The symbol also appears in the phrase and/or, a prose representation of the logical concept of inclusive or.
Brackets () [] {}

Brackets are punctuation marks, used in pairs to set apart or interject text within other text. Types of brackets include parentheses ( ), square brackets [ ], and braces { }.

Parentheses ()

Parentheses are used to contain parenthetical (or optional, additional) material in a sentence that could be removed without destroying the meaning of the main text. For example, George Washington (the father of his country) was not the wooden figure with wooden teeth that many think him. Indeed, such an interjection is called a parenthesis, and may also be set off with dashes or commas.

Parentheses may be used to add supplementary information, such as Sen. Kennedy (D., Massachusetts) spoke at length.

Square brackets []

Square brackets are used to enclose explanatory or missing [...] material, especially in quoted text. For example, I appreciate it [the honor], but I must refuse. Or, the future of psionics [See definition] is in doubt.

The bracketed expression [sic] (Latin for "thus") is used to indicate errors that are "thus in the original"; a bracketed ellipsis [...] is used to indicate deleted material; bracketed comments are used to indicate when original text has been modified for clarity: I'd like to thank [several unimportant people] and my parentals [sic] for their love, tolerance [...] and assistance [italics added].

Curly brackets or braces {}

Curly brackets (also called braces) are sometimes used in prose to indicate a series of equal choices: Select your animal {goat, sheep, cow, horse} and follow me.
Ellipsis [...]

The ellipsis is a row of three dots (...) indicating an intentionally omitted part of speech.

An example is, She went to … school. In this sentence, “…” might represent the word elementary, or the word no. The use of ellipses can either mislead or clarify, and the reader must rely on the good intentions of the writer who uses it. Omission without indication by an ellipsis is always considered misleading.

An ellipsis can also be used to indicate a pause in speech, or be used at the end of a sentence to indicate a trailing off into silence

Punctuation Guide 2

2009-11-04T13:46:00.001-08:00

Quotation marks [' “”]

Quotation marks, also called quotes or inverted commas, are punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech, a quotation, or a phrase. The pair consists of an opening quotation mark and a closing quotation mark.

Quotations and speech

When the quoted text is interrupted, such as with the phrase he said, a closing quotation mark is used before the interruption, and an opening quotation mark after. Commas are also often used before and after the interruption. “Good morning John,” he said, “it's a lovely day.”

British and United States style differs as to whether single or double quotation marks are used, with single marks being preferred in British English. But neither is an absolute rule, and a publisher's or even an author's style may take precedence.

The American convention is for sentence punctuation to be included inside the quotation marks, even if the punctuation is not part of the quoted sentence, while the British style is to have the punctuation outside the quotation marks for small quoted phrases.

In some subject areas (such as software documentation and chemistry), it is conventional to include only the quoted string within the quotes, to avoid ambiguity with regard to whether a punctuation mark belongs to it:

Enter the URL as “www.wikipedia.org”, the name as “Wikipedia”, and click "OK".
The URL starts with “www.wikipedia.”. This is followed by “org” or “com”.

For speech within speech:

‘HAL said, “Good morning, Dave”,’ said Frank. (British)
“HAL said, ‘Good morning, Dave’,” said Frank. (American)

It is generally considered incorrect to use quotation marks for indirect (reported) speech:

RIGHT: HAL said that everything was going extremely well.
WRONG: HAL said that “Everything was going extremely well.”

In American English, commas and periods always go inside the quotation marks, no matter the circumstance:

He is called “HAL.”
Also called “plain quotes,” they are teardrops.

Question marks and exclamation marks must rely on logic to determine whether they go inside or outside:

Did he say, “Good morning, Dave”?
No, he said, “Where are you, Dave?”

(Note that in the above sentences, only one punctuation mark is used at the end of each sentence. Regardless of its placement, only one end mark (?, !, or .) can end a sentence in American English, whereas in British English, the combination ?”. is acceptable.)

Paragraph spanning quotes

In most cases, quotations that span multiple paragraphs should be block-quoted, and thus do not require quotation marks. If quotation marks are used for a multiple-paragraph quotation, the convention is to give each paragraph opening quotes, using closing quotes only for the final paragraph of the quotation.

Emphasis and ironic quotes

Another important usage of quotation marks is to indicate or call attention to ironic or apologetic words. Ironic speech is where the speaker says something other than what s/he actually means. Ironic quotes are sometimes gestured in verbal speech using air quotes, ie using one's fingers to draw quotation marks in the air.

He claimed he was too “busy” to visit me.

Ironic quotes should be used with care, as they can obscure the writer's intended meaning and are easily confused with quotations.

Quotes are also used to indicate that the writer realizes that the word is not being used in its (currently) accepted sense.

Titles of artistic works

Quotation marks are generally used for the titles of shorter works. Whether these are single or double is again a matter of style:

short fiction, poetry, etc.: Arthur C. Clarke's “The Sentinel”
book chapters: The first chapter of 3001: The Final Odyssey is “Comet Cowboy”
articles in books, magazines, journals, etc.: “Extra-Terrestrial Relays,” Wireless World, October 1945
album tracks, singles, etc.: David Bowie's “Space Oddity”

Punctuation Guide 3

2009-11-04T13:45:00.001-08:00

Punctuation is the use of symbols (punctuation marks) to add meaning or clarify written language. Punctuation marks don't correspond to sounds, but may indicate where to leave pauses when reading text aloud.
Commonly-used punctuation marks
Full stop [.]

The full stop or period, also called a full point, is the punctuation mark commonly placed at the end of sentences. A period consists of a small dot placed at the end of a line of text.

The period is also used after abbreviations, such as Mr., Dr., Mrs., Ms. If the abbreviation is ending a sentence the second period is not needed unless the sentence ends with a question or exclamation mark.
Comma [,]

The comma is used to mark off separate elements in a sentence: introductory clauses, words in a series, parenthetical phrases, or interjections. Commas are also used to separate items in lists, and to present large numbers in a more readable form.

These formal uses frequently also indicate a pause in speech. Writers often use optional commas for stylistic reasons, to indicate such a pause where none may be required, grammatically.

The comma is also used to separate two independent clauses (a group of words that can function as a sentence) that are joined by a co-ordinating conjunction ("and" & "but" when they are used to connect), eg:

"I passed the test, but he failed." -- "I passed the test" and "He failed" can function as separate sentences.

An important, often misunderstood use of the comma is for thought interruptions. Information that is unnecessary to the meaning of the sentence must be set off and ended by a comma. If the information is necessary, no commas should be used.

"I cut down all the trees, which were over six feet tall." -- In this sentence, all of the trees were over six feet tall and were cut down. Therefore, this information is unessential and "which" is used.

"I cut down all the trees that were over six feet tall." -- In this sentence, only those trees over six feet tall were cut down. Therefore, this information is essential and "that" is used.
Semicolon [;]

In English, the semicolon has two main uses:
It binds two sentences more closely than they would be if separated by a full stop or period. It often replaces a conjunction such as and or but. A writer might consider this appropriate where they are trying to indicate a close relationship between two sentences, or a 'run-on' in meaning from one to the next; they don't wish the connection to be broken by the abrupt use of a full-stop.
It is used as a stronger division than a comma, to make meaning clear in a sentence where commas are already being used for other purposes. A common example of this use is to separate the items of a list when some of the items themselves contain commas.

There are several rules that govern semicolon placement:
Use a semicolon between closely related independent clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction: "I went to the store; they were closed."
Use a semicolon between independent clauses linked with a transitional phrase or conjunctive adverb: "I like to ride horses; however, they don't like to ride me."
Use a semicolon between items in a series containing internal punctuation: "There are several Waffle Houses in Atlanta, Georgia; Greenville, South Carolina; Pensacola, Florida; and Mobile, Alabama."

Some experts will allow for a semicolon to separate independent clauses that are joined by coordinating conjunctions when the clauses have internal commas that might lead to misreading:

"After the game, I won a red beanie baby, four edible ingots, and a certificate of excellence; but when the storm came, I lost it all in a torrent of sleet, snow, and profanity."

Semicolons are always placed after closing quotation marks and are never followed by an uppercase letter, unless that letter begins a proper noun.
Colon [:]

Colons are commonly used to introduce lists, or to connect a broad idea with a specific example: two related sentences can be separated by colons instead of full stops or semicolons. Colons may also be used to introduce a direct quote, or to draw attention to an appositive (a noun phrase that generally follows, but occasionally precedes, another noun phrase and renames or describes it). In any of these cases, a colon can only be used if the clause preceding the colon is independent.

In American English colons are also used after the salutation in a formal letter, Dear John:

When closing quotation marks and colons are adjacent, the colons always follow. Capitalization following colons is optional.
Apostrophe [']

An apostrophe is commonly used to indicate omitted characters as in:
abbreviations, as gov't for government, or '70s for 1970s.
contractions, such as can't from cannot and it's from it is or it has.

An apostrophe is used with an added s to indicate possession, as in Oliver's army, Elizabeth's crown. If a name already ends with an s the extra s is sometimes dropped: Jesus' parables.

An apostrophe is used by some writers to form a plural for abbreviations and symbols where adding just s rather than ’s would be ambiguous, such as mind your p's and q's. It is not necessary where there is no ambiguity, so CDs not CD's, videos not video's, 1960s not 1960's, 90s or '90s not '90's.

Things to watch
The apostrophe in it's marks a contraction of it is or it has. The possessive its has no apostrophe, eg the dog hurt its paw.
Who's means who is or who has. The possessive of who is whose. The person whose responsibility it is is the member who's oldest.
You're means you are. This is different from the possessive your. Your nuts implies the nuts belong to you. You're nuts would mean You are nuts.
When the noun is plural and already ends in s, no extra s is added in the possessive, so pens' lids (where there is more than one pen) rather than pens's lids. If the plural noun doesn't end in s, then add s as usual: children's hats.

Reported Speech

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For example:
1. Jim said "I like beer".
2. Jim said he liked beer.

Sentence 1 is direct speech, the words in quotes (".....") are the exact words the person said. Sentence 2 is reported speech, this is how you tell somebody about a conversation after it happened.

When reporting speech the tenses of the direct speech usually change:
Direct speech
Reported speech

simple present
"Bill doesn't like cats"
simple past
She said Bill didn't like cats.

present continuous
"Are you listening to the radio?"
past continuous
He asked me if I was listening to the radio.

present perfect
"I've finished my homework"
past perfect
She said she'd finished her homework.

simple past
"I played golf"
past perfect
He said he'd played golf.

will
"It'll rain tomorrow"
would
She told me it would rain the day after.

Said, told and asked are common reporting verbs. We use asked to report questions; I asked him what time the train left. Told is used with an object; Fred told Jill he felt tired (Jill is the object). Said is usually used without an object; Sheila said she was going to work. If we use said with an object we must include to; Ian said to Mary that he'd been to London (we usually use told).

Sometimes we include that in reported statements (NOT questions); he told me that he lived in Greenwich: that is optional; he told me he lived in Greenwich has exactly the same meaning.

We use if when reporting questions that have no question word: "Where do you live?" -> she asked me where I lived; "Have you got a car" -> he asked me if I'd got a car.

Sometimes we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting: "How long have you worked here?" -> He asked me how long I'd worked there (if reported in a different place); "I arrived yesterday" -> He said he'd arrived the day before (if reported on a different day).

Report the following:
1. "Will you help me with my homework?", Mary asked Bill.
2. "How long have you been studying here?", Tim asked Sarah. Conversation in school, reported in the pub.
3. Tom said "I went to England 10 years ago".
4. Harriet said "I'm getting married tomorrow" Reported 3 days after the conversation.
5. Simon said "I like photography and collecting stamps".

answer

1. Mary asked Bill if he'd (he would) help her with her homework.2. Tim asked Sarah how long she'd been studying there.3. Tim said he'd been to England 10 years ago.4. Harriet said she was getting married the day after.5. Simon said he liked photography and collecting stamps.

There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked, eg boasted, invited, accused, complained, apologised, begged, advised, denied, offered, ordered, suggested.

Report the following using the verbs above (NB 2 are not used here):
1. Michelle to Bob: "Please come to my birthday party".
2. Peter to his father: "Please, please, please let me borrow the car, dad".
3. Porter to hotel guest: "Shall I carry your cases to your room?".
4. Customer to waiter: "This steak's tough and the vegetables are cold".
5. Mary to her teacher: "I didn't break the window".
6. Policeman to suspect: "I believe you murdered your wife".
7. Policeman to motorist: "Get out of your car".

8. Jimmy to his mother: "Mummy, I'm sorry I broke your vase".

answer

1. Michelle invited Bob to her birthday party.
2. Peter begged his father to lend him the car.
3. The porter offered to carry the guest's cases to her room.
4. The customer complained to the wiaiter that his steak was tough.
5. Mary denied breaking the window.
6. The policeman accused the suspect of murdering his wife.
7. The policeman ordered the motorist to get out of his car.
8. Jimmy apologised to his mother for breaking her vase.

Phrasal Verbs

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come across	find by chance
come along	accompany, make progress
come back	return (to where the speaker is)
come by	find by accident, visit someone at home
come down with	become ill with
come into	inherit
come out	appear socially

come out with	proclaim, produce
come over	come to visit someone
come round	recover consciousness
come through	succeed
come to	voir come round
come up with	imagine, invent, produce

A Simple Guide to Report Writing

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A business report is a formal document. It should be concise, well organised, and easy to follow; using headings, sub-headings, sections.

Sections should be numbered: - major section 1,2,3 etc. - first level of sub-section 1.1, 1.2 etc., 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 etc. - second level 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ......, 1.2.1, 1.2.2, ..... etc.
Report format:

Title page - subject of the report, author, date

Terms of reference - who ordered the report, when and why, any conditions

Contents page - all section numbers and titles, using exactly the same wording as in the report

Abstract - brief summary of report - task, summary of conclusions and recommendations

Introduction - background information

Main body of report - findings, description, facts, opinions, etc. This must be well structured

Conclusion - summary of results

Recommendations - usually in the form of a list

Appendices (not always necessary) - additional details, tables, graphs, detailed analysis. These must be numbered and cross referenced in the text

Glossary (not always necessary) -explanation of any specialist terms

Bibliography - references to any books, journals, etc. which were used either for background reading, or directly quoted in the report.
They should be arranged alphabetically by the author's name The reference should include: author, date of publication, title, edition,
place of publication, publisher.
General guidelines:
If using Word™ or a similar package, use (but don't just rely on) the spell-checker.
Check your grammar and punctuation.
Make sure you read it through and that you understand it.
If you can get someone else to read it - even better.
Make a copy - if you're using a PC make two separate copies, and keep them safe.

English conversation -Telephone

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Conversation in English when talking on the phone and talk when the wrong contact number or call wrong, and I will Btsoiedkm information on many of the conversation in many positions

There is no need for concern at the invitation of a person, and an English-speaking reception. In practice English conversation with you will find. Always reluctant to open this page before the call

- Hello?
- Is that katy?
- Can I speak with katy?
- May I speak with katy?

Receiver Suggestions

- This is katy speaking, who said that?
- Speak, please?
- WHO calls for please?

When you ask to wait on the

- For the moment, please.
- Just a minute, please.
- Held to please.
- Hang on, please

Education

English conversation -Telephone

Saturday, 08.01.2009, 09:04pm (GMT)

English conversation -Telephone

Google
Custom Search
Conversation in English when talking on the phone and talk when the wrong contact number or call wrong, and I will Btsoiedkm information on many of the conversation in many positions

There is no need for concern at the invitation of a person, and an English-speaking reception. In practice English conversation with you will find. Always reluctant to open this page before the call
- Hello?
- Is that katy?
- Can I speak with katy?
- May I speak with katy?

Receiver Suggestions

- This is katy speaking, who said that?
- Speak, please?
- WHO calls for please?

When you ask to wait on the

- For the moment, please.
- Just a minute, please.
- Held to please.
- Hang on, please

When you ask to leave a message on the

- Is it possible to leave a message?
- May I take your message?
- Do you want to leave a message?
- Would you like to call you?

When he described a number of error

- I am afraid that I got the wrong number of
- Sorry, I think that up to a number of error

Writings of 2nd year Bac : 1

2009-11-04T11:58:00.000-08:00

women working

There have been a lot of chages in our social life in the last decades .many more women working ,of course ,has the lifestyle of many families

Many people are worried whether a carrer women can properly care for the children the advantage of women working

women and men are equal and should also have the right have a job

women should hlep in the devlopment of theircountry

carrer mot her are usually educated and so can help their family

the disadvantage of carrer women : women find ut difficult to take very good care of children while working out side they usually nturn home tired often a day 's work outside the also have to deal with the house work the are left with litter time to care for their childern .

thes affect a lot the whole family ,and may cause problems for children at school .

finally i say that at taking good care children of women /mothers alonne

man/father should also share this responsibility with their wives

life is getting very expensive and women to help their family

A drought

A drought is a prolonged, abnormally dry period when there is not enough water for users' normal needs. Drought is not simply low rainfall; if it was, much of inland Australia would be in almost perpetual drought. Because people use water in so many different ways, there is no universal definition of drought .

Meteorologists monitor the extent and severity of drought in terms of rainfall deficiencies. Agriculturalists rate the impact on primary industries, hydrologists compare ground water levels, and sociologists define it on social expectations and perceptions

tv

nowdays .TV viewers have a wide choice of channels .more and more people have got satellite TV not all of them are satisfied with it .

satellite TV has both advantages and drawbaks . whats is de advantages and drawbaks of TV ,?

- satellite TV brings the whole world into your home there a variety of programmes to choose fromit helps people improve foreigs languages and there are lots of entertaining ...educating programmes. You may not feel bored .

- and the drawbaks of satellite TV :

People spend too mush time watching TV and they become passive and lazy there are too many channels and it is often dificulet to choose the right programme and the people watch foreign TV channels and not their national TV .

Thy don't know what is happening in their country , they might forget about their own culture and problem

Children don't do their homework ,don't read enough .

- satellite TV like any other technology is means to an end people should be selective and watch interesting programmes only .

Families

It's not necessarily a fact that small families are the best, but the fact that raising just one child is extremely expensive. There is the hospital bill , one must have good medical/dental (very expensive) for those toothaches , possible braces, fevers, scrapes, childhood diseases, not to mention the many shots children get during their younger years. There is clothing, food, a good home to live in, education and other hidden costs. Your child is better adjusted if they (a boy) are put into a sport at the age of 5 or 6, or if it's a girl , into dancing, etc., to keeping them off the streets and also give them insight as to what the future can hold for them. It costs many thousands of dollars to raise one child, and I use to know the stats on it, but it has since changed .

If a family can afford more than 2 children (good to have sibling) then they should go for it. I have known families during the 50s to 70s where there were 5 - 8 kids in a family and they were all well adjusted kids, not to mention the oldest child always ends up helping mom and pop out. Large families can be fun , but if you can't afford it this can cause a great deal of pressure on the parents and either shorten their life span or end in divorce. To have a large family you have to be well organized

Languages

A language is a system used to facilitate communication among higher animals and/or computers. This article is about the fundamental features typically found in nearly all natural human languages. For information about artificial languages specifically for computers, please see instead machine code. Higher animals believed to employ audible language only, without symbols, include, but are not limited to, dolphins and whales. For information about this subject , please see "Animal communication" instead

Minorities

A minority or subordinate group is a sociological group that does not constitute a politically dominant plurality of the total population of a given society. A sociological minority is not necessarily a numerical minority — it may include any group that is disadvantaged with respect to a dominant group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth and political power. To avoid confusion, some writers prefer the terms "subordinate group" and "dominant group" rather than "minority" and "majority ".

In socioeconomics, the term " minority" typically refers to a socially subordinate ethnic group (understood in terms of language, nationality, religion and/or culture). Other minority groups include people with disabilities, "economic minorities" (working poor or unemployed), "age minorities" (who are younger or older than a typical working age) and sexual minorities (whose sexual orientation or gender identity differs from the sociological norm ).

The term "minority group" often occurs alongside a discourse of civil rights and collective rights which gained prominence in the 20 th century. Members of minority groups are subject to differential treatment in the society in which they live. This discrimination may be directly based on an individual's perceived membership of a minority group, without consideration of that individual's personal achievement. It may also occur indirectly, due to social structures that are not equally accessible to all. Activists campaigning on a range of issues may use the language of minority rights, including student rights, consumer rights and animal rights. In recent years, some members of social groups traditionally perceived as dominant have attempted to present themselves as an oppressed minority, such as white, middle-class heterosexual males .

Studies have consistently shown a correlation between negative attitudes or prejudice toward minorities and social conservatism (as well as the converse, positive attitutes and social progressivism).[2] Minority groups in history, include Jews under Nazi Germany and African Americans in the Jim Crow period

English

World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, but English which is probably is the most popular global language of science and of modern technology that because many reason: first it is international language and the majority of country used it as their home language, In addition to that you can understand what happen in the world, in the other hand you can understand the new technology, moreover we see that the people that speak more than two language have a chance to get a better job than the other people who can speak just one. And also it is very important to student who want finish their Hight study in university .

Finally English will become more important in the future and more using in all things

Leiure

. What i do in my free time ? Well, i like to exercise and sports , especially Karate. Just the same, i like to watch a football match or a good film sometimes .

Music- now that`s somethingi like as much as sport. I very often listen to music on the radio.but what i lke best is reading books on biology,chemistry and physics. These are my favourite subjects at school.what about friends? Ilike to be with them on Saturday

racism

Racism or racialism is a form of race, especially the belief that one race is superior to another. Racism may be expressed individually and consciously , through explicit thoughts, feelings, or acts, or socially and unconsciously , through institutions that promote inequality between races ..

In the 19th century many legitimized racist beliefs and practices through scientific theories about biological differences among races. Today, most scientists have rejected the biological basis of race or the validity of "race" as a scientific concept. Racism, then, becomes discrimination based on alleged race. Racists themselves usually do believe that humans are divided into different races .

There are two main definitions of racism today. One of them states that racism is dicrimination based on alleged race, the other - newer - one states that racism has started to include also discrimination based on religion or culture

women

Millions of women throughout the world live in conditions of abject deprivation of, and attacks against, their fundamental human rights for no other reason than that they are women .

Combatants and their sympathizers in conflicts, such as those in Sierra Leone, Kosovo, the Democratic Republic of Congo , Afghanistan, and Rwanda, have raped women as a weapon of war with near complete impunity. Men in Pakistan, South Africa, Peru, Russia, and Uzbekistan beat women in the home at astounding rates, while these governments alternatively refuse to intervene to protect women and punish their batterers or do so haphazardly and in ways that make women feel culpable for the violence. As a direct result of inequalities found in their countries of origin, women from Ukraine, Moldova, Nigeria, the Dominican Republic, Burma, and Thailand are bought and sold, trafficked to work in forced prostitution, with insufficient government attention to protect their rights and punish the traffickers. In Guatemala , South Africa, and Mexico, women's ability to enter and remain in the work force is obstructed by private employers who use women's reproductive status to exclude them from work and by discriminatory employment laws or discriminatory enforcement of the law. In the U.S., students discriminate against and attack girls in school who are lesbian, bi-sexual, or transgendered , or do not conform to male standards of female behavior. Women in Morocco , Jordan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia face government-sponsored discrimination that renders them unequal before the law - including discriminatory family codes that take away women's legal authority and place it in the hands of male family members - and restricts women's participation in public life

internet

The Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks , which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail , online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other documents of the world wide web .

The USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.[1][2] ARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide together for the first time.

Science, and technology

The distinction between science, and technology is not always clear. Science is the reasoned investigation or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing formal techniques such as the scientific method. Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability and safety.

Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering — although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference .

Cultural values

Groups, societies, or cultures have values that are largely shared by their members. The values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important; that is, valuable. In the United States, for example, values might include material comfort, wealth, competition, individualism or religiosity. The values of a society can often be identified by noting which people receive honor or respect. In the US, for example, professional athletes are more highly honored than college professors, in part because the society values physical activity and competitiveness more than mental activity and education. Surveys show that voters in the United States would be reluctant to elect an atheist as a president, suggesting that belief in God is a value.

Values are related to the norms of a culture, but they are more general and abstract than norms. Norms are rules for behavior in specific situations, while values identify what should be judged as good or bad. Flying the national flag on a holiday is a norm, but it reflects the value of patriotism. Wearing dark clothing and appearing solemn are normative behaviors at a funeral. They reflect the values of respect and support of friends and family.

Members take part in a culture even if each member's personal values do not entirely agree with some of the normative values sanctioned in the culture. This reflects an individual's ability to synthesize and extract aspects valuable to them from the multiple subcultures they belong to.

If a group member expresses a value that is in serious conflict with the group's norms, the group's authority may carry out various ways of encouraging conformity or stigmatizing the non-conforming behavior of its members. For example, imprisonment can result from conflict with social norms that have been established as law.

Synopsis:

International migration, the movement of people across international boundaries, has enormous economic, social and cultural implications in both origin and destination countries. Using original research, this title examines the determinants of migration, the impact of remittances and migration on poverty, welfare, and investment decisions, and the consequences of brain drain, brain gain, and brain waste.

citizen right

1. Every person has the right to have his or her affairs handled impartially, fairly and within a

reasonable time by the institutions and bodies of the Union.

2. This right includes:

• the right of every person to be heard, before any individual measure which would affect him or her adversely is taken;

• the right of every person to have access to his or her file, while respecting the legitimate interests of confidentiality and of professional and business secrecy;

• the obligation of the administration to give reasons for its decisions.

3. Every person has the right to have the Community make good any damage caused by its institutions or by its servants in the performance of their duties, in accordance with the general principles common to the laws of the Member States.

4. Every person may write to the institutions of the Union in one of the languages of the Treaties and must have an answer in the same language.

humor

I think that the best things to relief from stress is to watch some sitcoms or hear something funny like jokes …person should develop his sense of humor and he should be cool , Comic and optimistic, because some expert of mental. health have noted that we can't imagine going through a day without laughter.

Humor will make every part of your life better.

It will help you trough difficult times and it will help you make the good times even letter, also i twill attract good people and good situations to you. So cheer up .

drop out of school

Increasing stress in school, at work, and at home has caused many students to drop out of school to escape their problems.

With this increasing amount of stress and work, some students have become very frustrated and depressed. Students then drop out of school and take the easy way out to eliminate some of that stress.

Students who are most likely to drop out of school are those who do not have a great interest in school, or students that have many adult responsibilities placed upon them. These problems can force some students into the work force. They do this both to provide money for themselves and to fill the gap that was once school.

Students in high school do not have to deal with these problems alone. There are guidance counsellors to talk to, as well as close friends and teachers to prevent certain students from dropping out of school.

Most students that have dropped out of school usually regret it after awhile. Margaret D., a student at G.V.C., regrets that she ever dropped out of school. Although she enjoyed being out of school, she realized she would regret it for the rest of her life. Margaret D. says, "I wasted a year of my life".

Dealing with the stress and staying in school is generally worth it later on in life.radar systems

Writings of 2nd year Bac : 2

2009-11-04T11:57:00.000-08:00

Humain rights

The concept of human rights has existed under several names in European thought for many centuries, at least since the time of King John of England . After the king violated a number of ancient laws and customs by which England had been governed, his subjects forced him to sign the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, which enumerates a number of what later came to be thought of as human rights. Among them were the right of the church to be free from governmental interference, the rights of all free citizens to own and inherit property and be free from excessive taxes. It established the right of widows who owned property to choose not to remarry, and established principles of due process and equality before the law. It also contained provisions forbidding bribery and official misconduct .

The political and religious traditions in other parts of the world also proclaimed what have come to be called human rights, calling on rulers to rule justly and compassionately, and delineating limits on their power over the lives, property, and activities of their citizens .

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe several philosophers proposed the concept of "natural rights," rights belonging to a person by nature and because he was a human being, not by virtue of his citizenship in a particular country or membership in a particular religious or ethnic group. This concept was vigorously debated and rejected by some philosophers as baseless. Others saw it as a formulation of the underlying principle on which all ideas of citizens' rights and political and religious liberty were based .

In the late 1700s two revolutions occurred which drew heavily on this concept. In 1776 most of the British colonies in North America proclaimed their independence from the British Empire in a document which still stirs feelings, and debate, the U.S. Declaration of Independence

Business

In economics, business is the social science of managing people to organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing particular creative and productive goals, usually to generate profit .

The etymology of "business " refers to the state of being busy, in the context of the individual as well as the community or society. In other words, to be busy is to be doing commercially viable and profitable work .

The term "business" has at least three usages , depending on the scope — the general usage (above), the singular usage to refer to a particular company or corporation, and the generalized usage to refer to a particular market sector, such as "the record business," "the computer business," or "the business community" -- the community of suppliers of goods and services .

The singular "business" can be a legally-recognized entity within an economically free society, wherein individuals organize based on expertise and skills to bring about social and technological advancement .

In predominantly capitalist economies, businesses are typically formed to earn profit and grow the personal wealth of their owners .

The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for their work — that is, the expense of time and energy — and for their acceptance of risk — investing work and money without certainty of success .

Notable exceptions to this rule include some businesses which are cooperatives, or government institutions .

However, the exact definition of business is disputable as is business philosophy; for example , some Marxists use "means of production" as a rough synonym for "business "; however a more accurate definition of "means of production" would be the resources and apparatus by which products and services are created .

Control of these resources and apparatus results in control of business activity, and so, while they are very closely related, they are not the same thing .

Socialists advocate either government, public, or worker ownership of most sizable businesses. Some advocate a mixed economy of private and state-owned enterprises. Others advocate a capitalist economy where all, or nearly all, enterprises are privately owned .

Business Studies is taught as a subject in many schools

smoking

When your parents were young, people could buy cigarettes and smoke pretty much anywhere - even in hospitals! Ads for cigarettes were all over the place. Today we're more aware about how bad smoking is for our health. Smoking is restricted or banned in almost all public places and cigarette companies are no longer allowed to advertise on buses or trains, billboards, TV, and in many magazines .

Almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer, emphysema, and heart disease; that it can shorten your life by 14 years or more; and that the habit can cost a smoker thousands of dollars a year. So how come people are still lighting up !

natural disaster

A is the consequence of when a potential natural hazard becomes a physical event (e.g. volcanic eruption, earthquake, landslide) and this interacts with human activities. Human vulnerability, caused by the lack of planning, lack of appropriate emergency management or the event being unexpected, leads to financial, structural, and human losses. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster , their resilience.[1] This understanding is concentrated in the formulation : " disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability".[2] A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g . strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas. The term natural has consequently been disputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters without human involvement

Globalization

Globalization refers to increasing global connectivity, integration and interdependence in the economic, social, technological, cultural, political, and ecological spheres. Globalization is an umbrella term and is perhaps best understood as a unitary process inclusive of many sub-processes (such as enhanced economic interdependence, increased cultural influence, rapid advances of information technology, and novel governance and geopolitical challenges ) that are increasingly binding people and the biosphere more tightly into one global system .

There are several definitions and all usually mention the increasing connectivity of economies and ways of life across the world. The Encyclopedia Britannica says that globalization is the "process by which the experience of everyday life ... is becoming standardized around the world ." While some scholars and observers of globalization stress convergence of patterns of production and consumption and a resulting homogenization of culture, others stress that globalization has the potential to take many diverse forms .

Advertinsing

One the hand advertising makes consumers aware, of the new products on the market and helps them spend their money wisely it also as creates many jobs .

On the other hand advertising makes people feel frustrated, if they can't afford the products .it also increases the prise of goods what's more it urges consumers to buy unnecessary commodities .

cinema

For the first twenty years of motion picture history most silent films were short--only a few minutes in length. At first a novelty, and then increasingly an art form and literary form, silent films reached greater complexity and length in the early 1910's. The films on the list above represent the greatest achievements of the silent era, which ended--after years of experimentation--in 1929 when a means of recording sound that would be synchronous with the recorded image was discovered. Few silent films were made in the 1930s, with the exception of Charlie Chaplin, whose character of the Tramp perfected expressive physical moves in many short films in the 1910's and 1920s. When the silent era ended, Chaplin refused to go along with sound; instead, he maintained the melodramatic Tramp as his mainstay in City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936). The trademarks of Chaplin's Tramp were his ill-fitting suit, floppy over-sized shoes and a bowler hat, and his ever-present cane. A memorable image is Chaplin's Tramp shuffling off, penguin-like, into the sunset and spinning his cane whimsically as he exits. He represented the "little guy," the underdog , someone who used wit and whimsy to defeat his adversaries .

Eisenstein's contribution to the development of cinema rested primarily in his theory of editing, or montage, which focused on the collision of opposites in order to create a new entity. One of the greatest achievements in editing is the Odessa Steps sequence, in his film Potemkin (1925). Eisenstein intercut between shots of townspeople trapped on the steps by Czarist troops, and shots of the troops firing down upon the crowd. Members of the crowd became individual characters to viewers as the montage continued. Within the editing track the fate of these individuals was played out. A mother picks up her dead child and confronts the troops. Then she is shot. A student looks on in terror and then flees--his fate uncertain. An old woman prays to be spared, but she is killed by a soldier who slashes her face with his saber. When a woman holding her baby carriage is killed, she falls to the steps, and the carriage begins a precipitous decline--shots of the baby crying are intercut with wide shots of the carriage rolling down the steps. To Eisenstein, each individual shot contributed an energy within the editing track that yielded far more than the sum total of shots. In other words, the "combination" of shots through editing created a new entity, based on the expressive emotional energy unleashed through the editing process .

Emmigration

Morocco recently saw a migration of the population of cities and villages me especially in the last 50 years that happened Leone Morocco for independence . What are the reasons that drive housing villages to migrate to cities? And what are the causes of migrations out of the negative impact ?

- There is a range of reasons why the villagers to the cities Tahgerh me among them lack even the most basic means necessary hospitals and transportation means Finding work Mestekareaulthossein circumstances of living .................. ect . The result eased the congestion entire towns and neighborhoods Baladi shanties and Tahera begging and the use of young children Resulting from the whole circumcision eased some tragic scenes

- Finally, I wish to state that changed everything in their power to stop the advance of the pious and out of control the situation

education

Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, good judgement and wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental goals the imparting of culture from generation to generation (see socialization ). Education means 'to draw out', facilitating realisation of self-potential and latent talents of an individual. It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics , neuroscience, sociology and anthropology .

The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. (Some believe that education begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents' playing music or reading to the baby in the womb in the hope it will influence the child's development.) For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than does formal schooling (thus Albert Einstein's admonition to "never let school interfere with your education"). Family members may have a profound educational effect — often more profound than they realize — though family teaching may function very informally

Terrorism

Terrorism is a term used to describe violence or other harmful acts . Terrorism expert Walter Laqueur in 1999 has counted over 100 definitions and concludes that the "only general characteristic generally agreed upon is that terrorism involves violence and the threat of violence". Most definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear or "terror ", are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a "madman" attack), and deliberately target "non-combatants ".

As a form of unconventional warfare , terrorism is sometimes used when attempting to force political change by : convincing a government or population to agree to demands to avoid future harm or fear of harm, destabilization of an existing government, motivating a disgruntled population to join an uprising, escalating a conflict in the hopes of disrupting the status quo, expressing a grievance, or drawing attention to a cause .

The terms "terrorism" and "terrorist" (someone who engages in terrorism) carry a strong negative connotation. These terms are often used as political labels to condemn violence or threat of violence by certain actors as immoral, indiscriminate, or unjustified. Those labeled "terrorists" rarely identify themselves as such, and typically use other generic terms or terms specific to their situation, such as: separatist, freedom fighter, liberator , revolutionary, vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla, rebel, jihadi or mujaheddin, or fedayeen, or any similar-meaning word in other languages .

Terrorism has been used by a broad array of political organizations in furthering their objectives; both right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic, and religious groups, revolutionaries and ruling governments.[1] The presence of non-state actors in widespread armed conflict has created controversy regarding the application of the laws of war .

An International Roundtable on Constructing Peace, Deconstructing Terror (2004) hosted by Strategic Foresight Group recommended that a distinction should be made between terrorism and acts of terror. While acts of terror are criminal acts as per the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 and domestic jurisprudence of almost all countries in the world, terrorism refers to a phenomenon including acts, perpetrators of acts of terror and motives of the perpetrators. There is a disagreement on definition of terrorism. However, there is an intellectual consensus globally that acts of terror should not be accepted under any circumstances. This is reflected in all important conventions including the United Nations counter terrorism strategy, outcome of the Madrid Conference on terrorism and outcome of the Strategic Foresight Group and ALDE roundtables at the European Parliament

Leisure time

Recreation is very important for one health whoever we are we need leisure activities because they enable us our minds and bodies

If we go on working without a break we'll get bord and exchasted

Therfore we should spend our free time on the things we like doing much as listing to music and pratising sport in this way we'll have energy to rasume our studies and warking

OK sany I PPRESENT TO YOU THIS OBJECT OF THE HOW CAN AIR POLLUTION HURT MY HEALTH

air pollution can effect our health in many ways with a both short-term effects different groups of individuals are effected by air pollution in different ways . some individualsare much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. young children and elderly people after suffer môre from effects of air pollution.poeple with health problems such asthma .heart and lung disease may olso suffer more when the air is poolluted the extent to wich in individual is harmed by air pollution usualy depends on the total to the damaging chimicals i.e the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chimicals must be taken into account..this s the end of pragraph i wish to benefit it ok

Racism

Racism or racialism is a form of race, especially the belief that one race is superior to another. Racism may be expressed individually and consciously , through explicit thoughts, feelings, or acts, or socially and unconsciously , through institutions that promote inequality between races .

In the 19th century many legitimized racist beliefs and practices through scientific theories about biological differences among races. Today, most scientists have rejected the biological basis of race or the validity of "race" as a scientific concept. Racism, then, becomes discrimination based on alleged race. Racists themselves usually do believe that humans are divided into different races .

There are two main definitions of racism today. One of them states that racism is dicrimination based on alleged race, the other - newer - one states that racism has started to include also discrimination based on religion or culture

Writings of 2nd year Bac : 3

2009-11-04T11:50:00.000-08:00

breast cancer

The discovery of the breast cancer generally occurs by chance: in fact modifications of the centre can encourage the women to consult a doctor. Sometimes, cancer is discovered with l’occasion d’examens of control. It is necessary to know early discovery increases the chances of cure. Complementary L’examen more the current is the mammography. But it n’est not always sufficient. One has then recourse to a taking away in order to carry out an examination under the microscope. In addition, the centres are very sensitive to the hormonal changes. During the first 2 weeks of the menstrual cycle, stimulation by the oestrogen causes the growth of the channels. During the 2 last weeks of the menstrual cycle, another hormone the progesterone causes the growth of the lobules what explains the congestion of the centres right before the menstruations. During the pregnancy, other hormonal changes prepare the centre for the production of milk. With the menopause, the production of oestrogen decreases and the glandular fabric is atrophied and is replaced by greasy fabric. Examine Your Breasts Every Month Beginning At Age 20 (see your doctor for self breast exam instructions). Check for: new lump (painful or not), unusual thickening of tissue, discharge from the nipples, change in the skin of nipples or breasts, or different breast size or shape than before. Have Your Doctor Examine Your Breasts Every Year Or Two Beginning At Age 30 Have A Mammogram Every Year After Age 40 .

brain drain

A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and talented individuals ("human capital") to other nations due to conflicts, lack of opportunity, health hazards where they are living or other reasons. It parallels the term "capital flight" which refers to financial capital that is no longer invested in the country where its owner lived and earned it.

Investment in higher education is lost when a trained individual leaves and does not return. Also, whatever social capital the individual has been a part of is reduced by his or her departure. Brain drain can occur either when individuals who study abroad and complete their education do not return to their home country, or when individuals educated in their home country emigrate for higher wages or better opportunities. The second form is arguably worse, because it drains more resources from the home country.

This phenomenon is perhaps most problematic for developing nations, where it is widespread. In these countries, higher education and professional certification are often viewed as the surest way to escape from a troubled economy or difficult political situation.Even though little has been discussed about the effects of brain drain in Africa, it is believed to be one of the biggest issues to the developing nations. Each year millions of Africans escape to Europe and the states; therefore, the continent is using lot of its human capital

To conclude, I believe that brain drain is a major problem that our continent has to face up to. It is obvious that developing countries such as Morocco are even losing more human capital than developed countries

right of women

Nowadays we take it for

granted that womenhave the same rights as men before the first world war few people believedthis .

As far as work was concerned there were jobs wich were regarded aswomen`s jobs and other wiche were regarded as men`s jobs. Women`s jobs weregenerally lower paid as men`s. Men did almost all the heavy jobs in industry orin transport .

Women had jobs like dress-making,cleanning or worked asservants .

Women`s main role was as being to raise childeren and look fortheir home. Women were not expected to take position of leaderschip. Women werenot even allowed to vote in elections .

Before the war some women had beenstruggling to achieve greater equality with men. The most famous of these hadbeen the suffragettes who stagged a violent campaign against the govervment from 1905 to 1914 trying to achieve the right to vote.however, at the outbreak ofwar, the were still no near to success. Many men argued that women were unsuitedto such responsibility that women could not be trusted to vote sensibly thatwomen should not concern themselves with such male activities andvoting .

During the war many things changed

Human rights

The concept of human rights has existed under several names in European thought for many centuries at least since the time of king john of England .

The political and religious tradition in order parts of the word also proclaimed what have come to be called human rights calling on rules to rule justly and compassionately and delineating limits on their citizens .

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe several philosophers proposed the concept of rights belonging to person by natural and because ha was a human being not by virtue of his citizenship in a particular religion or race or ethnic group .

In the late 1700, two revolutions occurred which drew heavily on this concept in 1776, most of the British colonies in North America proclaimed their independence from the British Empire in document, which still stirs feeling and debate .

Language

Language is obviously a vital tool not only is it a means of communicating thoughts and ideas, but it forges friendship cultural ties and economic relationship .

Throughout history many have reflected on importance of language for instance language shapes thoughts and emotions , determining one’s perception of reality .language is not only a vehicle for the expression of thoughts , perceptions , sentiments and values , It also represent ; a fundamental expression of social identity .

Language of course is knowledge and in our world today, knowledge is on the key factor in competitiveness .

Brains and knowledge are what create the prosperity and growth we tend to take for granted .In an advanced industrial society in an increasingly interdependent world the knowledge of other languages becomes indispensable .

In short, it’s very important to learn foreign languages but without forget your identity .

You inscribe to University

Dear madam; Date :

I am writing to ask about opportunities to study interpreting in your university, I am Moroccan, aged 19, and I hop to pass my baccalaureate well . I want to become a Translator or interpreter in Arabic French and English , if I obtain a place at this university , my uncle who lives in Las Vegas ,will pay my expenses .

My first language is Arabic, I have also French since the age of 9 , I speak it fluently , and I have a good reading and writing knowledge of it .

My second foreign language is English, which I do not yet speak fluently, however. I can read it quite well and can write a certain amount . I also have a limited knowledge of Spanish .

I should be grateful if you would send me details of your entrance equipments a copy of your prospectus and an application form .

Dropping from school

The fact that student drop off from school is a serious problems that hinders the progress of student first and then the level of national education .

Most of students who drop off from school are poor, they speak their incapability of supplying, their parents obliged them to drop off from and look for a job to help the family .

Other reason may be attributed to the students indifference . those students who stop going to school are villagers because they don’t attend classes doing some agricultural work instead .

Other ex-students attest that leaving school is not an idea that comes at random but as a reaction to the dissatisfaction resulted by those who have attained their degrees but gained no work after .

The government must do some serious attempts so that students can keep up with their studies no matter what circumstances are .Also it should set plan to improve the educational system to most attainable one that open minds and doors

Immigration

Spanish officials estimate that about 1.000 people have downed attempting to enter Europe by crossing the 10-mile wide strait of Gibraltar in the past six years , Spanish officials say that morocco is tolerating the exit of small boats .

In 1996. several hundred illegal immigrants .most Moroccans were picked up by the police and coast guard on the southern shores of Spain , morocco’s newly appointed prime mister .Aberahmane youssoufi . blamed illegal immigration on poverty , and said that policeman and walls are not solution to the illegal migration ,which should be handed with realism in order to find human solutions .

On February, the interior ministers of morocco and Italy signed a convention to cooperate in the fight against drug smuggling and illegal immigration the Italian interior minister said that a lot of Moroccans live legally in Italy .the largest foreign community in the country .

Hand in hand between Morocco and Italy to fight drugs , illegal immigration .

Urbanization

Urbanization refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities, this phenomenon has been closely connected with industrialization.

By the end of this decade, more than half of the world’s population will live in cities making humanity a predominantly urban species for the first time in Its history .

When more and more inanimate sources of energy were used in to enhance human productivity .surpluses increased economical fields

Such as industry. Then the larger and larger proportions of population could live in cities .

Economic forces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate factories and their workers , urbanization is a serious problem that will spoil the natural world in due course .there will be no country-sides and no green places to feel the first endowed natural beauty of this world .

Life in the countryside

Many people believe that life in the countryside is mush better than in the city ,well they are wrong , living in the countryside is really difficult ,going out at night , for instance , is useless since there is nowhere to go to enjoy oneself, another thing is that when a person falls sick it is difficult to find an ambulance to take him to the nearest hospital .another misconception is about pollution , the countryside is not wholly clean , the air we breathe is not as fresh as people think ,many houses are not connected to the main sewage ,and do you know that many factories exist in many villages

Poverty

Poverty is becoming a serious problems for many countries , it affects the whole society and delays the development of the country .

Poor families very often have health problems , because they have lot of children , parents are unable to provide medicine for them ,also they cant send them to school since schooling is expensive , they send them instead to work and bring them money , so when members of society are unhealthy or illiterate this affect the development of the country .

Poverty is a serious problem, an enemy that government should fight by trying to make all members of society benefit from the resources of their country and work for its development .

Parents-children relationship

Parents-children relationship differ from one family to another . While some parents complain that their children don’t listen to them anymore , children on the other hand complain that their parents don’t understand them any longer .

My relationship with my parents is a good one , I respect them and understand them, the allow me to choose my friends my cloths to travel alone and to invite friends home, however , they are very strict when it comes to my homework or staying late out late at night .

To have a good parents-relationship is very easy thing if both parents and children make efforts to create such a kind of relation ship .

Traffic problems

There are many dangers when driving in a big city , traffic jams , road rage, car jacking drive-by- shootings ,smash-and-grabs , accidents or purpose ambulance chasers , corrupt police , touring ,companies that can grab your car in ten seconds .the list goes on .

Traffic jams are caused by drivers who tailgate and try to drive faster than the flow of traffic , when drivers merge at the last second , they have to step on their brakes , and that causes the tailgaters behind them to step on their brakes , roads rage occurs when someone loses self-control , some driver is going too fast , this causes a clash , there are many reasons behind the traffic jams problem .

The latter can also be attributed to the road code, violation , speed and carelessness , other reasons such as natural factors are involved , snow , obscurity, and rain are most of them , one other cause is the poor infra-structure .

Understanding these very real dangers will help you learn how to avoid or prevent traffic problems .drivers should drive safely and learn to maintain self-control , the driver should be a street-wise so that he can take the necessary precautions .

Television

? Television has became part of our every day life .what are its advantages and disadvantages

On the one hand, TV has became the most influential means of the mass media because it has both sound and picture .it's also the most popular source of information education and international , in brief TV brings the whole word to us .

One the other hand TV develops passive and lazy viewers . it also prevents communication between the members of the family besides students don't their homwork and may became aggressive when they watch films of violence .

war

WAR is one of the wost crime that pople have ever made to the humanity . that's why we should know why some ediot poeple can't stand leaving in peace becuase

the best thing that can draw the smile on every one's face is the peace. but in reality we have a deferent image to the world, we see that no one want to respect the right of other or want's to enslave poeple or take there weals, and they make some silly reasons to get what they want exactly like what happend to

our brothers in iraq .

war also creat a very bad destarction and ruin in everywhere .

and from the main point we can say that poepl in stean of burning world they have to to learn how to leave in peace and creat the happiness instead of hate and killing .

Working children

Child labour is one of the problems that many

countries face, there are various causes that drive children to work some of them drop out of school in order to help their poor or sick parents others have to work because they are orphans. In addiction some parents are ignorant they think education is a waste of time .

Working children face a tough life; in factories and mines they work in bad conditions no fresh air, long hours they may be injured by machines they are also deprived of education and childhood

air pollution

air pollution can effect our health in many ways with a both short-term effects different groups of individuals are effected by air pollution in different ways .some individualsare much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. young children and elderly people after suffer môre from effects of air pollution.poeple with health problems such asthma .heart and lung disease may olso suffer more when the air is poolluted the extent to wich in individual is harmed by air pollution usualy depends on the total to the damaging chimicals i.e the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chimicals must be taken into account..this s the end of pragraph i wish to benefit it ok

Wish in english

2009-11-04T08:12:00.000-08:00

Les utilisations de WISH

I wish s'emploie pour exprimer des souhaits (souvent irréalisables) ou des regrets.

Il est très proche de if only et il est généralement suivi des mêmes temps.

I WISH + PRETERIT Souhait relatif au présent.

I wish I understood. Si seulement je comprenais!

I WISH + PLUPERFECT Souhait concernant le passé.

I wish I had met Laurent before Si seulement j'avais rencontré Laurent avant!

I WISH ... WOULD Exprime le mécontentement ou l'irritation à propos de ce qui se passe ou ne se passe pas.

I wish Lucile would stop laughing at me. Si seulement Lucile arrêtait de se moquer de moi!

Attention

. La structure avec would est impossible à la première personne du singulier. (~~I wish I would~~ => ne se dit pas.)

. Pour parler d'un souhait qui se réalisera peut-être dans l'avenir, il faut employer I HOPE + WILL

I hope Sylvie will be able to join us. Pourvu que Sylvie puisse nous rejoindre!

Writing : Education

2009-11-04T08:10:00.000-08:00

Education in its broadest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another.

Teachers in educational institutions direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects, including reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. This process is sometimes called schooling when referring to the education of teaching only a certain subject, usually as professors at institutions of higher learning. There is also education in fields for those who want specific vocational skills, such as those required to be a pilot. In addition there is an array of education possible at the informal level, e.g., at museums and libraries, with the Internet, and in life experience.

The right to education has been described as a basic human right: since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. At world level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.

Writing : Brain drain

2009-11-04T08:09:00.000-08:00

Brain drain or human capital flight is a large emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge, normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity, political instability, or health risks. Brain drain is usually regarded as an economic cost, since emigrants usually take with them the fraction of value of their training sponsored by the government. It is a parallel of capital flight which refers to the same movement of financial capital. The term was coined by the Royal Society to describe the emigration of "scientists and technologists" to North America from post-war Europe.^[1] The converse phenomenon is brain gain, which occurs when there is a large-scale immigration of technically qualified persons. Brain drain can be stopped by providing individuals who have expertise with career opportunities and giving them opportunities to prove their capabilities.

Brain drains are common amongst developing nations, such as the former colonies of Africa,^[2] the island nations of the Caribbean,^[3] and particularly in centralized economies such as former East Germany and the Soviet Union, where marketable skills were not financially rewarded.

Writing : Women's rights

2009-11-04T08:06:00.000-08:00

The term women's rights refers to freedoms and entitlements of women and girls of all ages. These rights may or may not be institutionalized, ignored or suppressed by law, local custom, and behavior in a particular society. These liberties are grouped together and differentiated from broader notions of human rights because they often differ from the freedoms inherently possessed by or recognized for men and boys, and because activists for this issue claim an inherent historical and traditional bias against the exercise of rights by women and girls.^[1]

Issues commonly associated with notions of women's rights include, though are not limited to, the right: to bodily integrity and autonomy; to vote (suffrage); to hold public office; to work; to fair wages or equal pay; to own property; to education; to serve in the military or be conscripted; to enter into legal contracts; and to have marital, parental and religious rights.^[2] Women and their supporters have campaigned and in some places continue to campaign for the same rights as men.^[2]

Writing : Youth

2009-11-04T08:02:00.000-08:00

Youth is the period between childhood and adulthood, described as the period of physical and psychological development from the onset of puberty to maturity and early adulthood. Definitions of the specific age range that constitutes youth vary. An individual's actual maturity may not correspond to their chronological age, as immature individuals exist at all ages.

Usage

Around the world the terms "youth", "adolescent", "teenager", and "young person" are interchanged, often meaning the same thing, occasionally differentiated. Youth generally refers to a time of life that is neither childhood nor adulthood, but rather somewhere in-between.

Youth also identifies a particular mindset of attitude, as in "He is very youthful". The term youth is also related to being young.

"This world demands the qualities of youth: not a time of life but a state of mind, a temper of the will, a quality of imagination, a predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the life of ease." - Robert Kennedy

Youth is an alternative word to the scientifically-oriented adolescent and the common terms of teen and teenager. Another common title for youth is young person or young people.

However citing recent research studies at the Univesity of Bath, England, it has become apparent that use of the term youth has significantly risen in the Oldland Common area of Bristol.

Writing : Gift

2009-11-04T08:00:00.000-08:00

Gift

A gift or a present is the transfer of something, without the need for compensation that is involved in trade. A gift is a voluntary act which does not require anything in return. Even though it involves possibly a social expectation of reciprocity, or a return in the form of prestige or power, a gift is meant to be free.

In many human societies, the act of mutually exchanging money, goods, etc. may contribute to social cohesion. Economists have elaborated the economics of gift-giving into the notion of a gift economy.

By extension the term gift can refer to anything that makes the other happier or less sad, especially as a favor, including forgiveness and kindness.

Presentation

When material objects are given as gifts, in many cultures they are traditionally packaged in some manner. For example, in Western culture, gifts are often wrapped in wrapping paper and accompanied by a gift note which may note the occasion, the giftee's name, and the giver's name. In Chinese culture, red wrapping connotes luck.

Occasions

"Christmas present" redirects here. For the album by Andy Williams, see Christmas Present (album).

The occasion may be:

Expression of love (Valentine's Day) or friendship
Expression of gratitude for a gift received
Expression of piety, in the form of charity
Expression of solidarity, in the form of mutual aid
To share wealth
To offset misfortune
Offering travel souvenirs
Custom, on occasions (often celebrations) such as
- A birthday (the person who has his or her birthday gives cake, etc. and/or receives gifts) This is most commonly from a family member or girlfriend/boyfriend.
- A potlatch, in societies where status is associated with gift-giving rather than acquisition.
- Christmas (people give each other gifts, often supposedly receiving them from Santa Claus)
- Saint Nicholas (people give each other gifts, often supposedly receiving them from Saint Nicholas)
- A wedding (the couple receives gifts and gives food and/or drinks at the wedding reception)
- A wedding anniversary (each spouse receives gifts)
- A funeral (visitors bring flowers, the relatives of the deceased give food and/or drinks after the ceremonial part)
- A birth (the baby receives gifts, or the mother receives a gift from the father known as a push present)
- Passing an examination (the student receives gifts)
- Father's Day (the father receives gifts)
- Mother's Day (the mother receives gifts)
- Exchange of gifts between a guest and a host, often a traditional practice
- Lagniappe

Writing : Value (personal and cultural)

2009-11-04T07:56:00.000-08:00

Personal values

Personal values developed very early in life may be resistant to change. They may be derived from those of particular groups or systems, such as culture, religion, and political party associations. However, personal values are not universal; one's family, nation, generation and historical environment help determine one's personal values. "We carry with us values that influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions."^[1] This is not to say that the value concepts themselves are not universal, merely that each individual posesses a unique conception of them, i.e., a personal knowledge of the appropriate values for their own genes, feelings and experience. "Research on values has found that adolescents who are involved in groups that connect them to others in school, their communities, or religious institutions report higher levels of social trust, altruism, commitments to the common good of people, and endorsements of the rights of immigrants for full inclusion in society. Adolescents who were uninvolved in such groups were more likely to endorse self-interest and materialistic values."^[1]

Cultural values

Groups, societies, or cultures have values that are largely shared by their members. The values identify those objects, conditions or characteristics that members of the society consider important; that is, valuable. In the United States, for example, values might include material comfort, wealth, competition, individualism or religiosity . The values of a society can often be identified by noting which people receive honor or respect. In the US, for example, professional athletes are honored (in the form of monetary payment) more than college professors, in part because the society respects personal values such as physical activity, fitness, and competitiveness more than mental activity and education. This may also be the case because the society takes its education for granted and repays its teachers with non-tangible honors of relatively equal value with that of the athlete. Surveys show that voters in the United States would be reluctant to elect an atheist as a president, suggesting that belief in God is a value. There is a difference between values clarification and cognitive moral education. Values clarification is, "helping people clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for. Students are encouraged to define their own values and understand others' values."^[1] Cognitive moral education is based on the belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops."^[1]

Values are related to the norms of a culture, but they are more general and abstract than norms. Norms are rules for behavior in specific situations, while values identify what should be judged as good or evil. Flying the national flag on a holiday is a norm, but it reflects the value of patriotism. Wearing dark clothing and appearing solemn are normative behaviors at a funeral. They reflect the values of respect and support of friends and family. Different cultures reflect different values. "Over the last three decades, traditional-age college students have shown an increased interest in personal well-being and a decreased interest in the welfare of others."

Values seemed to have changed, affecting the beliefs, and attitudes of college students.

Members take part in a culture even if each member's personal values do not entirely agree with some of the normative values sanctioned in the culture. This reflects an individual's ability to synthesize and extract aspects valuable to them from the multiple subcultures they belong to.

If a group member expresses a value that is in serious conflict with the group's norms, the group's authority may carry out various ways of encouraging conformity or stigmatizing the non-conforming behavior of its members. For example, imprisonment can result from conflict with social norms that have been established as law.