BookOfTesting By Shailendra Trivedi

Python Features

noreply@blogger.com (ShailandraTrivedi) — Thu, 31 Jan 2019 06:14:00 +0000

Python's features include −

Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.
Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.
Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same interface on all platforms.
Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be created and ported to many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.
Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell scripting.

Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good features, few are listed below −

It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.
It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building large applications.
It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.
It supports automatic garbage collection.
It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.

Python-Overview

noreply@blogger.com (ShailandraTrivedi) — Thu, 31 Jan 2019 06:13:00 +0000

Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990. Like Perl, Python source code is also available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). This tutorial gives enough understanding on Python programming language.

Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as other languages use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.

Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of programming that encapsulates code within objects.
Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for the beginner-level programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.

Read it out for TESTNG before going for an iterview

noreply@blogger.com (ShailandraTrivedi) — Tue, 24 Jul 2018 06:58:00 +0000

How to run a group of test cases using TestNG?

TestNG allows you to perform sophisticated groupings of test methods. Not only can you declare that methods belong to groups, but you can also specify groups that contain other groups. Then TestNG can be invoked and asked to include a certain set of groups (or regular expressions) while excluding another set. This gives you maximum flexibility in how you partition your tests and doesn’t require you to recompile anything if you want to run two different sets of tests back to back.

Groups are specified in your testng.xml file and can be found either under the <test> or <suite> tag. Groups specified in the <suite> tag apply to all the <test> tags underneath.

@Test (groups = { "smokeTest", "functionalTest" })

public void loginTest(){

System.out.println("Logged in successfully");

}

How to create Group of Groups in TestNG?

Groups can also include other groups. These groups are called MetaGroups. For example, you might want to define a group all that includes smokeTest and functionalTest. Let’s modify our testng.xml file as follows:

</define>

<run>

</run>

</groups>

How to run test cases in parallel using TestNG?

we can use “parallel” attribute in testng.xml to accomplish parallel test execution in TestNG

The parallel attribute of suite tag can accept four values:

tests – All the test cases inside <test> tag of testng.xml file will run parallel
classes – All the test cases inside a java class will run parallel
methods – All the methods with @Test annotation will execute parallelinstance – Test cases in same instance will execute parallel but two methods of two different instances will run in different thread.

How to exclude a particular test method from a test case execution?

By adding the exclude tag in the testng.xml

</methods>

</class>

</classes>

How to exclude a particular test group from a test case execution?

By adding the exclude tag in the testng.xml

<run>

</run>

</groups>

How to disable a test case in TestNG ?

To disable the test case we use the parameter enabled = false to the @Test annotation.

@Test(enabled = false)

How to skip a @Test method from execution in TestNG?

By using throw new SkipException()

Once SkipException() thrown, remaining part of that test method will not be executed and control will goes directly to next test method execution.

throw new SkipException("Skipping - This is not ready for testing ");

How to Ignore a test case in TestNG?

To ignore the test case we use the parameter enabled = false to the @Test annotation.

@Test(enabled = false)

How to write regular expression In testng.xml file to search @Test methods containing “smoke” keyword.

Regular expression to find @Test methods containing keyword “smoke” is as mentioned below.

</methods>

Importance of testng.xml file

noreply@blogger.com (ShailandraTrivedi) — Tue, 24 Jul 2018 06:44:00 +0000

In a Selenium TestNG project, we use testng.xml file to configure the complete test suite in a single file. Some of the features are as follows.

testng.xml file allows to include or exclude the execution of test methods and test groups
It allows to pass parameters to the test cases
Allows to add group dependencies
Allows to add priorities to the test cases
Allows to configure parallel execution of test cases
Allows to parameterize the test cases

7. How to pass parameter through testng.xml file to a test case?

We could define the parameters in the testng.xml file and then reference those parameters in the source files.

Create a java test class, say, ParameterizedTest.java and add a test method say parameterizedTest() to the test class. This method takes a string as input parameter. Add the annotation @Parameters(“browser”) to this method.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

// TestNG Interview Questions

public class ParameterizedTest {

 @Test

 @Parameters("browser")

 public void parameterizedTest(String browser){

 if(browser.equals("firefox")){

 System.out.println("Open Firefox Driver");

 }else if(browser.equals("chrome")){

 System.out.println("Open Chrome Driver");

 }

 } 

}

The parameter would be passed a value from testng.xml, which we will see in the next step.

We could set the parameter using the below syntax in the testng.xml file.

1

<parameter name="browser" value="firefox"/>

Here, name attribute represents the parameter name and value represents the value of that parameter.

Annotations available in TestNG

noreply@blogger.com (ShailandraTrivedi) — Tue, 24 Jul 2018 06:41:00 +0000

@BeforeTest
@AfterTest
@BeforeClass
@AfterClass
@BeforeMethod
@AfterMethod
@BeforeSuite
@AfterSuite
@BeforeGroups
@AfterGroups
@Test

Advantages of TestNG

noreply@blogger.com (ShailandraTrivedi) — Tue, 24 Jul 2018 06:39:00 +0000

TestNG provides parallel execution of test methods
It allows to define dependency of one test method over other method
It allows to assign priority to test methods
It allows grouping of test methods into test groups
It has support for parameterizing test cases using @Parameters annotation
It allows data driven testing using @DataProvider annotation
It has different assertions that helps in checking the expected and actual results
Detailed (HTML) reports

What is Xpath "Here is the answer" with all type

noreply@blogger.com (ShailandraTrivedi) — Tue, 24 Jul 2018 06:18:00 +0000

What is XPath

XPath is defined as XML path. It is a syntax or language for finding any element on the web page using XML path expression. XPath is used to find the location of any element on a webpage using HTML DOM structure. The basic format of XPath is explained below.

Syntax for XPath:

XPath contains the path of the element situated at the web page. Standard syntax for creating XPath is.

Xpath=//tagname[@attribute='value']

// : Select current node.
Tagname: Tagname of the particular node.
@: Select attribute.
Attribute: Attribute name of the node.
Value: Value of the attribute.

Types of X-path

There are two types of XPath:

1) Absolute XPath .

2) Relative XPath .

Absolute XPath :

It is the direct way to find the element, but the disadvantage of the absolute XPath is that if there are any changes made in the path of the element then that XPath gets failed.

The key characteristic of XPath is that it begins with the single forward slash(/) ,which means you can select the element from the root node.

Exapmle:- html/body/div[1]/section/div[1]/div/div/div/div[1]/div/div/div/div/div[3]/div[1]/div/h4[1]/b

Relative xpath:

For Relative Xpath the path starts from the middle of the HTML DOM structure. It starts with the double forward slash (//), which means it can search the element anywhere at the webpage.

You can start from the middle of the HTML DOM structure and no need to write long xpath.

Below is the example of a relative XPath expression of the same element shown in the below screen. This is the common format used to find element through a relative XPath.

Relative xpath: //*[@class='featured-box']//*[text()='Testing']

Using XPath Handling complex & Dynamic elements in Selenium

1) Basic XPath:

XPath expression select nodes or list of nodes on the basis of attributes like ID , Name, Classname, etc. from the XML document as illustrated below.

Xpath=//input[@name='uid']

Some more basic xpath expressions:

Xpath=//input[@type='text']

Xpath= //label[@id='message23']

Xpath= //input[@value='RESET']

Xpath=//*[@class='barone']

Xpath=//a[@href='http://demo.guru99.com/']

Xpath= //img[@src='//cdn.guru99.com/images/home/java.png']

2) Contains() : Contains() is a method used in XPath expression. It is used when the value of any attribute changes dynamically, for example, login information.

The contain feature has an ability to find the element with partial text as shown in below example.

In this example, we tried to identify the element by just using partial text value of the attribute. In the below XPath expression partial value 'sub' is used in place of submit button. It can be observed that the element is found successfully.

Complete value of 'Type' is 'submit' but using only partial value 'sub'.

Xpath=//*[contains(@type,'sub')]

Xpath=.//*[contains(@name,'btn')]

Similarly, in the below expression, we have taken the 'id' as an attribute and 'message' as a partial value. This will find 2 elements ('User-ID must not be blank' & 'Password must not be blank') as its 'name' attribute begins with 'message'.

Xpath=//*[contains(@id,'message')]

3) Using OR & AND:

In OR expression, two conditions are used, whether 1st condition OR 2nd condition should be true. It is also applicable if any one condition is true or maybe both. Means any one condition should be true to find the element.

In the below XPath expression, it identifies the elements whose single or both conditions are true.

Xpath=//*[@type='submit' OR @name='btnReset']

In AND expression, two conditions are used, both conditions should be true to find the element. It fails to find element if any one condition is false.

Xpath=//input[@type='submit' and @name='btnLogin']

4) Start-with function: Start-with function finds the element whose attribute value changes on refresh or any operation on the webpage. In this expression, match the starting text of the attribute is used to find the element whose attribute changes dynamically. You can also find the element whose attribute value is static (not changes).

For example -: Suppose the ID of particular element changes dynamically like:

Id=" message12"

Id=" message345"

Id=" message8769"

and so on.. but the initial text is same. In this case, we use Start-with expression.

In the below expression, there are two elements with an id starting "message"(i.e., 'User-ID must not be blank' & 'Password must not be blank'). In below example, XPath finds those element whose 'ID' starting with 'message'.

Xpath=//label[starts-with(@id,'message')]

5) Text(): In this expression, with text function, we find the element with exact text match as shown below. In our case, we find the element with text "UserID".

Xpath=//td[text()='UserID']

6) XPath axes methods: These XPath axes methods are used to find the complex or dynamic elements. Below we will see some of these methods.

For illustrating these XPath axes method, we will use the Guru99 bank demo site.

a) Following: Selects all elements in the document of the current node( ) [ UserID input box is the current node] as shown in the below screen.

Xpath=//*[@type='text']//following::input

There are 3 "input" nodes matching by using "following" axis- password, login and reset button. If you want to focus on any particular element then you can use the below XPath method:

Xpath=//*[@type='text']//following::input[1]

You can change the XPath according to the requirement by putting [1],[2]…………and so on.

With the input as '1', the below screen shot finds the particular node that is 'Password' input box element.

b) Ancestor: The ancestor axis selects all ancestors element (grandparent, parent, etc.) of the current node as shown in the below screen.

In the below expression, we are finding ancestors element of the current node("ENTERPRISE TESTING" node).

Xpath=//*[text()='Enterprise Testing']//ancestor::div

c) Child : Selects all children elements of the current node (Java) as shown in the below screen.

Xpath=//*[@id='java_technologies']/child::li

d) Preceding: Select all nodes that come before the current node as shown in the below screen.

In the below expression, it identifies all the input elements before "LOGIN" button that is Userid and password input element.

Xpath=//*[@type='submit']//preceding::input

e) Following-sibling: Select the following siblings of the context node. Siblings are at the same level of the current node as shown in the below screen. It will find the element after the current node.

xpath=//*[@type='submit']//following-sibling::input

f) Parent: Selects the parent of the current node as shown in the below screen.

Xpath=//*[@id='rt-feature']//parent::div

g) Self: Selects the current node or 'self' means it indicates the node itself as shown in the below screen.

One node matching by using "self " axis. It always finds only one node as it represents self-element.

Xpath =//*[@type='password']//self::input

h) Descendant: Selects the descendants of the current node as shown in the below screen.

In the below expression, it identifies all the element descendants to current element ( 'Main body surround' frame element) which means down under the node (child node , grandchild node, etc.).

Xpath=//*[@id='rt-feature']//descendant::a

There are 12 "link" nodes matching by using "descendant" axis. If you want to focus on any particular element then you can use the below XPath:

Xpath=//*[@id='rt-feature']//descendant::a[1]

Top 100 Selenium Interview Questions & Answers

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 14 Oct 2017 17:30:00 +0000

) What is Selenium and what is composed of?

Selenium is a suite of tools for automated web testing. It is composed of

Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) : It is a tool for recording and playing back. It is a firefox plugin
WebDriver and RC: It provide the APIs for a variety of languages like Java, .NET, PHP, etc. With most of the browsers Webdriver and RC works.
Grid: With the help of Grid you can distribute tests on multiple machines so that test can be run parallel which helps in cutting down the time required for running in browser test suites

2) What is Selenium 2.0 ?

Web Testing tools Selenium RC and WebDriver are consolidated in single tool in Selenium 2.0

3) Mention what is Selenium 3.0?

Selenium 3.0 is the latest version of Selenium. It has released 2 beta versions of selenium 3.0 with few of the below changes:

Here are few new features added to Selenium 3.0

Beta 1 updates	Beta 2 updates (Only for Java)
Minimum Java version is now 8+	System property webdriver.firefox.marionette now forces the server in marionette or legacy firefox driver mode, ignoring any related Desired Capability
It will support for Firefox Via Mozilla’s geckodriver	Grid fixes NPE’s on registration when -browser not specified
Support for Edge is provided by MS It now supports Safari on MacOS via Apple’s own Safari driver	Update GeckoDriver –port argument in all bindings

4) How will you find an element using Selenium?

In Selenium every object or control in a web page is referred as an elements, there are different ways to find an element in a web page they are

ID
Name
Tag
Attribute
CSS
Linktext
PartialLink Text
Xpath etc

5) List out the test types that are supported by Selenium?

For web based application testing selenium can be used

The test types can be supported are

a) Functional, Learn More about Functional Testing.

b) Regression

For post release validation with continuous integration automation tool could be used

a) Jenkins

b) Hudson

c) Quick Build

d) CruiseCont

6) Explain what is assertion in Selenium and what are the types of assertion?

Assertion is used as a verification point. It verifies that the state of the application conforms to what is expected. The types of assertion are “assert” , “verify” and “waifFor”.

7) Mention what is the use of X-path?

X-Path is used to find the WebElement in web pages. It is also useful in identifying the dynamic elements.

Refer Complete Guide on XPath

8) Explain the difference between single and double slash in X-path? Single slash ‘/ ’

Single slash ( / ) start selection from the document node
It allows you to create ‘absolute’ path expressions

Double Slash ‘// ’

Double slash ( // ) start selection matching anywhere in the document
It enables to create ‘relative’ path expressions

9) List out the technical challenges with Selenium? Technical challenges with Selenium are

Selenium supports only web based applications
It does not support the Bitmap comparison
For any reporting related capabilities have to depend on third party tools
No vendor support for tool compared to commercial tools like HP UFT
As there is no object repository concept in Selenium, maintainability of objects becomes difficult

10) What is the difference between type keys and type commands ?

TypeKeys() will trigger JavaScript event in most of the cases whereas .type() won’t. Type key populates the value attribute using JavaScript whereas .typekeys() emulates like actual user typing

11) What is the difference between verify and assert commands?

Assert: Assert allows to check whether an element is on the page or not. The test will stop on the step failed, if the asserted element is not available. In other words, the test will terminated at the point where check fails.

Verify: Verify command will check whether the element is on the page, if it is not then the test will carry on executing. In verification, all the commands are going to run guaranteed even if any of test fails.

12) What is JUnit Annotations and what are different types of annotations which are useful ?

In JAVA a special form of syntactic meta-data can be added to Java source code, this is know as Annotations. Variables, parameters, packages, methods and classes are annotated some of theJunit annotations which can be useful are

Test
Before
After
Ignore
BeforeClass
AfterClass
RunWith

13) While using click command can you use screen coordinate?

To click on specific part of element, you would need to use clickAT command. ClickAt command accepts element locator and x, y co-ordinates as arguments- clickAt (locator, cordString)

14) What are the advantages of Selenium?

It supports C#, PHP, Java, Perl, Phython
It supports different OS like Windows, Linux and Mac OS
It has got powerful methods to locate elements (Xpath, DOM , CSS)
It has highly developer community supported by Google

15) Why testers should opt for Selenium and not QTP? Selenium is more popular than QTP as

Selenium is an open source whereas QTP is a commercial tool
Selenium is used specially for testing web based applications while QTP can be used for testing client server application also
Selenium supports Firefox, IE, Opera, Safari on operating systems like Windows, Mac, Linux etc. however QTP is limited to Internet Explorer on Windows.
Selenium supports many programming languages like Ruby, Perl, Python whereas QTP supports only VB script

16) What are the four parameter you have to pass in Selenium? Four parameters that you have to pass in Selenium are

Host
Port Number
Browser
URL

17) What is the difference between setSpeed() and sleep() methods?

Both will delay the speed of execution.

Thread.sleep () : It will stop the current (java) thread for the specified period of time. Its done only once

It takes a single argument in integer format

Ex: thread.sleep(2000)- It will wait for 2 seconds

It waits only once at the command given at sleep

SetSpeed () : For specific amount of time it will stop the execution for every selenium command.

It takes a single argument in integer format

Ex: selenium.setSpeed(“2000”)- It will wait for 2 seconds

Runs each command after setSpeed delay by the number of milliseconds mentioned in set Speed

This command is useful for demonstration purpose or if you are using a slow web application

18) What is same origin policy? How you can avoid same origin policy?

The “Same Origin Policy” is introduced for security reason, and it ensures that content of your site will never be accessible by a script from another site. As per the policy, any code loaded within the browser can only operate within that website’s domain.

To avoid “Same Origin Policy” proxy injection method is used, in proxy injection mode the Selenium Server acts as a client configured HTTP proxy , which sits between the browser and application under test and then masks the AUT under a fictional URL

19) What is heightened privileges browsers?

The purpose of heightened privileges is similar to Proxy Injection, allows websites to do something that are not commonly permitted. The key difference is that the browsers are launced in a special mode called heightened privileges. By using these browser mode, Selenium core can open the AUT directly and also read/write its content without passing the whole AUT through the Selenium RC server.

20) How you can use “submit” a form using Selenium ?

You can use “submit” method on element to submit form-

element.submit () ;

Alternatively you can use click method on the element which does form submission

21) What are the features of TestNG and list some of the functionality in TestNG which makes it more effective?

TestNG is a testing framework based on JUnit and NUnit to simplify a broad range of testing needs, from unit testing to Integration Testing. And the functionality which makes it efficient testing framework are

Support for annotations
Support for data-driven testing
Flexible test configuration
Ability to re-execute failed test cases

22) Mention what is the difference between Implicit wait and Explicit wait?

Implicit Wait: Sets a timeout for all successive Web Element searches. For the specified amount of time it will try looking for element again and again before throwing a NoSuchElementException. It waits for elements to show up.

Explicit Wait : It is a one-timer, used for a particular search.

23) Which attribute you should consider throughout the script in frame for “if no frame Id as well as no frame name”?

You can use…..driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//iframe”))….

This will return list of frames.

You will ned to switch to each and every frame and search for locator which we want.

Then break the loop

24) Explain what is the difference between find elements () and find element () ?

find element ():

It finds the first element within the current page using the given “locating mechanism”. It returns a single WebElement

findElements () : Using the given “locating mechanism” find all the elements within the current page. It returns a list of web elements.

25) Explain what are the JUnits annotation linked with Selenium?

The JUnits annotation linked with Selenium are

@Before public void method() – It will perform the method () before each test, this method can prepare the test
@Test public void method() – Annotations @Test identifies that this method is a test method environment
@After public void method()- To execute a method before this annotation is used, test method must start with test@Before

26) Explain what is Datadriven framework and Keyword driven?

Datadriven framework: In this framework, the test data is separated and kept outside the Test Scripts, while Test Case logic resides in Test Scripts. Test data is read from the external files ( Excel Files) and are loaded into the variables inside the Test Script. Variables are used for both for input values and for verification values.

Keyworddriven framework: The keyword driven frameworks requires the development of data tables and keywords, independent of the test automation. In a keyword driven test, the functionality of the application under test is documented in a table as well as step by step instructions for each test.

27) Explain how you can login into any site if it’s showing any authentication popup for password and username?

Pass the username and password with url

Syntax-http://username:password@url
ex- http://creyate:tom@www.gmail.com

28) Explain how to assert text of webpage using selenium 2.0 ?

WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.id(“ElementID”))

//get test from element and stored in text variable

String text = el.getText();

//assert text from expected

Assert.assertEquals(“Element Text”, text);

29) Explain what is the difference between Borland Silk and Selenium?

Silk Test Tool	Selenium Test Tool
Borland Silk test is not a free testing tool	Selenium is completely free test automation tool
Silk test supports only Internet Explorer and Firefox	Selenium supports many browsers like Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Opera and so on
Silk test uses test scripting language	Selenium suite has the flexibility to use many languages like Java, Ruby,Perl and so on
Silk test can be used for client server applications	Selenium can be used for only web application

30) What is Object Repository ?

An object repository is an essential entity in any UI automations which allows a tester to store all object that will be used in the scripts in one or more centralized locations rather than scattered all over the test scripts.

31) Explain how Selenium Grid works?

Selenium Grid sent the tests to the hub. These tests are redirected to Selenium Webdriver, which launch the browser and run the test. With entire test suite, it allows for running tests in parallel.

32) Can we use Selenium grid for performance testing?

Yes. But not as effectively as a dedicated Performance Testing tool like Loadrunner.

33) List the advantages of Webdriver over Selenium Server?

If you are using Selenium-WebDriver, you don’t need the Selenium Server as it is using totally different technology
Selenium Server provides Selenium RC functionality which is used for Selenium 1.0 backwards compatibility
Selenium Web driver makes direct calls to browser using each browsers native support for automation, while Selenium RC requires selenium server to inject Javascript into the browser

34) Mention what are the capabilities of Selenium WebDriver or Selenium 2.0 ?

WebDriver should be used when requiring improvement support for

Handling multiple frames, pop ups , multiple browser windows and alerts
Page navigation and drag & drop
Ajax based UI elements
Multi browser testing including improved functionality for browser not well supported by Selenium 1.0

35) While injecting capabilities in webdriver to perform tests on a browser which is not supported by a webdriver what is the limitation that one can come across?

Major limitation of injecting capabilities is that “findElement” command may not work as expected.

36) Explain how you can find broken images in a page using Selenium Web driver ?

To find the broken images in a page using Selenium web driver is

Get XPath and get all the links in the page using tag name
In the page click on each and every link
Look for 404/500 in the target page title

37) Explain how you can handle colors in web driver?

To handle colors in web driver you can use

Use getCssValue(arg0) function to get the colors by sending ‘color’ string as an argument

38) Using web driver how you can store a value which is text box?

You can use following command to store a value which is text box using web driver

driver.findElement(By.id(“your Textbox”)).sendKeys(“your keyword”);

39) Explain how you can switch between frames?

To switch between frames webdrivers [ driver.switchTo().frame() ] method takes one of the three possible arguments

A number: It selects the number by its (zero-based) index
A number or ID: Select a frame by its name or ID
Previously found WebElement: Using its previously located WebElement select a frame

40) Mention 5 different exceptions you had in Selenium web driver?

The 5 different exceptions you had in Selenium web drivers are

WebDriverException
NoAlertPresentException
NoSuchWindowException
NoSuchElementException
TimeoutException

41) Explain using Webdriver how you can perform double click ?

You can perform double click by using

Syntax- Actions act = new Actions (driver);
act.doubleClick(webelement);

42) How will you use Selenium to upload a file ?

You can use “type”command to type in a file input box of upload file. Then, you have to use “Robot” class in JAVA to make file upload work.

43) Which web driver implementation is fastest?

HTMLUnit Driver implementation is fastest, HTMLUnitDriver does not execute tests on browser but plain http request, which is far quick than launching a browser and executing tests

44) Explain how you can handle frames using Selenium 2.0 ?

To bring control on HTML frame you can use “SwitchTo” frame method-

driver.switchTo().frame(“frameName”);

To specify a frame you can use index number

driver.switchTo().frame(“parentFrame.4.frameName”);

This would bring control on frame named- “frameName” of the 4th sub frame names “parentFrame”

45) What is the difference between getWindowhandles() and getwindowhandle() ?

getwindowhandles(): It is used to get the address of all the open browser and its return type is Set<String>

getwindowhandle(): It is used to get the address of the current browser where the control is and return type is string

46) Explain how you can switch back from a frame?

To switch back from a frame use method defaultContent()

Syntax-driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

47) List out different types of locators?

Different types of locators are

By.id()
By.name()
By.tagName()
By.className()
By.linkText()
By.partialLinkText()
By.xpath
By.cssSelector()

48) What is the command that is used in order to display the values of a variable into the output console or log?

In order to display a constant string, command can be used is echo <constant string>
If order to display the value of a variable you can use command like echo ${variable name>>

Above is using PHP. If you are using Java, replace echo with System.out.println

49) Explain how you can use recovery scenario with Selenium?

Recovery scenarios depends upon the programming language you use. If you are using Java then you can use exception handling to overcome same. By using “Try Catch Block” within your Selenium WebDriver Java tests

50) Explain how to iterate through options in test script?

To iterate through options in test script you can loop features of the programming language, for example to type different test data in a text box you can use “for” loop in Java

// test data collection in an array

String[ ] testData = { “test1” , “test2” , “test3” } ;

// iterate through each test data

For (string s: test data) { selenium.type ( “elementLocator”, testData) ; }

51) How can you prepare customized html report using TestNG in hybrid framework ?

There are three ways

Junit: With the help of ANT
TestNG: Using inbuilt default.html to get the HTML report. Also XST reports from ANT, Selenium,Testng combinations
Using our own customized reports using XSL jar for converting XML content to HTML

52) From your test script how you can create html test report?

To create html test report there are three ways

TestNG: Using inbuilt default.html to get the HTML report. Also XLST reports from ANT, Selenium, TestNG combination
JUnit: With the help of ANT
Using our own customized reports using XSL jar for converting XML content to HTML

53) Explain how you can insert a break point in Selenium IDE ?

In Selenium IDE to insert a break point

Select “Toggle break point” by right click on the command in Selenium IDE
Press “B” on the keyboard and select the command in Selenium IDE
Multiple break points can be set in Selenium IDE

54) Explain in Selenium IDE how can you debug the tests?

Insert a break point from the location from where you want to execute test step by step
Run the test case
At the given break point execution will be paused
To continue with the next statement click on the blue button
Click on the “Run” button to continue executing all the commands at a time

55) What is Selenese and what are the types of Selenese ?

Selenese is a selenium set of command which are used for running the test

There are three types of Selenese

Actions: It is used for performing the operations and interactions with the target elements
Assertions: It is used as a check points
Accessors: It is used for storing the values in a variable

56) Explain what are the limitations of Selenium IDE?

The limitations of Selenium IDE

Exceptional handling is not present
Selenium IDE uses only HTML languages
External databases reading is not possible with IDE
Reading from the external files like .txt, .xls is not possible
Conditional or branching statements execution like if,else, select statements is not possible

57) What are the two modes of views in Selenium IDE ?

Either Selenium IDE can be opened as a pop up window or in side bar

58) In selenium IDE what are the element locators that can be used to locate elements on web page?

In selenium there are mainly 4 locators that are used

X-path locators
Css locators
Html id
Html name

59) In Selenium IDE how you can generate random numbers and dates for test data ?

In Selenium IDE you can generate random numbers by using Java Script

type

css=input#s

javascript{Math.random()}

And for

type

css=input#s

javascript{new Date()}

60) How you can convert any Selenium IDE tests from Selenese to another language?

You can use the format option of Selenium IDE to convert tests into another programming language

61) Using Selenium IDE is it possible to get data from a particular html table cell ?

You can use the “storeTable” command

Example store text from cell 0,2 from an html table

storeTable

Css=#table 0.2

textFromCell

62) Explain what can cause a Selenium IDE test to fail?

When a locator has changed and Selenium IDE cannot locate the element
When element Selenium IDE waiting to access did not appear on the web page and the operation timed out
When element Selenium IDE was trying to access was not created

63) Explain how you can debug the tests in Selenium IDE ?

Insert a break point from the location where you want to execute step by step
Run the test case
At the given break point execution will be paused
To continues with the next step click on the Blue button
To run commands at a time click on run button

64) From Selenium IDE how you can execute a single line?

From Selenium IDE single line command can be executed in two ways

Select “Execute this command” by right clicking on the command in Selenium IDE
Press “X” key on the keyboard after selecting the command in Selenium IDE

65) In which format does source view shows your script in Selenium IDE ?

In Selenium IDE source view shows your script in XML format

66) Explain how you can insert a start point in Selenium IDE?

In two ways selenium IDE can be set

Press “S” key on the keyboard and select the command in Selenium IDE

In Seleniun IDE right click on the command and the select “Set / Clear Start Point”

67) What if you have written your own element locator and how would you test it?

To test the locator one can use “Find Button” of Selenium IDE, as you click on it, you would see on screen an element being highlighted provided your element locator is right or or else an error message will be displayed

68) What is regular expressions? How you can use regular expressions in Selenium ?

A regular expression is a special text string used for describing a search pattern. In Selenium IDE regular expression can be used with the keyword- regexp: as a prefix to the value and patterns needs to be included for the expected values.

69) What are core extension ?

If you want to “extend” the defualt functionality provided by Selenium Function Library , you can create a Core Extension. They are also called “User Extension”. You can even download ready-made Core Extension created by other Selenium enthusiats.

70) How will you handle working with multiple windows in Selenium ?

We can use the command selectWindow to switch between windows. This command uses the title of Windows to identify which window to switch to.

71) How will you verify the specific position of an web element

You can use verifyElementPositionLeft & verifyElementPositionTop. It does a pixel comparison of the position of the element from the Left and Top of page respectively

72) How can you retrive the message in an alert box ?

You can use the storeAlert command which will fetch the message of the alert pop up and store it in a variable.

73) What is selenium RC (Remote Control)?

Selenium IDE have limitations in terms of browser support and language support. By using Selenium RC limitation can be diminished.

On different platforms and different web browser for automating web application selenium RC is used with languages like Java, C#, Perl, Python
Selenium RC is a java based and using any language it can interact with the web application
Using server you can bypass the restriction and run your automation script running against any web application

74) Why Selenium RC is used?

Selenium IDE does not directly support many functions like condition statements, Iteration, logging and reporting of test results, unexpected error handling and so on as IDE supports only HTML language. To handle such issues Selenium RC is used it supports the language like Perl, Ruby, Python, PHP using these languages we can write the program to achieve the IDE issues.

75) Explain what is the main difference between web-driver and RC ?

The main difference between Selenium RC and Webdriver is that, selenium RC injects javascript function into browsers when the page is loaded. On the other hand, Selenium Webdriver drives the browser using browsers built in support

76) What are the advantages of RC?

Advantages of RC are

Can read or write data from/ to .xls, .txt, etc
It can handle dynamic objects and Ajax based UI elements
Loops and conditions can be used for better performance and flexibility
Support many Programming languages and Operating Systems
For any JAVA script enabled browser Selenium RC can be used

77) Explain what is framework and what are the frameworks available in RC?

A collection of libraries and classes is known as Framework and they are helpful when testers has to automate test cases. NUnit, JUnit, TestNG, Bromine, RSpec, unittest are some of the frameworks available in RC .

78) How can we handle pop-ups in RC ?

To handle pop-ups in RC , using selectWindow method, pop-up window will be selected and windowFocus method will let the control from current window to pop-up windows and perform actions according to script

79) What are the technical limitations while using Selenium RC?

Apart from “same origin policy” restriction from js, Selenium is also restricted from exercising anything that is outside browser.

80) Can we use Selenium RC to drive tests on two different browsers on one operating system without Selenium Grid?

Yes, it is possible when you are not using JAVA testing framework. Instead of using Java testing framework if you are using java client driver of selenium then TestNG allows you to do this. By using “parallel=test” attribute you can set tests to be executed in parallel and can define two different tests, each using different browser.

81) Why to use TestNG with Selenium RC ?

If you want full automation against different server and client platforms, You need a way to invoke the tests from a command line process, reports that tells you what happened and flexibility in how you create your test suites. TestNG gives that flexibility.

82) Explain how you can capture server side log Selenium Server?

To capture server side log in Selenium Server, you can use command

java –jar .jar –log selenium.log

83) Other than the default port 4444 how you can run Selenium Server?

You can run Selenium server on java-jar selenium-server.jar-port other than its default port

84) How Selenium grid hub keeps in touch with RC slave machine?

At predefined time selenium grid hub keeps polling all RC slaves to make sure it is available for testing. The deciding parameter is called “remoteControlPollingIntervalSeconds” and is defined in “grid_configuration.yml”file

85) Using Selenium how can you handle network latency ?

To handle network latency you can use driver.manage.pageloadingtime for network latency

86) To enter values onto text boxes what is the command that can be used?

To enter values onto text boxes we can use command sendkeys()

87) How do you identify an object using selenium?

To identify an object using Selenium you can use

isElementPresent(String locator)

isElementPresent takes a locator as the argument and if found returns a Boolean

88) In Selenium what are Breakpoints and Startpoints?

Breakpoints: When you implement a breakpoint in your code, the execution will stop right there. This helps you to verify that your code is working as expected.
StartpointsStartpoint indicates the point from where the execution should begin. Startpoint can be used when you want to run the testscript from the middle of the code or a breakpoint.

89) Mention why to choose Python over Java in Selenium?

Few points that favor Python over Java to use with Selenium is,

Java programs tend to run slower compared to Python programs.
Java uses traditional braces to start and ends blocks, while Python uses indentation.
Java employs static typing, while Python is dynamically typed.
Python is simpler and more compact compared to Java.

90) Mention what are the challenges in Handling Ajax Call in Selenium Webdriver?

The challenges faced in Handling Ajax Call in Selenium Webdriver are

Using "pause" command for handling Ajax call is not completely reliable. Long pause time makes the test unacceptably slow and increases the testing time. Instead, "waitforcondition" will be more helpful in testing Ajax applications.
It is difficult to assess the risk associated with particular Ajax applications
Given full freedom to developers to modify Ajax application makes the testing process challenging
Creating automated test request may be difficult for testing tools as such AJAX application often use different encoding or serialization technique to submit POST data.

91) Mention what is IntelliJ?

Intellij is an IDE that helps you to write better and faster code for Selenium. Intellij can be used in the option to Java bean and Eclipse.

92) Mention in what ways you can customize TestNG report?

You can customize TestNG report in two ways,

Using ITestListener Interface
Using IReporter Interface

93) To generate pdf reports mention what Java API is required?

To generate pdf reports, you need Java API IText.

94) Mention what is Listeners in Selenium WebDriver?

In Selenium WebDriver, Listeners "listen" to the event defined in the selenium script and behave accordingly. It allows customizing TestNG reports or logs. There are two main listeners i.e. WebDriver Listeners and TestNG Listeners.

95) Mention what are the types of Listeners in TestNG?

The types of Listeners in TestNG are,

IAnnotationTransformer
IAnnotationTransformer2
IConfigurable
IConfigurationListener
IExecutionListener
IHookable
IInvokedMethodListener
IInvokedMethodListener2
IMethodInterceptor
IReporter
ISuiteListener
ITestListener

96) Mention what is desired capability? How is it useful in terms of Selenium?

The desired capability is a series of key/value pairs that stores the browser properties like browser name, browser version, the path of the browser driver in the system, etc. to determine the behavior of the browser at run time.

For Selenium,

It can be used to configure the driver instance of Selenium WebDriver.
When you want to run the test cases on a different browser with different operating systems and versions.

97) For Database Testing in Selenium Webdriver what API is required?

For Database Testing in Selenium Webdriver, you need JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) API. It allows you to execute SQL statements.

98) Mention when to use AutoIT?

Selenium is designed to automate web-based applications on different browsers. But to handle window GUI and non-HTML popups in the application you need AutoIT. know more about How to use AutoIT with Selenium

99) Mention why do you need Session Handling while working with Selenium?

While working with Selenium, you need Session Handling. This is because, during test execution, the Selenium WebDriver has to interact with the browser all the time to execute given commands. At the time of execution, it is also possible that, before current execution completes, someone else starts execution of another script, in the same machine and in the same type of browser. So to avoid such situation you need Session Handling.

100) Mention what are the advantages of Using Git Hub For Selenium?

The advantages of Using Git Hub for Selenium are

Multiple people when they work on the same project they can update project details and inform other team members simultaneously.
Jenkins can help you to build the project from the remote repository regularly. This helps you to keep track of failed builds.

XPath in Selenium WebDriver: Complete Tutorial

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 14 Oct 2017 17:18:00 +0000

In Selenium automation, if the elements are not found by the general locators like id, class, name, etc. then XPath is used to find an element on the web page .

In this tutorial, we will learn about the xpath and different XPath expression to find the complex or dynamic elements, whose attributes changes dynamically on refresh or any operations.

In this tutorial, you will learn-

What is XPath

Syntax for XPath:

XPath contains the path of the element situated at the web page. Standard syntax for creating XPath is.

Xpath=//tagname[@attribute='value']

// : Select current node.
Tagname: Tagname of the particular node.
@: Select attribute.
Attribute: Attribute name of the node.
Value: Value of the attribute.

To find the element on web pages accurately there are different types of locators:

XPath Locators	Find different elements on web page
ID	To find the element by ID of the element
Classname	To find the element by Classname of the element
Name	To find the element by name of the element
Link text	To find the element by text of the link
XPath	XPath required for finding the dynamic element and traverse between various elements of the web page
CSS path	CSS path also locates elements having no name, class or ID.

Types of X-path

There are two types of XPath:

1) Absolute XPath .

2) Relative XPath .

Absolute XPath :

It is the direct way to find the element, but the disadvantage of the absolute XPath is that if there are any changes made in the path of the element then that XPath gets failed.

The key characteristic of XPath is that it begins with the single forward slash(/) ,which means you can select the element from the root node.

Below is the example of an absolute xpath expression of the element shown in the below screen.

Absolute xpath:

html/body/div[1]/section/div[1]/div/div/div/div[1]/div/div/div/div/div[3]/div[1]/div/h4[1]/b

Relative xpath:

For Relative Xpath the path starts from the middle of the HTML DOM structure. It starts with the double forward slash (//), which means it can search the element anywhere at the webpage.

You can starts from the middle of the HTML DOM structure and no need to write long xpath.

Below is the example of a relative XPath expression of the same element shown in the below screen. This is the common format used to find element through a relative XPath.

Relative xpath: //*[@class='featured-box']//*[text()='Testing']

What are XPath axes.

XPath axes search different nodes in XML document from current context node. XPath Axes are the methods used to find dynamic elements, which otherwise not possible by normal XPath method having no ID , Classname, Name, etc.

Axes methods are used to find those elements, which dynamically change on refresh or any other operations. There are few axes methods commonly used in Selenium Webdriver like child, parent, ancestor, sibling, preceding, self, etc.

Using XPath Handling complex & Dynamic elements in Selenium

1) Basic XPath:

XPath expression select nodes or list of nodes on the basis of attributes like ID , Name, Classname, etc. from the XML document as illustrated below.

Xpath=//input[@name='uid'


Here is a link to access the page http://demo.guru99.com/v1/



Some more basic xpath expressions:
Xpath=//input[@type='text']    
Xpath= //label[@id='message23']
Xpath= //input[@value='RESET']
Xpath=//*[@class='barone']
Xpath=//a[@href='http://demo.guru99.com/']
Xpath= //img[@src='//cdn.guru99.com/images/home/java.png']


2) Contains() : Contains() is a method used in XPath expression. It is used when the value of any attribute changes dynamically, for example, login information.

The contain feature has an ability to find the element with partial text as shown in below example.

In this example, we tried to identify the element by just using partial text value of the attribute. In the below XPath expression partial value 'sub' is used in place of submit button. It can be observed that the element is found successfully.

Complete value of 'Type' is 'submit' but using only partial value 'sub'.
Xpath=//*[contains(@type,'sub')]  

Complete value of 'name' is 'btnLogin' but using only partial value 'btn'.
Xpath=.//*[contains(@name,'btn')]

In the above expression, we have taken the 'name' as an attribute and 'btn' as an partial value as shown in the below screenshot. This will find 2 elements (LOGIN & RESET) as their 'name' attribute 

begins with 'btn'.




Similarly, in the below expression, we have taken the 'id' as an attribute and 'message' as a partial value. This will find 2 elements ('User-ID must not be blank' & 'Password must not be blank') as its 'name' attribute begins with 'message'.
Xpath=//*[contains(@id,'message')]    



In the below expression, we have taken the "text" of the link as an attribute and 'here' as a partial value as shown in the below screenshot. This will find the link ('here') as it displays the text 'here'.
Xpath=//*[contains(text(),'here')]
Xpath=//*[contains(@href,'guru99.com')]    



3) Using OR & AND:

In OR expression, two conditions are used, whether 1st condition OR 2nd condition should be true. It is also applicable if any one condition is true or maybe both. Means any one condition should be true to find the element.

In the below XPath expression, it identifies the elements whose single or both conditions are true.
Xpath=//*[@type='submit' OR @name='btnReset']

Highlighting both elements as "LOGIN " element having attribute 'type' and "RESET" element having attribute 'name'.



In AND expression, two conditions are used, both conditions should be true to find the element. It fails to find element if any one condition is false.
Xpath=//input[@type='submit' AND @name='btnLogin']

In below expression, highlighting 'LOGIN' element as it having both attribute 'type' and 'name'.



4) Start-with function: Start-with function finds the element whose attribute value changes on refresh or any operation on the webpage. In this expression, match the starting text of the attribute is used to find the element whose attribute changes dynamically. You can also find the element whose attribute value is static (not changes).

For example -: Suppose the ID of particular element changes dynamically like:

Id=" message12"

Id=" message345"

Id=" message8769"

and so on.. but the initial text is same. In this case, we use Start-with expression.



In the below expression, there are two elements with an id starting "message"(i.e., 'User-ID must not be blank' & 'Password must not be blank'). In below example, XPath finds those element whose 'ID' starting with 'message'.
Xpath=//label[starts-with(@id,'message')]



5) Text(): In this expression, with text function, we find the element with exact text match as shown below. In our case, we find the element with text "UserID".
Xpath=//td[text()='UserID']    



6) XPath axes methods: These XPath axes methods are used to find the complex or dynamic elements. Below we will see some of these methods.

For illustrating these XPath axes method, we will use the Guru99 bank demo site.

a) Following: Selects all elements in the document of the current node( ) [ UserID input box is the current node] as shown in the below screen.
Xpath=//*[@type='text']//following::input



There are 3 "input" nodes matching by using "following" axis- password, login and reset button. If you want to focus on any particular element then you can use the below XPath method:
Xpath=//*[@type='text']//following::input[1]

You can change the XPath according to the requirement by putting [1],[2]…………and so on.

With the input as '1', the below screen shot finds the particular node that is 'Password' input box element.



b) Ancestor: The ancestor axis selects all ancestors element (grandparent, parent, etc.) of the current node as shown in the below screen.

In the below expression, we are finding ancestors element of the current node("ENTERPRISE TESTING" node).
Xpath=//*[text()='Enterprise Testing']//ancestor::div



There are 13 "div" nodes matching by using "ancestor" axis. If you want to focus on any particular element then you can use the below XPath, where you change the number 1, 2 as per your requirement:
Xpath=//*[text()='Enterprise Testing']//ancestor::div[1]

You can change the XPath according to the requirement by putting [1], [2]…………and so on.

c) Child : Selects all children elements of the current node (Java) as shown in the below screen.
Xpath=//*[@id='java_technologies']/child::li



There are 71 "li" nodes matching by using "child" axis. If you want to focus on any particular element then you can use the below xpath:
Xpath=//*[@id='java_technologies']/child::li[1]

You can change the xpath according to the requirement by putting [1],[2]…………and so on.

d) Preceding: Select all nodes that come before the current node as shown in the below screen.

In the below expression, it identifies all the input elements before "LOGIN" button that is Userid and password input element.
Xpath=//*[@type='submit']//preceding::input



There are 2 "input" nodes matching by using "preceding" axis. If you want to focus on any particular element then you can use the below XPath:
Xpath=//*[@type='submit']//preceding::input[1]

You can change the xpath according to the requirement by putting [1],[2]…………and so on.

e) Following-sibling: Select the following siblings of the context node. Siblings are at the same level of the current node as shown in the below screen. It will find the element after the current node.
 xpath=//*[@type='submit']//following-sibling::input



One input nodes matching by using "following-sibling" axis.

f) Parent: Selects the parent of the current node as shown in the below screen.
Xpath=//*[@id='rt-feature']//parent::div



There are 65 "div" nodes matching by using "parent" axis. If you want to focus on any particular element then you can use the below XPath:
Xpath=//*[@id='rt-feature']//parent::div[1]

You can change the XPath according to the requirement by putting [1],[2]…………and so on.

g) Self: Selects the current node or 'self' means it indicates the node itself as shown in the below screen.



One node matching by using "self " axis. It always finds only one node as it represents self-element.
Xpath =//*[@type='password']//self::input

h) Descendant: Selects the descendants of the current node as shown in the below screen.

In the below expression, it identifies all the element descendants to current element ( 'Main body surround' frame element) which means down under the node (child node , grandchild node, etc.).
Xpath=//*[@id='rt-feature']//descendant::a



There are 12 "link" nodes matching by using "descendant" axis. If you want to focus on any particular element then you can use the below XPath:
Xpath=//*[@id='rt-feature']//descendant::a[1]

You can change the XPath according to the requirement by putting [1],[2]…………and so on.

Summary:

XPath is required to find an element on the web page as to do an operation on that particular element.

There are two types of XPath:
Absolute XPath
Relative XPath




XPath Axes are the methods used to find dynamic elements, which otherwise not possible to find by normal XPath method
XPath expression select nodes or list of nodes on the basis of attributes like ID , Name, Classname, etc. from the XML document .

Handling Dynamic Web Tables Using Selenium WebDriver

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 14 Oct 2017 17:11:00 +0000

There are two types of HTML tables published on the web-

Static tables: Data is static i.e. Number of rows and columns are fixed.
Dynamic tables: Data is dynamic i.e. Number of rows and columns are NOT

fixed.Handling static table is easy, but dynamic table is a little bit difficult as rows and columns are not constant.

Using X-Path to Locate Web Table Elements

Before we locate web element, first let's understands-

What is a web element?

Web elements are nothing but HTML elements like textbox, dropdowns radio buttons, submit buttons, etc. These HTML elements are written with start tag and ends with an end tag.

For Example,

<p> My First HTML Document</p>.

Steps for getting X-path of web element that we want to locate.

Step 1) In Chrome, Go to http://money.rediff.com/gainers/bsc/daily/groupa

Step 2) Right click on web element whose x-path is to be fetched. In our case, right click on "Company" Select Inspect option. The following screen will be shown -

Step 3) Right Click on highlighted web element > Select Copy -> Copy x-path option.

Step 4) Use the copied X-path "//*[@id="leftcontainer"]/table/thead/tr/th [1]" in Selenium WebDriver to locate the element.

Example: Fetch number of rows and columns from Dynamic WebTable

When the table is dynamic in nature, we cannot predict its number of rows and columns.

Using Selenium web driver, we can find

Number of Rows and columns of web table
X row or Y column's data.

Below is program for fetching total number of rows and columns of web table

ScreenShot

import java.text.ParseException;
import java.util.List;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class Noofrowsandcols {
    public static void main(string[] args) throws ParseException {
        WebDriver wd;
        System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "D:\\ chromedriver.exe") ;
        wd = new ChromeDriver();
        wd.get("http://money.rediff.com/gainers/bsc/dailygroupa?");         
        //No.of Columns
        List <WebElement> col = wd.findElements(By.xpath(".//*@id="leftcontainer']/table/thead/tr/th"));
        System.out.println("No of cols are : " +col.size()); 
        //No.of rows 
        List <WebElement> rows = wd.findElements(By.xpath(".//*[@id="leftcontainer']/table/tbody/tr/td[1]")); 
        System.out.println("No of rows are : " + rows.size());
        wd.close();
    }

Code Explanation:

Here we have first declared Web Driver object "wd" &initialized it to chrome driver.
We use List <WebElement> to total number of columns in "col".
findElements commands returns a list of ALL the elements matching the specified locator
using findElements and X-path //*@id="leftcontainer']/table/thead/tr/th")); we get all the columns
Similarly, we repeat the process for rows.


.Output:

Example: Fetch cell value of a particular row and column of the Dynamic Table

How to handle Selenium Pop-up window using Webdriver

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 14 Oct 2017 17:04:00 +0000

In automation, when we have multiple windows in any web application, the activity may need to switch control among several windows from one to other in order to complete the operation. After completion of the operation, it has to return to the main window i.e. parent window. We will see this further in the article with an example.

In selenium web driver there are methods through which we can handle multiple windows.

Driver.getWindowHandles();

To handle all opened windows by web driver, we can use "Driver.getWindowHandles()" and then we can switch window from one window to another in a web application. Its return type is Iterator<String>.

Driver.getWindowHandle();

When the site opens, we need to handle the main window by driver.getWindowHandle(). This will handle the current window that uniquely identifies it within this driver instance. Its return type is String.

Alert & Popup Handling in Selenium WebDriver

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 14 Oct 2017 17:02:00 +0000

What is Alert?

Alert is a small message box which displays on-screen notification to give the user some kind of information or ask for permission to perform certain kind of operation. It may be also used for warning purpose.

Here are few alert types:

1) Simple Alert

This simple alert displays some information or warning on the screen.

2) Prompt Alert.

This Prompt Alert asks some input from the user and selenium webdriver can enter the text using sendkeys(" input…. ").

3) Confirmation Alert.

This confirmation alert asks permission to do some type of operation.

How to handle Alert in Selenium WebDriver

Alert interface provides the below few methods which are widely used in Selenium Webdriver.

1) void dismiss() // To click on the 'Cancel' button of the alert.

driver.switchTo().alert().dismiss();


2) void accept() // To click on the 'OK' button of the alert.
driver.switchTo().alert().accept();

3) String getText() // To capture the alert message.

We can easily switch to alert from the main window by using Selenium's .switchTo() method.

What are Locators in selenium

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Sat, 14 Oct 2017 16:56:00 +0000

Locators in selenium

Selenium uses different types of locators to identify the UI elements on the page.

The following is the list of locators based on the priority and recommendations to use:

1. ID
2. Name
3. Link
4. DOM
5. XPath
6. CSS
7. UI-element

i.e. You have to follow the below steps while finding the Locator for the selected UI element:

First we've to find out if there is any locator which can locate the UI element by ID else you have to go to the next step
Find out if there is any locator which can locate the UI element by Name else you have to go to the next step
Find out if there is any locator which can locate the UI element by Link else you have to go to the next step
Find out if there is any locator which can locate the UI element by DOM else you have to go to the next step
Find out if there is any locator which can locate the UI element by XPath else you have to go to the next step
Find out if there is any locator which can locate the UI element by CSS else you have to go to the next step
Find out if there is any locator which can locate the UI element by UI-element

Why there are different types of locators instead of having only one kind of locator to identify the UI elements ?

While building the application code, it is seen as a good practice to make sure that every element you need to interact with has an ID attribute and a Name attribute. Unfortunately, this best practice is difficult to implement for the UI elements which dynamically change. This is the reason for having different types of locators instead of having only the ID locator to identify the elements.

Introduction to Selenium

noreply@blogger.com (ShailandraTrivedi) — Tue, 05 Sep 2017 08:24:00 +0000

What is Selenium?

Selenium is a free (open source) automated testing suite for web applications across different browsers and platforms. It is quite similar to HP Quick Test Pro (QTP now UFT) only that Selenium focuses on automating web-based applications. Testing done using Selenium tool is usually referred as Selenium Testing.

Selenium is not just a single tool but a suite of software's, each catering to different testing needs of an organization. It has four components.

Selenium Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
Selenium Remote Control (RC)
WebDriver
Selenium Grid
At the moment, Selenium RC and WebDriver are merged into a single framework to form Selenium 2. Selenium 1, by the way, refers to Selenium RC.
Who developed Selenium?

Since Selenium is a collection of different tools, it had different developers as well. Below are the key persons who made notable contributions to the Selenium Project
Primarily, Selenium was created by Jason Huggins in 2004. An engineer at ThoughtWorks, he was working on a web application that required frequent testing. Having realized that the repetitious Manual Testing of their application was becoming more and more inefficient, he created a JavaScript program that would automatically control the browser's actions. He named this program as the "JavaScriptTestRunner."

Seeing potential in this idea to help automate other web applications, he made JavaScriptRunner open-source which was later re-named as Selenium Core.
The Same Origin Policy Issue

Same Origin policy prohibits JavaScript code from accessing elements from a domain that is different from where it was launched. Example, the HTML code in www.google.com uses a JavaScript program "randomScript.js". The same origin policy will only allow randomScript.js to access pages within google.com such as google.com/mail, google.com/login, or google.com/signup. However, it cannot access pages from different sites such as yahoo.com/search or guru99.com because they belong to different domains.
Birth of Selenium Remote Control (Selenium RC)
Unfortunately; testers using Selenium Core had to install the whole application under test and the web server on their own local computers because of the restrictions imposed by the same origin policy. So another ThoughtWork's engineer, Paul Hammant, decided to create a server that will act as an HTTP proxy to "trick" the browser into believing that Selenium Core and the web application being tested come from the same domain. This system became known as the Selenium Remote Control or Selenium 1.
Birth of Selenium Grid
Selenium Grid was developed by Patrick Lightbody to address the need of minimizing test execution times as much as possible. He initially called the system "Hosted QA." It was capable of capturing browser screenshots during significant stages, and also of sending out Selenium commands to different machines simultaneously
Shinya Kasatani of Japan created Selenium IDE, a Firefox extension that can automate the browser through a record-and-playback feature. He came up with this idea to further increase the speed in creating test cases. He donated Selenium IDE to the Selenium Project in 2006.
Birth of WebDriver
Simon Stewart created WebDriver circa 2006 when browsers and web applications were becoming more powerful and more restrictive with JavaScript programs like Selenium Core. It was the first cross-platform testing framework that could control the browser from the OS level.
So, Why the Name Selenium?

It came from a joke which Jason cracked one time to his team. Another automated testing framework was popular during Selenium's development, and it was by the company called Mercury Interactive (yes, the company who originally made QTP before it was acquired by HP). Since Selenium is a well-known antidote for Mercury poisoning, Jason suggested that name. His teammates took it, and so that is how we got to call this framework up to the present.

Installing TestNG in Eclipse

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 29 May 2017 09:01:00 +0000

Step 1:

Launch Eclipse.
On the menu bar, click Help.
Choose the "Eclipse Marketplace..." option.

Step 2: In the Eclipse Marketplace dialog box, type TestNG in the search box and press the search button( magnifying glass) or press enter key

Step 3: Click Install

Step 4: A new window for feature selection will open, Do not change anything and Click on confirm button

Step 5:

Click Next again on the succeeding dialog box until you reach the License Agreement dialog.
Click "I accept the terms of the license agreement" then click Finish.

Step 6: If you encounter a Security warning, just click OK

Wait for the installation to finish

Step 7: When Eclipse prompts you for a restart, just click Yes.

Step 8: After the restart, verify if TestNG was indeed successfully installed. Click Window > Preferences and see if TestNG is included on the Preferences list.

What is TestNG?

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 29 May 2017 08:17:00 +0000

So far we had been doing Selenium tests without generating a proper format for the test results. From this point on, we shall tackle how to make these reports using a test framework called TestNG.

TestNG is a Testing framework that overcomes the limitations of another popular testing framework called JUnit. The "NG" means "Next Generation." Most Selenium users use this more than Junit because of its advantages. There are so many features of TestNG, but we will only focus on the most important ones that we can use in Selenium.

Advantages of TestNG over JUnit

There are three major advantages of TestNG over JUnit:

Annotations are easier to understand
Test cases can be grouped more easily
Parallel testing is possible

Annotations in TestNG are lines of code that can control how the method below them will be executed. They are always preceded by the @ symbol. A very early and quick example is the one shown below.

Why do we need TestNG in Selenium?

TestNG can generate reports based on our Selenium test results.

WebDriver has no native mechanism for generating reports.
TestNG can generate the report in a readable format like the one shown below.

TestNG simplifies the way the tests are coded

There is no more need for a static main method in our tests. The sequence of actions is regulated by easy-to-understand annotations that do not require methods to be static.

Uncaught exceptions are automatically handled by TestNG without terminating the test prematurely. These exceptions are reported as failed steps in the report.

APPIUM Tutorial For Beginners

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 23 May 2017 10:11:00 +0000

APPIUM is a freely distributed open source mobile application UI Testing framework.

Appium allows native, hybrid and web application testing and supports automation test on physical devices as well as on emulator or simulator both.

It offers cross-platform application testing i.e. single API works for both Android and iOS platform test scripts.

It has NO dependency on Mobile device OS. Because, APPIUM has framework or wrapper that translate Selenium Webdriver commands into UIAutomation (iOS) or UIAutomator (Android) commands depending on the device type not any OS type.

Appium supports all languages that have Selenium client libraries like- Java, Objective-C, JavaScript with node.js, PHP, Ruby, Python, C# etc.

APPIUM Design Concepts

Appium is an 'HTTP Server' written using Node.js platform and drives iOS and Android session using Webdriver JSON wire protocol. Hence, before initializing the Appium Server, Node.js must be pre-installed on the system.
When Appium is downloaded and installed, then a server is setup on our machine that exposes a REST API.
It receives connection and command request from the client and execute that command on mobile devices (Android / iOS).
It responds back with HTTP responses. Again, to execute this request, it uses the mobile test automation frameworks to drive the user interface of the apps. Framework like:-

Apple Instruments for iOS (Instruments are available only in Xcode 3.0 or later with OS X v10.5 and later)
Google UIAutomator for Android API level 16 or higher
Selendroid for Android API level 15 or less

Prerequisite to use APPIUM
1. ANDROID SDK [Link]-
2. JDK (Java Development Kit) [Link]
3. TestNG [Link]
4. Eclipse [Link]
5. Selenium Server JAR [Link]
6. Webdriver Language Binding Library [Link]
7. APPIUM For Windows [Link]
8. APK App Info On Google Play [Link]
9. Node.js (Not Required - Whenever Appium server is installed, it by default comes with "Node.exe" & NPM. It's included in Current version of Appium.)

identification of components must be included in performance testing:

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 May 2017 15:58:00 +0000

1. Functional, business critical features

Components that have a Customer Service Level Agreement or those having complex business logic (and are critical for the business’s success) should be included.
Example: Checkout and Payment for an E-commerce site like eBay.

#2. Components that process high volumes of data

Components, especially background jobs are to be included for sure. Example: Upload and download feature on a file sharing website.

#3. Components which are commonly used

A component that is frequently used by end-users, jobs scheduled multiple times in a day, etc.
Example: Login and Logout.

#4. Components interfacing with one or more application systems

In a system involving multiple applications that interact with one another, all the interface components must be deemed as critical for performance test.
Example: E-commerce sites interface with online banking sites for payments, which is an external third party application. This should be definitely the part of Perf testing.

How does Functional Testing differ from Performance Testing?

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 May 2017 15:57:00 +0000

How does Functional Testing differ from Performance Testing?

Types of Performance Testing

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 May 2017 15:55:00 +0000

Load Testing

Load testing is a type of performance test where the application is tested for its performance on normal and peak usage. Performance of an application is checked with respect to its response to the user request, its ability to respond consistently within accepted tolerance on different user loads.

The key considerations are:

What is the max load the application is able to hold before the application starts behaving unexpectedly?
How much data the Database is able to handle before system slowness or the crash is observed?
Are there any network related issues to be addressed?

Stress Testing

Stress testing is the test to find the ways to break the system. The test also gives the idea for the maximum load the system can hold.

Generally Stress testing has incremental approach where the load is increased gradually. The test is started with good load for which application has been already tested. Then slowly more load is added to stress the system and the point when we start seeing servers not responding to the requests is considered as a break point.

During this test all the functionality of the application are tested under heavy load and on back-end these functionality might be running complex queries, handling data, etc.

The following questions are to be addressed:

What is the max load a system can sustain before it breaks down?
How is the system break down?
Is the system able to recover once it’s crashed?
In how many ways system can break and which are the weak node while handling the unexpected load?

Volume Testing

Volume test is to verify the performance of the application is not affected by volume of data that is being handled by the application. Hence to execute Volume Test generally huge volume of data is entered into the database. This test can be incremental or steady test. In the incremental test volume of data is increased gradually.

Generally with the application usage, the database size grows and it is necessary to test the application against heavy Database. A good example of this could be a website of a new school or college having small data to store initially but after 5-10 years the data stores in database of website is much more.

The most common recommendation of this test is tuning of DB queries which access the Database for data. In some cases the response of DB queries is high for big database, so it needs to be rewritten in a different way or index, joints etc need to be included.

Capacity Testing

=> Is the application capable of meeting business volume under both normal and peak load conditions?

Capacity testing is generally done for future prospects. Capacity testing addresses the following:

Will the application able to support the future load?
Is the environment capable to stand for upcoming increased load?
What are the additional resources required to make environment capable enough?

Capacity testing is used to determine how many users and/or transactions a given web application will support and still meet performance. During this testing resources such as processor capacity, network bandwidth, memory usage, disk capacity, etc. are considered and altered to meet the goal.

Online Banking is a perfect example of where capacity testing could play a major part.

Why Performance testing?

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 May 2017 15:52:00 +0000

Performance testing has proved itself to be crucial for the success of a business. Not only does a poor performing site face financial losses, it also could lead to legal repercussions at times.

No one wants to put up with a slow performing, unreliable site in cases of purchasing, online test taking, bill payment, etc. With the internet being so widely available, the alternates are immense. It is easier to lose clientele than gain them and performance is a key game changer.

Therefore, performance testing is no longer a name sake checkpoint before going live. It is indeed a comprehensive and detailed stage that would determine whether the performance of a site or an application meets the needs.

Product Backlog,Scrum Practices,Process flow of Scrum Methodologies:

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 May 2017 15:42:00 +0000

Product Backlog

This is a repository where requirements are tracked with details on the no of requirements to be completed for each release. It should be maintained and prioritized by scrum master, and it should be distributed to the scrum team. Team can also request for a new requirement addition or modification or deletion

Scrum Practices

Practices are described in detailed:

Process flow of Scrum Methodologies:

Process flow of scrum testing is as follows:

Each iteration of a scrum is known as Sprint
Product backlog is a list where all details are entered to get end product
During each Sprint, top items of Product backlog are selected and turned into Sprint backlog
Team works on the defined sprint backlog
Team checks for the daily work
At the end of the sprint, team delivers product functionality

Scrum consists of three roles, and their responsibilities are explained as follows

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 May 2017 15:37:00 +0000

SCRUM is an agile development method which concentrates specifically on how to manage tasks within a team-based development environment. Basically, Scrum is derived from activity that occurs during a rugby match. Scrum believes in empowering the development team and advocates working in small teams (say- 7 to 9 members). It consists of three roles, and their responsibilities are explained as follows:

Scrum Master
- Master is responsible for setting up the team, sprint meeting and removes obstacles to progress
Product owner
- The Product Owner creates product backlog, prioritizes the backlog and is responsible for the delivery of the functionality at each iteration
Scrum Team
- Team manages its own work and organizes the work to complete the sprint or cycle

Agile Testing Methodology

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 May 2017 15:34:00 +0000

Agile Testing Methodology

What is Agile Methodology?

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 08 May 2017 15:31:00 +0000

AGILE methodology is a practice that promotes continuous iteration of development and testing throughout the software development lifecycle of the project. Both development and testing activities are concurrent unlike the Waterfall model.

The agile software development emphasizes on four core values.

Individual and team interactions over processes and tools
Working software over comprehensive documentation
Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
Responding to change over following a plan

BookOfTesting By Shailendra Trivedi

Python Features

Python-Overview

Read it out for TESTNG before going for an iterview

Importance of testng.xml file

Annotations available in TestNG

Advantages of TestNG

What is Xpath "Here is the answer" with all type

Types of X-path

Using XPath Handling complex & Dynamic elements in Selenium

Top 100 Selenium Interview Questions & Answers

XPath in Selenium WebDriver: Complete Tutorial

What is XPath

Types of X-path

Using XPath Handling complex & Dynamic elements in Selenium

Handling Dynamic Web Tables Using Selenium WebDriver

Using X-Path to Locate Web Table Elements

Example: Fetch number of rows and columns from Dynamic WebTable

Example: Fetch cell value of a particular row and column of the Dynamic Table

How to handle Selenium Pop-up window using Webdriver

Alert & Popup Handling in Selenium WebDriver

What is Alert?

How to handle Alert in Selenium WebDriver

What are Locators in selenium

Introduction to Selenium

What is Selenium?

Who developed Selenium?

The Same Origin Policy Issue

Birth of Selenium Remote Control (Selenium RC)

Birth of Selenium Grid

Birth of WebDriver

So, Why the Name Selenium?

Installing TestNG in Eclipse

What is TestNG?

Advantages of TestNG over JUnit

APPIUM Tutorial For Beginners

APPIUM Design Concepts

Prerequisite to use APPIUM

identification of components must be included in performance testing:

How does Functional Testing differ from Performance Testing?

Types of Performance Testing

Why Performance testing?

Product Backlog,Scrum Practices,Process flow of Scrum Methodologies:

Product Backlog

Scrum Practices

Process flow of Scrum Methodologies:

Scrum consists of three roles, and their responsibilities are explained as follows

Agile Testing Methodology

Agile Testing Methodology

What is Agile Methodology?