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        Compact Analog Signal Generators for Fast RF Testing
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});

    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        document.querySelector(".access_links .list__item").href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum";
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        const cookieButton = document.querySelectorAll('a[rel="cookie-preferences"]');
for (let i = 0; i < cookieButton.length; i++) {
  cookieButton[i].addEventListener('click', function(event) {
    event.preventDefault();
    Osano.cm.showDrawer('osano-cm-dom-info-dialog-open')
  });
}
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener('.widget', (el) => {
  addPopSave();
});

REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener(
  '.talk-comments-wrp .add-comment, .talk-comments-wrp .comment-item--publish',
  function (comment) {
    console.log(comment);
    comment.setAttribute('tabindex', '0');
    comment.addEventListener('keypress', (e) => {
      e.preventDefault();
      e.stopPropagation();
      comment.click();
      document.querySelector(".gated-popup").setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
      document.querySelector(".gated-popup").focus();
    });
  },
);
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        function menuClick() {
  	document.getElementsByClassName('huge-menu')[0].style.display = 'block';
    document.getElementsByClassName('hambg-btn')[0].classList.add('js--active');
    document.body.classList.add("huge-menu-opened");
    document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened");
}

function close(){
	document.getElementsByClassName('huge-menu')[0].style.display = 'none';
    document.getElementsByClassName('hambg-btn')[0].classList.remove('js--active');
    document.body.classList.remove("huge-menu-opened");
    document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened");
}

function addMenuClickListener() {
  var rebelMenu_first = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[0];
  var rebelMenu_second = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[1];
  var menuClose = document.getElementsByClassName('hm__close')[0];

  rebelMenu_first.addEventListener('click', menuClick);
  rebelMenu_second.addEventListener('click', menuClick);
  menuClose.addEventListener('click', close);
}

addMenuClickListener();
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        function changeDateFormat(widget){
  var dates_toChange=widget.querySelectorAll('.widget .social-date__text:not(.processed),.widget .social-date-modified__text:not(.processed)');
  if(dates_toChange){
    dates_toChange.forEach(function(date) {

      if(!date.innerHTML.trim()==""){
        date.classList.add('processed')
        var date_string=date.innerHTML.toString();
        var slpit_dateText=date_string.split(" ");


        if(slpit_dateText.length==1){
          let plural=true;
          if(slpit_dateText[0].length==2){
            if(slpit_dateText[0].charAt(0)=="1"){
              plural=false;
            }
          }
          let modifier=plural ? 'hours ago':'hour ago';

          if(slpit_dateText[0].substr(-1)=='m'){
            modifier=plural ? 'minutes ago':'minute ago';
          }
          if(slpit_dateText[0].substr(-1)=='s'){
            modifier=plural ? 'seconds ago':'second ago';
          }
          var new_dateText=slpit_dateText[0].slice(0,-1);
          date.innerHTML=  new_dateText+" "+ modifier;
          date.classList.add("modified");
        }
      }
    });

  }
}
_createElementChangeListener= function (selector, callback) {
  const initializedNodes = new Set([]);

  document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => {
    callback(node);
    initializedNodes.add(node);
  });

  const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => {
    const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector);
    nodes.forEach((node) => {
      if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) {
        callback(node);
        initializedNodes.add(node);
      }
    });
  });

  mutationObserver.observe(document.body, {
    childList: true,
    subtree: true,
  });
}
_createElementChangeListener(".widget",changeDateFormat);
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        (() => {
  'use strict';
  // Test variant: keep the native embed and reuse a ready player on selection.
  let apiPromise;
  let playerSequence = 0;
  function loadPlayerAPI() {
    if (window.YT?.Player) return Promise.resolve();
    if (apiPromise) return apiPromise;
    apiPromise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      const previous = window.onYouTubeIframeAPIReady;
      let timer;
      const ready = () => {
        clearTimeout(timer);
        if (window.onYouTubeIframeAPIReady === ready) window.onYouTubeIframeAPIReady = previous;
        try {
          if (typeof previous === 'function') previous();
        } finally {
          resolve();
        }
      };
      window.onYouTubeIframeAPIReady = ready;
      timer = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error('YouTube API timed out')), 15000);
      if (!document.querySelector('script[src="https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api"]')) {
        const script = document.createElement('script');
        script.src = 'https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api';
        script.async = true;
        script.onerror = () => {
          clearTimeout(timer);
          reject(new Error('YouTube API unavailable'));
        };
        document.head.append(script);
      }
    });
    return apiPromise;
  }
  const validId = /^[\w-]{11}$/;
  const viewFormatter = new Intl.NumberFormat('en-US', { notation: 'compact', maximumFractionDigits: 1 });
  const exactViewFormatter = new Intl.NumberFormat('en-US');
  const dateFormatter = new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en-US', {
    month: 'short',
    day: 'numeric',
    year: 'numeric',
    timeZone: 'UTC',
  });
  const playIcon = '<svg viewBox="0 0 12 12" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m3 1 8 5-8 5Z"/></svg>';
  // Use the visitor's local calendar, including local midnight and DST changes.
  let themeTimer;
  function syncMondayTheme() {
    const isMonday = new Date().getDay() === 1;
    document.querySelectorAll('[data-spectrum-videos][data-monday-theme]').forEach((root) => {
      root.classList.toggle('sv--monday', isMonday);
    });
  }
  function scheduleMondayTheme() {
    clearTimeout(themeTimer);
    syncMondayTheme();
    const now = new Date();
    const midnight = new Date(now);
    midnight.setHours(24, 0, 0, 0);
    themeTimer = setTimeout(scheduleMondayTheme, midnight.getTime() - now.getTime() + 100);
  }
  function initialize() {
    if (document.querySelector('[data-spectrum-videos][data-monday-theme]')) {
      scheduleMondayTheme();
      document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', () => {
        if (!document.hidden) scheduleMondayTheme();
      });
    }
    document.querySelectorAll('[data-spectrum-videos]').forEach((root) => {
      if (root.dataset.initialized) return;
      root.dataset.initialized = 'true';
      const $ = (selector) => root.querySelector(selector);
      const rail = $('.sv__rail');
      const screen = $('.sv__screen');
      const watch = $('.sv__watch');
      const status = $('.sv__status');
      const live = $('.sv__sr');
      const sortSelect = $('.sv__sort-select');
      const sortReverse = $('.sv__sort-reverse');
      let reversed = false;
      const mobile = matchMedia('(max-width:900px)');
      let videos = [],
        selected = null,
        iframe = null,
        activated = false,
        interacted = false;
      let imageObserver,
        player = null,
        playing = false;
      let playerReady = false,
        loadedVideoId = null;
      const clean = (items) => {
        if (!Array.isArray(items)) return [];
        const seen = new Set();
        return items
          .filter(
            (v) =>
              v &&
              validId.test(v.id) &&
              typeof v.title === 'string' &&
              v.title.trim() &&
              !seen.has(v.id) &&
              seen.add(v.id),
          )
          .slice(0, 15)
          .map((v) => ({
            id: v.id,
            title: v.title.trim().slice(0, 300),
            published: typeof v.published === 'string' && Number.isFinite(Date.parse(v.published)) ? v.published : null,
            views:
              (typeof v.views === 'number' || typeof v.views === 'string') &&
              /^\d+$/.test(String(v.views)) &&
              Number.isSafeInteger(Number(v.views))
                ? Number(v.views)
                : null,
          }));
      };
      try {
        videos = clean(JSON.parse($('.sv__data').textContent));
      } catch {
        /* The playlist link remains available. */
      }

      function updateScroll() {
        const position = mobile.matches ? rail.scrollLeft : rail.scrollTop;
        const maximum = mobile.matches ? rail.scrollWidth - rail.clientWidth : rail.scrollHeight - rail.clientHeight;
        $('.sv__rail-wrap').dataset.end = String(position >= maximum - 2);
      }

      function updatePlaying(value) {
        playing = value;
        rail.querySelectorAll('.sv__card').forEach((button) => {
          button.querySelector('.sv__badge').hidden = !(playing && button.dataset.id === selected?.id);
        });
      }

      function pauseIfOffscreen(target = player) {
        if (!target || typeof target.getPlayerState !== 'function') return;
        const fullscreen = document.fullscreenElement;
        if (fullscreen && screen.contains(fullscreen)) return;
        const bounds = screen.getBoundingClientRect();
        const visible =
          bounds.bottom > 0 && bounds.right > 0 && bounds.top < window.innerHeight && bounds.left < window.innerWidth;
        if (visible) return;
        const state = target.getPlayerState();
        if (state === YT.PlayerState.PLAYING || state === YT.PlayerState.BUFFERING) {
          target.pauseVideo();
        }
        // Returning to the viewport never resumes playback automatically.
      }

      function isSelectedVideoPlaying(target) {
        // A previous video can emit a late event while a new selection is loading.
        const videoURL = target.getVideoUrl();
        const videoId = new URL(videoURL, location.href).searchParams.get('v');
        return videoId === selected?.id && target.getPlayerState() === YT.PlayerState.PLAYING;
      }

      function showPlayerIfOffscreen() {
        if (!mobile.matches) return;
        const bounds = screen.getBoundingClientRect();
        if (bounds.bottom <= 0 || bounds.top >= window.innerHeight) {
          // Keep this synchronous: an animation or timer can lose the tap gesture.
          screen.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'instant', block: 'center', inline: 'nearest' });
        }
      }

      function switchPlayer(autoplay) {
        updatePlaying(false);
        if (playerReady && player && iframe?.isConnected) {
          try {
            iframe.title = selected.title + ' — YouTube video player';
            const sameVideo = loadedVideoId === selected.id;
            loadedVideoId = selected.id;
            if (autoplay) {
              // Called directly in the thumbnail click handler, never after await.
              if (sameVideo) player.playVideo();
              else player.loadVideoById({ videoId: selected.id });
            } else if (!sameVideo) {
              player.cueVideoById({ videoId: selected.id });
            }
            return;
          } catch {
            // Preserve native playback when the API is unavailable or fails.
          }
        }
        mountPlayer(autoplay);
      }

      function mountPlayer(autoplay) {
        if (!selected) return;
        updatePlaying(false);
        playerReady = false;
        loadedVideoId = selected.id;
        if (player) {
          try {
            player.destroy();
          } catch {
            /* Remove the iframe below regardless. */
          }
          player = null;
        }
        iframe?.remove();
        const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
        iframe = frame;
        frame.id = 'spectrum-video-player-' + ++playerSequence;
        frame.allow =
          'accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share';
        frame.allowFullscreen = true;
        frame.referrerPolicy = 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin';
        frame.loading = autoplay ? 'eager' : 'lazy';
        frame.title = selected.title + ' — YouTube video player';
        const url = new URL('https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/' + selected.id);
        url.search = new URLSearchParams({
          autoplay: autoplay ? '1' : '0',
          playsinline: '1',
          rel: '0',
          controls: '1',
          enablejsapi: '1',
          origin: location.origin,
        });
        frame.src = url.href;
        screen.append(frame);
        loadPlayerAPI()
          .then(() => {
            if (iframe !== frame || !frame.isConnected) return;
            player = new YT.Player(frame, {
              events: {
                onReady: (event) => {
                  if (iframe !== frame) return;
                  playerReady = true;
                  updatePlaying(isSelectedVideoPlaying(event.target));
                  pauseIfOffscreen(event.target);
                },
                onStateChange: (event) => {
                  if (iframe !== frame) return;
                  updatePlaying(event.data === YT.PlayerState.PLAYING && isSelectedVideoPlaying(event.target));
                  // Also catch playback that starts after the visitor scrolls away.
                  if (event.data === YT.PlayerState.PLAYING || event.data === YT.PlayerState.BUFFERING) {
                    pauseIfOffscreen(event.target);
                  }
                },
                onError: () => {
                  if (iframe === frame) updatePlaying(false);
                },
                onAutoplayBlocked: () => {
                  if (iframe !== frame) return;
                  updatePlaying(false);
                  live.textContent = 'Playback did not start automatically. Press Play in the YouTube player.';
                },
              },
            });
          })
          .catch(() => {
            // Native playback still works if API tracking is blocked.
            // Do not claim the video is playing without a confirmed state.
            if (iframe === frame) updatePlaying(false);
          });
      }

      function selectVideo(id, autoplay = false) {
        selected = videos.find((v) => v.id === id) || videos[0];
        if (!selected) return;
        watch.href = 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=' + selected.id;
        rail.querySelectorAll('.sv__card').forEach((button) => {
          const active = button.dataset.id === selected.id;
          if (active) button.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');
          else button.removeAttribute('aria-current');
          button.querySelector('.sv__badge').hidden = !(active && playing);
        });
        if (autoplay) showPlayerIfOffscreen();
        if (autoplay || (activated && (!iframe || loadedVideoId !== selected.id))) switchPlayer(autoplay);
        if (autoplay)
          live.textContent =
            'Selected: ' + selected.title + '. If playback does not begin, use Play in the YouTube player.';
      }

      function render() {
        imageObserver?.disconnect();
        const fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
        // Sort a copy so the featured video and original playlist stay unchanged.
        const ordered = [...videos].sort((a, b) => {
          const byViews = sortSelect?.value === 'views';
          const valueA = byViews ? a.views : a.published ? Date.parse(a.published) : null;
          const valueB = byViews ? b.views : b.published ? Date.parse(b.published) : null;
          // Missing values stay last in either direction; ties retain playlist order.
          if (valueA === null) return valueB === null ? 0 : 1;
          if (valueB === null) return -1;
          return (valueA - valueB) * (byViews ? -1 : 1) * (reversed ? -1 : 1);
        });
        ordered.forEach((video) => {
          const item = document.createElement('li');
          const button = document.createElement('button');
          button.type = 'button';
          button.className = 'sv__card';
          button.dataset.id = video.id;
          button.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Play ' + video.title);
          const thumb = document.createElement('span');
          thumb.className = 'sv__thumb';
          const img = document.createElement('img');
          img.width = 480;
          img.height = 360;
          img.alt = '';
          img.loading = 'lazy';
          img.decoding = 'async';
          img.dataset.src = 'https://i.ytimg.com/vi/' + video.id + '/hqdefault.jpg';
          img.addEventListener(
            'error',
            () => {
              img.hidden = true;
            },
            { once: true },
          );
          const badge = document.createElement('span');
          badge.className = 'sv__badge';
          badge.hidden = true;
          badge.innerHTML = playIcon;
          badge.append('Playing');
          if (video.id === selected?.id) {
            button.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');
            badge.hidden = !playing;
          }
          const text = document.createElement('span');
          text.className = 'sv__card-title';
          text.textContent = video.title;
          const copy = document.createElement('span');
          copy.className = 'sv__card-copy';
          const meta = document.createElement('span');
          meta.className = 'sv__card-meta';
          if (video.views !== null) {
            const views = document.createElement('span');
            views.textContent = viewFormatter.format(video.views) + (video.views === 1 ? ' view' : ' views');
            views.title = exactViewFormatter.format(video.views) + ' views reported by the RSS feed';
            meta.append(views);
          }
          if (video.published) {
            if (meta.childNodes.length) meta.append(' · ');
            const date = document.createElement('time');
            date.dateTime = video.published;
            date.textContent = dateFormatter.format(new Date(video.published));
            meta.append(date);
          }
          meta.hidden = !meta.childNodes.length;
          copy.append(text, meta);
          if (!meta.hidden) button.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Play ' + video.title + '. ' + meta.textContent);
          thumb.append(img, badge);
          button.append(thumb, copy);
          item.append(button);
          fragment.append(item);
        });
        rail.replaceChildren(fragment);
        $('.sv__count').textContent = ' / ' + videos.length + (videos.length === 1 ? ' video' : ' videos');
        if (sortSelect) sortSelect.disabled = videos.length < 2;
        if (sortReverse) sortReverse.disabled = videos.length < 2;
        if (activated) loadThumbnails();
        requestAnimationFrame(updateScroll);
      }

      function loadThumbnails() {
        imageObserver?.disconnect();
        if ('IntersectionObserver' in window) {
          imageObserver = new IntersectionObserver(
            (entries) => {
              entries.forEach(({ target, isIntersecting }) => {
                if (!isIntersecting) return;
                target.src = target.dataset.src;
                imageObserver.unobserve(target);
              });
            },
            { root: rail, rootMargin: '100px' },
          );
          rail.querySelectorAll('img[data-src]').forEach((img) => imageObserver.observe(img));
        } else
          rail.querySelectorAll('img[data-src]').forEach((img) => {
            img.src = img.dataset.src;
          });
      }

      async function refreshFeed() {
        const path = root.dataset.feedUrl;
        if (!path || !/^https?:$/.test(location.protocol)) return;
        const controller = new AbortController();
        const timeout = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 5000);
        try {
          const url = new URL(path, location.href);
          if (url.origin !== location.origin) throw new Error('The feed endpoint must be same-origin.');
          const response = await fetch(url, { signal: controller.signal, credentials: 'omit' });
          if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Feed unavailable');
          const xml = new DOMParser().parseFromString(await response.text(), 'application/xml');
          if (xml.querySelector('parsererror')) throw new Error('Invalid XML');
          const fresh = clean(
            [...xml.getElementsByTagNameNS('http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom', 'entry')].map((entry) => ({
              id: entry.getElementsByTagNameNS('http://www.youtube.com/xml/schemas/2015', 'videoId')[0]?.textContent,
              title: entry.getElementsByTagNameNS('http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom', 'title')[0]?.textContent,
              published: entry.getElementsByTagNameNS('http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom', 'published')[0]?.textContent,
              views: entry
                .getElementsByTagNameNS('http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/', 'statistics')[0]
                ?.getAttribute('views'),
            })),
          );
          if (!fresh.length) throw new Error('Empty feed');
          // Never interrupt a video or replace the card a visitor has focused.
          if (interacted || rail.contains(document.activeElement)) return;
          const oldId = selected?.id;
          // Preserve a mounted video even if it just disappeared from the RSS window.
          if (iframe && selected && !fresh.some((v) => v.id === oldId)) fresh.unshift(selected);
          const same = JSON.stringify(fresh) === JSON.stringify(videos);
          videos = fresh.slice(0, 15);
          if (!same) {
            render();
            selectVideo(iframe ? oldId : root.dataset.featuredId || videos[0].id);
          }
          root.dataset.feedState = 'live';
          status.hidden = true;
        } catch {
          // A temporary feed outage must not remove a working editorial module.
          root.dataset.feedState = 'snapshot';
          if (!videos.length) {
            status.textContent = 'Videos are unavailable here right now. View the playlist on YouTube.';
            status.hidden = false;
          }
        } finally {
          clearTimeout(timeout);
        }
      }

      function applySort() {
        render();
        rail.scrollTop = 0;
        rail.scrollLeft = 0;
        const orders =
          sortSelect.value === 'views' ? ['most viewed first', 'least viewed first'] : ['oldest first', 'newest first'];
        const current = orders[Number(reversed)];
        if (sortReverse) {
          sortReverse.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(reversed));
          sortReverse.title = current + '. Reverse to ' + orders[Number(!reversed)] + '.';
        }
        live.textContent = 'Videos sorted ' + current + '.';
      }
      sortSelect?.addEventListener('change', () => {
        reversed = false;
        applySort();
      });
      sortReverse?.addEventListener('click', () => {
        reversed = !reversed;
        applySort();
      });
      rail.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
        const button = event.target.closest('button[data-id]');
        if (!button || !rail.contains(button)) return;
        interacted = true;
        updatePlaying(false);
        selectVideo(button.dataset.id, true);
      });
      rail.addEventListener('scroll', updateScroll, { passive: true });
      if ('ResizeObserver' in window) new ResizeObserver(updateScroll).observe(rail);
      else window.addEventListener('resize', updateScroll, { passive: true });
      render();
      selectVideo(root.dataset.featuredId || videos[0]?.id);
      // Observe the player itself; the intro or thumbnails may still be onscreen.
      if ('IntersectionObserver' in window) {
        const visibilityObserver = new IntersectionObserver(
          (entries) => {
            if (entries.some((entry) => !entry.isIntersecting)) pauseIfOffscreen();
          },
          { threshold: 0 },
        );
        visibilityObserver.observe(screen);
      } else {
        let pending = false;
        const checkVisibility = () => {
          if (pending) return;
          pending = true;
          requestAnimationFrame(() => {
            pending = false;
            pauseIfOffscreen();
          });
        };
        window.addEventListener('scroll', checkVisibility, { passive: true, capture: true });
        window.addEventListener('resize', checkVisibility, { passive: true });
      }
      // Refresh early; loading the player is independent of network/feed latency.
      if ('IntersectionObserver' in window) {
        const feedObserver = new IntersectionObserver(
          (entries) => {
            if (entries.some((e) => e.isIntersecting)) {
              feedObserver.disconnect();
              refreshFeed();
            }
          },
          { rootMargin: '800px' },
        );
        feedObserver.observe(root);
        const playerObserver = new IntersectionObserver(
          (entries) => {
            if (!entries.some((e) => e.isIntersecting)) return;
            playerObserver.disconnect();
            activated = true;
            loadThumbnails();
            if (!iframe) mountPlayer(false);
          },
          { rootMargin: '150px' },
        );
        playerObserver.observe(root);
      } else {
        activated = true;
        loadThumbnails();
        mountPlayer(false);
        refreshFeed();
      }
    });
  }
  if (document.readyState === 'loading') document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', initialize, { once: true });
  else initialize();
})();
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        var popupNewsletterElement = document.querySelector('.newsletter-popup');
if (!popupNewsletterElement) return;

var newsletterCloseBtn = '.js--close-newsletter';
var newsletterShownClass = 'newsletter-popup--shown';
var lastFocusedElement = null;
var siblingsHidden = [];
var isOpen = false;

function setupAccessibility() {
  var heading = popupNewsletterElement.querySelector('.popup-newsletter-h2');
  if (heading) {
    if (!heading.id) heading.id = 'newsletter-popup-title';
    popupNewsletterElement.setAttribute('aria-labelledby', heading.id);
  }
  popupNewsletterElement.setAttribute('role', 'dialog');
  popupNewsletterElement.setAttribute('aria-modal', 'true');
  popupNewsletterElement.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');

  var closeEl = document.querySelector(newsletterCloseBtn);
  if (closeEl) closeEl.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Close');
}
setupAccessibility();

function getFocusableElements() {
  var selector = 'a[href], button:not([disabled]), textarea, input, select, [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])';
  return Array.prototype.slice.call(popupNewsletterElement.querySelectorAll(selector));
}

function handleKeydown(e) {
  if (e.key === 'Escape' || e.key === 'Esc') {
    e.preventDefault();
    closeNewsletter();
    return;
  }
  if (e.key !== 'Tab') return;
  var focusable = getFocusableElements();
  if (focusable.length === 0) return;
  var first = focusable[0];
  var last = focusable[focusable.length - 1];
  if (e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === first) {
    e.preventDefault();
    last.focus();
  } else if (!e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === last) {
    e.preventDefault();
    first.focus();
  }
}

function hideBackgroundContent() {
  siblingsHidden = [];
  Array.prototype.forEach.call(document.body.children, function (el) {
    if (el === popupNewsletterElement || el.contains(popupNewsletterElement)) return;
    if (el.hasAttribute('inert') || el.getAttribute('aria-hidden') === 'true') return;
    if ('inert' in el) el.inert = true;
    else el.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
    siblingsHidden.push(el);
  });
}

function restoreBackgroundContent() {
  siblingsHidden.forEach(function (el) {
    if ('inert' in el) el.inert = false;
    else el.removeAttribute('aria-hidden');
  });
  siblingsHidden = [];
}

function onOpened() {
  if (isOpen) return;
  isOpen = true;
  lastFocusedElement = document.activeElement;
  popupNewsletterElement.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'false');
  hideBackgroundContent();
  document.addEventListener('keydown', handleKeydown);
  var closeEl = document.querySelector(newsletterCloseBtn);
  if (closeEl) closeEl.focus();
}

function onClosed() {
  if (!isOpen) return;
  isOpen = false;
  document.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeydown);
  restoreBackgroundContent();
  if (lastFocusedElement && typeof lastFocusedElement.focus === 'function') {
    lastFocusedElement.focus();
  }
}

window.closeNewsletter = function () {
  popupNewsletterElement.classList.remove(newsletterShownClass);
  popupNewsletterElement.classList.remove('cta_news_success');
  var list = document.getElementById('newsletter_list');
  if (list) list.innerHTML = '';
};

window.openNewsletterPopup = function (result) {
  popupNewsletterElement.classList.add(result);
  popupNewsletterElement.classList.add(newsletterShownClass);
};

var closeEl = document.querySelector(newsletterCloseBtn);
if (closeEl) {
  closeEl.addEventListener('click', window.closeNewsletter);
  // Links don't fire 'click' on Spacebar natively — add it manually
  closeEl.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) {
    if (e.key === ' ' || e.key === 'Spacebar') {
      e.preventDefault();
      window.closeNewsletter();
    }
    // Enter already triggers click natively on <a>, no extra code needed
  });
}

var observer = new MutationObserver(function (mutations) {
  mutations.forEach(function (m) {
    if (m.attributeName !== 'class') return;
    var shown = popupNewsletterElement.classList.contains(newsletterShownClass);
    if (shown) onOpened();
    else onClosed();
  });
});
observer.observe(popupNewsletterElement, { attributes: true });

if (popupNewsletterElement.classList.contains(newsletterShownClass)) {
  onOpened();
}
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener('.sections-container', function onElementHasRendered() {
  window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.rebelSlider({
    selector: '.sections-container',
    dots: true,
    slidesToShow: 3,
    slidesToScroll: 1,
    nextArrow: '<button aria-label="Next Topic" class="section-slider_next"></button>',
    prevArrow: '<button aria-label="Previous Topic" class="section-slider_prev"></button>',
    responsive: [
      {
        breakpoint: 768,
        settings: {
          slidesToShow: 1,
          slidesToScroll: 1,
        },
      },
    ],
  });
});

REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener(".sections-container .section-slider_next", function(sliderNext){
    let sectionContainer = sliderNext.parentNode;
	let slickList = sectionContainer.querySelector(".slick-list");

    sectionContainer.insertBefore(sliderNext, slickList);
})
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        /* Spectrum teaser audio. Install with audio-teasers.css; no playlist required. */
(() => {
  'use strict';
  if (window.spectrumTeaserAudio) return;
  // Optional: set window.spectrumTeaserAudioOptions before this script.
  const options = window.spectrumTeaserAudioOptions || {};
  const breakpoint = Number.isFinite(options.mobileBreakpoint) ? options.mobileBreakpoint : 899;
  const mobile = matchMedia(`(max-width: ${breakpoint}px)`);
  const origin = 'https://embed-player.newsoveraudio.com';
  const entries = new Map();
  const articleEntries = new WeakMap();
  const headphones = 'M3 15v-3a9 9 0 0 1 18 0v3 M3 13h2a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H3v-8Z M21 13h-2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v4a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-8Z';
  let root, title, handle, closeButton, panel, active, opener, cleanup, drag, position;
  let workTimer = 0, layoutFrame, started = false;
  let prune = false, pruneIterator = null;
  const pendingRoots = new Set(), pendingArticles = new Set();
  const events = new AbortController();
  const relevant = 'div.custom-field-has-audio, .widget__headline, a.widget__headline-text, .like-button';
  // No class/style/hidden watching: ads, animation, hover, and player updates
  // must not trigger article scans. href changes matter only on headline links.
  const watchOptions = {subtree:true, childList:true, characterData:true,
    attributes:true, attributeFilter:['href']};
  const observer = new MutationObserver(collectChanges);

  function ownElement(el) {
    return el && (el === root || root?.contains(el) || el.closest('.sta-trigger'));
  }
  function queueArticle(el) {
    const article = el?.closest('article');
    if (article?.closest('.widget')) pendingArticles.add(article);
  }
  function collectChanges(records) {
    if (!started) return;
    for (const record of records) {
      const target = record.target.nodeType === 1 ? record.target : record.target.parentElement;
      if (!target || ownElement(target) || target.closest('.like-label')) continue;
      if (record.type === 'attributes') {
        if (target.matches('a.widget__headline-text, .widget__headline a')) queueArticle(target);
      } else if (record.type === 'characterData') {
        if (target.closest('div.custom-field-has-audio, .widget__headline, a.widget__headline-text')) queueArticle(target);
      } else {
        // Text replacement and internal bookmark rendering affect this teaser only.
        if (target.closest(relevant) && !target.closest('.like-label')) queueArticle(target);
        for (const added of record.addedNodes) {
          if (added.nodeType === 1 && !ownElement(added) &&
              !added.matches('script, style, link') && !added.closest('.like-label')) pendingRoots.add(added);
        }
        for (const removed of record.removedNodes) {
          if (removed.nodeType !== 1 || ownElement(removed) || removed.matches('script, style, link')) continue;
          // An entire teaser/container may disappear. Prune known entries only;
          // never search the removed subtree or rescan the remaining document.
          prune = true;
          if (target.closest('article') && (removed.matches(relevant) || removed.querySelector(relevant))) queueArticle(target);
        }
      }
    }
    scheduleWork();
  }
  function scheduleWork() {
    // One fixed-delay queue: bursts coalesce without resetting the timer forever.
    if (started && !workTimer && (pendingRoots.size || pendingArticles.size || prune || pruneIterator)) {
      workTimer = setTimeout(flushWork,500);
    }
  }
  function take(set) {
    const value = set.values().next().value; set.delete(value); return value;
  }
  function inspectAdded(el) {
    if (!el.isConnected || ownElement(el)) return;
    // If a containing subtree is queued, let its single scan cover this node.
    for (let ancestor = el.parentElement; ancestor; ancestor = ancestor.parentElement) {
      if (pendingRoots.has(ancestor)) return;
    }
    const article = el.closest('article');
    if (article?.closest('.widget')) {
      if (el === article || el.matches(relevant) || el.closest(relevant) || el.querySelector(relevant)) pendingArticles.add(article);
      return;
    }
    // Restrict discovery to the newly inserted subtree, never document.body.
    el.querySelectorAll('article').forEach(candidate => {
      if (candidate.closest('.widget')) pendingArticles.add(candidate);
    });
  }
  function removeEntry(bookmark,entry) {
    entry.button.remove(); entries.delete(bookmark);
    articleEntries.get(entry.article)?.delete(bookmark);
  }
  function flushWork() {
    // Only one synchronous batch can run. Yield between small batches so long
    // lazy loads do not monopolize the main thread. This is a cooperative budget.
    workTimer = 0;
    if (!started) return;
    const until = performance.now() + 6;
    let processed = 0;
    // Preserve queued external changes, then suppress notifications for our writes.
    collectChanges(observer.takeRecords());
    clearTimeout(workTimer); workTimer = 0;
    observer.disconnect();
    try {
      while (processed < 12 && performance.now() < until) {
        if (pendingRoots.size) {
          inspectAdded(take(pendingRoots));
        } else if (pendingArticles.size) {
          updateArticle(take(pendingArticles));
        } else {
          if (prune && !pruneIterator) { prune = false; pruneIterator = entries.entries(); }
          if (!pruneIterator) break;
          const next = pruneIterator.next();
          if (next.done) { pruneIterator = null; continue; }
          const [bookmark,entry] = next.value;
          if (!bookmark.isConnected || !entry.article.isConnected) removeEntry(bookmark,entry);
        }
        processed++;
      }
      if (!pendingArticles.size && !pendingRoots.size && !prune && !pruneIterator && active &&
          ![...entries.values()].some(e => e.story.url === active.url)) close(false);
    } finally {
      observer.observe(document.body,watchOptions);
      scheduleWork();
    }
  }

  function node(tag, className, text) {
    const el = document.createElement(tag); el.className = className;
    if (text !== undefined) el.textContent = text;
    return el;
  }
  function icon(path, viewBox = '0 0 24 24') {
    const svg = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg','svg');
    svg.setAttribute('viewBox',viewBox); svg.setAttribute('aria-hidden','true');
    svg.setAttribute('focusable','false');
    const shape = document.createElementNS(svg.namespaceURI,'path');
    shape.setAttribute('d',path); svg.append(shape); return svg;
  }
  function storyFor(article) {
    if (![...article.querySelectorAll('div.custom-field-has-audio')].some(el =>
        el.closest('article') === article && el.textContent.trim().toLowerCase() === 'true')) return null;
    const link = article.querySelector('a.widget__headline-text[href], .widget__headline a[href]');
    const title = link?.textContent.replace(/\s+/g,' ').trim();
    const href = link?.getAttribute('href')?.trim();
    if (!title || !href) return null;
    try {
      const url = new URL(href,document.baseURI);
      if (!['https:','http:'].includes(url.protocol)) return null;
      url.hash = ''; return {title,url:url.href};
    } catch (_) { return null; }
  }
  function bookmarkColor(bookmark) {
    // Spectrum's bookmark paint is in a data-URL SVG; its CSS color is unrelated.
    const glyph = bookmark.querySelector('.heart, svg') || bookmark;
    try {
      const image = getComputedStyle(glyph).backgroundImage;
      if (image.includes('data:image/svg+xml,')) {
        const source = decodeURIComponent(image.slice(image.indexOf(',') + 1).replace(/["')]+$/, ''));
        const colors = [...source.matchAll(/(?:stroke|fill)\s*=\s*["'](#[\da-f]{3,8})["']/gi)];
        if (colors.length) return colors[0][1];
      }
      const painted = bookmark.querySelector('svg [stroke], svg [fill]');
      if (painted) {
        const style = getComputedStyle(painted);
        if (style.stroke && style.stroke !== 'none') return style.stroke;
        if (style.fill && style.fill !== 'none') return style.fill;
      }
    } catch (_) { /* Use the known Spectrum bookmark colors below. */ }
    return bookmark.closest('.fullwidth_post') ? '#a6a6a6' : '#404040';
  }
  function updateArticle(article) {
    const story = article.isConnected && article.closest('.widget') ? storyFor(article) : null;
    const seen = new Set();
    if (story) article.querySelectorAll('.like-button').forEach(bookmark => {
      if (bookmark.closest('article') !== article || !bookmark.querySelector('.like-btn')) return;
      seen.add(bookmark);
      let entry = entries.get(bookmark);
      if (!entry) {
        const button = node('button','sta-trigger'); button.type = 'button';
        button.append(icon(headphones)); button.setAttribute('aria-controls','spectrum-teaser-player');
        entry = {button,story,article}; entries.set(bookmark,entry);
        if (!articleEntries.has(article)) articleEntries.set(article,new Set());
        articleEntries.get(article).add(bookmark);
        // Compute once per bookmark element, not on every mutation or resize.
        button.style.setProperty('--sta-bookmark-color',bookmarkColor(bookmark));
        button.addEventListener('click',event => {
          event.preventDefault(); event.stopPropagation();
          // Keyboard/assistive activation has no pointer click count. Keep touch
          // and mouse users on the teaser rather than highlighting Close.
          open(entry.story,button,event.detail === 0);
        });
      }
      entry.story = story;
      if (entry.article !== article) {
        articleEntries.get(entry.article)?.delete(bookmark);
        if (!articleEntries.has(article)) articleEntries.set(article,new Set());
        articleEntries.get(article).add(bookmark); entry.article = article;
      }
      const label = 'Listen to ' + story.title;
      if (entry.button.getAttribute('aria-label') !== label) {
        entry.button.setAttribute('aria-label',label); entry.button.title = label;
      }
      const expanded = String(active?.url === story.url);
      if (entry.button.getAttribute('aria-expanded') !== expanded) entry.button.setAttribute('aria-expanded',expanded);
      if (bookmark.nextElementSibling !== entry.button) bookmark.after(entry.button);
    });
    for (const bookmark of articleEntries.get(article) || []) {
      if (!seen.has(bookmark)) removeEntry(bookmark,entries.get(bookmark));
    }
  }
  function refresh() {
    // Explicit CMS hook only; automatic updates never perform this full lookup.
    if (!started) return;
    document.querySelectorAll('.widget article').forEach(article => pendingArticles.add(article));
    prune = true; scheduleWork();
  }
  function embedUrl(article, standalone = false) {
    // NOA identifies audio by the clean article URL, without tracking parameters.
    // Keep story.url intact for the Read link.
    const audioId = new URL(article);
    audioId.search = '';
    audioId.hash = '';
    const url = new URL('/v4',origin);
    url.search = new URLSearchParams(standalone ? {key:'q5m19e',id:audioId.href} : {
      key:'q5m19e',id:audioId.href,bgColor:'FAF7F4',color:'1b1b1c',playColor:'1b1b1c',
      progressBgColor:'F5F5F5',progressBorderColor:'bdbbbb',titleColor:'FAF7F4',
      timeColor:'1b1b1c',speedColor:'1b1b1c',noaLinkColor:'556B7D',
      noaLinkHighlightColor:'FF4C00',feedbackButton:'false'
    }).toString();
    return url.href;
  }
  function createPlayer() {
    root = node('section','sta-player'); root.id = 'spectrum-teaser-player';
    root.hidden = true; root.setAttribute('role','region');
    root.setAttribute('aria-label','Audio player');
    const heading = node('h2','sta-heading');
    handle = node('button','sta-handle'); handle.type = 'button';
    const phones = node('span','sta-headphones'); phones.append(icon(headphones));
    title = node('span','sta-title'); handle.append(phones,title); heading.append(handle);
    closeButton = node('button','sta-close'); closeButton.type = 'button';
    closeButton.setAttribute('aria-label','Close player and stop audio');
    closeButton.title = 'Close player and stop audio';
    closeButton.append(icon('M3 3l10 10M13 3 3 13','0 0 16 16'));
    closeButton.addEventListener('click',() => close(true));
    panel = node('div','sta-panel'); root.append(heading,closeButton,panel);
    document.body.append(root);
    handle.addEventListener('pointerdown',event => {
      if (mobile.matches || event.button !== 0) return;
      event.preventDefault(); handle.focus({preventScroll:true});
      const rect = root.getBoundingClientRect();
      drag = {id:event.pointerId,x:event.clientX,y:event.clientY,left:rect.left,top:rect.top};
      handle.setPointerCapture(event.pointerId); root.classList.add('sta-dragging');
    });
    handle.addEventListener('pointermove',event => {
      if (!drag || drag.id !== event.pointerId) return;
      place(drag.left+event.clientX-drag.x,drag.top+event.clientY-drag.y);
    });
    for (const event of ['pointerup','pointercancel','lostpointercapture']) handle.addEventListener(event,endDrag);
    handle.addEventListener('keydown',event => {
      if (mobile.matches || !event.key.startsWith('Arrow')) return;
      event.preventDefault(); const step = event.shiftKey ? 40 : 10;
      place(position.x + (event.key === 'ArrowLeft' ? -step : event.key === 'ArrowRight' ? step : 0),
        position.y + (event.key === 'ArrowUp' ? -step : event.key === 'ArrowDown' ? step : 0));
    });
    root.addEventListener('keydown',event => {
      if (event.key === 'Escape') { event.preventDefault(); close(true); }
    });
  }
  function endDrag() {
    if (drag && handle.hasPointerCapture(drag.id)) handle.releasePointerCapture(drag.id);
    drag = null; root?.classList.remove('sta-dragging');
  }
  function place(x, y) {
    if (!root || root.hidden || mobile.matches) return;
    const v = window.visualViewport;
    const vx = v?.offsetLeft || 0, vy = v?.offsetTop || 0;
    const width = v?.width || document.documentElement.clientWidth;
    const height = v?.height || window.innerHeight;
    root.style.setProperty('--sta-width',Math.min(340,Math.max(1,width-32))+'px');
    const r = root.getBoundingClientRect();
    const right = Math.max(vx+16,vx+width-r.width-16), bottom = Math.max(vy+16,vy+height-r.height-16);
    position = {x:Math.min(right,Math.max(vx+16,x ?? right)),y:Math.min(bottom,Math.max(vy+16,y ?? bottom))};
    root.style.setProperty('--sta-x',position.x+'px'); root.style.setProperty('--sta-y',position.y+'px');
  }
  function layout() {
    layoutFrame = 0; if (!active) return;
    const mode = mobile.matches ? 'mobile' : 'desktop';
    if (root.dataset.mode !== mode) { endDrag(); position = null; }
    root.dataset.mode = mode;
    handle.disabled = mobile.matches;
    handle.setAttribute('aria-label',active.title + (mobile.matches ? '' : '. Move player: drag or use arrow keys.'));
    handle.title = mobile.matches ? active.title : 'Drag to move. Arrow keys move the player.';
    place(position?.x,position?.y);
  }
  function scheduleLayout() {
    if (!layoutFrame) layoutFrame = requestAnimationFrame(layout);
  }
  function updateTriggers() {
    for (const entry of entries.values()) entry.button.setAttribute('aria-expanded',String(active?.url === entry.story.url));
  }
  function close(restoreFocus = false) {
    if (!active) return;
    endDrag(); cleanup?.(); cleanup = null; active = null;
    panel.replaceChildren();
    if (typeof root.hidePopover === 'function' && root.matches(':popover-open')) root.hidePopover();
    root.hidden = true; updateTriggers();
    if (restoreFocus && opener?.isConnected) opener.focus({preventScroll:true});
  }
  function open(story,button,moveFocus = false) {
    // Teasers open their own player without selecting or revealing the playlist.
    // Its close API also dismisses any floating card and destroys its iframe.
    window.spectrumAudioRail?.close?.();
    if (active?.url === story.url) {
      opener = button;
      if (moveFocus) closeButton.focus({preventScroll:true});
      return;
    }
    close(false); if (!root) createPlayer(); active = story; opener = button;
    title.textContent = story.title; root.hidden = false;
    const crop = node('div','sta-crop'); crop.setAttribute('aria-busy','true');
    const frame = node('iframe','sta-frame'); frame.title = 'Listen to '+story.title;
    frame.id = 'spectrum-teaser-noa'; frame.width = '100%'; frame.height = '110';
    frame.setAttribute('scrolling','no'); frame.allow = 'autoplay';
    const actions = node('div','sta-actions');
    for (const [label,accessible,href] of [
      ['Read ↗','Read story in a new tab',story.url],
      ['Audio ↗','Open audio in a new tab',embedUrl(story.url,true)]
    ]) {
      const link = node('a','sta-action',label); link.href = href;
      link.target = '_blank'; link.rel = 'noopener noreferrer';
      link.title = accessible; link.setAttribute('aria-label',accessible); actions.append(link);
    }
    const note = node('p','sta-load-note','Audio is taking longer to load.');
    const fallback = node('a','sta-action','Open audio ↗'); fallback.href = embedUrl(story.url,true);
    fallback.target = '_blank'; fallback.rel = 'noopener noreferrer'; note.append(' ',fallback);
    note.hidden = true; note.setAttribute('role','status');
    let paint;
    const slow = setTimeout(() => {note.hidden = false; crop.setAttribute('aria-busy','false'); scheduleLayout();},15000);
    const ready = event => {
      if (event.origin !== origin || event.source !== frame.contentWindow || event.data !== 'NOA_AUDIO_FOUND') return;
      window.removeEventListener('message',ready); clearTimeout(slow); note.hidden = true;
      paint = requestAnimationFrame(() => {paint = requestAnimationFrame(() => {
        if (!frame.isConnected) return; frame.classList.add('is-ready'); crop.setAttribute('aria-busy','false');
      });});
    };
    window.addEventListener('message',ready);
    cleanup = () => {window.removeEventListener('message',ready);clearTimeout(slow);cancelAnimationFrame(paint);};
    frame.src = embedUrl(story.url); crop.append(frame); panel.append(crop,actions,note);
    // Never reparent this iframe for viewport changes, dragging, or scrolling.
    if (typeof root.showPopover === 'function') {
      root.setAttribute('popover','manual');
      try {root.showPopover();} catch (_) {root.removeAttribute('popover');}
    }
    layout(); updateTriggers();
    if (moveFocus) closeButton.focus({preventScroll:true});
  }
  function start() {
    if (!document.body) return;
    started = true; refresh(); observer.observe(document.body,watchOptions);
    window.addEventListener('resize',scheduleLayout,{signal:events.signal,passive:true});
    mobile.addEventListener('change',scheduleLayout,{signal:events.signal});
    if (window.visualViewport) {
      visualViewport.addEventListener('resize',scheduleLayout,{signal:events.signal,passive:true});
      visualViewport.addEventListener('scroll',scheduleLayout,{signal:events.signal,passive:true});
    }
  }
  const startTimer = setTimeout(start,3000);
  window.spectrumTeaserAudio = {
    refresh,
    close:() => close(false),
    destroy() {
      started = false; clearTimeout(startTimer);clearTimeout(workTimer);cancelAnimationFrame(layoutFrame);
      observer.disconnect();events.abort();close(false);root?.remove();
      for (const entry of entries.values()) entry.button.remove();
      entries.clear();pendingRoots.clear();pendingArticles.clear();pruneIterator = null;delete window.spectrumTeaserAudio;
    }
  };
})();
    

});</script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-components" type="text"></script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-lowest" type="text">

window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        (function () {
  let prevFocus = null;
  let observer = null;

  function enhanceOverlay() {
    const overlay = document.getElementById('overlay_DFP');
    if (!overlay) return;

    if (!prevFocus) prevFocus = document.activeElement;

    overlay.setAttribute('role', 'dialog');
    overlay.setAttribute('aria-modal', 'true');
    overlay.setAttribute('aria-label', 'advertisement pop-up');
    overlay.tabIndex = -1;

    const bg = document.getElementById('overlay_DFP_bg');
    if (bg) { bg.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true'); bg.tabIndex = -1; }

    const closeText = document.getElementById('close_text');
    if (closeText) {
      closeText.setAttribute('role', 'button');
      closeText.setAttribute('aria-label', 'close pop-up');
      closeText.tabIndex = 0;
      closeText.addEventListener('click', closeAd);
      closeText.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
        if (e.key === 'Enter') { e.preventDefault(); closeAd(); }
        if (e.key === 'Escape') closeAd();
      });
    }

    const closeBtn = document.getElementById('close_DFP_btn');
    if (closeBtn) {
      closeBtn.setAttribute('role', 'button');
      closeBtn.setAttribute('aria-label', 'close pop-up');
      closeBtn.tabIndex = 0;
      closeBtn.addEventListener('click', closeAd);
      closeBtn.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
        if (e.key === 'Enter') { e.preventDefault(); closeAd(); }
        if (e.key === 'Escape') closeAd();
      });
    }

    const adLink = overlay.querySelector('#interContent_DFP a');
    if (adLink) adLink.setAttribute('aria-label', 'open advertisement');

    const adImg = overlay.querySelector('#interContent_DFP img');
    if (adImg) {
      adImg.setAttribute('role', 'img');
      adImg.setAttribute('aria-label', 'pop-up');
    }

    overlay.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
      if (e.key === 'Escape') closeAd();
    });

    setTimeout(() => {
      if (closeText) closeText.focus();
      else if (closeBtn) closeBtn.focus();
      else if (adLink) adLink.focus();
      else overlay.focus();
    }, 0);

    const getFocusables = () =>
      overlay.querySelectorAll('a, button, [role="button"], [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])');
    overlay.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
      if (e.key !== 'Tab') return;
      const items = Array.from(getFocusables()).filter(el => el.offsetParent !== null);
      if (!items.length) return;
      const first = items[0], last = items[items.length - 1];
      if (e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === first) { e.preventDefault(); last.focus(); }
      else if (!e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === last) { e.preventDefault(); first.focus(); }
    });

    function closeAd() {
      if (overlay && overlay.parentNode) overlay.parentNode.removeChild(overlay);
      if (bg && bg.parentNode) bg.parentNode.removeChild(bg);

      // ✅ Just remove the scroll lock class
      document.body.classList.remove('stop-scrolling');

      if (observer) { observer.disconnect(); observer = null; }

      if (prevFocus && typeof prevFocus.focus === 'function') {
        try { prevFocus.focus(); } catch (e) {}
      } else {
        document.body.setAttribute('tabindex','-1');
        document.body.focus();
        document.body.removeAttribute('tabindex');
      }
    }
  }

  if (document.readyState === 'loading') {
    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', enhanceOverlay);
  } else {
    enhanceOverlay();
  }

  observer = new MutationObserver(() => {
    if (document.getElementById('overlay_DFP')) enhanceOverlay();
  });
  observer.observe(document.documentElement, { childList: true, subtree: true });
})();
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        let page_section = "539266128"

if(page_section === "2267441711"){


}
else {

window.RM_AD_LOADER.push({
  options: {
    threshold: 500,
  },
  staticSelectors: [],
  dynamicSelectors: [],

  dependencies: ["https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.js"],
  onDependanciesLoaded: function() {

    window.rblbid = window.rblbid || {};
    rblbid.cmd = rblbid.cmd || [];
    rblbid.cmd.push(function() {
      rblbid.layout('universal');
      rblbid.setTargeting("is_testing", "no");
      rblbid.setTargeting("is_home", "no");
      rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_page_type", "section");
      rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_category", window.category);
    });
  },
  onInit: function() {
  },
});
}
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        function toggleMenu(menuToggle) {
  const isExpanded = menuToggle.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true';
  menuToggle.setAttribute('aria-expanded', !isExpanded);
  // menuToggle.setAttribute('aria-label', isExpanded ? 'Open menu' : 'Close menu');
}

// Topics Dropdown
REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener('.menu-item__title', function (menuItem) {
  menuItem.addEventListener('keypress', (e) => {
    // if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') {
    //   e.preventDefault();
      menuItem.classList.toggle('keyboard-hover');
      // menuItem.click();
    // }
  });
});

//Hamburger Menu
REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener('.hambg-btn', function (hambgBtn) {
  let menuItem = document.querySelector('.menu-item__title');
  hambgBtn.addEventListener('keypress', () => {
    menuItem.classList.remove('keyboard-hover');
    toggleMenu(hambgBtn);
    hambgBtn.click();
  });
});

//close icon in Huge Menu Links
REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener('.huge-menu .hm__close', function (hmClose) {
  let hugeMenu = document.querySelector('.huge-menu');
  hmClose.addEventListener('keypress', (e) => {
    if (e.key === 'Enter') {
      console.log('is this running');
      hugeMenu.style.display = 'none';
    }
  });
});

//stop displaying Huge Menu when focusout
REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener('.huge-menu .footer .list .list__item:last-of-type', function (lastItem) {
  let hugeMenu = document.querySelector('.huge-menu');
  lastItem.addEventListener('focusout', () => {
    hugeMenu.style.display = 'none';
  });
});
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        function createIdleScrollListener(callback) {
  let ticking = false;

  return function onScrollIdle() {
    if (ticking) {
      return;
    }
    ticking = true;
    requestAnimationFrame(function A() {
      callback();
      ticking = false;
    });
  };
}

var stickyEl = document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky');
var startPosition = stickyEl.offsetTop;
var darkTopbarHeight = document.querySelector('.topbar .dark_top_bar').offsetHeight;
var currentPosition;

stickyEl.style.height = stickyEl.offsetHeight + 'px';

document.addEventListener("scroll", createIdleScrollListener(function B() {
  currentPosition = stickyEl.getBoundingClientRect().top + darkTopbarHeight;
  
  if( currentPosition < startPosition ) { 
    if( !stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) {
       stickyEl.classList.add('active'); 
    }
  } else { 
    if( stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) {
       stickyEl.classList.remove('active');
    }
  }

}));
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        var section = window.location.pathname;
  
document.querySelector(".menu-dropdown").querySelector(".list").querySelector(".list__item[href*='"+section+"']").classList.add("active"); 
document.querySelector(".top-menu").querySelector(".list").querySelector(".list__item[href*='"+section+"']").classList.add("active");
    

});

window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){

    
        let scnt=1;
let options = { // threshhold for intersection observer, so it triggers before or after element in viewport dependinng upon value
  rootMargin: '0px 0px 400px 0px'
}

function handleIntersection(entries) {

  entries.map((entry) => {
    if (entry.isIntersecting) {
      if(!entry.target.classList.contains('sidebar_sticky_parent')){
        processAd(entry.target) //your call back here with the element that is intersected or in viewport
      }
      else {
        sidebar_ad_repeat(entry.target)
      }
      observer.unobserve(entry.target); // if you want to run it only once unobserve it 
    }
  });
}
window.IcreateElementChangeListener=function(selector, callback) { // look for elements that are injected later in the page.
  const initializedNodes = new Set([]);

  document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => {
    callback(node);
    initializedNodes.add(node);
  });

  const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => {
    const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector);
    nodes.forEach((node) => {
      if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) {
        callback(node);
        initializedNodes.add(node);
      }
    });
  });

  mutationObserver.observe(document.body, {
    childList: true,
    subtree: true,
  });
}
const observer = new IntersectionObserver(handleIntersection,options); 
IcreateElementChangeListener(".sidebar_sticky_parent",function(item){ //looks for item in the dom even if they are lazy laoded
  observer.observe(item); // observe item
})

function sidebar_ad_repeat(sidebar_div){
  let ad_id="ieee_sidebar_"+scnt;
  rblbid.cmd.push(function() {
    sidebar_div.querySelector(".sidebar_repeat_ad").id=ad_id;
    sidebar_div.style.height="1800px";
    scnt++;

    sidebar_div.insertAdjacentHTML('afterend','<div class="sidebar_sticky_parent"><div class="stick_in_parent"><div class="sidebar_repeat_ad rblad-ieee_sidebar"></div></div></div>')
  });
}
    

});</script></body></html>