BRAIN SHAPERS..

CYBER SECURITY - BMC106 (Questions with Answer) of AKTU

2016-03-09T02:10:00.001-08:00

What is information assurance and how is it provided?(Ans:Information assurance is defined a the set of measures applied to protect information systems and the information of an organization. It ensures availability, integrity, confidentiality and non repudiation of an organization's information and information system. IA infact the management of risk in relation of processing, transmitting or storing data or information, which means to protect information and information system from accessing, misusing, disclosing, disrupting, destructing and modifying in an unlawful manner.)
Describe security risk analysis?(Ans: Risk analysis is a continuous process that require you to constantly monitor the measures employed to maintain security of your system at present. Process of security risk analysis involves the following three key elements: impact statement, effectiveness measure and recommended countermeasures. )
How do you classify the information system in general? (Ans: there are three basic categories 1. operation support system(Transaction processing system, process control system, Enterprise collaboration System ), 2. knowledge based system (expert system, knowledge Management System), 3. management support system.(management information system, decision support system) ).
What is the public key encryption ? Explain.(Ans: in public key encryption two keys are used to encrypt and decrypt data. the key used to encrypt the data is known as public key, and the key used to decrypt the data is known as the private key.you need to generate the public key and private key to use public key encryption. the public key is then made available to anybody who wants to send data. sender can use public key to encrypt data and send the encrypted data to destination. you need to use private key which remains hidden from sender to decrypt data.)
What are the security threats? Discuss.(Ans: viruses(polymorphic, stealth, retroviruses, multipartite, armored, companion, phage, macro viruses), Trojan horses, Logic bombs, worms, spoofing(ip spoofing, content spoofing, caller id spoofing, email spoofing), Trapedoor, email viruses, Macro viruses, Malicious software, deniel of service attacks)
How we can use firewall to make secure our application? (Ans: Packet filter, Application level gateway, circuit level gateway, proxy server)
What is the process of developing secure information system?
What do you understand by security structure and design?
Describe the intellectual property issue (IPR).
Write a short note on the copyright Act.
What is the information security? Explain cyber crime and Cyber security in this reference.
What is intellectual property? Explain with example.
Elaborate the difference between security and threats and explain web security.
Draw the digrametical approach to make difference between symmetric and asymmetric cryptography.
How tunneling takes place in virtual private network (VPN)? Explain the advantage of VPN.
How you can say that intrusion detection system is the backbone of information system? Justify along with its categories.
Elaborate cyber crime play a vital role against person , property and government to protect all valuable information and rights.
What are the different technologies used for the security of data and application? explain the vulnerabilities.
Explain and diffrentiate between integrating security at the implementation phase and the development phase.
What is the data security considerations? explain in this reference data back up security, data archival security and data disposal considerations.
Explain in what situation semiconductor law comes in consideration and how it differs from patent law?
What is the application security? define it in the case of vendor challenges and user challenges for application security.
Explain the concept of cryptography by using the diagrammatic approach of it. define the transformation method of it.
Elaborate the term access control. What is include in authorization process for (File, Program, data Rights) and explain the all type of controls.
Explain the information system resource and activities and what may be the reason of failure of it.

MCA OOS UNIT 4 & UNIT 5

2012-11-12T09:10:00.001-08:00

Inheritance

C++ strongly supports the concepts of reusability.

Once a class has been written and tested, it can be adopted b other programmers to suit their requirements.

This is basically done by creating new classes reusing the properties of the existing once.

The mechanism of deriving a new class from an old one is called inheritance.

The old class is referred as base class and the new one is called the derived or subclass.

Hierarchical Inheritance

Multilevel Inheritance

Multiple Inheritance

Hybrid Inheritance

Single Inheritance

A class can also inherit properties from more than one class or from more than one level .

A derived class with only one base class is called single inheritance and one with several base classes is called multiple inheritances.

The traits of one class may be inherited by more than one class. This process is called as hierarchical inheritance.

The mechanism of deriving a class from another derived class is known as multilevel inheritance.

Syntax

class derived_ class-name : visibility-mode base class_name
{
---------------//
---------------//members of derived class
--------------//
} ;

Single Inheritance Example :Single Inheritance is method in which a derived class has only one base class.

#include <iostream.h>
class Value 
  {
    protected:
      int val;
    public:
      void set_values (int a)
        { val=a;}
  };
class Cube: public Value 
  {
    public:
     int cube()
       { return (val*val*val); }
  };
int main () 
 {
   Cube cub;
   cub.set_values (5); //object of cube class inherit the

                         function of Value class 
   cout << "The Cube of 5 is::" << cub.cube() << endl;
   return 0;
 }

Multiple Inheritance Example: Multiple Inheritance is a method by which a class is derived from more than one base class.

#include <iostream.h>
using namespace std;
class Square
  {
    protected:
     int l;
    public:
     void set_values (int x)
      { l=x;}
  };
class CShow 
  {
    public:
     void show(int i);
  };

void CShow::show (int i) 
 {
   cout << "The area of the square is::" << i << endl;
 }

class Area: public Square, public CShow
  {
   public:
    int area()
      { return (l *l); }
  };
int main () 
{
  Area r;
  r.set_values (5);
  r.show(r.area());
  return 0;
}

Hierarchical Inheritance Example: Hierarchical Inheritance is a method of inheritance where one or more derived classes is derived from common base class.

#include <iostream.h>
class Side
  {
    protected:
      int l;
    public:
      void set_values (int x)
        { l=x;}
  };
class Square: public Side
  {
    public:
      int sq()
      { return (l *l); }
  };
class Cube:public Side
  {
   public:
     int cub()
      { return (l *l*l); }
  };
int main () 
  {
    Square s;
    s.set_values (10);
    cout << "The square value is::" << s.sq() << endl;
    Cube c;
    c.set_values (20);
    cout << "The cube value is::" << c.cub() << endl;
    return 0;
  }

Multilevel Inheritance Example: Multilevel Inheritance is a method where a derived class is derived from another derived class.

#include <iostream.h>
class mm
  {
    protected:
      int rollno;
    public:
      void get_num(int a)
        { rollno = a; }
      void put_num()
        { cout << "Roll Number Is:\n"<< rollno << "\n"; }
  };
class marks : public mm
  {
    protected:
      int sub1;
      int sub2;
    public:
      void get_marks(int x,int y)
        {
           sub1 = x;
           sub2 = y;
        }
      void put_marks(void)
        {
          cout << "Subject 1:" << sub1 << "\n";
          cout << "Subject 2:" << sub2 << "\n";
        }
   };
class res : public marks
   {
     protected: 
       float tot;
     public:
       void disp(void)
          {
            tot = sub1+sub2;
            put_num();
            put_marks();
            cout << "Total:"<< tot;
          }
   };
int main()
   {
     res std1;
     std1.get_num(5);
     std1.get_marks(10,20);
     std1.disp();
     return 0;
  }


Hybrid Inheritance Example: Hybrid Inheritance is a method where one or more types of inheritance are combined together and used.




#include <iostream.h>
class mm
  {
    protected:
      int rollno;
    public:
      void get_num(int a)
       { rollno = a; }
      void put_num()
       { cout << "Roll Number Is:"<< rollno << "\n"; }
  };
class marks : public mm
  {
   protected:
     int sub1;
     int sub2;
   public:
     void get_marks(int x,int y)
       {
         sub1 = x;
         sub2 = y;
       }
     void put_marks(void)
       {
          cout << "Subject 1:" << sub1 << "\n";
          cout << "Subject 2:" << sub2 << "\n";
      }
  };

class extra 
  {
    protected:
      float e;
    public:
    void get_extra(float s)
      {e=s;}
    void put_extra(void)
      { cout << "Extra Score::" << e << "\n";}
  };

class res : public marks, public extra{
   protected: 
     float tot;
   public:
     void disp(void)
       {
         tot = sub1+sub2+e; 
         put_num();
         put_marks();
         put_extra();
         cout << "Total:"<< tot;
       }
 };

int main()
 {
   res std1;
   std1.get_num(10);
   std1.get_marks(10,20);
   std1.get_extra(33.12);
   std1.disp();
   return 0;
 }
When a base class is privately inherited by a derived class, public members of the
base class become private members of the derived class and therefore the public
member of the base class can only be accessed by the member functions of the derived class. They are inaccessible to the object of the derived class. 
A public member of a class can be accessed by its own objects using dot operator.

The result is that no member of the base class is accessible to the object of the derived class.

Visibility of Inherited members:

MCA-512 (UNIT V) - Dot Net Framework and C# (Assembly)

2011-12-13T09:22:00.000-08:00

Assembly an Introduction

An assembly is a small logical collection of classes that contains the metadata of an application and components and resources that enable you to create an application. An assembly is one of the main components of the .NET framework and it is developed during the Runtime. An assembly provides the CLR with the metadata, which describes types, members, and references in your code. The runtime uses the metadata to locate and load classes, lay out instances in memory, generate native code, and enforce security.

It contains a manifest for executing a Microsoft Intermediate Language-based code (MSIL) at the CLR.Before the advent of the .NET platform, the business logic was implemented in the COM component. The main problem with COM is that it is tightly coupled with the operating system. When you deploy a COM component on a system, it copies the related .dll or .exe file to a specific location and makes an entry for the file in the registry. In COM, every component is uniquely identified in the registry through a Globally Unique Identifier (GUID).

DLL-hell Problem

Needs for Assemblies
The assembly handles the operating system dependency and DLL-hell problems because it is a self-describing unit. You can maintain two versions of the same assembly on the same system.

COM-based systems are prone to the classic dll-hell problem. You cannot modify a component after it is deployed without affecting existing clients. COM provides a mechanism to register and access multiple versions of a component in the registry, but the operating system does not provide a mechanism to prevent an earlier version of a .dll from accidentally overwriting a newer version.The assembly handles the operating system dependency and DLL-hell problems because it is a self-describing unit. You can maintain two versions of the same assembly on the same system.

When Microsoft developed the .NET platform, the operating system dependency and the dll-hell problems were a major focus and it wanted to remove the coupling between the platform and the registry. The metadata of an application resides in the application itself and provides multiple versions of applications on the same system because each version maintains its own metadata.

Assembly Advantages

- Easy Deployment: Allows you to deploy a .NET component on a client computer with a simple Xcopy command.

- Side-by-side Execution: Allows other applications to use assemblies in addition to the primary application.

- Operating System Independence: Allow you to port assemblies to any operating system that supports a .NET common runtime environment.

Structure of an Assembly

A .NET assembly consists of assembly metadata and the assembly manifest contains the type information, resources, and the MSIL code to implement type metadata in an assembly. The manifest is an important component of an assembly. The assembly manifest contains the following:

- Identity Information: Identifies the assembly uniquely by the combination of four properties:

assembly name, assembly version, culture, and strong name.

- File List Information: Includes types and declarations defined in another file. Every assembly is made up of one or more files. The manifest maintains a list of files that make up the assembly. The manifest maps the file containing the types and declarations to the file containing the declaration and implementation of an application.

- Identity Information: Identifies the assembly uniquely by the combination of four properties:

assembly name, assembly version, culture, and strong name.

- Referenced Assembly Information: Includes the information of references to other assemblies. In application development, you can develop various components that are spread across various assemblies.

- Exported Type References: Includes information about the functions and types that are exported and available to other assemblies. The components of other assemblies may refer to the methods and properties in the current assembly.

- Type Metadata: Provides the description of each class type. The manifest includes the name of each class type exported from the assembly and the information about the file containing its metadata.
- Resources: Includes resources such as bitmaps that you can integrate into a manifest. The assembly's resource section contains information on the resources the application uses.

- MSIL Code: Contains the compiled code in the MSIL format. The manifest is the system information about the assembly. The .NET platform compiles code written in a CLS-compliant language to an Intermediate Language (IL). The MSIL compiler compiles the source code to an IL form. When the .Net-based code is executed, the just-in-time compiler of the .NET runtime compiles the IL code to the executable form. The runtime loads the compiled code segment in memory and executes it. As a result, the system stores the complete compiled code as part of the assembly in IL format and recompiles and executes it. This happens only once between the loading and unloading of the .NET runtime.

Types of Assemblies

There are two types of assemblies, single-file and multi-file assemblies. In the .NET platform there is no difference between the two. Based on the structure, constraints, and requirements of the development team, you can choose either type of assembly.

Single-File Assembly
Multi-File Assembly

Single-File Assembly-A single-file assembly stores the manifest, type metadata, IL, and resources in a single file. You can use this approach for simple applications when you need to develop an assembly for a small-scale deployment.

Multi-File Assembly: For example, you can have different modules related to the system administration functionality, developed over a period of time. Using the multi-file assembly feature of .NET, you can group all administration functionality modules into an assembly to facilitate component versioning and maintenance.

Scope of Assemblies

Assemblies can either contain a private or a public scope, based on the level of access required by the clients who access it. The manifest contains information regarding the scope of an assembly.

• Private Assembly

• Shared Assembly

Private Assembly- Assemblies are private in scope if only one application can access them. Private assemblies are only available to clients in the same directory structure as the assembly. As a result, the .NET assembly resides in the same directory structure as the client executable. You can use a private assembly when it is specific to a client application and no other client application refers to it.

Shared Assembly-When an assembly such as a system assembly contains features shared by various applications, standard deployment techniques discourage the use of private assemblies. As a result, you need to maintain a copy of the assembly for each client application. You can also register the assembly in the Global Assembly Cache (GAC), so that all client applications refer to one copy of the assembly. This type of assembly is called a shared assembly. The side-by-side execution feature of the .NET platform enables you to register multiple versions of the same assembly in GAC.

Global Assembly Cache(GAC): GAC is a repository of assemblies used by multiple applications on a system. When you install the .NET runtime on a system, it creates a cache, which can be used to store assemblies.

Advantages
The advantages of storing an assembly as a shared assembly in GAC are:
- Multiple Applications: Allows you to access an assembly from one location, GAC. If multiple applications use the same assembly, instead of keeping a copy of the assembly in each application folder, you can store a shared assembly in GAC.

- Automatic Search Location: Enables the client application to easily access an assembly stored in GAC. When the runtime searches for an assembly, GAC is the default location it searches.

Security: Ensures that only the system administrator can modify permissions of the folder. The GAC is always installed in the system folder. It inherits the permissions and Access Control Lists (ACLs) present in the system folder. As a result, you can protect GAC from unauthorized modifications.

- Side-by-side Versioning: Enables you to maintain multiple versions of the same application on a system. Private assemblies enable you to maintain a copy of the assembly in every client application folder. When a new version of an assembly is released, instead of updating the assemblies in all client applications, you can maintain multiple versions of the assembly in a central location, GAC. Client applications can refer to various versions of assemblies in GAC.

Disadvantage of Storing an Assembly in GAC

In a private assembly, you can use a simple Xcopy operation for deployment, which you cannot use for GAC-based assemblies. The assembly has to be physically registered in the GAC of client computers. For example, assemblies stored in the GAC should have the same assembly name and file name, which means that you should save assembly name abc as abc.exe or abc.dll.

Best Answers of a interview question, "What is your weakness?"

2011-11-22T00:27:00.001-08:00

What is your weakness is a simple question but has a lot of significance. This question has to be answered well and by this the employer guages your temperament. So, prepare well to make it your strength during the interview.

few example of such type of Questions:-

"My weakness is I get irritated when my group member refuse to bear their responsibility."

"I get fed up when anyone discourage me."

"I Believe people blindly at first sight."

"Can't tolerate the disturbance during work time."

"I do not feel comfortable until i finish my work."

"very friendly in behavior."

"It is very much difficult for me to say 'NO' to someone."

"I am an analyzer. Sometimes in leisure time i start doing analysis on people's sayings."

"My weakness is doing mistake once and my strength is I will never do done mistake again"

i can not trust the person with-in shortly.

TOP MCA/ENGINEERING COLLEGE IN NCR/GHAZIABAD

2011-06-29T06:39:00.000-07:00

Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad-120 –Reputed college in engineering with excelent academic environment.in top 10 from many years.it offers M. Tech course also.

Hi-Tech Institute of Engineering & Technology, Ghaziabad- 60 - Reputed college with excelent academic environment ............................provides technical certfication with degree………………Nice placement..(100 % in MCA )

ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad-60- it’s a reputed engineering college with many awards in university level ……for their excelent performance.

Institute of Management Studies, Ghaziabad-120- a well known name in institutations…many campus …excelent infrastructure..

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATION (MCA)/CAREER AFTER B.Sc./BCA/GRADUATION/CAREER IN IT INDUSTRY

2011-06-29T05:55:00.000-07:00

The Master of Computer Applications (MCA) is a postgraduate degree in computer application streams awarded in India since 1982. Full time MCA programmes normally take three academic years. The primary emphasis in MCA curriculum is on the development of diverse types of application software rather than designing computer hardware and systems software, which is generally within the domain of engineering majors. More than one thousand institutions provide MCA courses in India with an annual intake of more than 55000 students.

Entrance into an MCA programme requires a bachelors degree from any field of computer science such as a BCA (Bachelor in Computer Application). The course of study covers a variety of topics in the computer programming and designing fields, and can prepare people for a wide variety of computer science related professions

Structure of the Curriculum

There are two streams in computer education. One of them is the Engineering stream leading to the B.E./B.Tech degree and the other an application stream leading to the MCA degree.

In the B.E./ B.Tech course the primary emphasis is on designing computer hardware and systems software. Designing embedded systems, designing peripherals and interfacing them to a computer and use of computers in signal processing would be some of the other areas of interest to B.E. students.

The primary emphasis in MCA on the other hand, is on designing information systems for various organizations such as banks, insurance companies, hotels, hospitals etc. Development of application software in diverse areas where computers are used will be the main function of MCA graduates. Thus in the MCA curriculum hardware, system software and embedded system design are not emphasised. The major thrust is on giving the students a sound background in computing, business functioning and mathematics relevant to information technology. Thus the curriculum has these three streams of courses each semester running concurrently. In computing, students learn best by doing. A strong laboratory component is a part of the curriculum. The laboratories, besides supplementing the theory course should also expose the student to the use of the latest software tools.

Every MCA student is required to spend one semester in an industry developing a software system.It is suggested that the student periodically report back to the college and present a seminar on the work being done by him.

MCA Course Pre-requisites and Period

MCA is a three year (6 semester) course. The students entering MCA must have a B.C.A./B.Sc./ B.Com/B.A. degree with Mathematics as one of the subjects at 10+2 level or at graduation. Of the 6 semesters one semester is to be spent in an industry developing a software system.

The MCA programme is planned to have 5 theory subject plus two laboratories each semester. The curriculum has a strong core covering information technology, business management and mathematics.

CAREER AFTER B.Sc./BCA/BBA

2011-06-09T07:43:00.000-07:00

If you have strong will then you can achieve your dream that you see in your open eyes. Don’t hesitate don’t shy to say “yes i can”. For your bright future and stable career nothing is important besides your strong will and a proper guidance.

Lots of full time and part time professional courses are available in various institutes. It is must to you search your soul that what you like or what is your nature. Don’t do that which is trend of mass. Do conversation with yourself and find a real option for you.

For career guidance mail at bhaskersharma@india.com

Solved Theoretical Questions on CBNST paper (MCA-212) in MTU.

2011-05-03T22:50:00.000-07:00

Explain how floating point numbers are stored in computers. What factors affect their accuracy and range?
What do you understand by machine epsilon of a computer? Explain.(ANS:
We know that a computer has a finite word length, so only a fixed number of digits is stored and used during computation. Hence, even in storing an exact decimal number in its converted form in the computer memory, an error is introduced. This error is machine dependent and is called machine epcilon.

Error = True Value – Approximate Value

In any numerical computation we come across the following types of errors: inherent errors, rounding errors.
)
With the help of suitable example ,show that associative law of addition may not valid in numerical computation.(ANS:
When we perform the arithmetic operations with numbers in normalized floating point mode, the numbers have to be truncated to fit the 4 digit mantissa of our hypothetical computer.

This leads the results with wide disparity. In fact associative law do not yield valid results in floating point.

EX:      (L + M) – N =/= (l- N) + M (=/= not equal to)

Let       L          =          .6776E1,        M         =          .6667E1

and      N         =          .6755E1)
Write a computer program in a language of your choice which implements bisection method to compute real root of the equation 3x + sinx -e^x = 0 in an interval.
Under what conditions, newton raphson method become linearly convergent? explain .(ANS: When there are two or more roots that are close together then it may take many iterations before the iterates get close enough to one of them for the quadratic convergence to be apparent. it become linerarly convergent.)
What do you mean by truncation error? explain with examples. (ANS: Example. Find the truncation error for e^x at x =1/5if

(i) The first three terms are retained in expansion.

(ii) The first four terms are retained in expansion.

Sol. (i) Error = True value – Approximate value

= (1+ x+ x²/ !2 + x³ / !3 + - - - -) –(1+ x+ x²/ !2)

= x³ / !3 + x⁴ / !4 + x⁵ / !5 + - - -

Put x= 1/5

Error = .008/6 + .0016/24 + .00032/120 + - -

= .0013333 + .0000666 + .0000026 + ...

= .0014025
(ii) Similarly the error for case II may be found.)
Explain the diffrence between a single step and a multistep method used for solving diffrential equations.(ANS: Single-step methods (such as Euler's method) refer to only one previous point and its derivative to determine the current value. Methods such as Runge-Kutta take some intermediate steps (for example, a half-step) to obtain a higher order method, but then discard all previous information before taking a second step. Multistep methods attempt to gain efficiency by keeping and using the information from previous steps rather than discarding it. Consequently, multistep methods refer to several previous points and derivative values.)
Obtain the globle truncation error term of trapazoidal method of integration.(ANS: Accuracy is affected by two sources of error, namely rounded off error and truncation error. The major cause for loss of accuracy is truncation error. this arises because of the use of a truncated Taylor Series. The total truncation error is any iteration step will consist of two components the propagated truncation error and the truncation error introduced by the step itself. The truncation introduced by the step itself is known as local truncation error and the sum of the propagated error and local error is called the global truncation error. )
What do you understand by stability of a method in context of solutions to diffrential equations.(ANS: The uncertainty exist in all stages of numerical processing. There are many situation where even a single operation may magnify the round off errors of a level that completely runs the result. A computation process in which the cumulative effect of all input errors in grossly magnified is said to be numerically unstable. As we know a mathematical model can be solved either by analytical methods or by numerical methods when a problem itself is sensitive to small changes in its parameters. It is almost impossible to make a numerically stable method for its solution.when several parameters are involved , we may have instability with respect to some parameter and stability with others. in this case we should use the partial derivatives to estimate to total changes . )
Describe the various type of frequency charts.
Differentiate between interpolating polynomial obtained for a set of data.
Described the following terms

Standard deviation
level of significance
type II errors
moving avrages
variaance
ANOVA

13. What is chi squar test?

14. Short notes on (I) use of statistical methods in quality control(ANS:
STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL

A quality control system performs inspection, testing and analysis to ensure that the quality of the products produced is as per the laid down quality standards. It is called “Statistical Quality Control” when statistical techniques are employed to control, improve and maintain quality or to solve quality problems. Building an information system to satisfy the concept of prevention and control and improving upon product quality requires statistical thinking.

Statistical quality control (S.Q.C.) is systematic as compared to guess-work of haphazard process inspection and the mathematical statistical approach neutralizes personal bias and uncovers poor judgement. S.Q.C. consists of three general activities:

(1) Systematic collection and graphic recording of accurate data

(2) Analyzing the data

(3) Practical engineering or management action if the information obtained indicates significant

deviations from the specified limits.

Modern techniques of statistical quality control and acceptance sampling have an important part to play in the improvement of quality, enhancement of productivity, creation of consumer confidence, and development of industrial economy of the country.

The following statistical tools are generally used for the above purposes:

(i) Frequency distribution. Frequency distribution is a tabulation of the number of times a given quality characteristic occurs within the samples. Graphic representation of frequency distribution will show:

(a) Average quality

(b) Spread of quality

(d) Process capability.

(ii) Control chart. Control chart is a graphical representation of quality characteristics, which indicates whether the process is under control or not.

(iii) Acceptance sampling. Acceptance sampling is the process of evaluating a portion of the product/material in a lot for the purpose of accepting or rejecting the lot on the basis of conforming to a quality specification.

It reduces the time and cost of inspection and exerts more effective pressure on quality improvement than it is possible by 100% inspection. It is used when assurance is desired for the quality of materials/products either produced or received.

(iv) Analysis of data. Analysis of data includes analysis of tolerances, correlation, analysis of variance, analysis for engineering design, problem solving technique to eliminate cause to troubles. Statistical

methods can be used in arriving at proper specification limits of product, in designing the product, in purchase of raw-material, semi-finished and finished products, manufacturing processes, inspection, packaging, sales, and also after sales service.

ADVANTAGES OF STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL

1. Efficiency. The use of statistical quality control ensures rapid and efficient inspection at a minimum cost. It eliminates the need of 100% inspection of finished products because the acceptance sampling in statistial quality control exerts more effective pressure for quality improvement.

2. Reduction of scrap. Statistial quality control uncovers the cause of excessive variability in manufactured products forecasting trouble before rejections occur and reducing the amount of spoiled work.

3. Easy detection of faults. In statistical quality control, after plotting the control charts (X, R, P, C, U) etc., when the points fall above the upper control limits or below the lower control limit, an indication of deterioration in quality is given. Necessary corrective action may then be taken

immediately.

4. Adherence to specifications. So long as a statistical quality control continues, specifications can be

accurately predicted for the future by which it is possible to assess whether the production processes

are capable of producing the products with the given set of specifications.

5. Increases output and reduces wasted machine and man hours.

6. Efficient utilization of personnel, machines and materials results in higher productivity.

7. Creates quality awareness in employees. However, it should be noted that statistical quality

control is not a panacea for assuring product quality.

8. Provides a common language that may be used by designers, production personnel, and inspectors in arriving at a rational solution of mutual problems.

9. Points out when and where 100% inspection, sorting or screening is required.

10. Eliminates bottlenecks in the process of manufacturing. It simply furnishes ‘perspective facts’ upon which intelligent management and engineering action can be based. Without such action, the method is ineffective. Even the application of standard procedures is very dangerous without

adequate study of the process.)

(II) Analysis of variance

15. Write a computer program in C language of your choice for finding out a real root of equation f(x)=0 by newton raphson method .

16. Explain the order of convergence of a solution and prove that newton raphson method is second degree covergent.

17. Define absolute, relative and percentage errors.if x is rounded off to three decimal digits where

x=0.005998, calculate the above errors.
(ANS: Absolute error.

Absolute error is the numerical difference between

the true value of a quantity and its approximate value.

Thus, if X is the true value of a quantity and X′ is its approximate

value, then | X – X′ | is called the absolute error ea.

ea = | X – X′ | = | Error |

Relative error.

The relative error er is defined by

er = |Error | /True value = (X – X’) / X

where X is true value and |X – X’| is error.

Percentage error.

Percentage error ep is defined as

ep = 100 er = 100 |(X – X’) / X|)

18. Short notes on :

1. an attribute and a variable (ANS: Such types of data whose magnitude can not be measured are called attributes. Examples of such phenomenon are blindness, insanity, sickness, etc. In such a case an observer cannot measure the magnitude of the data. He can only study the presence or absence of a particular quantity in a group.

On the other hand if the measurement of magnitude of data is possible, such types of data are called as variable. For example height, income or marks of student.)

2. a discrete variable and a continuous variable (ANS: · Quantities which can take any numerical value within a certain range are called continuous variables. For example, the height of a child at various ages is a continuous variable since, as the child grows from 120 cm to 150 cm, his height assumes all possible values within the limit.

· Quantities which are incapable of taking all possible values are called

discontinuous or discrete variables. For example, the number of rooms in

a house can take only the integral values such as 2, 3, 4, etc.)

3. Relative frequency and comulative frequency (ANS: When the frequency of a group is consider with respect to the other group, frequencies are called as relative frequency. when the frequency of a group also includes the frequency of other group is called as cumulative frequency. )

4. Histogram and pi- charts

5. frequency curve and frequency polygon (ANS: FREQUENCY POLYGON

If the various points are obtained by plotting the central values of the class intervals as x co-ordinates and the respective frequencies as the y co-ordinates, and these points are joined by straight lines taken in order, they form a polygon called Frequency Polygon.

FREQUENCY CURVE

If through the vertices of a frequency polygon a smooth freehand curve is drawn, we get the Frequency Curve. This is done usually when the class-intervals are of small widths.)

19. Explain how numerical solution differ from analytical solution. (ANS: If you want to find a solution to the set of equations. The best is when you can use calculus, trigonometry, and other math techniques to write down the solution. Now you know absolutely how the model will behave under any circumstances. This is called the analytic solution, because you used analysis to figure it out. It is also referred to as a closed form solution.

But this tends to work only for simple models. For more complex models, the math becomes much too complicated. Then you turn to numerical methods of solving the equations, such as the Runge-Kutta method. For a differential equation that describes behavior over time, the numerical method starts with the initial values of the variables, and then uses the equations to figure out the changes in these variables over a very brief time period. Its only an approximation, but it can be a very good approximation under certain circumstances.

A computer must be used to perform the thousands of repetitive calculations involved. The result is a long list of numbers, not an equation. This long list of numbers can be used to drive an animated simulation, as we do with the models presented here. )

20. What are the different type of error that may arise in numerical computations? describe.

21. Differentiate between accuracy and precision. (ANS:

Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the actual (true) value
Precision is how close the measured values are to each other)

22. What do you understand by numerically unstable procedure.?(ANS: Numerical stability is an important notion in numerical analysis. An algorithm is called numerically stable if an error, whatever its cause, does not grow to be much larger during the calculation. This happens if the problem is well-conditioned, meaning that the solution changes by only a small amount if the problem data are changed by a small amount. To the contrary, if a problem is ill-conditioned, then any small error in the data will grow to be a large error.

A numerical method for solving a mathematical problem is considered stable if the sensitivity of the numerical answer to the data is no greater than in the original mathematical problem. Stable problems are also called well-posed problems. If a problem is not stable, it is called unstable or ill-posed.

A problem f(x, y) = 0 is said to be stable if the solution y depends in a continuous way on the variable x.)

23. Differentiate between interpolation and curve fitting. (ANS:

Interpolation is the art of reading between the lines of the table

x: x0 x1 x2 ...... xn

y: y0 y1 y2 ...... yn

It also means insertion or filling up intermediate terms of the series. Thus the process of finding the value of y corresponding to any value of x = xi between x0 and xn is called interpolation.

Hence interpolation is the technique of estimating the value of a function for any intermediate value of the independent variable, while the process of computing the value of the function outside the given range is called extrapolation.

Curve fitting

Let there be two variables x and y which give us a set of n pairs of numerical values (x1, y1), (x2, y2).......(xn, yn). In order to have an approximate idea about the relationship of these two variables, we plot these n paired points on a graph, thus we get a diagram showing the simultaneous variation in values of both the variables called scatter or dot diagram. From scatter diagram, we get only

an approximate non-mathematical relation between two variables.

Curve fitting means an exact relationship between two variables by algebraic equations. In fact, this relationship is the equation of the curve. Therefore, curve fitting means to form an equation of the curve from the given data. Curve fitting is considered of immense importance both from the point of view of theoretical and practical statistics.

Theoretically, curve fitting is useful in the study of correlation and regression. Practically, it enables us to represent the relationship between two variables by simple algebraic expressions, for example, polynomials, exponential, or logarithmic functions.

Diffrenece between Newton Raphson method and Regula falsi Method

2011-05-01T23:17:00.000-07:00

1. in Regula falsi method, we calculate only one more value of each step i.e. f(x_n) while in Newton’s method we require two calculations f(x_n) and f’(x_n). So Newton’s method generally requires less number of iterations but requires more time for computation at each iteration.

2. Regula falsi is surly convergent while Newton’s method is conditionally convergent. But once, Newton’s method converges, it converges faster.

3. if f’(x) is large near the root, correction to be applied is smaller in case of Newton’s method and this method is preferred.

4. when f’(x) is small near the root, correction to be applied is large in case of Newton’s method and hence in this case Regula falsi method should be applied.

एक भी आँसू न कर बेकार - रामावतार त्यागी

2011-04-30T11:49:00.001-07:00

एक भी आँसू न कर बेकार
जाने कब समंदर मांगने आ जाए!

पास प्यासे के कुआँ आता नहीं है
यह कहावत है, अमरवाणी नहीं है
और जिस के पास देने को न कुछ भी
एक भी ऐसा यहाँ प्राणी नहीं है

कर स्वयं हर गीत का श्रृंगार
जाने देवता को कौनसा भा जाय!

चोट खाकर टूटते हैं सिर्फ दर्पण
किन्तु आकृतियाँ कभी टूटी नहीं हैं
आदमी से रूठ जाता है सभी कुछ
पर समस्यायें कभी रूठी नहीं हैं

हर छलकते अश्रु को कर प्यार
जाने आत्मा को कौन सा नहला जाय!

व्यर्थ है करना खुशामद रास्तों की
काम अपने पाँव ही आते सफर में
वह न ईश्वर के उठाए भी उठेगा
जो स्वयं गिर जाय अपनी ही नज़र में

हर लहर का कर प्रणय स्वीकार
जाने कौन तट के पास पहुँचा जाए!

GBTU/UPTU/MTU COMPUTER GRAPHICS & ANIMATION EXAM PAPER

2010-12-19T01:02:00.000-08:00

GBTU/UPTU/MTU .Net framwork & C# paper (MCA-512) - UNIFIED TYPE SYSTEMS in C#

2010-12-17T23:36:00.000-08:00

The Unified Type System

When we define an object, we must specify its type. The type determines the kind of values the object can hold and the permissible range of those values. For example, byte is an unsigned integral type with a size of 8 bits. The definition

byte b;

declares that b can hold integral
values, but that those values must be within the range of 0 to 255. If we attempt to assign b a floating-point value:

 b = 3.14159; // compile-time error

a string value:

b = "no way"; // compile-time error

or an integer value outside its range:

b = 1024;   // compile-time error

each of those assignments is flagged as a type error by the compiler. This is true of the C# array type as well. So why is an ArrayList container able to hold objects of any type?

The reason is the unified type system. C# predefines a reference type named object. Every reference and value type—both those predefined by the language and those introduced by programmers like us—is a kind of object. This means that any type we work with can be assigned to an instance of type object. For example, given

object o;

each of the following assignments is legal:

o = 10;

o = "hello, object";

o = 3.14159;

o = new int[ 24 ];

o = new WordCount();

o = false;

We can assign any type to an ArrayList container because its elements are declared to be of type object.

object provides a fistful of public member functions. The most frequently used method isToString(), which returns a string representation of the actual type—for example,

Console.WriteLine( o.ToString() )

C# provides a "unified type system". All types — including value types — derive from the type object. 
It is possible to call object methods on any value, even values of "primitive" types such as int. 
The example

using System;
class Test
{
   static void Main() {
      Console.WriteLine(3.ToString());
   }
}


calls the object-defined ToString method on an integer literal, resulting in the output "3".


The example

class Test
{
   static void Main() {
      int i = 123;
      object o = i;      // boxing
      int j = (int) o;   // unboxing
   }
}


is more interesting. An int value can be converted to object and back again to int. This example shows both boxing and unboxing. When a variable of a value type needs to be converted to a reference
 type, an object box is allocated to hold the value, and the value is copied into the box.
 Unboxing is just the opposite. When an object box is cast back to its original value type, the value is 
copied out of the box and into the appropriate storage location.


This type system unification provides value types with the benefits of object-ness
without introducing unnecessary overhead. For programs that don't need intvalues to act like objects, 
int values are simply 32-bit values. For programs that need int values to behave like objects, this 
capability is available on demand. This ability to treat value types as objects bridges the gap between 
value types and reference types that exists in most languages. For example, a Stack class can provide 
Push and Pop methods that take and return object values.


public class Stack
{
   public object Pop() {...}
   public void Push(object o) {...}
}


Because C# has a unified type system, the Stack class can be used with elements of any type, 
including value types
like int.

GBTU/UPTU .NET FRAMWORK AND C# EXAM PAPER 2008-09

2010-12-12T10:07:00.000-08:00

GBTU/UPTU .NET FRAMWORK AND C# EXAM PAPER 2006-07

2010-12-12T10:02:00.000-08:00

.NET INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

2010-09-29T01:44:00.000-07:00

1. What’s the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String? StringBuilder is more efficient in the cases, where a lot of manipulation is done to the text. Strings are immutable, so each time it’s being operated on, a new instance is created.

2. Can you store multiple data types in System.Array? No.

3. What’s the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and System.Array.Clone()? The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is shallow.

4. How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order? By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.

5. What’s the .NET datatype that allows the retrieval of data by a unique key? HashTable.

6. What’s class SortedList underneath? A sorted HashTable.

7. Will finally block get executed if the exception had not occurred? Yes.

8. What’s the C# equivalent of C++ catch (…), which was a catch-all statement for any possible exception? A catch block that catches the exception of type System.Exception. You can also omit the parameter data type in this case and just write catch {}.

9. Can multiple catch blocks be executed? No, once the proper catch code fires off, the control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any), and then whatever follows the finally block.

10. Why is it a bad idea to throw your own exceptions? Well, if at that point you know that an error has occurred, then why not write the proper code to handle that error instead of passing a new Exception object to the catch block? Throwing your own exceptions signifies some design flaws in the project.

11. What’s a delegate? A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method. In C++ they were referred to as function pointers.

12. What’s a multicast delegate? It’s a delegate that points to and eventually fires off several methods.

13. How’s the DLL Hell problem solved in .NET? Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library it needs to run (which was available under Win32), but also the version of the assembly.

14. What are the ways to deploy an assembly? An MSI installer, a CAB archive, and XCOPY command.

15. What’s a satellite assembly? When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want to distribute the core application separately from the localized modules, the localized assemblies that modify the core application are called satellite assemblies.

16. What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application? System.Globalization, System.Resources.

17. What’s the difference between // comments, /* */ comments and /// comments? Single-line, multi-line and XML documentation comments.

18. How do you generate documentation from the C# file commented properly with a command-line compiler? Compile it with a /doc switch.

19. What’s the difference between <c> and <code> XML documentation tag? Single line code example and multiple-line code example.

20. Is XML case-sensitive? Yes, so <Student> and <student> are different elements.

21. What debugging tools come with the .NET SDK? CorDBG – command-line debugger, and DbgCLR – graphic debugger. Visual Studio .NET uses the DbgCLR. To use CorDbg, you must compile the original C# file using the /debug switch.

22. What does the This window show in the debugger? It points to the object that’s pointed to by this reference. Object’s instance data is shown.

23. What does assert() do? In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true.

24. What’s the difference between the Debug class and Trace class? Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and release builds.

25. Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher? The tracing dumps can be quite verbose and for some applications that are constantly running you run the risk of overloading the machine and the hard drive there. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing to fine-tune the tracing activities.

26. Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected? To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.

27. How do you debug an ASP.NET Web application? Attach the aspnet_wp.exe process to the DbgClr debugger.

28. What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing? Positive test cases (correct data, correct output), negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper handling), exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly).

29. Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C# application? Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.

30. Explain the three services model (three-tier application). Presentation (UI), business (logic and underlying code) and data (from storage or other sources).

31. What are advantages and disadvantages of Microsoft-provided data provider classes in ADO.NET? SQLServer.NET data provider is high-speed and robust, but requires SQL Server license purchased from Microsoft. OLE-DB.NET is universal for accessing other sources, like Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access and Informix, but it’s a .NET layer on top of OLE layer, so not the fastest thing in the world. ODBC.NET is a deprecated layer provided for backward compatibility to ODBC engines.

32. What’s the role of the DataReader class in ADO.NET connections? It returns a read-only dataset from the data source when the command is executed.

33. What is the wildcard character in SQL? Let’s say you want to query database with LIKE for all employees whose name starts with La. The wildcard character is %, the proper query with LIKE would involve ‘La%’.

34. Explain ACID rule of thumb for transactions. Transaction must be Atomic (it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following transactions), Consistent (data is either committed or roll back, no “in-between” case where something has been updated and something hasn’t), Isolated (no transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction), Durable (the values persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after).

35. What connections does Microsoft SQL Server support? Windows Authentication (via Active Directory) and SQL Server authentication (via Microsoft SQL Server username and passwords).

36. Which one is trusted and which one is untrusted? Windows Authentication is trusted because the username and password are checked with the Active Directory, the SQL Server authentication is untrusted, since SQL Server is the only verifier participating in the transaction.

37. Why would you use untrusted verificaion? Web Services might use it, as well as non-Windows applications.

38. What does the parameter Initial Catalog define inside Connection String? The database name to connect to.

39. What’s the data provider name to connect to Access database? Microsoft.Access.

40. What does Dispose method do with the connection object? Deletes it from the memory.

41. What is a pre-requisite for connection pooling? Multiple processes must agree that they will share the same connection, where every parameter is the same, including the security settings

MOBILE COMPUTING (MCAE34) UPTU

2010-08-09T02:38:00.000-07:00

MCA E34 Mobile Computing

Unit – I
Introduction, issues in mobile computing, overview of wireless telephony: cellular concept,
GSM: air-interface, channel structure, location management: HLR-VLR, hierarchical, handoffs,
channel allocation in cellular systems, CDMA, GPRS.

Unit - II
Wireless Networking, Wireless LAN Overview: MAC issues, IEEE 802.11, Blue Tooth,
Wireless multiple access protocols, TCP over wireless, Wireless applications, data broadcasting,
Mobile IP, WAP: Architecture, protocol stack, application environment, applications.

Unit – III
Data management issues, data replication for mobile computers, adaptive clustering for mobile
wireless networks, File system, Disconnected operations.

Unit - IV
Mobile Agents computing, security and fault tolerance, transaction processing in mobile
computing environment.

Unit – V
Adhoc networks, localization, MAC issues, Routing protocols, global state routing (GSR),
Destination sequenced distance vector routing (DSDV), Dynamic source routing (DSR), Ad Hoc
on demand distance vector routing (AODV), Temporary ordered routing algorithm (TORA),
QoS in Ad Hoc Networks, applications.

References:
1. J. Schiller, Mobile Communications, Addison Wesley.
2. Charles Perkins, Mobile IP, Addison Wesley.
3. Charles Perkins, Ad hoc Networks, Addison Wesley.
4. Upadhyaya, “Mobile Computing”, Springer

Padam Shri Gopal das neeraj - CHHUP-2 ASHRU BAHANE WALO...

2010-05-19T09:53:00.000-07:00

Ye kavita humein prerit karti hai gham ke andheron se bahar nikalne ki ....
Aur is kathor yathaarth ko samajhne kee, ki sangi-sathi, sapne sab choot bhi jayein to ye jeewan phir bhi chalta rehta hai bina ruke bina thame…
----------------------------------------
Chip Chip ashru bahaane waalon (ashru-tears)
Moti vyarth lutane waalon ! (vyarth –without any purpose)
Kuch sapnon ke mar jane se jeevan nahin mara karta hai
Sapnaa kya hai ? Nayan sez par,
Soya hua aankh ka paani
Aur tootna hai uska jyon
Jage kachchi neend jawani
Geelee umar banaane walon! Doobe bina nahaane waalon
Kuch pani ke bah jane se saawan nahin mara karta hai
Mala bikhar gayi to kya hai
Khud hi hal ho gayi samasyaa (samasya-problem)
Aansoo gar neelaam huye to
Samjho poori huyi tapasyaa
Roothe divas manaane walon! Phati kameez silaane waalon! (divas-day)
Kuch deepon ke bujh jaane se aangan nahin mara karta hai
Khota kuch bhi nahin yahan par
Kewal zild badaltee pothee (pothee –book)
Jaise raat utaar chandani
Pehne subah dhoop ki dhoti
Vastra badal kar aane waalon ! Chaal badalkar jaane waalon! (vastra –cloth)
Chand Khilounon ke khone se bachpan nahin maraa karta hai
Laakhon baar gagriyaan phooteen
Shikan na aayi panghat par
Lakhon baar kishtiyaan doobeen
Chahal-pehal wo hi hai tat par (tat-beach)
Tam ki umra badhaane waalon! Lau ki aayu ghatane waalon ! (tam-darkness)
Laakh kare patjhad koshish par upvan nahin maraa kartaa hai (upvan-garden)
Loot liya maali ne upvan
Luti na lekin gandh phool ki
Toofaanon tak ne cheda par
Khidki band na huyi dhool kee
Nafrat gale lagaane waalon! Sab par dhool udaane waalon
Kuch mukhdon ki naaraazee se darpan nahin maraa karta hai
Chip Chip ashru bahaane waalon (ashru-tears)
Moti vyarth lutane waalon ! (vyarth –without any purpose)
Kuch sapnon ke mar jane se jeevan nahin mara karta hai

-Padam Shri Gopal Das 'Neeraj'

Object Oriented Systems Sample Paper B.Tech-CS, UPTU

2010-05-01T01:57:00.000-07:00

Object Oriented Systems Important Questions, MCA-412, Part 1

2010-05-01T01:15:00.000-07:00

Q1. What is the java Bean? What are their advantages? What are various introspection Mechanism to inter information of a Bean? Explain with a suitable example.

Q2. Explain the following with the help of suitable example:

Dynamic BillBoard Applet
Lavatron Applet
JDBC
Java Swing
Scrabblets

Q3. What is difference between AWT and Swing?

Q4. Explain any two methods available in servlet package.

Q5. What is a java Servlet? Explain briefly the life cycle of a servlet.What are the basic steps for creating a Servlet ?

Q6. Write a java Program to create a thread that displays odd numbers starting from 1 to 100.

Q7. Write a java program to sort an array of string entered through the keyboard.

Q8. What is java Bean? What are the various steps which are needed to create a new Bean?

Q9. What do you understand by inter Thread Communication? Explain it.

Q10. Write a program to print factorial numbers.

Q11. Describe JDBC Architecture.

Q12. Discuss the various feature of the lavatron applet and srabblet.

Q13. Discuss any six methods available in Dynamic BillBoard applet.

Q14. Explain the procedure of JDBC connectivity in java with windows database. A data of 100 students having following fields in the records is to be imported in java.
Record Structure:

Name : Character Array of 100

Address: Character Array of 200

Roll Number : integer

Amount Due: Float

Marks: Integer

Grade: Single character having values a, b, c, d, or e.

Write a java program to import these records from windows and send to output text file.

Fetch data from MS Access using java

2010-04-19T03:31:00.000-07:00

Database

JDBCExample

import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample
{

private String url,user,pwd;
private Connection conn;
private Statement stmt;
private PreparedStatement pstmt;
private ResultSet rs;

public JDBCExample()
{
}

public void testDatabase()
{
int i=0;
String sql;

try
{
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
}
catch(Exception sqe)
{
System.out.println("Error loading driver");
}
url="jdbc:odbc:emp";

pwd ="";
user="";

try
{
conn=DriverManager.getConnection(url,user,pwd);
}
catch(SQLException sqe)
{
System.out.println("Error getting connection to database");
}

try
{
stmt=conn.createStatement();
}
catch(SQLException sqee)
{
System.out.println("Error creating statement");
}

try
{
rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
}
catch(SQLException qexe)
{
System.out.println("Error executing query");
}

/*try
{
while(rs.next())
{
int code=rs.getInt(1);
System.out.println("code="+code);
}
}

catch(SQLException e)
{
System.out.println("error to trversing");
}*/

try
{
while(rs.next())
{
String name=rs.getString(1);
int rollno=rs.getInt(2);
String add=rs.getString(3);
int phoneno=rs.getInt(4);
System.out.println("name="+name);
System.out.println("rollno="+rollno);
System.out.println("add="+add);
System.out.println("phoneno="+phoneno);
System.out.println(" ");

}

}

catch(SQLException es)
{
System.out.println("error to traversing");
}

try
{
rs.close();
conn.close();
}
catch(SQLException sqxe)
{
System.out.println("Error closing result set or connection");
}
}

public static void main(String args[])
{
JDBCExample jdbcex=new JDBCExample();
jdbcex.testDatabase();

}
}

Insert Data into Access Database using JSP

2010-04-16T04:09:00.000-07:00

Project Tree

Database

registration.jsp

<%--
   Document : display
   Created on : 13 Apr, 2010, 9:54:48 AM
   Author : Bhasker
--%>
<%@page contentType="text/html" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
   "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<html>
   <head>
   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
   <title>registration</title>
   </head>
   <body>
   <h1>registration form</h1>

   <form name="registration1" action="display.jsp" method="POST">
   <table border="1">

   <thead>
   <tr>
   <th>enter information</th>
   <th></th>
   </tr>
   </thead>
   <tbody>
   <tr>
   <td>name</td>
   <td><input type="text" name="n1" value="" size="30" /></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
   <td>city</td>
   <td><input type="text" name="c1" value="" size="30" /></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
   <td></td>
   <td><input type="submit" value="submit" name="b1" /></td>
   </tr>
   </tbody>
   </table>

</form>

   </body>

</html>

display.jsp

<%--
   Document : display
   Created on : 14 Apr, 2010, 2:38:06 PM
   Author : Bhasker
--%>
<%@page import ="java.sql.*"%>
<%@page import =" java.util.*"%>
<%@page import =" java. io.*"%>

<%@page contentType="text/html" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
   "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<html>
   <head>
   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
   <title>JSP Page</title>
   </head>
   <body>
   <h1>registration record!</h1>

   <%
   try {
   Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
   Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:reg");
   Statement st=con.createStatement();
   PreparedStatement pst=con.prepareStatement("insert into registration(name,city) values(?, ?)");
   pst.clearParameters();

   pst.setString(1,request.getParameter("n1"));
   pst.setString(2,request.getParameter("c1") );
   int i= pst.executeUpdate();
   if(i>0)
   {
   out.println("Record Saved");

   ResultSet rs=st.executeQuery("Select * from registration");
   out.print("<br/>");

   out.print("<table border=4>");
   while(rs.next())
   {
   out.print("<tr bgcolor=pink>");
   out.print("<td>");
   out.print(rs.getString(1));
   out.print("</td>");
   out.print("<td>");
   out.print(rs.getString(2));
   out.print("</td>");
out.print("</tr>");

   }
   out.print("</table>");
   }
   else
   {out.println("Record Not Saved");}



   }
   catch(Exception e)
   {}
   finally {
   out.close();
   }

   %>

   </body>

</html>

WAP to demonstrate database connectivity jsp with MS Access with the help of servlet.

2010-04-15T04:28:00.000-07:00

Project Tree

index.jsp

<%--
   Document : index
   Created on : Mar 23, 2010, 11:50:05 AM
   Author : Administrator
--%>

<%@page contentType="text/html" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
   "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<html>
   <head>
   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
   <title>JSP Page</title>
   </head>
   <body>

   <form action="NewServlet">
   <input type="submit" value="Show Record" />
   </form>
   </body>
</html>

NewServlet.java

/*
* To change this template, choose Tools | Templates
* and open the template in the editor.
*/

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.sql.*;
/**
*
* @author Administrator
*/
public class NewServlet extends HttpServlet {

   /**
   * Processes requests for both HTTP <code>GET</code> and <code>POST</code> methods.
   * @param request servlet request
   * @param response servlet response
   * @throws ServletException if a servlet-specific error occurs
   * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
   */
   protected void processRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
   throws ServletException, IOException {
   response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
   PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
   try {
   Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
   Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:test");
   Statement st=con.createStatement();
   ResultSet rs=st.executeQuery("select * from employee");
   while(rs.next())
   {
   out.print(rs.getString(1));
   out.print(rs.getString(2));
   out.print(rs.getString(3));

   }

   /* TODO output your page here
   out.println("<html>");
   out.println("<head>");
   out.println("<title>Servlet NewServlet</title>");
   out.println("</head>");
   out.println("<body>");
   out.println("<h1>Servlet NewServlet at " + request.getContextPath () + "</h1>");
   out.println("</body>");
   out.println("</html>");
   */
   }
   catch(Exception ee)
   {}
   finally {
   out.close();
   }
   }

   // <editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="HttpServlet methods. Click on the + sign on the left to edit the code.">
   /**
   * Handles the HTTP <code>GET</code> method.
   * @param request servlet request
   * @param response servlet response
   * @throws ServletException if a servlet-specific error occurs
   * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
   */
   @Override
   protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
   throws ServletException, IOException {
   processRequest(request, response);
   }

   /**
   * Handles the HTTP <code>POST</code> method.
   * @param request servlet request
   * @param response servlet response
   * @throws ServletException if a servlet-specific error occurs
   * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
   */
   @Override
   protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
   throws ServletException, IOException {
   processRequest(request, response);
   }

   /**
   * Returns a short description of the servlet.
   * @return a String containing servlet description
   */
   @Override
   public String getServletInfo() {
   return "Short description";
   }// </editor-fold>

}

WAP to demonstrate database connectivity jsp with MS Access with the help of beans.

2010-04-15T04:08:00.000-07:00

Project file Tree

DataBase

index.java

<%@page language="Java" import="java.sql.*" %>
<jsp:useBean id="db" scope="request" class="SQLBean.DbBean" />
<jsp:setProperty name="db" property="*" />
  <%!
   ResultSet rs = null ;

   int i;
%>

<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>DataBase Search</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY>
<h2> Results from </h2>
<hr>
<br><br>
<table border="1">

<%
   db.connect();

try {
   rs = db.execSQL("select * from EMPLOYEE");
   i = db.updateSQL("UPDATE employee set empid = 'e005' where empname='ravi'");

   }catch(SQLException e) {
   throw new ServletException("Your query is not working", e);
   }

   %>
<tr>
   <th>Emp ID</th>
   <th>NAME</th>
   <th>ADDRESS</th>
</tr>
<%
   while(rs.next()) {
%>
<tr>

<td><%= rs.getString("empid") %></td>
<td><%= rs.getString("empname") %></td>
<td><%= rs.getString("empadd") %></td>

</tr>

<%
}
%>
<% db.close();

%>

</table>

</body>

<HTML>

DBBean.java

/*
* To change this template, choose Tools | Templates
* and open the template in the editor.
*/

package SQLBean;
import java.sql.*;
//import java.io.*;
/**
*
* @author Administrator
*/
public class DbBean {
String dbURL = "jdbc:odbc:test";
  String dbDriver = "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver";
  private Connection dbCon;

  public DbBean(){
   super();
   }

  public boolean connect() throws ClassNotFoundException,SQLException{
   Class.forName(dbDriver);
   dbCon = DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL);
   return true;
   }
  public void close() throws SQLException{
   dbCon.close();
   }

  public ResultSet execSQL(String sql) throws SQLException{

   Statement s = dbCon.createStatement();
   ResultSet r = s.executeQuery(sql);
   return (r == null) ? null : r;
   }

  public int updateSQL(String sql) throws SQLException{
   Statement s = dbCon.createStatement();
   int r = s.executeUpdate(sql);
   return (r == 0) ? 0 : r;
   }
}

OOS Programming Lab-(MCA-451)

2010-04-06T03:16:00.001-07:00

List of Programs

WAP to show the implementation of function overloading.
WAP to Implement abstract classes.
WAP to implement function overriding.
WAP to implement WAP to implement final keyword.
WAP to show exception handling.
WAP to implement user defined exceptions.
WAP to implement super keyword.
WAP to implement applet life cycle.
WAP to implement command line argument.
WAP to implement a package.
Write a program to implement various visibility mode.
WAP to draw a line.
WAP to draw a square.
WAP to draw a rectangle.
WAP to draw a hut.
WAP to input data from keyboard.
WAP of Button using Swing.
WAP of Tabbed panes using Swing
WAP of Grid Layout.
WAP of Border Layout.
WAP to demonstrate menu.
WAP to demonstrate database connectivity java with MS Access.
WAP to demonstrate database connectivity jsp with MS Access with the help of beans.
WAP to demonstrate database connectivity jsp with MS Access with the help of servlet.
WAP to demonstrate database connectivity jsp with MS Access.

Object Oriented Systems UNIT 1 (NOTES)

2010-02-24T00:32:00.000-08:00

OO Analysis and Design-
OO Analysis - examines requirements from the perspective of the classes and objects found in the vocabulary of the problem domain. In other words, the world (of the system) is modelled in terms of objects and classes.
OO Design - OO decomposition and a notation for depicting models of the system under development. Structures are developed whereby sets of objects collaborate to provide the behaviours that satisfy the requirements of the problem.

Object Oriented Analysis-

Analyze the domain problem
Describe the process systems
Identify the objects
Specify attributes
Defining operations
Inter-object Communication

Identifying Object-

• Objects can be:

External Entity (e.g., other systems, devices, people) that produce or consume information to be used by system
Things (e.g., reports, displays, letters, signals) that are part of information domain for the problem
Places (e.g., book’s room) that establish the context of the problem and the overall function of the system.
Organizational units (e.g., division, group, team, department) that are relevant to an application,
Transaction (e.g., loan, take course, buy, order).

Objects –

Object is an abstraction of something in a problem domain, reflecting the capabilities of the system to keep information about it, interact with it, or both.
Objects are entities in a software system which represents instances of real-world and system entities.

Object Class-

• Class is a description of a set of objects that share the same attributes, operations, methods, relationship and semantics.

• Object classes are templates for objects. They may be used to create objects.

• An object represents a particular instance of a class.

Term of objects-

• Attribute: data items that define object. An attributes is a data value held by the object in a class. Example- Color, weight and model year are attributes of Car objects.

• Operation: function in a class that combines to form behavior of class. Each operation has a target object as an implicit argument.

• Methods: the actual implementation of procedure (the body of code that is executed in response to a request from other objects in the system).

Encapsulation and Data Hiding-

• Packaging related data and operations together is called encapsulation.

• Data hiding: hides the internal data from external by methods (interface).

Encapsulation-

l private attributes and methods are encapsulated within the class, they cannot be seen by clients of the class

l public methods define the interface that the class provides to its clients

Object communication-

• Objects communicate with each other by sending messages

– a message is a method call from a message-sending object to a message-receiving object

– a message consists of

• an object reference which indicates the message receiver

• a method name (corresponding to a method of the receiver), and

• parameters (corresponding to the arguments of the calling method)

– a message-receiving object is a server to a message-sending object, and the message-sending object is a client of the server

Message Passing

Inheritance-

• Object classes may inherit attributes and services from other object classes.

• Inheritance represents the generalization of a class.

A generalisation hierarchy- Generalization and inheritance are powerful abstractions for sharing similarities among classes while preserving their differences. Generalization is the relationship between a class and one or more refined version of it. The class being refined is called its super class and each refined version is called a sub class. The notation for generalization is a triangle connecting a super class to its sub class.

Multiple inheritance-

• Rather than inheriting the attributes and services from a single parent class, a system which supports multiple inheritance allows object classes to inherit from several super-classes

• Can lead to semantic conflicts where attributes/services with the same name in different super-classes have different semantics

• Makes class hierarchy reorganisation more complex

Advantages of inheritance-

• It is an abstraction mechanism which may be used to classify entities

• It is a reuse mechanism at both the design and the programming level

• The inheritance graph is a source of organisational knowledge about domains and systems

Problems with inheritance-

• Object classes are not self-contained. they cannot be understood without reference to their super-classes

• Designers have a tendency to reuse the inheritance graph created during

• analysis. Can lead to significant inefficiency

• The inheritance graphs of analysis, design and implementation have different functions and should be separately maintained

Link:

· A link is a physical or conceptual connection between object instances

· A link is an instance of an association.

Objects Association-

• Modeling an association between two classes means that there is some sort of relationship between objects of each class that may be connected.

• An association describes a group of links with common structure and common semantics.

• Although associations are modeled as bidirectional they do not have to be implemented in both directions.

• Association may be binary, ternary or higher order.

Object aggregation-

• Aggregation model shows how classes which are collections are composed of other classes Similar to the part-of relationship in semantic data models.

• Aggregation is a strong form of association in which an aggregate object is made of components.

• A single aggregate object may have several parts; each part-whole relationship is treated as a separate aggregation in order to emphasize the similarity to association.

Polymorphism-

• The ability of different objects to perform the appropriate method in response to the same message is known as polymorphism.

• the selection of the appropriate method depends on the class used to create the object

Candidate Keys: A candidate key is a minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies an object or link by minimal, we mean that you can not be discard an attribute from the candidate key and still all objects and link. A class or association may have one or more candidate keys, each of which may have different combinations and attributes. The object id is always a candidate key for a class. One or more combinations of related objects are candidate key for associations.

Example of candidate objects-

Just a Line management wishes to increase security, both in their building and on site, without antagonizing their employees. They would also like to prevent people who are not part of the company from using the Just a Line car park.

It has been decide to issue identity cards to all employees, which they are expected to wear while on the Just a Line site. The cards records the name, department and number of the member of staff, and permit access to the Just a Line car park.

A barrier and a card reader are placed at the entrance to the car park. The driver of an approaching car insert his or her numbered card in the card reader, which then checks that the card number is known to the Just a Line system. If the card is recognized, the reader sends a signal to raise the barrier and the car is able to enter the car park.

At the exit, there is also a barrier, which is raised when a car wishes to leave the car park.

When there are no spaces in the car park a sign at the entrance display “Full” and is only switched off when a car leaves.

Special visitor’s cards, which record a number and the current date, also permit access to the car park. Visitor’s cards may be sent out in advance, or collected from reception. All visitor’s cards must be returned to reception when the visitor leaves Just a Line.

Candidate objects:

Just a Line management security building

Site employee people company

car park card name department

number member of staff access barrier

card reader entrance driver car

system signal exit space

sign visitor reception

Candidate objects’ rejection-

• duplicates: if two or more objects are simply different names for the same thing.

• irrelevant: objects which exists in the problem domain, but which are not intended.

• vague: when considering words carefully it sometimes becomes clear that they do not have a price meaning and cannot be the basis of a useful in the system.

• general: the meaning is too broad.

• attributes: as the attribute of objects.

• associations: actually represents the relationships between objects.

• roles: sometimes objects referred to by the role they play in a particular part of the system.

Rejected Candidate objects –

Rest Objects-

Car park Staff Card Visitor’s card

Employee Entrance exit

card reader barrier Full sign

space sensor car

Object Relationship-

Multiplicity-

Multiplicity specifies how many instances of one class may relate to single instances of one class may relate to single instances of associated classes.
Multiplicity contains the number of related classes.
Multiplicity depends on assumptions and how you define the boundaries of a problem.

Role Name-

A role is one end of association.
A binary association has two roles, each of which may have a role name.
A role name is a name that uniquely identifies one end of association

Metadata- Metadata is data that describe other data. For example, the definition of a class is metadata. Many real world applications have metadata, such as parts, catalogs, blue-prints and dictionaries.

Constraints- Constraints are functional relationship between entities of an object model. The term entity includes objects, classes, attributes, links and association. A constraint restricts the values that entries can assume. Examples include: No employee’s salary can exceed the salary of the employee’s boss.