BRCM Live

Freecharge.in - Mobile recharge Made free with retail Coupons

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Tue, 27 Jul 2010 14:02:00 +0000

Freecharge.in is a prepaid mobile recharge portal for recharge of all the Indian mobile operators including Airtel, DoCoMo, Reliance, Loop, Vodafone, Idea, Tata Indicom, Aircel, Virgin, BSNL and S-tel. The site seems to be very well designed and recharge can be done with minimum clicks.

User does not have to pay any convenience fee for the recharge. All the options of ccavenue are active on the site for payments.

The USP of the site is that one can opt to order free coupons of top Indian retailers like McD, Barista, Dominos etc. against the recharge. These coupons will help you get freebies or heavy discount with the retailers.You can read more about how it works on their blog.

Do try freecharge.in

Thestorez.com : Online book store india

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 12:03:00 +0000

Thestorez.com is an Indian online books store with over 100,000 books available for buying online. The bookstore USP is their excellent service. The prices are very low as compared to other online book sites. Once can easily get 25-35% discount on various titles. The list of the books contains all kinds of books from technology books to fiction.

The online book industry is seeing a boom in India. Some major international players are expected to enter soon in this market.

Adbhai had been reviewed at startupdunia

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Fri, 18 Sep 2009 06:35:00 +0000

Adbhai.com was reviewed at startup dunia last year but the the inlink is not helping since none of the pages anywhere on web link to it. This is one of the reasons that blogs generally do a weekly wrap up or a recap where they put in all the posts of a week so that atleast there is one page on earth that links to it. Some SEO mumbo jumbo.

anyways if you are reading this, you wasting your tie because there nothing useful. the purpose of the post was something else which now served.

Testing Squidoo

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Sun, 06 Sep 2009 10:50:00 +0000

To create inlinks for Adbhai.com just created few Squidoo lenses. The lenses are listed below. Didn't have much to write in it so posted all the city links there.

Classifieds

Ahmedabad Classifieds

Free Classifieds India

Agra Classifieds

Bangalore Classifieds

Chandigarh Classifieds

Classifieds chennai

Coimbatore Classifieds

Delhi Classifieds

Faridabad Classifieds

Ghaziabad Classifieds

Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Thu, 26 Jun 2008 23:33:00 +0000

SCSI connections may connect both internal devices, which are inside the chassis of your computer and use the computer’s power supply, and external devices. Integrated derive Electronics (IDE) connections, on the other hand, are typically only internal and connect hard disks, CD-ROM derives, and other peripherals inside a PC. A PC motherboard can support two IDE controllers, and each controller in turn can support two devices (a master and a slave).

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Thu, 26 Jun 2008 23:32:00 +0000

The Small Comuter System Interface (SCSI) is built into all current models. You can connect as many as eight devices (ID numbers from 0 to 7) to the SCSI port, but one of them must be the computer itself with ID 7, and one is usually your internal hard disk with ID 0.

Framework for Multimedia Systems

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Thu, 26 Jun 2008 23:32:00 +0000

The framework presented here provides an overall picture of the development of distributed multimedia systems from which a system architecture can be developed. The framework highlights the dominant feature of multimedia systems: the integration of multimedia computing and communications, including raditional telecommunications and telephony functions.
Low-cost multimedia technology is evolving to provide richer information processing and communications systems. These systems, though tightly interrelated, have distinct physical facilities, logical models, and functionality. Multimedia information systems extend the processing, storage, and retrieval capabilities of existing information systems by introducing new media data types, including image, audio, and video. These new data types offer perceptually richer and more accessible representations for many kinds of information. Multimedia communication systems extend I existing point-to-point connectivity by permitting synchronised multipoint group communications.

Introduction to Multimedia Technology

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Thu, 26 Jun 2008 23:31:00 +0000

A complex weave of communications, electronics, and computer technologies is emerging to create a new multimedia fabric for the next decade. The nature of this cloth is still evolving as an assortment of industries-telecommunications, consumer electronics, computers, cable and broadcast television, and information providers-compete for the emerging market. The potentially biggest near-term market will be the home and consumer, as recent developments such as consumer-oriented computer products, interactive television, and video-on-demand suggest. However, in time many expect the new technologies to be as pervasive as today’s television and telephone and the impact to reach to the sum of computers, telecommunications, and electronics, touching all parts of society from industry to government, education to recreation.
The concepts behind what is emerging today date back to over four decades to a series of visionary thinkers who foresaw the evolution of computers towards richer personalised devices that would become an extension of the individual. In 1945 Vannevar Bush, then the Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development in the U.S. government, suggested, that one of the future devices available for individuals would be a memex, “a device in which one stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanised so that it can be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.” The memex would additionally be an associative device, so that related items could be easily located.
Multimedia Systems
Multimedia technology is breaking down the traditional boundaries between devices for computing, personal communications, and consumer entertainment. Major industries are rethinking their market strategy and forming a web of new alliances connecting entertainment, telecommunications, computing, publishing, and other global enterprises. Multimedia devices are expected to replace ubiquitous appliances such as the telephone and television and change many of the activities associated with them. The large scale of these trends and the many participants in these developments has added to the complexity of the possibilities. This chapter provides a contemporary account of the major technology forces affecting this convergence and identifies the significant near-term issues that lie ahead.

Entertainment

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Thu, 26 Jun 2008 23:30:00 +0000

When the average person talks about consumer electronics, TV is what first comes to mind. Television is a very young industry. The first black and white broadcasts started in 1941.Color TV sets were not available at consumer prices until 1964. Cable TV was not widely available in most areas of the united States until the 1980s. Today, the average cable system has more than forty channels to choose from .CNN, MTV, HBO, and the like were not available in the 1960s and only just started in the 1970s,MTS stereo television broadcasts and stereo TV sets have only been available in the 1990s.In Europe and Japan commercial and cable TV has not flourished the way it has in the United States due to regulatory constraints and language barriers. Most countries have fewer than five TV channels.
Consumer electronics in the early 1980s introduced inexpensive home VCRs. The war between Beta and VHS was hot and heavy. Eventually VHS won due to JVC’s aggressive licensing and VHS’s eight-hour capability, The picture quality was poor, and the technology was inferior, but strong marketing won out. Camcorders, another recent innovation, have replaced the 8 mm and super8movie cameras in a very few years. The compact disc (CD) was introduced by philips and Sony in 1981.Today, it’s almost impossible to get a real record (as in LP). Similar changes have occurred in tape recording technology and electronic musical synthesisers.

Communications

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Thu, 26 Jun 2008 23:28:00 +0000

In 1980, the Bell System in the United States was still a monopoly. On January 1, 1982, Judge Harold Green dissected the Bell System into Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), commonly referred to as “Baby Bells”. Bell Labs and Western Electric were also restructured (as American Bell and later renamed AT&T Consumer Products) so as not to have an unfair advantage with the Bell name. With deregulation in place, any number of companies could sell a telephone or provide long-distance service. Years later, most of the cheap $5 phones are a thing of the past. After the FCC opened up the 46-MHz band, use of cordless phones has grown significantly. The FCC has now also opened up a new 900 MHz band for cordless phones, which has extended range and less interference with radio-controlled toys than the 49 MHz band.
In the rest of the world, most countries still have a government monopoly on the phone system, though this is changing because of influence from the U.S. market. The united Kingdom is probably the most progressive non-U.S. market. Cellular phones have been terrified so inexpensively in the united kingdom that most people own cellular phones, Many U.S. companies, such as US West, have set up U.K. subsidiaries to sell cable TV and phone service at 15 percent lower rates than the local monopoly, The monopoly position does have its advantages however, For new technology to take hold in the United States, each of the RBOCs must endorse the new technology and the market must show a need. In other countries, the PTT may proclaim that a certain technology will be adopted (like integrated services Digital network (ISDN) for instance), and there is a government mandate to make it happen. For this reason, Europe is much father ahead in deploying ISDN than the united States.
In the united States, the Federal Communication commission (FCC) has a reasonable scope of influence to open doors for multimedia communications. In 1992, the FCC allocated a new frequency band at 218-219 MHz for interactive video applications. This new band will be used for a nationwide interactive TV service called TV-Answer, which is based on a radio frequency (RF) cellular-like modem. Since most cable networks today are transmit- only. This new RF channel can provide the return communications path for these new services. Home shopping is one obvious use of this technology.

Digital signature

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Thu, 26 Jun 2008 23:26:00 +0000

Digital signature is a sequence of bits that are calculated mathematically while signing a given document. Since it is easy to copy, alter or move a file on computers without leaving any trail, one needs to be very careful in designing a signature scheme. In keeping with the properties of a handwritten signature, a digital signature should depend on some secret known only to the signer and on the content of the message should be able to distinguish between a forgery and a valid signature without requiring the signer to reveal any secret information. A general digital scheme consists of three algorithms:
1. A key generation algorithm
2. A signing algorithm
3. A verification algorithm
Cryptography: The process or skill of communicating in or deciphering secret writings or ciphers.
Working of digital signature:
Public key cryptography gives reliable method for digital signing and signature verification system based on public/private key pairs. A person can sign a given digital message with private key. The two steps involved are:
1. Calculate the hash value
In the first step of the process, a hash value of the message is calculated by applying some cryptographic hashing algorithm. The calculated hash value is a sequence of bits, usually with affixed length, extracted in some manner from the message. All reliable algorithms for message digest calculation apply such mathematical that when just a single bit from the input message is changed, a completely different digest is obtained.
2. Calculate the digital signature
In the second step of digitally signing a message, the information obtained in the first step hash-value of the message is encrypted with the private key of the person who signs the message and thus an encrypted hash-value, also called digital signature is obtained.
Verifying signed data
A digital signature is associated with a X.509 certificate which contains the sender’s public key. This key is used to decrypt the digital signature into the original hash value on the recipient’s computer. To verify the digital signature, the same hashing algorithm is used to generate a hash value based on the original data. The decrypted hash value is compared to the generated hash value. If the values match, the digital signature is valid.
1. Calculate the current hash value
2. Calculate the original hash value
3. Compare the current and the original hash-value
Benefits of digital signature:
Authenticity
Although digital signatures alone cannot prevent the content from being manipulated during delivery, using digital signatures provides a mechanism to detect tampering of it occurs. If the data is altered in any way after being digitally signed, the recipient can tell via properties of the signature that the data sent does not match the data received.

Acknowledgement
Data can be signed by the recipient as well as the sender. When a recipient signs the data and returns it to the sender, this signature is an acknowledgement. Digital signatures used in this way also provide no repudiation; the ability to prove that the data was sent by the signer.

Computers

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Thu, 26 Jun 2008 23:26:00 +0000

The past ten years have brought much change to the world of computers, communications, and consumer products. Let’s review how far we’ve come. In 1980, personal computers were Apple IIs, Radio Shack TRS80s, Commodore Pets, and perhaps lesser known SOL20s and Exidy Sorcerers. Mini-computers were PDP 11/70 and VAX 11/780. Remarkably, punch cards were still around for those “big jobs.” The Commodore 64 appeared in 1981 and eventually won the home computer war against the likes of game machines such as the Atari 2600 VCS and Atari 5200, Mattel Intellivision, and others because it was a “real” computer instead of just a game machine. The C64 and its successor, the C128, also won over other similar home computers such as the Atari 400/800 and the various flavors of Radio Shack TRS80 models. This was a crazy time for the birth of the home computer. Many companies came and went in an attempt to provide the next hot consumer product.
In 1988, Sharp introduced an electronic organiser call the Wizard. With application programs on solid-state “credit cards”, the Wizard was basically an electronic address book and appointment scheduler. Palmtop computers were introduced in 1990 by Atari with the Portfolio and in 1991 by Hewlett-Packard with the 95LX. There were intended to take the Wizard concept one step further by adding a bigger display, a mini-QWERTY keyboard, and MS-DOS compatibility. Also in 1993 Hewlett-Packard upped the ante with a newer palmtop called 100LX and a subnotebook called the Omnibook 300.
The Newton and CD-I concepts are the first generation of the new convergence of computers, communications, and consumer products. They are not traditional televisions or phones or computers, but a hybrid of each. As new technologies become available, the fine line between these products gets even fuzzier.

WEB PAGE SET UP

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Thu, 26 Jun 2008 23:24:00 +0000

Creation of a personal web page
A personal homepage is your means of putting your own information on the world wide web (www). A web page is nothing more than a text file written with special tags that format the contents, point to other pages, andinsert images and sounds. The tags arecalled hypertext markup language, or html.
There are a variety of ways to generate a web page:
• We may create our text file in many different ways using a text editor such as notepad (windows), simpletext(mac) or pico(unix).
• There are many software packages, such as dream weaver, that you can use to generate the html code for you. Additionally most word processing packages such as ms word, will usually save to the HTML format as well.
• We may choose to use a template (an existing frame of a document) and just fill in the details.
We will now discuss some of the basic HTML tags used:
HEAD TAG
tag has no attributes. Several tags are included inside it.
1.BASEFONT Tag
It defines the font size to be used in html document.

2.BASE Tag
It is useful for setting some global parameters of an html document.

WATER SPORTS TO DIE FOR

3.META Tag
This tag is used to include additional information about the document and can be used to pass additional information to a browser. There is no ending tag for and a document can have multiple tags. The attribute the meta tag are NAME, CONTENT, and HTTP-EQUIV.

CONTENT=”woodworking, cabinetmaking, handmade furniture”>

HTML and colors
There are two ways of defining colors in HTML documents. One involves simple color names , such as blue, cranberry, green, orange etc. However, since different browsers have different lists and since the definitions of individual colors may vary from browser to browser, we recommend using the color numbering scheme. For eg:
000000 means 00or no red, 00 of green, and 00of blue. So, 000000 represents black.# sign is to denote that they represent a color.

BODY TAG
The text and HTML code that goes between the body beginning and ending tags is rendered and displayed in the document area of the browser’s window.

1.TEXT color

The text attribute is used to change the default text color for an entire document.

2. BACKGROUND color

The BGCOLOR attribute is used to set the background of an HTML document to a single color.

3.HYPERLINK colors
Three attributes are used for changing the color of a hyperlink, where the color depends on the current state of the hyperlink. The three possible states are: unvisited, visited , and currently thinking of visiting.
LINK unvisited hyperlink
VLINK visited hyperlink
ALINK a hyperlink the user is thinking of visiting. The A stands for active hyperlink.
LINK=”#FF0000”
VLINK=”#808080”
ALINK=”#FFFF00”>

HTML FONT COLORS
It allows us to change the color of any portion of text.

I am going swimming today

WAP TO SHOW THE WORKING OF STATIC MEMBERS

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Thu, 26 Jun 2008 23:19:00 +0000

#include

class test

{private:

int code;

static int count;

public:

void setcode()

{code=++count;}

void showcode()

{cout<<"code--"<

static void showcount()

{cout<<"count--"<

};

int test::count;

void main()

{clrscr();

test t1,t2;

test::showcount();

t1.setcode();

t1.showcode();

test::showcount();

t2.setcode();

t2.showcode();

test::showcount();

getch();

}

UNFORMATTED INPUT OUTPUT

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Thu, 26 Jun 2008 23:10:00 +0000

Overloaded operators >> and <<

The operators ‘>>’ and ’<<’ are overloaded respectively in the istream and ostream class. The following is the general format of reading data from the keyboard.

Cin>>variable1>> variable2>> ......>> variablenN

The input data are separated by white spaces and should match the type of data in the cin list. Spaces and new lines will be skipped. The operator reads the data character by character and assigns it to the indicated location. The reading variable will be terminated at the encounter of a white space or a character that does not match the destination type. For example:

Int code;

Suppose the following data is given as input: 4258D

The operator will read the characters up to 8 and the value 4258 is assigned to code.

Put() and get() functions

The classes istream and ostream define two member functions get() an put() respectively to handle the single character input/output operations. We can use both types of get() functions get(char*) and get(void) prototypes to fetch character including the blank spaces, tab and the newline character. The get(char*) version assigns the input character to its argument and the get(void) version returns the input character.

Example :

Char c;

Cin.get(c);

While(c != ‘\n’)

{

cout<<>

Cin.get(c);

}

This code reads and displays a line of text (terminated by a newline character). Remember, the operator >> can also be used to read a character. The above while loop will not work properly if the statement cin>>c; is used in place of cin.get(c);

The get(void) version is used as follows:

.....

Char c;

C=cin.get; // cin.get(c) replaced

.......

The value returned by the function get() is assigned to the variable c.

The function put(), a member of ostream class, can be used to output a line of text, charater by character. For example,

Cout.put(‘x’);

Displays the character x and

cout.put(ch);

displays the value of variable ch.

Getline() and write() functions

We can read and display a line of text more efficiently using the line oriented input output functions getline() and write(). The getline() function reads a whole line of text that end s with a newline character .

Syntax: cin.getline(line,size);

Eg: char name[20];

Cin.getline(name,20);

Assume that the input was

Bjarne stroustrup

This input will be read correctly and assigned to the character array name. Let us suppose the input was : object oriented programming

In this the input will be terminated after reading the first 19 characters.

The write() function displays an entire line and has the following form:

Cout.write(line,size)

The first argument line represents the name of the string to be displayed and the second argument size indicates the number of characters to display. Note that it does not stop dislaying the charaters automatically when the null character is encountered. If the size is greater than the length of line, then it displays beyond the bound of line.

Time and Multimedia Requirements

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Mon, 26 May 2008 23:49:00 +0000

The problem of synchronising data presentation, user interaction, and physical devices reduces to satisfying temporal precedence relationships under real timing constraints. In this section, we introduce conceptual models that describe temporal information necessary to represent multimedia synchronisation. We also describe language- and graph-based approaches to specification and survey existing methodologies applying these approaches.
The goal of temporal specification is to provide a means of expressing temporal relationships among data objects requiring synchronisation at the time of their creation, in the process of orchestration. This temporal specification ultimately can be used to facilitate database storage and playback of the orchestrated multimedia objects from storage.
To describe temporal synchronisation, an abstract model is necessary for characterising the processes and events associated with presentation of elements with varying display requirements. The presentation problem requires simultaneous, sequential, and independent display of heterogeneous data. This problem closely resembles that of the execution of sequential and parallel threads in a concurrent computational system, for which numerous approaches exist. Many concurrent languages support this concept, for example, CSP and Ada; however, the problem differs for multimedia data presentation. Computational systems are generally interested in the solution of problems which desire high throughput, such as the parallel solution to matrix inversion. On the other hand, multimedia presentation is concerned with the coherent presentation of heterogeneous media to a user. Therefore, there exists a bound on the speed of delivery beyond which a user cannot assimilate the information content of the presentation. For computational systems it is always desired to produce a solution in minimum time. An abstract multimedia timing specification concerns presentation rather than computation.

Time-Based Media Representation and Delivery

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Mon, 26 May 2008 23:49:00 +0000

Time-Based Media Representation and Delivery
Temporal relationships are a characteristic feature of multimedia objects. Continuous media objects such as video and audio have strict synchronous timing requirements. Composite objects can have arbitrary timing relation-ships. These relationships might be specified to achieve some particular visual effect of sequence. Several different schemes have been proposed for modeling time-based media. These are reviewed and evaluated in terms of representational completeness and delivery techniques.
Introduction
Multimedia refers to the integration of text, images, audio, and video in a variety of application environments. These data can be heavily time-dependent, such as audio and video in a motion picture, and can require time-ordered presentation during use. The task of coordinating such sequences is called multimedia synchronisation or orchestration. Synchronisation can be applied to the playout of concurrent or sequential streams of data and also to the external events generated by a human user. Consider the following illustration of a newscast shown in Figure 1.14. In this illustration multiple media are shown versus a time axis in a timeline representation of the time-ordering of the application.
Temporal relationships between the media may be implied, as in the simultaneous acquisition of voice and video, or may be explicitly formulated, as in the case of a multimedia document which possesses voice annotated text. In either situation, the characteristics of each medium and the relationships among them must be established in order to provide coordination in the presence of vastly different presentation requirements In addition to simple linear playout of time-dependent data sequences other modes of data presentation are also viable and should be supported by a multimedia information system (MMIS). These include reverse, fast forward, fast-backward, and random access. Although these operations are quite ordinary in existing technologies (e.g., VCRs), when nonsequential storage, data compression, data distribution, and random communication delays are introduced, the provision for these capabilities can be very difficult.

DVI Technology

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Mon, 26 May 2008 23:49:00 +0000

DVI technology is different from the other standards discussed here because it is specifically based on the use of special hardware. Intel Corporation and IBM Corporation have developed a programmable chipset, which implements the technology in a co-processor environment on any type of computer platform. These chips support a wide range of multimedia functions in software, including JPEG compression and several DVI-unique compression algorithms for stills or motion video. Because of the programmability of the chipset, it can respond to new algorithm developments-for example, the programming of the chips to do MPEG processing is being explored. Intel is committed to producing higher-speed DVI processors in the future and has even discussed the possible integration of DVI functionality with a future generation of the x86 CPU family. Thus, the DVI hardware is an important engine for present and future compression developments.
DVI Technology Motion Video Compression
DVI Technology can do both symmetric and asymmetric motion video compression/decompression. The asymmetric approach is called Production-Level Video (PLV). Video for PLV must be sent to a central compression facility, which uses large computers and special interface equipment, but any DVI system is capable of playing back the resulting compressed video. The picture quality of PLV is the highest that can currently be achieved. The other DVI compression approach is Real Time Video (RTV). It is done on any DVI system that has the Action Media Capture Board installed. Playback of RTV is on the same system or any other DVI system. Because RTV is a symmetric approach, which requires that compression be done with only the computing power available in a DVI system, RTV picture quality is not as good as PLV picture quality.
DVI Production-Level Compression
PLV is an interframe compression technique; the algorithm details are proprietary, and we can only say that it is block-oriented and that it involves multiple compression techniques. Since it was designed specifically for the DVI chipset, it is optimised for that environment, and it probably would not make much sense to run it on different hardware.
PLV is an interframe compression technique; the algorithm details are proprietary, and we can only say that it is block-oriented and that it involves multiple compression techniques. Since it was designed specifically for the DVI chipset, it is optimised for that environment, and it probably would not make much sense to run it on different hardware.
PLV compression is an asymmetric approach where a large computer does the compression and the DVI hardware in the PC does the decompression. It takes a facility costing several hundred thousand dollars to perform PLV compression at reasonable speeds. Since this cost is too much for a single application developer to bear, centralised facilities are provided where developers can send their video to be compressed for a fee. We will discuss what such facilities involve and how they are made available to developers.

MPEG

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Mon, 26 May 2008 23:48:00 +0000

The Moving Picture Experts Group (http://drogo.cselt.stet.it/mpeg/), a working group convened by the International Standards Organization (ISO) and the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) to create Standards for digital representation of moving pictures and associated audio and other data, has developed the MPEG standard. MPEGI and MPEG2
are the current standards. Using MPEGI, you can deliver 1.2 Mbps (megabits per second) of video and 250 Kbps (kilobits per second) of two-channel stereo audio using CD-ROM technology. MPEG2. a completely different system from MPEG1, requires higher data rates (3 to 15 Mbps) but deliverers higher image resolution, picture quality, interlaced video formats, multi-resolution scalability, and multichannel auto features.
MPEG may become the method of choice for encoding motion images because it has become widely accepted for both Internet and DVD-Video For MPEG1, hardware playback will become common on motherboards and video cards. Software decompression algorithms for MPEGI, while slower than hardware solutions, are incorporated in QuickTime, and Microsoft has licensed a driver from MediaMatics for use with Windows 95.

MPEG-1
It can deliver 1.2 mbps of video and 250 kpbs of two channel stereo audio using CD-ROM technology. For MPEG hardware will be common on motherboard and video card’s software are from quick time, Microsoft, and Media motion.
MPEG-2
It can requires higher data rates i.e., (3 to 15 mbps) but delivers higher image resolution. Picture quality, interlaced. Video format & multichannel stereo audio feature. MPEG-2 require dedicated hardware and software.
MPEG-4
It is also available and provides a new content based method for multimedia elements. It also offer not only indexing, hyperlinking, querying, browing, uploading, downloading and deleting functions but also ‘hybrid natural and synthetic data coding’. With MPEG-4, multiple views and multiple soundtracks of a scene as well as 3D view are also available.
MPEG-7
On the standard horizon, it goes a further step to MPEG-4 by integrating image, sound or motion video elements being used in a composition.
E.g., MPEG-7 may include classes for facial expressions, personality characteristics etc.
The MPEG Motion Video Compression Standard
Digital motion video can be accomplished with the JPEG still-image standard if you have fast enough hardware to process 30 images per second. However, the maximum compression potential cannot be achieved because the redundancy between frames is not being exploited. Further more, there are many other things to be considered in compressing and decompressing motion video, as indicated in the objectives below.

Video Compression

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Mon, 26 May 2008 23:48:00 +0000

To digitize and store a IO-second clip of full-motion video in your computer requires transfer of an enormous amount of data in a very short amount of time. Reproducing just one frame of digital video component video at 2.4-bits requires almost 1MB of computer data; 30 seconds of video will fill a gigabyte hard disk. Full-size, full-motion video requires that the computer deliver data at about 30MB per second—this is simply more than Macintoshes and PCs can handle. Typical hard disk drives transfer data at only about 1MB per second, and quad-speed CD-ROM players at a paltry 600K per second. This overwhelming technological bottleneck is currently being overcome by digital video compression schemes or codecs (coders/decoders). A codec is the algorithm used to compress a video for delivery and then decode it in real-time for fast playback. Real-time video compression algorithms such as MPEG P*64, DVI/Indeo, JPEG, Cinepak, ClearVideo RealVideo, and VDOwave are now available to compress digital video information at rates that range from 50:1 to 200:1. JPEG, MPEG, and P*64 compression schemes use Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), an encoding algorithm that quantifies the human eye's ability to detect color and image distortion. All of these codecs employ lossy compression algorithms.
In addition to compressing video data, steaming technologies are being implemented to provide reasonable quality low-bandwidth video on the Web. By starting playback of a video as soon as enough data have transferred to the user's computer to sustain this playback, users do not have to wait for an often very large file to download. Microsoft, RealNetworks, VXtreme, VDOnet, Xing, Precept, Cubic, Motorola, Vivo, Vosaic, and Oracle are actively pursuing the commercialization of streaming technology on the Web. RealNetworks (http://www.real.com) claims that by 1998 more than 28 million copies of its RealPlayer software had been downloaded electronically and more than 100,000 hours per week of live audio and video content were being broadcast over the Web using their RealAudio and RealVideo technology, and more than 150,000 Web pages were using RealNetworks’ streaming software. Tools such as Terran Interactive’s Media Cleaner Pro (http://www .terran-int.com) allow you to customize the move and audio compression chores and optimize your media for either CD-ROM or Web delivery.
QuickTime, Apple's software-based architecture for seamlessly integrating sound, animation, text. and video (data that change over time), is often thought of as a compression standard, but it is really much more than that.

Digital Video

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Mon, 26 May 2008 23:47:00 +0000

The next evolution toward fully integrating motion video computers eliminates the analog television form of video from the multimedia delivery platform. If a video clip can first be converted from analog to digital, then stored as data on a hard disk, CD-ROM, or other mass-storage device, that clip can be played back on the computer's monitor without overlay boards, videodisc players, or second monitors. This playback is accomplished using software architectures such as QuickTime or Video for "Windows (replaced by Microsoft's newer Active Movie for Windows).
As a multimedia producer or developer, you will need to convert your video source material from its common analog form (videotape) to a digital form manageable by the end user's computer system. So an understanding of analog video and some special hardware must remain in your multimedia toolbox.
Analog to digital conversion of video can often be accomplished using the video overlay hardware described above, but to repetitively digitize a full-screen color video image every 1/30 second and store it to disk or RAM severely taxes both Macintosh and PC processing capabilities—special hardware, compression software, and massive amounts of digital storage space are required. And repetitively reading from disk and displaying to the monitor the full-screen color images of motion video, at a rate of one frame every 1/30 second, taxes the computational and display power of both the Macintosh sad the PC.
The final evolutionary step to fully digital video will not occur until the acquisition and recording of video becomes entirely a digital procedure and analog videotape is removed from the process.

Audio compression

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Mon, 26 May 2008 23:47:00 +0000

For processes which reduce the dynamic range (without changing the amount of digital data) of audio signals, see dynamic range compression (audio).Audio compression is a form of data compression designed to reduce the size of audio files. Audio compression algorithms are implemented in computer software as audio codecs. Generic data compression algorithms perform poorly with audio data, seldom reducing file sizes much below 87% of the original, and are not designed for use in real time. Consequently, specific audio "lossless" and "lossy" algorithms have been created. Lossy algorithms provide far greater compression ratios and are used in mainstream consumer audio devices. As with image compression, both lossy and lossless compression algorithms are used in audio compression, lossy being the most common for everyday use. In both lossy and lossless compression, information redundancy is reduced, using methods such as coding, pattern recognition and linear prediction to reduce the amount of information used to describe the data.

Musical Instrument Digital Interface

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Mon, 26 May 2008 23:47:00 +0000

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interfac) is an industry-standard protocol that enables electronic musical instruments, computers and other equipment to communicate, control and synchronize with each other.

.MIDI does not transmit an audio signal or media — it simply transmits digital data "event messages" such as the pitch and intensity of musical notes to play, control signals for parameters such as volume, vibrato and panning, cues and clock signals to set the tempo. As an electronic protocol, it is notable for its success, both in its widespread adoption throughout the industry, and in remaining essentially unchanged in the face of technological developments since its introduction in 1983.

Speech Synthesis

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Mon, 26 May 2008 23:46:00 +0000

A major driving force in speech synthesis has come from text-to-speech (TTS). A TTS system assumes that the text already exists in machine-readable form, such as an ASCII file. The machine-readable form is possible obtained from optical character recognition. TTS converts the text symbols to a parameter stream representing sounds. This includes expanding common abbreviations, such as “Pres.,” and symbols like “&”. Also, the system figures out how to handle numbers: 1492 can be read as a date, and even the dollar amount $1492.00 could be read starting with “fourteen hundred...” or “one thousand four hundred....” After creating a uniform symbol stream. The system creates initial sound parameter representation, often at the world level-some words may simply be looked up in a dictionary.
Other parts of the stream are broken down into morphemes, the syntactic basic units of the language. With luck, a group of text symbols corresponds to one morpheme. It is often the case that there is a regular mapping between the symbols of such a group and some sound, in which case the group can be turned into sound. As a last resort, the system converts individual text symbols to sound using rules. The system synthesises sounds from the parameter string based on an articulatory model or using sampled sounds, LPC, or formats. The synthesis system may store units at the level of phonemes, diphthongs, syllables, or words.

Encoding and Transmitting Speech

noreply@blogger.com (Naman Sarawagi) — Mon, 26 May 2008 23:46:00 +0000

The simplest way to encode speech is to use PCM, discussed above. The 8-bit, 8-kHz standard for speech is of significantly lower quality than what is required for music. Still, at the nominal 64-kb/sec rate for speech, if one bit per sample can be saved, then the total saving is 8 kb/sec. Methods for lowering the bit rate thus remain an active area of research. The ADPCM method discussed above can easily save 2 to 4 bits per sample. PCM, ADPCM, and related methods attempt to describe the waveform itself. There are other methods, such as the Subband coding discussed above under MPEG. We now turn to another class of methods, called voice coders, or vocoders.
The human vocal tract can be simplified by assuming, for example, that the source of vibration for voiced sounds is not affected by the rest of the vocal tract. The series of filters that model the vocal tract can be modeled such that if one filter changes, there is no effect on the others. Under such conditions, we can calculate the voice model coefficients independently of the fundamental frequency or the voiced/unvoiced decision. We can also reasonably assume that formats change quite slowly compared to the rate of individual pulses from the vocal tract and transmit the filter coefficients at a slower rate.