The Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog

New Breast Reconstruction Blog!

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Fri, 11 Aug 2017 07:36:00 -0500

For our latest posts, please head over to our new Breast Reconstruction Blog.

See you there!

Dr C

Breast Reconstruction Options At A Glance

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Thu, 30 Jul 2015 09:58:00 -0500

Here's a great infographic summarizing the breast reconstruction options available these days:

Some additional important points:

"Immediate" vs "delayed" breast reconstruction simply describes when the breast reconstruction process begins. Most approaches require more than 1 surgery and the whole reconstruction process can take several months to complete regardless of when it starts. The benefits of immediate reconstruction (same time as the mastectomy) include avoiding the experience of living without a breast, less scarring and better cosmetic results (especially when combined with nipple-sparing mastectomy). You can see patient before and after pictures here.

Many of the above procedures are often combined. For example, tissue expanders or implants can be used in conjunction with flaps. The most common combination is a tissue expander with a latissimus ("lat") flap. Fat grafting is also frequently used in combination with any of the above techniques to address contour deformities, hide implant rippling, add volume, or simply make the results more "natural".

Unfortunately, many of the above procedures are not offered by all plastic surgeons. I encourage all of you to do your own research, ask questions, and if at all possible, consult with plastic surgeons experienced in all types of breast reconstruction before making a final decision.

Dr C
*****

Dr Chrysopoulo is a breast reconstruction surgeon in San Antonio, TX, specializing in the DIEP flap and other state-of-the-art breast reconstruction procedures. In-network for most US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with Dr C on Twitter and Facebook.

*****

What is Breast Reconstruction? What are your Options?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Sun, 3 May 2015 21:36:00 -0500

Breast reconstruction makes women whole again after breast cancer. It restores something that nature provided but cancer has taken away. It is covered by insurance in the majority of cases thanks to a 1998 Federal Mandate.

Unfortunately, many breast cancer patients who are facing or who have had mastectomy or lumpectomy are not offered all their reconstructive options.

Women have several breast reconstruction options. These include breast implants and "natural" techniques like flaps and fat grafting which use the patient's own tissue. The nipple and areola can also be recreated.

The animated presentation below provides an excellent overview for women interested in learning more about breast reconstruction and the options available.

I hope this info helps!

Dr C

*****

Dr Chrysopoulo is a breast reconstruction surgeon in San Antonio, TX, specializing in the DIEP flap and other state-of-the-art breast reconstruction procedures. In-network for most US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with Dr C on Twitter and Facebook.

*****

Silicone Breast Implant Rupture - Ultrasound or MRI?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Fri, 24 Apr 2015 09:57:00 -0500

Breast implant rupture is a risk associated with both saline and silicone implants, whether they are placed for cosmetic augmentation or breast reconstruction.

In the case of a saline implant, a rupture is very easy to detect. Saline implants deflate after rupturing as the saline (salt water) leaves the implant and is reabsorbed by the body. Beyond a clinical evaluation, no tests are required to confirm the rupture.

Silicone breast implant ruptures are usually much harder to detect. Early ruptures often go unnoticed by the patient since the silicone remains contained within the capsule of scar tissue formed by the body around the implant. These are known as "intracapsular" ruptures and are the most common. Intracapsular ruptures can progress to "extracapsular" ruptures over time.

Extracapsular ruptures involve a break in the scar capsule around the implant which allows silicone to leak out into the surrounding tissues. Associated changes in the breast can include capsular contracture, distortion, firmness, asymmetry and pain. Extracapsular silicone can also find its way into the lymphatics and lymph nodes.

If your silicone breast implant has ruptured the implant should be removed or replaced, if possible before the rupture becomes extracapsular.

The first step is to confirm the rupture with either an ultrasound or MRI. Most plastic surgeons, myself included, strongly prefer MRI when the patient has symptoms or a rupture is suspected since MRI is more accurate than ultrasound (94 vs 72%) and is less likely to miss a rupture.

Silicone Breast Implant MRI.
White arrow = "linguine sign" of intracapsular rupture
Black arrow = damaged implant capsule

Routine Screening to Check Silicone Implant Integrity

The FDA recommends that patients with silicone gel breast implants (cosmetic and reconstructive) undergo MRI screening to check for silent (intracapsular) rupture 3 years after implants are placed and every 2 years after that. Most plastic surgeons feel these recommendations are excessive since the risk of implant rupture within the first 5 years is very low and MRIs are very expensive. Many surgeons don't feel any routine screening is necessary at all. For those who do advocate for routine implant screening in women without any symptoms or changes on exam, ultrasound is a more cost effective alternative followed by MRI if the ultrasound is positive.

I hope this info helps!

Dr C

*****

Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon in San Antonio, TX, specializing in breast reconstruction and cosmetic breast surgery. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. To schedule a consultation, please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com. Connect with Dr C on Twitter and Facebook.

*****

Do you need a CT angiogram before DIEP flap breast reconstruction?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Tue, 17 Feb 2015 21:34:00 -0600

If you've had several previous abdominal surgeries and are considering DIEP flap breast reconstruction, a CT angiogram may be recommended by your plastic surgeon.

A CT angiogram (CTA) is a special type of CT scan that examines the blood vessels in the abdomen to determine if they are intact and able to be used for DIEP flap reconstruction. It can also provide a "road map" for the surgeon and help locate the largest blood vessels ("perforators").

Sometimes the vessels needed for the DIEP flap may have been damaged by previous abdominal surgery. Although the majority of previous abdominal surgeries are not a contraindication for DIEP flap reconstruction (except a tummy tuck), there is a small chance that the blood vessels may be damaged in patients that have had multiple previous abdominal surgeries or certain procedures.

While some surgeons obtain CT angiograms on their patients routinely before DIEP flap surgery, in our opinion not all patients need the study. A very good example is patients who have never had abdominal surgery. Much depends on surgeon preference and experience.

It is also important to realize that the test exposes patients to radiation; in many cases, patients have already had more than their fair share of radiation as part of their breast cancer treatment! At PRMA, we usually only recommend a pre-operative CTA in patients that have had multiple previous abdominal surgeries and there is a question about the vascular anatomy.

There is no doubt, despite the radiation exposure, a CTA can be an excellent planning tool when needed. Be sure to discuss any concerns you have regarding previous abdominal surgeries and the need for a CT angiogram with your plastic surgeon.

I hope this info helps!

Dr C

*****

Dr Chrysopoulo is a breast reconstruction surgeon in San Antonio, TX, specializing in the DIEP flap and other state-of-the-art breast reconstruction procedures. In-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with others touched by breast cancer on Facebook.

*****

What is a Microsurgery?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Sun, 18 Jan 2015 15:49:00 -0600

Microsurgery is a very intricate, specialized type of plastic surgery performed using delicate instruments, sutures finer than human hair and high powered magnification provided by either a microscope or high-powered loupes. Microsurgeons can repair and reconnect very small blood vessels and nerves less than 1mm in diameter.

Microsurgery has allowed significant advances in many surgical fields. Breast reconstruction has been transformed completely.

We can now replace tissue removed by a mastectomy with the patient's own tissue transplanted from another part of their body. Unlike conventional tissue reconstruction techniques (like the TRAM flap), the latest microsurgical techniques ("perforator flaps") carefully preserve the patient's underlying muscles. The tissue is disconnected from the body, transplanted to the patient's chest and reconnected using microsurgery.

Preserving underlying muscles lessens postoperative discomfort making the recovery easier and shorter. It also helps the patient maintain muscle strength long-term which is particularly important for active women.

Below is a video of microsurgery performed during a DIEP flap breast reconstruction. Here we are connecting the DIEP flap artery to the internal mammary artery in the chest under the microscope:

I hope this info helps!

Dr C

*****

Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon in San Antonio, Texas and an active member of the American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery. He specializes in DIEP flap breast reconstruction and other state-of-the-art breast reconstruction procedures. He is in-network for most US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to schedule a consultation.

*****

When should you see a Breast Reconstruction Surgeon?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Mon, 22 Dec 2014 20:01:00 -0600

It is very important for patients to learn about all their breast cancer treatment options, including breast reconstruction, as soon as possible after the initial breast cancer diagnosis.

It should go without saying that the top priority is always going to be to treat the cancer first, to try to cure the patient. However, treatment decisions early on in the process often determine the physical results the patient has to live with for the rest of her life.

If you think you may be interested in reconstruction, it is very important to see a breast reconstruction surgeon before any breast cancer surgery is scheduled. Of course this needs to be in a timely manner so as not to delay your cancer care. This is the only way to ensure you are truly involved in your treatment plan.

Seeing a reconstruction specialist very early on also allows patients interested in immediate breast reconstruction, (reconstruction performed at the same time as the mastectomy), to pursue it if they are candidates. Immediate reconstruction typically provides the best results and avoids the experience of living without a breast. For those who are not candidates, knowing they will have the option of reconstructive surgery once all their other breast cancer treatment is completed, (known as "delayed reconstruction"), is often a huge source of strength and relief.

Learn more about the differences between immediate and delayed breast reconstruction here.

I hope this info helps!

Dr C

*****

Dr Chrysopoulo is a breast reconstruction surgeon in San Antonio, TX, specializing in the DIEP flap and other state-of-the-art breast reconstruction procedures. In-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with others touched by breast cancer on Facebook.

*****

Tattoos to Cover Mastectomy and Breast Reconstruction Scars on the Rise

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Mon, 24 Nov 2014 14:00:00 -0600

For years, tattoos have been used to apply the finishing touches to breast reconstruction. A form of medical tattooing is used to add color to the reconstructed nipple and areola as the final stage of the reconstructive process. Recently, 3D tattooing has also become available to add even more life-like results.

Some breast cancer patients are now turning to more "traditional" ink-based tattoos to cover their mastectomy or breast reconstruction scars in more elaborate ways.

If you've ever considered getting an elaborate tattoo to hide your breast cancer scars, rest assured you're not alone! I'm seeing more and more breast cancer patients doing just that. Here are some examples:

Tattoo over right mastectomy scar
Source: iconosquare.com

Tattoo over left breast reconstruction scar
Source: launchboulder.pmpblogs.com

If you're considering a tattoo yourself, here are some more examples of tattoos used to cover mastectomy and breast reconstruction scars.

From a surgical standpoint, I don't see a problem with patients choosing to go this route. It's a very personal decision. Tattooing won't "ruin" a breast reconstruction. However, tattooing of course does have its risks including skin infections (e.g. MRSA), allergic reactions to the dyes, additional scarring, ink deposition in lymph nodes and cartilage, and even blood borne diseases (e.g. tetanus, hepatitis B and C). Tattoo pigments can also occasionally interfere with MRI exams and decrease the quality of the images.

Like anything, doing your research is crucial. Please make sure you choose a reputable and experienced artist and review examples of their previous work ahead of time.

Dr C

*****

Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon in San Antonio, TX, specializing in the DIEP flap and other state-of-the-art breast reconstruction procedures. In-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with others touched by breast cancer on Facebook.

*****

Does Immediate Breast Reconstruction Delay Chemotherapy?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Wed, 22 Oct 2014 20:15:00 -0500

Many patients think or are told they cannot have immediate breast reconstruction (reconstruction at the same time as mastectomy) because it will significantly delay chemotherapy. In reality, breast reconstruction very rarely interferes with chemotherapy.

Patients that have immediate reconstruction and need chemotherapy can start their treatments once they have healed from their surgery. This usually takes about 4 weeks. The healing time required before chemotherapy is about the same whether patients have mastectomy alone or mastectomy and reconstruction.

A small percentage of patients develop wound healing problems after their cancer surgery and may need slightly longer to heal completely. Even in these situations, studies have shown there is typically no delay in starting chemotherapy. Patients must also realize that wound healing problems can also happen after mastectomy alone.

In addition to the psycho-social benefits, immediate breast reconstruction is associated with less scarring and better cosmetic results. Patients that have delayed breast reconstruction, ie reconstruction some time after the mastectomy, complete all their breast cancer treatment before proceeding with reconstruction.

I hope this info helps.

Dr C

*****

Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon and microsurgeon in San Antonio, TX specializing in state-of-the-art reconstructive breast surgery. He and his partners at PRMA are in-network for most major US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with other breast cancer patients on Facebook.

*****

What Does Flap Breast Reconstruction Involve?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Tue, 12 Aug 2014 20:54:00 -0500

If you're considering breast reconstruction using your own tissue (a "flap" procedure), it's important to know that achieving the best results usually involves several stages and takes time.

BEFORE skin-sparing mastectomies and DIEP flaps

AFTER skin-sparing mastectomies and DIEP flaps

The patient in the pictures above required the following stages to complete her breast reconstruction:

Stage 1: The Initial Breast Reconstruction

Whenever possible, breast reconstruction should be performed at the same time as the mastectomy. This is known as "immediate breast reconstruction". This allows for less scarring because the natural breast skin envelope can usually be preserved ("skin sparing mastectomy"). Only the nipple, areola and breast tissue under the skin is removed. The patient above had bilateral skin-sparing mastectomies and DIEP flap reconstruction using tissue from her lower abdomen.

In some cases, the nipple and areola can also be preserved. This is called a nipple-sparing mastectomy.

Immediate reconstruction enables the patient to wake up from the surgery "complete" and avoid the experience of a flat chest altogether. Most women with early breast cancer (stage I or II) are candidates for this approach.

If immediate reconstruction isn't an option, or the patient prefers to wait, the reconstruction can be performed "delayed", any time after the mastectomy. Patients having radiation are often advised to delay reconstruction. Other reasons for delaying reconstruction include advanced breast cancer (stage III or IV) and lack of access to a specialist surgeon.

Stage 2: Revision
This is the "fine-tuning" phase and is usually performed as an outpatient procedure. This stage involves shaping the breasts and making them as symmetric as possible. Fat injections can be used to address any contour deformities and make the breasts look and feel even more natural. The donor site scar (scar from where the flap tissue was taken) is revised to make the area look as good possible. Nipple reconstruction is also usually performed at this stage if the patient did not have a nipple-sparing mastectomy.

Stage 3: Micro-pigmentation/Tattooing
This office procedure applies the "finishing touch". Color is added to the reconstructed nipple-areola complex to make the results even more natural. Women now also have the option of a 3D tattoo which can look very life-like, with or without a surgically reconstructed nipple-areola.

Each stage is performed 3 months apart which means that the entire reconstructive process can take several months. Insurance authorization is also required before each stage.

I hope this info helps.

Dr C

*****

Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon in San Antonio, TX specializing in the DIEP flap and other state-of-the-art breast reconstruction procedures. He and his partners at PRMA are In-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with others touched by breast cancer on Facebook.

*****

PRMA performs 5,000th Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Sun, 13 Apr 2014 17:16:00 -0500

Congratulations PRMA!

5,000 microsurgical breast reconstructions... and counting.

I couldn't be more proud of the team!

Dr C

*****

PRMA specializes in state-of-the-art breast reconstruction. We routinely welcome patients from across and outside the US and are are In-Network for most US insurance plans. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with other breast cancer patients in our breast reconstruction community on Facebook.

*****

BRCA 1 & 2 Gene Testing: What Does A Positive Test Mean And Should You Get Tested?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Fri, 31 Jan 2014 18:39:00 -0600

The BRCA 1 and 2 gene mutations, and a handful of other (rarer) gene mutations, account for about 10% of all breast cancer cases. The abnormal genes affect about 1 in 400 people and can be inherited from either or both parents.

BRCA gene mutations increase the lifetime risk of breast cancer in women to between 50 and 87% (depending on the study). The lifetime risk of breast cancer in the general population is about 12%.

Due to the publicity BRCA has received in the media lately, most people think it only affects women. That's not true. Men can be affected too. Men carrying an abnormal BRCA gene have a 5-10% risk of getting breast cancer at some point in their lives. Unaffected men only have a 0.1% lifetime risk.

Families carrying the abnormal genes also have more than breast cancer to worry about. BRCA mutations significantly increase the risk of several other types of cancer in the family including ovarian, fallopian tube, peritoneal, pancreatic, colon, prostate and melanoma.

Anyone who has a strong family history of breast cancer should consider having a BRCA test. Those who are also of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are at particularly high risk of being affected; Ashkenazi Jews have a much higher prevalence of the BRCA1 and 2 mutations than the general population (1 in 40).

It's also important to consider the implications of a positive test before actually having it. What would you do if you found out you're affected? How would it affect your kids? The rest of your family? Would you consider having prophylactic (preventive) mastectomy?

I strongly recommend genetic counseling before having any genetic test. Only then can you truly understand the implications of the test and what a positive result could mean for you and your family.

I hope this info helps.

Dr C

*****

Dr C is a board certified plastic surgeon and microsurgeon specializing in state-of-the-art breast reconstruction. He and his partners at PRMA are In-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with others touched by breast cancer in our Facebook community.

*****

Has Your Partner Been Diagnosed With Breast Cancer?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Mon, 16 Dec 2013 19:50:00 -0600

In the vast majority of cases, a breast cancer diagnosis affects more than one person. All the focus understandably centers around the patient in formulating the best treatment plan. However, as physicians, I feel we generally do a bad job of considering the patient's support system, and the primary caregiver in particular.

Following one of my patients' breast cancer diagnosis, mastectomy and reconstruction, I asked her husband how he was coping and if there was any way we could be of more help.

He told me: "You're the first one who's even asked me how I'm doing. There's no manual. I can't fix this. I have a million thoughts but no words to express them".

His last comment really hit the nail on the head.

Please know you are not alone...

Here are some other credible resources that may help.

I wish you all the best.

Dr C

*****

Dr C is a board certified plastic surgeon and microsurgeon specializing in state-of-the-art breast reconstruction. He and his partners at PRMA are In-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with others touched by breast cancer in our Facebook community.

*****

How Is Nipple Reconstruction Done?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Wed, 9 Oct 2013 21:26:00 -0500

Nipple reconstruction is offered as part of the breast reconstruction process, unless of course the patient has undergone a nipple-sparing mastectomy. Reconstructing the nipple and areola helps make the reconstruction appear more "natural" and usually also hides some of the scarring.

There are several ways to reconstruct a nipple. Some techniques rearrange the tissue that is part of the reconstructed breast (a bit like "origami"). "Nipple-sharing" can also be preformed which uses part of the patient's opposite nipple if it is large enough.

The areola can be created either through tattooing or grafting skin from the groin area. The groin area is used as this tends to be a closer match to the natural areola in terms of color and tone than skin from any other part of the patient's body.

At PRMA we prefer to reconstruct the nipple using a "bow-tie" technique which rearranges tissue in the planned location of the new nipple. The areola is then tattooed to recreate the best tone.

The video below shows our "bow-tie" technique which can be used to reconstruct nipples of various sizes based on patient preference. It is also important to know that the reconstructed nipples also shrink by 50% over the first couple of months after reconstruction.

I hope this video helps (thanks Dr L!)...

Dr C

*****

Dr C is a board certified plastic surgeon and microsurgeon specializing in state-of-the-art breast reconstruction. He and his partners at PRMA are In-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options.

*****

Are you a BRCA Patient Interested in Prophylactic Mastectomy & DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Fri, 27 Sep 2013 15:49:00 -0500

Angelina Jolie's decision to have prophylactic mastectomies and immediate breast reconstruction earlier this year has prompted women across the country to look into their hereditary breast cancer risk.

We're kicking off Breast Cancer Awareness month on Wednesday, October 2nd with a live tweet event about this very topic.

One of our BRCA+ patients has kindly agreed for our staff to tweet during her surgery - bilateral prophylactic mastectomies and immediate DIEP flap breast reconstruction.

Please join us live in the OR to learn more about these procedures!

You can learn more about the Live Tweet Event here.

Dr C

*****

Dr C is a board certified plastic surgeon and microsurgeon specializing in state-of-the-art breast reconstruction. He and his partners at PRMA are In-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options.

*****

Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer for Lymphedema

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Thu, 29 Aug 2013 06:51:00 -0500

Vascularized lymph node transfer is the latest surgical option for the treatment of lymphedema. The procedure was first described several years ago and has continued to evolve since then. It is now gaining popularity for the treatment of arm lymphedema in breast cancer survivors that do not respond to conservative (non-surgical) therapy. The results have been quite exciting.
 
In the case of arm lymphedema caused by breast cancer surgery or radiation, a vascularized lymph node transfer moves healthy lymph nodes, usually from the upper-outer groin, to the underarm area (axilla). These healthy nodes compensate for the lymph nodes removed or damaged by the breast cancer treatment.

The lymph nodes from the upper-outer groin can be transplanted connected to a DIEP flap at the same time as breast reconstruction, or as a separate piece of tissue if DIEP flap breast reconstruction is not being performed at the same time. These lymph nodes are more superficial than the deeper groin lymph nodes that are important for lymphatic drainage of the leg.

 Lymph node transfer is not the only surgical option for lymphedema. Other surgical options include soft tissue resection, liposuction, and lymphatico-venous or lymphatico-venule anastomoses (connecting the lymphatic system to the venous system to encourage drainage).

Of all the procedures described to treat lymphedema, vascularized lymph node transfer is showing the most exciting results in terms of decreasing swelling, preventing infections and reducing the need for compression therapy. Patients can experience improvement in their symptoms very quickly after surgery though it can take several months in some cases.

As with all surgery, there are risks too. In addition to the risks of any surgery (bleeding, infection, wound healing issues), the lymph nodes may not survive and the lymphedema can worsen because of further scarring created by the surgery. There is also a risk of creating leg swelling if deep groin lymph nodes are taken. Thankfully, the risk of these complications is very low.

Only patients that have exhausted all conservative therapy by certified lymphedema specialists are considered candidates for vascularized lymph node transfer.

Unfortunately, most insurance companies still consider the procedure experimental and do not currently cover the cost of lymph node transfer.

I hope this info helps.

Dr C

*****

Dr C is a board certified plastic surgeon and microsurgeon specializing in state-of-the-art breast reconstruction. In-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options.

*****

Prophylactic Mastectomy - is it right for you?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Thu, 11 Jul 2013 11:23:00 -0500

Having prophylactic mastectomy is a very personal choice. There is no "right answer", only what you consider is best for you.

Women who are at high risk of developing breast cancer have the option of prophylactic (preventive) mastectomy as a way of decreasing their risk. Factors that increase a woman’s chance of developing breast cancer include:

a genetic predisposition to breast cancer e.g. BRCA+, Cowden's Syndrome, Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
a strong family history of breast cancer
a breast cancer diagnosis at a young age
abnormal breast cells on biopsy that increase the risk of breast cancer, e.g. LCIS
a history of previous chest radiation, e.g. treatment for Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Prophylactic mastectomy decreases the risk of future breast cancer by 97-99%. Since the breast tissue is removed, the surgery also removes the need for regular screening mammograms/MRIs and preventive drugs like tamoxifen.

Surgery is not the only option however. Many women prefer close monitoring and preventive drugs (known as "chemoprophylaxis").

Regardless of other choices, all women should modify their diet wherever possible to decrease their risk. It is vital you discuss all your options and the pros, cons, and risks of each before making the best decision for you.

If you choose prophylactic surgery please remember that you can also have breast reconstruction at the same time as mastectomy. There is no need to experience having a flat chest unless you specifically decide you wish to remain without breasts.

You have several reconstructive options and the results can be very natural and cosmetic. If you choose to undergo breast reconstruction at the same time, a "skin-sparing" mastectomy is usually performed. This saves all the breast skin envelope which significantly adds to the cosmetic results without increasing your risk of cancer. In many cases, the nipple-areola can be saved too. This is known as a "nipple-sparing" mastectomy.

Thankfully, most insurance plans cover the cost of prophylactic mastectomy and reconstruction in high risk patients but you will have to check with your individual plan to make 100% sure.

I hope this info helps.

Dr C

*****

PRMA Plastic Surgery specializes in state-of-the-art breast reconstruction including DIEP flap, SIEA flap, GAP flap, TUG flap, Alloderm One-Step and fat grafting. We are In-Network for most US insurance plans and routinely welcome patients from across the USA. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with other breast cancer patients at facebook.com/PRMAplasticsurgery.

*****

Nipple Delay Surgery

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Tue, 14 May 2013 18:13:00 -0500

Angelina Jolie recently shared her BRCA+ diagnosis and brave decision to undergo prophylactic nipple-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. As part of her surgery, she underwent a nipple delay procedure.

So what is a "nipple delay"?

Most patients do not need a delay procedure. It's actually performed quite rarely. It can however be a good option for patients who want nipple-sparing mastectomy but are at high risk for nipple necrosis. High risk patients include smokers, patients with moderate to significant breast ptosis (sagging), and patients with a history of previous breast surgery (eg breast reduction or lift).

Nipple delay is usually performed 7-21 days before the nipple-sparing mastectomy. The nipple-areolar complex and a rim of surrounding breast skin is elevated off the underlying breast gland. This disconnects all the ducts connecting the breast tissue to the nipple and also cuts off the blood supply to the nipple and areola from the underlying breast tissue. At this point, the nipple-areolar complex is only kept alive by the blood supply from the surrounding skin.

Over the next 1 - 3 weeks, this remaining blood supply becomes much more robust and the blood flow to the nipple-areola from the surrounding skin increases. This improved blood supply makes the subsequent nipple-sparing mastectomy safer and decreases the risk of nipple-areolar necrosis (tissue death) and wound healing complications.

The procedure is combined with a subareolar biopsy to ensure there are no cancer cells involving the nipple-areolar complex. If the subareolar biopsy reveals malignancy, the nipple and areoala are removed at the time of mastectomy. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is also usually performed at the same time as the nipple delay procedure if it is indicated.

Nipple delay does not decrease the risk of future breast cancer. As long as the subareolar biopsy is negative, the risk of future breast cancer is very low and is the same as with standard nipple-sparing mastectomy.

Nipple delay is usually covered by insurance if it is medically justified and the mastectomy is covered.

I hope this info helps.

Dr C

*****

PRMA Plastic Surgery specializes in advanced breast reconstruction including DIEP flap, SIEA flap, GAP flap, TUG flap, Alloderm One-Step and fat grafting. We are In-Network for most US insurance plans and routinely welcome patients from across the USA. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with other breast cancer patients at facebook.com/PRMAplasticsurgery.

*****

Can Breast Cancer return in a Reconstructed Breast?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Tue, 23 Apr 2013 21:57:00 -0500

Some women are scared to consider breast reconstruction after a mastectomy because they think it will increase the risk of the breast cancer coming back. This is a common misconception. Thankfully, it's not the case.

 Breast cancer can come back even after a mastectomy. However, the risk of the cancer returning (ie a "recurrence") after a mastectomy is very low and is the same whether you have breast reconstruction or not. Studies have compared patients with similar stage breast cancers and found no difference in recurrence between patients undergoing mastectomy alone (without reconstruction) and those having skin-sparing mastectomy and reconstruction.

 When the patient's own tissue is used for the reconstruction (as in a "flap" procedure), only skin, fat, and (sometimes) muscle are used. This tissue is used to replace breast tissue and feels like a breast, but it never turns into real breast tissue. Since it isn't real breast tissue, the flap doesn't increase the risk of a new cancer forming.

 While it is possible for breast cancer to recur after a mastectomy, breast reconstruction (either with an implant or flap) does not increase the risk of a new cancer forming, or the previous cancer returning.

 I hope this info helps.

 Dr C

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PRMA Plastic Surgery specializes in advanced breast reconstruction including DIEP flap, SIEA flap, GAP flap, TUG flap, Alloderm One-Step and fat grafting. We are In-Network for most US insurance plans and routinely welcome patients from across the USA. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with other breast cancer patients at facebook.com/PRMAplasticsurgery.

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Considering Breast Reconstruction?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Sat, 30 Mar 2013 14:47:00 -0500

Are you considering breast reconstruction?

Would you like to know more about your reconstructive options?

Do you have questions about a specific procedure?

Two of my partners at PRMA, Dr Gary Arishita and Dr Oscar Ochoa will be available to answer your breast reconstruction questions live on Friday, April 5th from 10am-12pm central time.

You can submit your questions through Twitter, Facebook and our Google+ Hangout.

Mark your calendars and tune in to get your questions answered, live!

Dr C

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PRMA Plastic Surgery specializes in advanced breast reconstruction including DIEP flap, SIEA flap, GAP flap, TUG flap, Alloderm One-Step and fat grafting. We are In-Network for most US insurance plans and routinely welcome patients from across the USA. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with other breast cancer patients at facebook.com/PRMAplasticsurgery.

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Should I have Breast Reconstruction Now or Later?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Sun, 17 Mar 2013 16:47:00 -0500

With so much to think about after a breast cancer diagnosis, many patients facing mastectomy do not fully understand how the timing of breast reconstruction influences how the reconstructed breasts will ultimately look.

Breast reconstruction can be performed at the same time as the mastectomy ("immediate reconstruction") or a while after mastectomy ("delayed reconstruction").

When the mastectomy and reconstruction are performed at the same time, a skin-sparing mastectomy can usually be performed which saves the majority of the natural breast skin envelope (except for the nipple and areola). Only the actual breast tissue under the skin is removed. The reconstruction then "fills" this empty skin envelope. In some select cases the nipple and areola can also be saved. This is known as a nipple-sparing mastectomy.

Skin-sparing (or nipple-sparing) mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction produce the most "natural" results with the least scarring. This should therefore be the goal for breast cancer patients with early disease (stage I or II) whenever possible.

Delayed reconstruction unfortunately leaves more scarring (typically) and the final breast is less likely to look like the breasts Mother Nature provided. Common reasons to delay reconstruction include advanced breast cancer (stage III or IV), inflammatory breast cancer, the plan for radiation therapy after mastectomy, and lack of access to a reconstructive surgeon.

The difference in scarring between immediate and delayed breast reconstruction can be seen in these breast reconstruction before and after photos.

Ultimately the priority must always be "life before breast" - obviously the breast cancer treatment comes first in terms of priority. However, all other things being equal, there will sometimes be a choice to be made between having the reconstruction performed with the mastectomy or some time after the mastectomy. Whenever possible, I encourage women to seek immediate reconstruction for the best cosmetic results.

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon specializing in the latest breast reconstruction techniques including the DIEP flap procedure. He and his partners perform over 500 DIEP flap procedures per year and are In-Network for most US insurance plans. Learn more about your breast reconstruction options and connect with other breast reconstruction patients here. You can also follow Dr C on Twitter!

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Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Tue, 5 Mar 2013 21:05:00 -0600

Nipple-sparing mastectomy in conjunction with immediate breast reconstruction is becoming more and more popular so I thought a blog post about it was in order...

What is a nipple-sparing mastectomy?

A nipple-sparing mastectomy preserves the nipple, areola and all the surrounding breast skin which is then used for the breast reconstruction. Unlike the traditional "modified radical mastectomy", nipple-sparing mastectomy only removes the breast tissue ("parenchyma") under the skin.

What are the benefits?

Studies show that nipple-sparing mastectomy provides the same level of surgical treatment as a modified radical mastectomy in appropriate candidates. Preserving the nipple-areola complex adds to the quality of the reconstruction making the results even more "natural". It also means the patient avoids having to go through the additional steps of nipple reconstruction and tattooing.

Who is a candidate?

Nipple-sparing mastectomy is an option for many patients with a small cancer located several centimeters away from the nipple-areola complex. Patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) can also be candidates, again depending on the location and distance from the nipple-areola.

During the surgery, a biopsy ("frozen section") is taken from behind the nipple-areola complex and sent to pathology to make sure there is no cancer under the nipple or areola. If this biopsy is negative then the area can be preserved. If it is positive for cancer cells, the nipple and areola are obviously removed.

Patients at high risk of breast cancer (eg BRCA+, strong family history, Cowden's syndrome) choosing to undergo prophylactic (preventive) mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction are the best candidates.

Patients who do not need a signficant breast lift will have the best cosmetic results.

What are the risks?

Nipple sensation is usually significantly reduced. Sometimes feeling is lost completely. Even in cases where some nipple-areola sensation is maintained, it is very unlikely the feeling will be as Mother Nature provided.

The underside of the nipple and areola is "shaved down" to remove as much of the breast tissue as possible. This can sometimes compromise the blood supply to the tissue which can then cause healing problems. If the blood supply is damaged too much by the mastectomy, part or all of the nipple-areola can die. Thankfully this is uncommon.

At PRMA we check the blood flow intra-operatively to ensure the nipple-areola will survive. In the unlikely event that the nipple-areola cannot be saved, it is removed to prevent wound healing complications and a new nipple and areola are reconstructed at a later time.

Where will the scars be?

This depends on the size and shape of the breast, whether a small "lift" is needed, patient preference and surgeon preference. Scars can be placed around part of the areola and extended outwards or downwards, or completely away from the areola at the breast crease ("inframmamary fold incision").

I hope this info helps!

Dr C

*****

Dr Chrysopoulo specializes in advanced breast reconstruction including DIEP flap, SIEA flap, GAP flap, TUG flap, Alloderm One-Step and fat grafting. He is in-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients are routinely welcomed from across the USA. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with other breast cancer patients at facebook.com/PRMAplasticsurgery.

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Who is NOT a DIEP flap candidate?

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Mon, 7 Jan 2013 08:28:00 -0600

With more women becoming aware of DIEP flap breast reconstruction as an option, the question of who is and who isn't a good DIEP flap candidate is coming up more often.

As a general rule, women that have had extensive abdominal surgery like a previous TRAM flap, tummy tuck or a complex hernia repair cannot have a DIEP or SIEA flap breast reconstruction. This is because the lower tummy tissue that is needed has usually been removed or moved around, and the necessary blood supply has been disrupted.

Having said that, most of the time previous abdominal surgery isn't an issue in experienced hands.

Many women these days have had at least one previous c-section or another gynecologic procedure like a hysterectomy. It is possible for these procedures to cause damage to the blood vessels needed for DIEP flap surgery but fortunately this is unusual. A previous c-section, hysterectomy, or tubal ligation is not a contra-indication to having a DIEP or SIEA flap. Previous liposuction is not usually a problem either unless this was extensive.

If your surgeon is worried about potential damage from previous surgery then certain tests can be performed to evaluate your anatomy more closely. This can include a simple doppler ultrasound exam in the office or a more involved test like a CT angiogram. Unfortunately, the CT scan does involve radiation.

While previous abdominal surgeries may not prevent you having DIEP flap reconstruction, women that have had multiple previous abdominal procedures are at increased risk of abdominal complications like bulging and hernia after DIEP flap surgery when compared to women that have never had prior abdominal surgery, even though the abdominal muscles are preserved. This is because the fascia (the strong layer of tissue over the muscles) has already been weakened by the previous surgeries.

Some medical issues can make any form of microsurgical breast reconstruction (like the DIEP flap) more difficult and they can also increase the risk of complications like flap loss. These include disorders that make the blood clot more easily (eg Factor V Leiden).

I hope this info helps.

Dr C

*****

Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon in San Antonio, Texas specializing in state-of-the-art reconstructive breast surgery. He and his partners at PRMA are In-Network for most major US insurance plans. Patients are welcomed from across and outside the US. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with other breast cancer patients on Facebook.

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Breast Reconstruction Before and After Pictures

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Mon, 19 Nov 2012 12:00:00 -0600

As this video of before and after pictures shows, breast reconstruction has come a long way over the last few years. When breast cancer is diagnosed at an early stage and immediate reconstruction is an option, the results can look very natural indeed.

Thanks to all the PRMA breast reconstruction patients that contributed their before and after photos to make this video possible!

Dr C

*****

PRMA Plastic Surgery specializes in advanced breast reconstruction including DIEP flap, SIEA flap, GAP flap, TUG flap, Alloderm One-Step and fat grafting. In-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients routinely welcomed from across the USA. Please call (800) 692-5565 or email patientadvocate@PRMAplasticsurgery.com to learn more about your breast reconstruction options. Connect with other breast cancer patients at facebook.com/PRMAplasticsurgery.

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My DIEP Flap Journey - Why I traveled from California to San Antonio for my Breast Reconstruction

noreply@blogger.com (Dr Chrysopoulo) — Thu, 4 Oct 2012 20:48:00 -0500

A big "thank you" to Sharon Pira from Monterey, California for sharing her DIEP flap journey with us....

"I was diagnosed with breast cancer in September 2011 and underwent the whole routine of chemo-therapy, radiation and a full mastectomy of my left breast in March 2012. After all of my treatment was complete I began looking into my options for breast reconstruction. My local doctor advised against an implant (because of the effect of radiation on the area) so he suggested the TRAM flap as the best option for me which I agreed.

In May 2012 I attended a women's conference in Scottsdale, AZ which was life-changing in itself, however I had no idea just how incredible this trip was going to turn out. On Sunday I got on a shuttle to the Phoenix airport along with another woman and as the driver pulled away I turned to her and asked, "Were you here for the women's conference?" She said, No, I am a breast cancer surgeon from San Antonio, TX and was here for a breast cancer symposium. I removed the hat I was wearing to reveal my still very bald head and she proceeded to ask me questions about my treatment. She asked what kind of reconstruction I was having and I told her about the Tram flap. She asked if I knew about the DIEP flap? I explained that I had a friend in San Jose who was having the DIEP flap operation but that no one in my area performed this procedure. She gave me her card with the info about PRMA and said I should at least check out their website. We hugged at the airport and I thanked her for the info!

When I returned home I went online to the PRMA website and was amazed by the before and after pictures and actually found a picture of a woman who looked just like me and I could not get over how great she looked one year later. So I called the clinic and scheduled an appointment...

After sending my paperwork for insurance approval I was able to schedule my surgery for August. Everything from beginning to end went incredibly smooth and I am so grateful to the staff of PRMA for their amazing support and care during my hospital stay and my follow up appointments. I feel so blessed... and am thrilled with my results! It feels so good to have my new breast created from my very own body and my friends are all jealous of my incredible tummy tuck - Wow, what a bonus!"

Thanks again Sharon!

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