Bronies Coklat

Tahun 2011 dinobatkan sebagai Tahun Internasional Kimia 2011

2010-12-19T02:04:00.000-08:00

Kabar gembira buat semua pecinta kimia, karena dua tahun mendatang tepatnya tahun 2011 dinobatkan sebagai Tahun Internasional Kimia 2011 (International Year of Chemistry – IYC 2011 – Our Life , Our Future). Gagasan Tahun Internasional Kimia 2011 ini pertama kali dicanangkan pada bulan Agustus 2007 pada pertemuan umum The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) di Turin Italia. Gagasan ini ternyata disambut baik oleh dewan PBB dan pada pertemuan PBB bulan Desember 2008, IUPAC dan Organisasi Pendidikan, Ilmu Pengetahuan, dan Kebudayaan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (UNESCO) menyetujui untuk merayakan tahun 2011 sebagai Tahun Internasional Kimia. Tahun 2011 juga bertepatan dengan peringatan 100 tahun penghargaan Nobel Prize Kimia untuk Mme Maria Sklodowska Curie, yang berarti juga peringatan akan kontribusi wanita ke ilmu sains.

Peranan kimia dalam kehidupan manusia begitu penting, seluruh materi baik padat, larutan dan gas tersusun dari berbagai unsur-unsur kimia dan bahkan seluruh proses kehidupan ditentukan oleh berbagai reaksi kimia. IUPAC dan UNESCO menyadari sudah saatnya untuk memperingati keberhasilan kimia dan sumbangannya bagi kehidupan manusia.

“Tahun Internasional Kimia akan meningkatkan apresiasi global terhadap perkembangan ilmu kimia dalam kehidupan kita dan masa depan kita. Saya berharap peringatan ini dapat meningkatkan kepedulian publik terhadap kimia dan meningkatkan ketertarikan kaum muda akan ilmu sains serta memberikan masa depan yang cerah bagi masa depan kimia”, sambutan dari Ketua the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), Professor Jung-Il Jin pada pertemuan PBB.

“Saya menyambut kesempatan untuk memperingati kimia sebagai salah satu dasar dari ilmu sains,” ujar Koichiro Matsuura, Direktur Umum UNESCO, “Meningkatkan kepedulian publik terhadap kimia adalah suatu hal yang sangat penting dalam rangka menjawab tantangan pembangunan yang berkesinambungan. Adalah hal yang mutlak bahwa kimia berperan penting dalam membangun sumber alternatif energi dan menghidupi populasi dunia yang terus berkembang” tambahnya.

Dalam memperingati Tahun Internasional Kimia 2011 akan direncanakan berbagai aktivitas dan event baik regional, nasional dan internasional yang didukung baik dari asosiasi kimia nasional, institusi edukasi, industri, pemerintahan dan organisasi non-pemerintahan. Aktivitas dan event ini berusaha memperkenalkan kepada publik luas tentang peranan kimia, memberikan solusi terhadap tantangan global, dan membangun generasi muda yang peduli terhadap sains.

Keberuntungan Cowok Dengan Cewek

2010-05-15T02:15:00.000-07:00

KO : Komentar Orang

Meja kerja laki-laki berantakan
KO : Dia memang pekerja keras

Meja kerja perempuan berantakan
KO : Cewek apaan tuh? Ngerapiin meja meja aja nggak becus...

Laki - laki bekerja menikah
KO : Dia pasti akan bekerja lebih baik karena hidupnya bakalan lebih teratur

Perempuan bekerja menikah
KO : Deeuuuuuu.... paling entar habis hamil juga keluar dia...

Laki - laki ngobrol saat jam kerja
KO : Kalau udah ngomongin bisnis, lupa lunch

Perempuan ngobrol pada saat jam kerja
KO : Dasar tukang ngerumpi !!!

Laki-laki nggak ada di meja kerja
KO : Sedang tugas luar
Perempuan nggak ada di meja kerja
KO : Jangan2 ngeluyur ke mall

Laki-laki keluar dapet pekerjaan baru
KO : Emang pintar cari prospek dia

Perempuan keluar dapet pekerjaan baru
KO : Emang perempuan nggak bisa dipercaya

Foto keluarga di meja laki-laki
KO : Hem. . . bapak teladan dan setia

Foto keluarga di meja perempuan
KO : Ah. . . dia sich emang mentingin keluarga dari pada kerjaan. . .

Laki - laki nongkrong di depan komputer
KO : Memang klo ide sedang datang suka lupa waktu

Perempuan nongkrong di depan komputer
KO : Wah. . . kayak laki-laki aja...

Laki-laki selingkuh
KO : Memang kodratnya....

Perempuan selingkuh
KO : Idiiiiiihhhh amit-amit....

Laki-laki bujang usia tiga lima
KO : Matang

Perempuan bujang usia tiga lima
KO : Perawan tua. . .

Laki-laki banyak temen lawan jenis
KO : Pasti humoris, enak diajak ngomong, pantes diajak jalan

Perempuan banyak teman lawan jenis
KO : Piala bergilir. . .

Laki-laki dapet promosi jabatan
KO : Emang kalo prestasi bagus rejeki nggak kemana

Perempuan dapat promosi jabatan
KO : Ssssttt.... Bos ada mau. .

40 Fakta Dunia Terlucu

2010-05-15T02:12:00.000-07:00

1. Coca-cola dulu berwarna hijau.
2. Nama yang paling umum digunakan di dunia adalah Mohammed.
3. Dalam bahasa inggris, semua nama benua diawali dan diakhiri dengan huruf vokal yang sama.
4. Otot terkuat yang ada di badan kita adalah lidah.
5. Setiap orang di USA punya 2 kartu kredit!
6. TYPEWRITER adalah kata terpanjang yang dapat diketik dalam satu baris tuts keyboard anda.
7. Perempuan ngedip dua kali lebih banyak dari pada laki-laki.
8. Menahan nafas tidak akan membuatmu mati.
9. Setiap manusia tidak dapat menjilat siku tangannya sendiri.
10. Kalau ada orang mengucapkan doa setiap kali ada yang bersin karena memang setiap kali kau bersin, jantungmu berhenti satu milisecond.
11. Secara fisik, setiap babi tidak bisa melihat ke langit.
12. Ucapkan sixth sick sheiks sixth sheeps sick beberapa kali, nanti anda akan mahir berbahasa inggris!
13. Bersin terlalu keras dapat mematahkan tulang iga, memutuskan pembuluh darah di kepala atau leher dan mengakibatkan kematian.
14. Setiap raja dalam kartu remi melambangkan raja-raja besar jaman dahulu kala:

Raja sekop - Raja Daud
Raja keriting - Alexander Agung
Raja hati - Raja Charlemagne
Raja wajik - Julius Caesar

15. 111,111,111 x 111,111,111 = 12,345,678,987, 654,321
16. Kalau ada patung orang naik kuda dan dua kaki depan kuda itu naik di udara, itu tandanya orang itu mati dalam perang.
17. Kalau kaki kudanya cuma satu yang diangkat berarti orang itu cuma terluka dalam perang.
18. Kalau semua kaki kudanya menjejak tanah, berarti orang itu meninggal karena sakit.
19. Apa persamaan rompi anti peluru, printer laser, tangga darurat dan wiper mobil? Jawabannya: semua ditemukan oleh perempuan! Hah!
20. Satu-satunya makanan yang tidak bisa busuk? Jawaban: madu.
21. Buaya nggak bisa melet lidah.
22. Siput bisa tidur selama 3 tahun.
23. Semua beruang kutub KIDAL!
24. American Airlines menghemat $40,000 tahun 1987 dengan cara mengurangi 1 buah olive dari setiap piring salad yang mereka sajikan untuk penumpang kelas 1.
25. Indera perasa kupu-kupu ada di kaki.
26. Gajah adalah satu-satunya hewan yang tidak bisa lompat.
27. Selama 4000 tahun belakangan ini, jenis hewan yang dipelihara di rumah cuma itu-itu saja.
28. Rata-rata manusia lebih takut pada laba-laba daripada kematian.
29. Shakespeare menemukan kata: Assassination

30. Dengan menggunakan cara mengetik 10 jari, STEWARDESSES adalah kata terpanjang yang bisa diketik hanya dengan jari-jari tangan kiri.
31. Semut selalu jatuh ke kanan setiap kali disemprot cairan anti hama
32. Kursi listrik ditemukan oleh seorang dokter gigi
33. Jantung manusia dapat menyemprotkan darah sejauh 30 kaki.
34. Dalam 18 bulan, 2 ekor tikus bisa punya lebih dari sejuta anak tikus!
35. Memakai headphone selama satu jam dapat menstimulasi perkembangan bakteri dalam telinga sebanyak 700 kali lipat!
36. Pemantik ditemukan sebelum korek api.
37. Setiap lipstik mengandung sisik ikan.
38. Seperti sidik jari, lidah manusia pun mempunyai kontur yang berbeda-beda.
39. 99% orang yang membaca tulisan ini mencoba mengalikan fakta no. 15
40. Dan akhirnya, 99% orang yang baca tulisan ini pasti mencoba menjilat siku

Sembilan Fakta Konyol

2010-05-15T01:59:00.000-07:00

Kertas terbuat dari kayu, belajar membutuhkan bnyk kertas (baca: buku). Jadi, dengan tidak belajar berarti kita telah mendukung gerakan Go Green!
Menjadi perokok pasif lebih berbahaya dari perokok aktif, oleh karena itu marilah kita aktif merokok !
Makan sayur bikin kurus? Coba kalian bandingkan kuda nil yang vegetarian dan macan yang karnivora. Mana yg lebih kurus?
Makan makanan kotor bikin diare? Tapi saya belum pernah dengar ada lalat yang mencret.
Gigit kuku merupakan kebiasaan buruk? Tahukah kamu kalau kuku tangan empat kali lebih cepat tumbuh daripada kuku kaki, untuk apa? UNTUK DIGIGITIN.
Mengurangi makan akan membuat anda kurus? Coba liat paus biru, mereka hanya makan plankton dan mereka hewan paling besar yang hidup di dunia Sekarang. Jadi, kenapa mesti repot-repot diet?
Berlari dapat membuat jantung anda sehat dan memperpanjang umur. Coba kita lihat kura-kura. Jalannya amat lamban dan dapat bertahan hingga 100 tahun. Jadi kenapa harus repot-repot lari?
Orang-orang berpendapat bahwa nge-gym bisa ngurusin badan. Tapi tahu gak kalau Ade Rai itu beratnya berkisar antara 85-100kg. So, kenapa harus repot-repot "nge-gym"?
Minyak berasal dari kelapa yang merupakan tumbuhan. Berarti makan gorengan kita vegetarian.

Kondom Lokal

2010-05-13T02:11:00.000-07:00

Kondom Miduo : " Dua isinya, nikmat rasanya "
Kondom Pindy Mint : " Dingin-dingin empuk . . . . "
Kondom Ando : " Kuat bagai naga "
Kondom Extra Joss : " Merubah ngos menjadi joss . . . . "
Kondom Choki-choki : " Yang panjaaang . . . dan lammaaa . . . . "
Kondom Atlas : " Resmi bisa santai bisaaa . . . . . . . "
Kondom Attack : " Kecil tapi hebaaat "
Kondom Carvil : " Ngai juga pakeee . . . . "
Kondom Clear : " Pake hitam ? Siapa takut ? "
Kondom Wimcycle : " Hebooooohh . . . . "
Kondom Toyota Dyna : " Bett di medan berat, plass di medan mulus "
Kondom Jarum Super : " Yang penting rasanya bung ! "
Kondom Sari Mi : " Dari aromanya terbayang kelezatannya "
Kondom Kalibex : " Disobek langsung currr . . . . . "
Kondom SCTV : " Ngetooopppp "
Kondom RCTI : " Okeeee ! "
Kondom TPI : " Kondom Keluarga Indonesia "
Kondom Gudang Garam : " Pria punya selera "
Kondom POS : " Untuk anda kami ada "
Kondom Sampoerna : " Bukan basa-basi "
Kondom Ramuan Madura: " Rapet lagi... rapet lagi... sempit dong ! "
Kondom Oskadon : " Sik . . . sik . . . sik . . . Pancen Oye ! "
Kondom Telkom : " Setia melayani anda "
Kondom Pixy : " Selalu always "
Kondom AXE : " Kesan pertama begitu menggoda . . . "
Kondom Indosiar : " Memang untuk anda "
Kondom ANTEVE : " Wow ! Kerreeen ! "
Kondom Rexona : " Setia Setiap Saat "
Kondom VIT : " O la la "
Kondom Coca-Cola : " Saya pikir-pikir dulu . . . . . ! "
Kondom 234 : " Sejarah " Cita Rasa " Tinggi "
Kondom Kapal Api : " Jelas lebihenaak . . . "
Kondomnya Basuki : " Wes ewes ewes, Bablas anginee . . . . "
Kondom Panther . . : " nyaris tak bersuara . . . . . "
Kondom TOSHIBA : " Dunia Mengakuinya . . . . . "

Cara Membaca Iklan Lowongan Kerja

2010-05-13T02:06:00.000-07:00

Bila membaca iklan lowongan kerja di surat kabar, pamflet, majalah, dll., cobalah Anda artikan dulu setiap kalimat yang dituliskannya sebagai persyaratan pelamar kerja. Berikut ini terjemahan bebas dari beberapa kalimat tersebut:

- Dibutuhkan tenaga kerja muda, pengalaman tidak mutlak.
artinya: Dibutuhkan tenaga kerja yang siap digaji di bawah standar.

- Menyukai tantangan.
artinya: Akan menghadapi pekerjaan/tugas sulit dimana tidak/belum ada seorang pun di perusahaan tersebut yang sanggup membantu untuk menyelesaikan/ mencari solusinya.

- Bersedia Berkeja di bawah tekanan/work underpressure
artinya: siap-siap jadi sapi perah, bisa kerja rodi/romusha, work hournya bisa 12-16 jam.

- Berkendaraan sendiri.
artinya: Perusahaan tidak cukup modal untuk menyediakan kendaraan dan ongkos transportasi operasional.

- Memiliki SIM.
artinya: Siap-siap merangkap jadi supir pribadi bos.

- Tinggal tidak jauh dari lokasi perusahaan.
artinya: Siap-siap mondar-mandir ke kantor, tak peduli tengah malam, hari libur, atau lagi sakit.

- Berwawasan luas.
artinya: Bidang pekerjaan yang ditawarkan tidak spesifik, siap-siap jadi tukang apa aja atau seksi sibuk sekali.

- Dibutuhkan tenaga wanita, single, menarik.
artinya: Dibutuhkan wanita yang siap "bupati" dan pamer "sekwilda" untuk boss-boss (cantik dan seksi only dan berani diapa-apain ditanggung bayaran tinggi)

- Dibutuhkan pria/wanita
artinya: Bila kemampuannya hampir sama, maka wanita yang diterima.

- Menjalani masa percobaan selama 3 bulan.
artinya: Pihak perusahaan meragukan kemampuan para pelamar kerja untuk menempati posisi yang ditawarkan. Atau untuk menghancurkan kompetitor dengan menarik keyperson perusahaan kompetitor dengan tawaran 3x lipat gaji tapi mesti melewati probation 3 bulan, setelah itu dipecat dengan alasan tidak perform. Mati luh...

- Mau bekerja dengan sistem deadline.
artinya: Perusahaan sudah memiliki proyek yang harus segera diselesaikan oleh pelamar kerja bila diterima dan siap kerja siang malam sampe matek (dead).

- Mau bekerja dengan sistem kontrak.
artinya: Perusahaan hanya membutuhkan Anda sementara waktu.

- Mau bekerja dengan sistem bagi hasil.
artinya: Perusahaan tidak sudi memodali Anda dan tidak mau menanggung resiko atas kegagalan Anda (resiko tanggung sendiri).

- Jujur.
artinya: Pegawai perusahaan yang sebelumnya menempati posisi yang ditawarkan telah membawa lari uang perusahaan, alias posisinya basah.

- Berat dan tinggi badan ideal.
artinya: Kerja di front office/customer service.

- Menguasai Bahasa Asing (inggris., perancis., â€¦).
artinya: Perusahaan memiliki masalah komunikasi internal & external.

- Dapat bekerja dalam tim.
artinya: Siap ngajarin sesuatu kepada karyawan lain yang belum mengusai sesuatu tsb.

- Siap ditempatkan di luar kota.
artinya: Get a new life in a new neighbourhood!

- Berpengalaman kerja di bidang yang sama.
artinya: Perusahaan tidak mengerti apa saja yang menjadi tugas Anda nantinya, diharapkan Anda yang mengajari mereka.

- Menguasai MsWord, Power Point,
artinya: Hanya itu yang mampu dibeli/disediakan perusahaan.

- Freelance dan tidak mengikat waktu
artinya : pasti MLM

MINC

2010-04-09T01:19:00.001-07:00

MINC is a Medical Imaging file format, Toolbox and (some would claim) way of life for use in medical imaging, this wikibook contains Tutorials, API Reference and Examples mail comments to Andrew Janke History - the Who and When of MINC
Introduction - the How, What and Where of MINC

Tutorials - a set of Tutorials for using the C/L tools and the MINC 2 API
Tools - MINC extra tools (registration, B0 correction, classification, etc)
Scripts - Extra scripts (typically perl) that have been collected over time
Reference - MINC1 and MINC2 API reference manuals

Resources - Example data sets, library files, color maps, etc.
Atlases - The various atlases that are available from the BIC in the MINC format
Benchmarks - a set of (synthetic) benchmarks to find out just how fast your bit of new silicon is
Authors - The Authors of MINC

Sun VirtualBox

2010-04-09T01:15:00.000-07:00

VirtualBox is a Virtual Machine Manager. That means that it is a program that pretends to be a separate computer, onto which you can load different operating systems. It is free for personal and evaluation use and cross platform. There is also an Open Source Edidtion (OSE), released under the GPL available for download

Basics

Advanced

How to Protect your Internet Anonymity and Privacy

2010-04-05T21:52:00.000-07:00

From protecting your online privacy, bypassing censorship, to fighting tyranny, this book aims to provide practical software and instructions for novices and the experienced. The emphasis is on the use of free and widely available tools to level the playing field against resourceful and powerful adversaries. With increasingly powerful computers, a modest laptop can use a massive P2P network such as Skype to hide your trails, or create a virtual machine with a virtual private network for kids to play safely online.

Threat Models

Type of Proxy Servers

Open Source Anonymity Networks

TOR
JonDoNym

Proprietary Anonymity Networks

Securing your Computer

Risk Analysis Tools

Internet and Society

2010-04-05T21:50:00.001-07:00

This book will provide a multidisciplinary view of the Internet and its interaction with society. It is being written as part of a class project that is planned to continually revise this book as the course is taught in future semesters. The book will be targeted toward college students from any major.

The principal perspectives that will be covered are:

technology (the basic infrastructure of the web, its architecture and statistics)
economics (the role that the Internet is playing and has played in economies)
legal (legal issues, especially copyright, patent, trademark, but also libel, censorship, etc.)
culture (online communities, cultural production)

Using Gopherspace

2010-04-05T21:49:00.002-07:00

Gopher is an internet protocol for text and multimedia. URIs that reference gopher documents start with gopher://
The Firefox browser supports gopher. Dedicated gopher browsers include mkgopher and forg for Linux.
Gopher was created at the University of Minnesota in 1991. (The school's mascot is a gopher.) Two early search engines were developed to search gopher servers: Veronica and Jughead.
Gopher has a strict hierarchy system. It originally supported text only, but has been expanded to support images and other filetypes.

Wiki Pedagogy

2010-04-05T21:49:00.000-07:00

This book endeavours to denote and promote pedagogical experimentations concerning a Free/Open technology called a "Wiki". An intensely simple, accessible and collaborative hypertext tool Wiki software challenges and complexities traditional notions of - as well as access to - authorship, editing, and publishing. Usurping official authorizing practices in the public domain poses fundamental - if not radical - questions for both academic theory and pedagogical practice.

The particular pedagogical challenge is one of control: Wikis work most effectively when participants (teachers, students, researchers, and others) can assert meaningful autonomy over the process. This involves not just adjusting the technical configuration and delivery; it involves challenging the social norms and practices of the course as well (Lamb, 2004). Enacting such horizontal knowledge assemblages in higher education - as well as other educational practices - could evoke a return towards and an instance upon the making of impossible public goods (Ciffolilli, 2003).

Biomechanics

2010-04-05T21:43:00.000-07:00

Biomechanics is the study of the mechanics of tissues. Though the subject is typically considered a foundational aspect of Bioengineering, it is often part of a Biophysics curriculum, as it involves many concepts from physics in order to fully understand the biological mechanisms.

The types of tissues we are going to study are muscles, lungs and blood vessels, each with special characteristics to accomplish contraction functions and others.

Evolutionary Biology

2010-04-05T20:47:00.001-07:00

Introduction

Life on Earth is astonishingly complex. There are tens of millions of living species, or kinds of organisms. Some endangered species have just a few individual organisms, while others have quadrillions. Every individual organism is, all by itself, an extremely complicated object, with many interacting parts. Further, organisms interact with other organisms, of the same species and of other species, to form an inconceivably complex network of causes and effects.

Evolutionary biology studies the origin and methods of this complexity. Evolutionary biologists try to answer questions like: Why are there so many species, and how did they come to be? What are the relationships between species and how did these relationships arise? How did organisms develop their intricate structures and ways of life? Why do species become extinct? How did life originate in the first place?

In the last two hundred years, great advances have been made in answering many of these questions. An overarching theory, the theory of evolution by modification and natural selection, first expounded by Charles Darwin in the 1850's, has been very successful at explaining the origin of life's complexity in general, although many puzzling questions remain unanswered.

This book will present our current understanding of how life on Earth got the way it is, and describe current research directions in this profound and fascinating field.

Molecular Biology

2010-04-05T20:44:00.001-07:00

Although names like Molecular Biology and Biochemistry are used in a fairly consistent manner, it is not always clear to outsiders what the primary concerns of a Molecular Biologist are, and how they differ from those of a Biochemist.
Let's take an arbitrary metabolic reaction occurring in a cell, catalyzed by an enzyme.
A molecular biologist would want to know how the gene that expresses this enzyme is controlled: when is it expressed, what are the factors that turn its expression on and off? Is the enzyme stable once it has been generated, or does it rapidly break down in the cell? The relevant points of interest are the signals that control the presence of the enzyme in the cell, how the activity of this enzyme is controlled and balanced in the cell with respect to all the other processes that are occurring around it in the cell, or perhaps before and after its expression during the lifetime of the cell.
A biochemist would be more interested in the role the enzyme plays in facilitating the reaction - the relative free energy of the reactants and products, and how the transition state is stabilized by the interactions between the reactants and the interior of the enzyme. In this case, the balance of energy between reactants and products, and the overall change in the kinetics of the reaction.
So a molecular biologist is most interested in how all the critical processes required for cell function are regulated, and how the available nutrients and energy are apportioned among them. A biochemist is more interested in the overall chemistry of the reaction, whereas a molecular biologist is more interested in the biology.

Microbiology

2010-04-05T20:42:00.000-07:00

Part I The Basics

Introduction to Microbiology
The 3 Domains of Life
Structure and Function Prokaryotic Cells

Bacteria can be classified by general morphology. Characteristic cell shape and size help to name and differentiate microorganisms. There are five types of bacterial cells: Cocci, Bacilli, Coccobacilli, Fusiform, and Spirilla. Cocci bacterium are spherical or oval shape. The cocci can occur in pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), and irregular clusters (staphylococci). The entire bacterial cell is very small, about the size of an eukaryotic mitochondria. The second type, bacilli, are rod shaped. Coccibacilli are very short rods that can easily be mistaken for cocci. Fusiform are rod-shaped bacteria that have tapered ends (like an American football). Spirilla are spiral shaped. If the spirilla is spiral shaped and the cell is more flexible it is called a spirochete.

Summary of differences between Bacteria, Archea and Eukaryotes
Nutrition and Growth
Genetics and Gene Expression
Viruses

Part II Microbial Diversity

Taxonomy and Phylogeny
Bacteria
Archea
Fungi
Protozoa
Unicellular Algae
Viruses
Actinomycetes

Part III Medical Microbiology

Medical Microbiology is an important aspect Medical Microbiology generally deals with microbes that cause diseases. It helps to find the effect of microbes in producing diseases and the remedial of the diseases. One of the major field of Medical Microbiology is the study of antibiotics producing organisms as fugiLink title.
The following fields are related to Medical Microbiology: Immunology Bacteriology Virology Pharmacology

Part IV Environmental Microbiology

Part V Food and Industrial Microbiology

Industrial Microbiology
Introduction-
Use of microbes in industrial or large scale productions is known as industrial microbiology. Mostly the bacteria and fungi are used in industrial applications. Bacteria have the property of rapid reproduction, as they divide rapidly leading to an exponential increase in population. By using bacteria we can transform substrates into more useful or valuable products.
Modern Industrial Microbiology has evolved in demand to develop cheap and faster substitute of chemical reactions. In earlier years of industrial development the transformation reactions are carried out by several steps of lengthy and delicate chemical reactions. They are very hard to control, depend on various other factors, sometimes require harsh conditions like high temperature, high pressure, use of alkali and acids and use of costly transition metals as catalyst. Often, performing a single transformation requires many steps of chemical reaction. By using industrial microbiology we can transform substrates without such harsh conditions more easily than ever.
Microbes are also used to produce antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, and also as food called single cell proteins (SCP).
In industrial microbiology we use the native properties of microbes to grow in various environmental conditions (can use various materials as their carbon/energy source). The yeast sacchromyces spp. for example, can grow in both in presence or absence of oxygen. When it grows in presence of oxygen it breaks glucose into CO₂ and water and yields energy for growth. while growing in anaerobic conditions it produces ethyl alcohol and CO₂ and just survives with little growth. This property was identified earlier in the development of humankind and thus humans started production of various alcoholic beverages.

List of Products

Ethanol
Acetic acid
Lactic acid
Vitamins
Amino acids
Enzymes
Some insecticides
Lipids
Coloring compounds
Polysaccharides(gum)

Most important use of microbes is as enzyme producers. In the beginnings of microbiology it was discovered that something within the yeast is responsible for the conversion of sugar into alcohol. This biological compound was known as an enzyme ( en= within, zyme= yeast)
Nowadays the following industrially important enzymes are produced by microbes:

Amylases (to degrade starch)
Proteases (to degrade proteins)
Lipases (to degrade lipids)
Pectinases (clarification of wine and fruit juices)
Cellulases (to convert cellulose into glucose)
Proteases and lipases are used as additives in modern detergents.

Microbes naturally produce enzymes in order to utilize the food sources present around them. For example, various fungi and bacteria growing on fruit-based substrates produce pectinases and cellulases to degrade the materials present on the cell wall of fruit cells.

Periodic Table of the Elements

2010-04-05T20:35:00.000-07:00

Ion

2010-04-01T23:43:00.000-07:00

In chemistry, a molecule or atom that is electrically charged is called an ion. An ion has more or less electrons than there are protons in an atom. The process of giving or taking electrons away is called ionization.

Many ions are colourless. Elements in the main groups in the Periodic Table form colourless ions. Some ions are coloured. The transition metals usually form coloured ions.

In physics, atomic nuclei that have been completely ionized are called charged particles. These are ones in alpha radiation.

Ionization happens by giving atoms high energy to . This is done using electrical voltage or by high-energy radiation.

An ionized gas is called plasma.

A simple ion is formed from a single atom.

Polyatomic ions are formed from a lot of atoms. Polyatomic ions usually consist of all non-metal atoms, but sometimes the polyatomic ion can have a metallic atom too.

Positive ions are called cations. They are attracted to cathodes (negatively charged electrodes). (Cation is pronounced "cat eye on", not "kay shun".) All simple metal ions are cations.

Negative ions are called anions. They are attracted to anodes (positively charged electrodes). All simple non-metal ions (except H⁺, which is a proton) are anions (except NH₄⁺).

Transition metals can form more than one simple cation with different charges.

Most ions have a charge of less than 4, but some can have higher charges.

Michael Faraday was the first person to write a theory about ions. He did this in 1830. In his theory, he said what the portions of molecules were like that moved to anions or cations. Svante August Arrhenius said how this happened. He wrote this in his doctoral dissertation in 1884. Arrhenius was studying at the University of Uppsala. The university did not accept his theory at first (he only just passed his degree). But in 1903, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for the same idea.

In Greek ion is like the word "go". "Anion" and "cation" mean "up-goer" and "down-goer". "Anode" and "cathode" are "way up" and "way down".

Atom

2010-04-01T23:41:00.000-07:00

An atom is a basic unit that makes up all matter. There are many different types of atom each with its own name, mass and size. These are called chemical elements, such as hydrogen or gold. Atoms are very small, the exact size changes depending on the element - they range from 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers.^[1] One nanometer is around a hundred times smaller than the width of a human hair. This makes atoms almost impossible to see. The manner in which they work, and how they interact with each other has to be investigated using equations. The field of physics that is concerned with this is called quantum physics.

Atoms combine to make molecules or particles, for example two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom combine to make a water molecule, a form of a chemical reaction. Atoms themselves are made up of three kinds of smaller particles, called protons, neutrons and electrons, respectively. The protons and neutrons are in the middle of the atom. They are called the nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electrons with a negative charge which are bound to nucleus by an electromagnetic force. Protons and neutrons are made up of even smaller particles called quarks. Electrons are elementary or fundamental particles; they cannot be split into smaller parts. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons an atom has determines what element it is. Hydrogen, for example, has one proton, no neutrons and one electron; the element Sulfur has 16 protons, 16 neutrons and 16 electrons.

Atoms move faster when in gas form (as they are free to move) than liquid and solid matter. In solid materials the atoms are tightly next to each other so they vibrate, not are not able to move (there is no room) unlike liquid does.

History

The word "atom" comes from the Greek ἀτόμος, indivisible, from ἀ-, not, and τόμος, a cut. The first historical mention of the word atom came from works by the Greek philosopher Democritus, around 400BC.^[2] Atomic theory stayed as a mostly philosophical subject, with not much actual scientific investigation or study, until the development of chemistry in the 1600's. In 1777 French chemist Antoine Lavoisier defined the term element for the first time. He said that an element was any basic substance that could not be broken down into other substances by the methods of chemistry. Any substance that could be broken down was a compound.^[3]

In 1803 English philosopher John Dalton suggested that elements were tiny, solid spheres made of atoms. Dalton believed that all atoms of the same element have the same mass. He said that compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine. According to Dalton, in a compound, atoms of different elements always combine the same way.

In 1827 British scientist Robert Brown looked at pollen grains in water and used Dalton's atomic theory to describe patterns in the way they moved. This was called Brownian Motion. In 1905 Albert Einstein used mathematics to prove that the seemingly random movements were down to the reactions of atoms, and by doing so he conclusively proved the existence of the atom.^[4] In 1869 scientist Dmitri Mendeleev published the first version of the periodic table. The periodic table groups atoms by their atomic number (how many protons they have. This is always the same as the number of electrons). Elements in the same column, or period, usually have similar properties. For example Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon are all in the same column and have very similar properties. All these elements are gases that have no colour and no smell. Together they are known as the noble gases.^[3]

The physicist J.J. Thomson was the first man to discover electrons, while he was working with cathode rays in 1897. He realized they had a negative charge, unlike protons (positive) and neutrons (no charge). Thomson created the plum pudding model, which stated that an atom was like plum pudding: the dried fruit (electrons) were stuck in a mass of pudding (protons). In 1909 a scientist named Ernest Rutherford used the Rutherford Experiment to prove that electrons are very small compared to protons and neutrons. Rutherford took a photo plate and surrounded it with with gold foil, and then shot alpha particles at it. Many of the particles went through the gold foil, which proved that atoms are mostly empty space. Electrons are so small they make up only 1% of an atoms mass.^[5]

Ernest Rutherford in 1910, shortly before he won the Nobel Prize for physics.

In 1913, Neils Bohr introduced the Bohr model. This model showed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed circular orbits. This was more accurate than the Rutherford model. However, it was still not completely right. Improvements to the Bohr model have been made since it was first introduced.

In 1925 chemist Frederick Soddy found that some elements in the periodic table had more than one kind of atom.^[6] For example an atom with 2 protons should be a Helium atom. However some Helium atoms have three neutrons as well. This means they are still Helium, as the element is defined by the number of Protons, but they are not normal Helium either. Soddy called an atom like this, with a different number of neutrons, an isotope. To get the name of the isotope we look at how many neutrons it has and add this to the name of the element. So a Helium atom with three neutrons is called Helium-3, and a Carbon atom with twelve neutrons instead of six is called Carbon-12. However when he developed his theory Soddy could not be certain neutrons actually existed. To prove they were real physicist James Chadwick and a team of others created the mass spectrometer.^[7] The mass spectrometer actually measures the mass and weight of individual atoms. By doing this Chadwick proved that to account for all the weight of the Atom, neutrons must exist.

In 1937 German chemist Otto Hahn became the first person to create nuclear fission in a laboratory. He discovered this by chance when he was shooting neutrons at a Uranium atom, hoping to create a new isotope.^[8] However he noticed that instead of a new isotope the Uranium simply changed into a Barium atom. This was the worlds first recorded nuclear fission reaction. This discovery eventually led to the creation of the atomic bomb. Further into the 20th century physicists went deeper into the mysteries of the atom. Using particle accelerators they discovered that protons and neutrons were actually made of other particles, called quarks.

The most accurate model so far comes from the Schrödinger equation. Schrödinger realized that the electrons exist in a cloud around the nucleus, called the electron cloud. In the electron cloud, it is impossible to know exactly where electrons are. The Schrödinger equation is used to find out where an electron is likely to be found. This area is called the electron's orbital.

Structure and Parts

Parts

The atom is made up of thee main particles; the proton, the neutron and the electron. The isotope of Hydrogen Hydrogen-1 has no neutrons, and a positive hydrogen ion has no electrons. These are the only known exceptions, all other atoms have at least one proton, neutron and electron each.

Electrons are by far the smallest of the three, their mass and size is too small to be measured using current technology.^[9] They have a negative charge. Protons and neutrons are similar sizes^[9] Protons are postively charged and neutrons have no charge. Most atoms have a neutral charge; because the number of protons (postive) and electrons (negative) are the same, the charges balance out to zero. However in ions (different number of electrons) this is not always the case and they can have a positive or a negative charge. Protons and Neutrons are made out of quarks, of two types; up quarks and down quarks. A proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark and a neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark.

Nucleus

The nucleus is in the middle of an atom. It is made up of protons and neutrons. Usually in nature two things with the same charge repel or shoot away from each other. So for a long time it was a mystery to scientists how the postively charged protons in the nucleus stayed together. They solved this by finding a particle called a Gluon. It's name comes from the word glue as Gluons act like atomic glue, sticking the protons together using the strong nuclear force. It is this force which also holds the quarks together that make up the protons and neutrons.

A diagram showing the main difficulty in nuclear fusion, the fact that protons, which have positive charges, repel each other when forced together.

The number of neutrons in relation to protons defines whether the nucleus is stable or goes through radioactive decay. When there are too many neutrons or protons, the atom tries to make the numbers the same by getting rid of the excess particles. It does by emitting radiation in the form of aplha, beta or gamma decay.^[10] Nuclei can change through other means too. Nuclear fission is when the Nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing a lot of stored energy. This release energy is what makes nuclear fission useful for making bombs and electricity, in the form of nuclear power. The other way nuclei can change is through nuclear fusion, when two nuclei join together, or fuse, to make a heavier nucleus. This process requires extreme amounts of energy in order to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between the protons, as they have the same charge. Such high energies are most commonly found in stars like our Sun, which fuses Hydrodgen for fuel.

Electrons

Electrons orbit or go around the nucleus. They are called the atom's electron cloud. They are attracted towards the nucleus because of the electromagnetic force. Electrons have a negative charge and the nucleus always has a positive charge, so they attract each other. Around the nucleus some electrons are further out than others. These are called electron shells. In most atoms the first shell has two electrons, and all after that have eight. Exceptions are rare, but they do happen and are difficult to predict.^[11] The further away the electron is from the nucleus, the weaker the pull of the nucleus on it. This is why bigger atoms, with more electrons, react more easily with other atoms. The electromagnetism of the nucleus is not enough to hold onto their electrons and they lose them to the strong attraction of smaller atoms ^[12]

Give a Rabbit Medication

2010-03-31T01:03:00.000-07:00

So, the vet has given you some medication to give to your rabbit and you don't know how to give it properly. You've tried but your rabbit just doesn't want to know- well maybe you're doing it wrong? I don't blame you, it's hard! This guide will help you with giving a tablet.

Steps

Creams and gels: clean the wound with a cotton-wool pad and antiseptic, and clip if necessary. Apply the cream from the centre to the edge of wound, to avoid bringing germs from the fur to the wound.
Syrups and teas: put a plastic dropper or needle-less syringe in the corner of the mouth and push the liquid down slowly, to avoid choking.
Eye drops and ointments: hold the eye open and apply a line of ointment along the edge of the lid, or insert the drops in the lower lid pocket.
Ear drops and ointments: Keep the ear upright and insert the applicator tip into the ear canal. Don't push it too far down, or you could risk damaging the middle ear. Massage the ears for a few seconds, to allow the medication to reach inside the ear.
Pills and tablets Gently part the lips on either side of the mouth and place the pill or capsule at the back of the tongue. Alternatively, hide the pill in a green leaf or a piece of banana and handfeed it to the rabbit.

Make a Turtle Live a Long Life

2010-03-31T01:01:00.000-07:00

Helpful hints to help your turtle live a nice long life!

Steps

Make sure you clean out the turtle's aquarium every week at the least! When cleaning out a turtle's tank put the rocks in a drainer and rinse them in the sink. Then, wipe out the aquarium with a wet paper towel. Make sure you fill the tank up 2x your turtle's size. So, say he or she is an inch long, fill the tank up with 2 inches of room temp water. Make sure you have a place where the turtle can come up out of the water, on a rock preferably. Note - If you have a specially made turtle tank with a filter you will not have to clean it as much.
Get a light bulb that is specially made for reptiles or amphibians. You can find them in most pet stores. Put the lamp with the bulb in right over the tank where the turtle would come out of the water. Make sure the bulb won't fall into the tank.
Buy the turtle at least two kinds of turtle food at your local pet store. Give your turtle a variety of food, they will enjoy that. If the turtle is not interested in one of the foods, try and get it a different kind, and if it isn't eating anything, call your turtle's vet to make sure everything is okay.

Take Care of Your Fish

2010-03-31T01:00:00.000-07:00

Many people buy fish without learning how to properly care for them. Some common mistakes include putting goldfish and bettas in bowls, adding fish before cycling your tank, and placing incompatible fish together. These steps will make caring for your fish easy and enjoyable.

Steps

Research different kinds of fish and decide which ones interest you. Be sure to find out what they need to live, such as tank size, food, and compatible species
Buy the food, the tank, the filter, substrate, lighting, a heater, and a test kit to measure ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and pH. You also need water conditioner to remove chlorine and chloramine.
Set it all up and fill it with water. Then, turn on all equipment and check that they're all working.
Cycle the tank.
After the tank is cycled, you can add fish slowly (only 1 or two at a time). Learn about proper acclimation methods before adding fish- don't just float the bag for 10 minutes!
Feed your fish the proper food in small amounts, twice a day.
Do a partial (25-30%) water change once or twice a week. Be sure to vacuum the substrate. Don't replace the filter media if it looks dirty, just rinse it gently in used tank water so as not to kill off the beneficial bacteria that lives in your filter.
Have fun loving your new fishy family!

Get a Cat for a Pet

2010-03-31T00:58:00.000-07:00

Many people enjoy sharing their lives with cats. However, a cat is a living being with its own bonds to its family. Therefore, go about adopting your new family member carefully.

Steps

Mull over your motivations and selection criteria for a cat. Do you want a young cat that needs training and extra attention, or an older cat that is already litterbox trained? Do you already have a pet, and how will they interact? Do your children know how to treat a pet? Are they in danger from a nervous cat or from cat allergens?
Research your options. Many commercial pet stores host pets from agencies that care for pets in need of a home. These pets are relatively inexpensive ($100), not any particular breed, and often from homes that are relocating. Other alternatives include looking at pets on online listings such as your local craigslist or similar website. The city pound or other adoption agencies also have numbers that can be found in the phone book. There's always the newspaper.
While waiting for your cat, start getting its home ready. Plan where the litter box will go, where it will eat, what will be appropriate areas for it to have some privacy. Be sure to get recommendations on a veterinarian.
Go to the pet store. Look at all the cats. Find a healthy cat. The cat's eyes should be clear, the coat should look like healthy hair, and the cat has to be responsive.
Pick out a cat. Start asking the shop assistant questions about the cat. Start playing with the cat. If you like the cat, then say to the shop assistant you want the cat.
Start shopping for your cat. See "Things You'll Need."
Introduce your cat to your home in a controlled environment. Have the doors closed and let the cat smell and listen to the environment. This may need to be done with the cat in the carrier if there are other pets or young children in the area.
Show your cat where the litterbox, bed, and food is, and provide it with a safe place to hide. Expect a level of nervousness in the first few days. Expect other pets to take a month or more to be come acclimated to a new pet.
Some vets recommend keeping the cat indoors for a month so that it understands that your home is its home as well.
Take your cat to the vet within the first week of purchase for a check-up. An obviously sick, bad tempered, or incompatible cat may be returnable depending on store policy. Vaccinate and deworm your cat. Make sure it has an implanted microchip for identification should it need surgery or kenneling or it gets lost.
Enjoy loving and playing with your cat.

Be a Good Comedian

2010-03-31T00:54:00.000-07:00

Ever want to be a socially attractive and funny person? Do you maybe even want to be a comedian? Well, this article is all about how you can be a funny, likable person that others enjoy having around. You could even go so far as getting on stage and making a crowd laugh.

Steps

Know good social skills: If you don't get out much, please do. Learn what is acceptable and what is not acceptable in certain situations. Learn good manners. Keep your personal hygiene up and clean, if you're a dirty slob, that could be like putting on people repellent (Unless, of course, you want to be around dirty people). It's good to know how to be around people, accept all kinds of people, and probably keep your views universal (That doesn't mean stop believing whatever you believe in).
Social, social, social: Be around people! Learn to be comfortable around people. This may be hard for some, but you can do it. It may take time, or, no time at all depending on where you're at (social skill wise). Don't start trying to crack the jokes out yet, especially if you can't tell funny jokes. It could turn people off. Try giving speeches, being the center of attention, or maybe doing some kind of performance (formal or informal) of some sort. That doesn't mean go and be a class clown that annoys people! Take the spotlight in the right place, at the right time, and not for too long. 3-5 minutes tops, maybe. Just as long as an elevator speech. The more times you get in the "spotlight" the more comfortable you will become in the "spotlight". Remember relevancy and timing. Make sure you do it in the right setting at the right time (If you are not supposed to be the center of attention, DON'T TRY TO CONSTANTLY BE IN THE SPOTLIGHT).
Study jokes: Now that you're comfy in social settings, you should probably start learning your jokes. Buy joke books, listen to comedians, listen to what's going on on the news, find things that make you laugh. Find jokes that fit you, and, if you want to appeal, find jokes that fit a broad spectrum of people and know what's going on in the social group you're involved in. Know your jokes! Find out what it is exactly that makes them funny. Study good jokes and bad jokes, (that doesn't mean clean jokes and dirty jokes!) Try to find out why some jokes are more powerful than others. I'll explain more about jokes in the tips section and how I find out how jokes can be funny or not. Don't start trying to make your own jokes yet! Test the jokes you study, which is explained in the next step.
Try your jokes out: Keep the jokes relevant, and try not to offend or put off people. Don't be annoying and try to hog the spotlight all the time, or shout out above others. If someone else cracks a joke and you don't find it funny, DON'T FAKE LAUGH, it's annoying, especially if your fake laugh is loud and/or annoying. Remember good timing and your social skills. Don't take a joke too far, or at least not too fast. Be optimistic. Have a good, attractive attitude. Your joke has to sound like a joke. I've seen lots of people try to crack a joke, but they didn't give the joke the right sound and mood and people instead took those people seriously. Attitude makes a difference! Don't get down, keep your head up and keep smiling. Become one of the few "enlightened ones" that so many have talked about.
Try making your own jokes: This step may come naturally to you. It does for me. Remember how your other jokes work, and keep things simple. If you you go too complex, you'll only throw people off make them think, "This guy is a DOOFUS! What the *bleep* is he talking about?!". If you've ever been around someone who tells bad jokes, you'll know what I mean. Keep your jokes relevant to a certain topic. They can be improvised or premeditated. *#*(Warning: Improvised jokes can be really hard to pull off and requires spider-man like tongue reflexes (otherwise known as "wits" or "smart mouth") and can be addictive, therefore tempting you to try too much to be funny without thinking. You could get more and more annoying, and eventually your friends will make a "*your name* stick" and beat you with it each time you say something stupid (Do I know from experience? The answer is: I'm not going to tell you cause' I want to look professional). Don't be stupid!)*#*
Take it in a direction: Use your newly acquired skills for good, evil, love, war, use them casually or make a profession out of it, or just plain do whatever you want with it. You can even revise jokes and work on them for a while. It's your choice!
Comedian dont say any ROMAS

Start a Jazz Collection

2010-03-31T00:49:00.000-07:00

You've listened to some jazz and you like some of what you've heard. You're ready to take the plunge and start building a collection. But the world of jazz is incredibly diverse...where do you start?

Steps

Ask basic questions. The first thing to do is figure out what you do know by asking yourself some questions:
- What sort of jazz, if any, have you heard?
- Have you heard any specific jazz CDs or artists that you really liked?
- Are there certain instruments that you really like?
- Is there a tempo or style that you prefer?
- Is there any jazz you have heard that you don’t like?
- Do you like instrumental, or vocal, or both?
- Do you only like a certain sub-genre of jazz?
Look for affordable classics. If you love getting a lot of bang for your buck with music, there are lots of ways to do that in the jazz genre. Consult the suggestions below and keep these points in mind:
- First off, ask your local record store geek about cheap new classic jazz CDs. There are an amazing amount of deals. In fact, there are so many cheap classics out there, it becomes hard to recommend the more expensive contemporary jazz artists.
- Second, buy used jazz. The availability of used jazz CDs can depend on the kind of neighborhood you live in (and the residing musical taste). If you are lucky enough to live amongst jazz lovers, used jazz CDS are cheap and guaranteed.
- Finally, think about investing in a turntable. If you want to talk about getting affordable classics in any genre, you can always find some great deals on vinyl. This is especially true if you don’t mind looking through a store's “bargain basement” used stuff.
Start with the heavyweight champions of jazz. Coltrane, Miles, Bird, Louie, Billie. If you have heard of them, there’s probably a reason. So ask your questions, figure out what you like, do your homework, and then start obvious. You can get cooler and more diverse as you go. As it is, the classics are usually about as cool as cool comes anyway, and in most cases, they are cheap.
Follow the artists that show up as sidemen. Play "jazz geography". Jazz musicians tend to play with many different bands and the big bands were virtual jazz incubators. Once you hear Count Basie with Sinatra, try Basie with saxophonist Lester Young. Another example: Miles Davis’ Kind of Blue (which, by the way, is a good choice if you're a classical music enthusiast^[1])--the guys who play on it are all heavyweight champs in their own right. Coltrane on tenor; Cannonball Adderley on Alto; Bill Evans on piano… even jazz rookies have heard of those guys. Once you hear the sax boys soloing on that album, and you read the liner notes (which is essential on Kind of Blue), you are going to want to get Cannonball’s Somethin’ Else or Everybody Loves Bill Evans. The next thing you know - you’ve got a collection.
Talk about jazz with jazz geeks. Someone who's passionate about jazz will play stuff for you… and ask tons of questions… and get to the bottom of your jazz needs. Then they will set you up. Find the indie record store in your area and start a conversation with a jazz fanatic. Be ready with your answers to the questions you asked yourself earlier.

Suggestions

This list focuses on affordable classics (available for $12 USD or less) so you might notice the absence of artists like Oscar Peterson, Oliver Nelson, or Diana Krall (their CDs are generally more than twelve bucks). It may also be short on free jazzers like Sun Ra or Ornette Coleman because they're not the specialty of the author as of this writing; feel free to edit the page and add your own suggestions in the same format as offered below. Also, though going the inexpensive route is great at first, once you get interested in this music, you may find that it becomes an expensive habit!

John Coltrane. Giant Steps. (Atlantic). If you enjoy David Sanborn and some of the “rock” saxophone guys, and want some “real jazz”, start with Kind of Blue and this album.
John Coltrane. Love Supreme. (Impulse) Coltrane is good enough to warrant two picks. He pushed the envelope all the time, so different labels have different types of stuff. This one is his tribute to the creator.
Miles Davis. Workin (Prestige). If Coltrane deserves two; so does Miles. This is the famous Miles quintet, which includes Coltrane anyway.
Dave Brubeck. Time Out. (Columbia). You’ve probably heard this… especially the classic song “Take Five”. While obvious to jazz nuts, it’s essential to beginners.
Les McCann and Eddie Harris. Live at Montreaux. (Atlantic) Wicked, swingin’ jazz from a great band in a neutral country.
Charles Mingus. Ah Um. (Columbia). His first album for Columbia is full of modern jazz classics, and has inspired countless jazz musicians. Better Git it in Your Soul.
Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald. Best of Louie and Ella. (Verve) Speaking of inspiring generations, when it comes to jazz, Louis Armstrong might be the all-time great, and Ella Fitzgerald isn’t far behind. This little compilation is a place to start… and a good representation of their three albums together. This is also a good place to start if you're already a fan of pop music.^[1]
Various Artists. Blue Breakbeats Volume 1. (Blue Note) This is a fantastic compilation of artists from the label dubbed the “most sampled” of any in the land.
Wes Montgomery. Talkin’ Verve: The Roots of Acid Jazz (Verve) If you love jazz guitar, this compilation (and other Talkin’ Verve comps) brings together his fast-paced, groovin’ best.
Charlie Parker. The Essential Charlie Parker. (Verve). Bird is one of those dudes that revolutionized the genre. There’s so many great compilations and albums that it is hard to know where to start. This one is cheap and good, so let’s start here.
Thelonious Monk. Monk’s Music. (Fantasy). A good choice if you're into rock or R&B.^[1]

Bronies Coklat

Tahun 2011 dinobatkan sebagai Tahun Internasional Kimia 2011

Keberuntungan Cowok Dengan Cewek

40 Fakta Dunia Terlucu

Sembilan Fakta Konyol

Kondom Lokal

Cara Membaca Iklan Lowongan Kerja

MINC

Sun VirtualBox

How to Protect your Internet Anonymity and Privacy

Table of Contents

Threat Models

Type of Proxy Servers

Open Source Anonymity Networks

Proprietary Anonymity Networks

Securing your Computer

Risk Analysis Tools

Internet and Society

Using Gopherspace

Wiki Pedagogy

Biomechanics

Evolutionary Biology

Introduction

Molecular Biology

Microbiology

Part I The Basics

Part II Microbial Diversity

Part III Medical Microbiology

Part IV Environmental Microbiology

Part V Food and Industrial Microbiology

Periodic Table of the Elements

Ion

Atom

History

Structure and Parts

Parts

Nucleus

Electrons

Give a Rabbit Medication

Make a Turtle Live a Long Life

Steps

Take Care of Your Fish

Steps

Get a Cat for a Pet

Steps

Be a Good Comedian

Start a Jazz Collection

Steps

Suggestions