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1. Photovoltaic (fo-to-vol-ta-ik) systems are solar systems that produce
electricity directly from sunlight. The term "photo" comes from the Greek
"phos," meaning light. "Voltaic" is named for Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), a
pioneer in the study of electricity for whom the term "volt" was named.
Photovoltaics, then, means "light electricity." Photovoltaic systems produce
clean, reliable electricity without consuming any fossil fuels. They are being
used in a wide variety of applications, from providing power for watches,
highway signs, and space stations, to providing for a household's electrical
needs.
2. What is the difference between "solar energy" and
"photovoltaics?"Photovoltaics is one form of solar energy. The
term solar energy can refer to something as simple the energy gathered in your
parked, sealed car (your solar collector) and converted into heat. Solar energy
is often used to heat houses directly through passive means (sun enters window,
room warms). Solar energy is also often used to heat water (a solar collector is
mounted in direct sunlight, which warms a heat transfer fluid, which in turn
heats the water in your hot water tank).Photovoltaics refers
specifically to the practice of converting the sun's energy directly into
electricity using photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells are often referred to
as PV cells or solar cells.
3. What is solar thermal
energy?Solar thermal energy refers to harnessing the sun's
light to produce heat. Heat results when photons, packets of light energy,
strike the atoms composing a substance (water, your body, asphalt), exciting
them. Solar thermal technologies include passive solar systems for heating (or
cooling!) buildings; flat plate solar collectors, often used for providing
households with hot water; and solar concentrator power systems. These systems
also known as solar thermal power plants, use the sun's heat to create steam,
which then turns a turbine and produces electricity. (Fossil fuel burning power
plants also produce electricity by first creating steam in order to turn a
turbine.)
4. Can I heat my house with
photovoltaics? Using electricity to heat a house, as anyone who
uses electric heat and pays monthly bills to the utility knows, is very
inefficient and costly. Theoretically, one could heat one's home with
photovoltaics (electricity is electricity, whether it comes from PV panels or
from a coal burning power plant). Practically, though, this would be costly, as
producing electricity from a PV system is more expensive than purchasing it from
the utility. One can, however, heat one's house very effectively and cheaply by
harnessing the sun's energy in other ways.
5. What are the components of a PV system?
Photovoltaic Cell -- Thin squares, discs, or films of semiconductor material
that generate voltage and current when exposed to sunlight.
Module -- Photovoltaic cells wired together and laminated between a clear
superstrate (glazing) and encapsulating substrate.
Array -- One or more modules with mounting hardware and wired together at a
specific voltage.
Charge Controller -- Power conditioning equipment to regulate battery
voltage.
Battery Storage -- A medium that stores direct current (DC) electrical
energy.
Inverter -- An electrical device that changes direct current to alternating
current (AC) to operate loads that require alternating current.
DC Loads -- Appliances, motors and equipment powered by direct current.
AC Loads -- Appliances, motors and equipment powered by alternating
current.
6. How do the panels work? A solar
panel (module) is made up a number of solar cells. Solar cells are generally
made from thin wafers of silicon, the second most abundant substance on earth,
the same substance that makes up sand. To make the wafers, the silicon is heated
to extreme temperatures, and chemicals, usually boron and phosphorous, are
added. The addition of these chemicals makes the silicon atoms unstable (their
electrons less tightly held). When photons of sunlight hit a solar panel, some
are absorbed into the solar cells, where their energy knocks loose some of the
modified silicon's electrons. These loose electrons are forced by electric
fields in the PV panel to flow along wires that have been placed within the
cells. This flow of electrons through the wires is electricity, and will provide
power for whatever load we attach (a calculator, a light bulb, a satellite,
etc.) Because solar cells are modular, a system's size can be increased
(or decreased) over time, according to need.
7. Are there any applications for photovoltaics where I don't need
batteries? The simplest and least expensive PV systems are
designed for day use only. These systems consist of modules wired directly to a
DC appliance, with no storage device. When the sun shines on the modules, the
electricity generated is used directly by the appliance. Higher insolation
(sunshine) levels result in increased power output and greater load capacity.
And when the sun stops shining, your appliance stops working. These
simple systems are an appropriate, cost-effective option for loads operated only
during the daytime. Examples of day use systems include: Remote water
pumping with a storage tank. Operation of fans, blowers, or circulators to
distribute thermal energy during the day for solar water heating systems or
ventilation systems. Stand-alone, solar-powered appliances such as
calculators and toys. It is also possible, in a utility grid
interconnected system (see below), to do without batteries, as such a system is
essentially using the grid as its storage device.
8. What if I want electricity at night or on cloudy days? Introducing
batteries to a PV system allows electricity to be stored when the sun is
shining. This electricity can then be used to provide power after the sun goes
down.
9. What is a utility grid interconnected system? Utility-connected systems, also called "grid-connected" or "grid-tied" systems, are for homes or commercial buildings that are connected to
an electric utility. They are designed to provide a modest part to all of the
building's total electricity needs. Advances in solar power electronics make it
relatively easy to connect a solar electric system to the utility. Energy
generated by such a system is first used within the home, and surplus power is
"pushed" onto the utility's wires. In many states of the U.S., local utilities
have "net-metering," which allows a homeowner's meter to spin backwards when his
or her electricity is pushed back onto the grid. When this happens, the utility
buys electricity from the homeowner, instead of the other way around! (And the
utility pays the homeowner for the retail value of the electricity. Without
net-metering, the utility would be forced by law to buy electricity from the
homeowner, (an independent producer), at wholesale.) A draw-back of
connecting your PV system to the grid (and using the grid as "storage") is that
when your area suffers a power outage, your PV system automatically shuts off.
(This is done intentionally, in order to protect people working on the lines
from live electricity.) To avoid this problem, many people introduce batteries
to their grid-tied system, which provide power in the event of a utility power
outage.
10. How many PV panels do I need for my house? This depends on how much electricity you use in your home, and where your house is located. The average American household uses 600
Kilowatt-hours of electricity per month. However, an energy efficient home may
use only half that. In a sunny climate, a 2 kilowatt PV system can produce 300
kilowatt-hours of electricity per month. (To generate 2 kilowatts of power you
need about 240 square feet of solar panels.) Therefore, the first step in
planning a solar system is reducing electricity consumption. It is always more
cost-effective to invest in energy efficiency than to install a larger PV
system. Planning, mindfulness and some initial investment can result in a
dramatic reduction in electricity use, without sacrificing the comforts to which
we've become accustomed. As SEI alum Cari Spring says in her book When the Light
Goes On: "You don't have to sit in a dark, cold room to save
energy!"
11. How can I conserve energy? Electricity? It is critical that heating and cooling systems,
(which account for 40% of the energy budget of the average American household),
be highly efficient. Electric heaters and air conditioners are tremendous energy
hogs; fortunately, more efficient options abound. In addition, it is important
that once your house feels comfortable to you, it stays that way--good
insulation is crucial. (Preventing air leakage by caulking and sealing is the
most cost-effective way of reducing heating and cooling costs.) A
household can save electricity a number of ways, including: purchasing energy
efficient appliances and fixtures (e.g. compact fluorescent lights); using solar
thermal energy (e.g. drying clothes in the sun, using a solar hot water system)
investing in propane or natural gas-powered major appliances (such as
refrigerators, stoves, and clothes dryers); and cutting back on appliance use
(e.g. turning off lights, abandoning the electric can opener).For more
ideas (including a list of top-rated, energy efficient appliances, cars, and
trucks)
12. What is solar cooking? Solar cookers use no electricity or gas, require no
fire wood, and produce no air pollution. The simplest type of solar cooker is a
box cooker: an insulated box painted black on the inside and covered with glass
or plastic. Sunlight enters the box and heats the food inside. Reflectors can be
added to increase the solar insolation captured. An inexpensive cooker can be
made out of cardboard, crumpled-up newspaper for insulation, and aluminum foil
for reflectors, and can reach temperatures over 250Â° F. Higher-quality cookers
can reach temperatures of up to 425Â° F. In many countries of the world,
burning wood and animal dung for cooking is wreaking havoc on the environment:
contributing to deforestation, desertification, air pollution, and global
warming. In addition, cooking over smoky fires contributes to respiratory
illnesses, and in many parts of the world, women and children spend over half
their waking hours gathering firewood (which, in many places, is becoming more
and more scarce). Besides ameliorating these problems, solar cookers can also be
used to purify drinking water, sanitize medical instruments, and heat water for
laundry. Their potential for bettering lives is tremendous. And, in this
country, cooking outside in a solar cooker can dramatically reduce your home
cooling bills in the summer!
13. What can be cooked in a solar oven? Anything you can cook in a conventional oven--the
limit is your imagination. Dishes often require less water when cooked in a
solar oven, as well as less salt and sugar (due to the gentle cooking process).
Just remember to use a dark colored pot, and use potholders! Solar ovens get
hot!
14. Are there solar energy power plants? Yes. Many utility companies have recently installed
large photovoltaic arrays to provide consumers with solar generated electricity
or as backup systems for "critical" equipment. Solar thermal power plants
produce electricity more cheaply than photovoltaic plants, at least in regions
where there is little to no cloud cover. (Solar thermal systems need direct
sunlight; photovoltaic systems will still function in cloudy conditions, though
their output is diminished.) The first commercial solar thermal plant was
erected in California's Mojave Desert in 1984. Despite the success of this
project, and the great potential of solar thermal plants in general, only a
handful have been built worldwide in the past decade, though there are a number
in the planning stages.
15. How much of the world's energy does the United States
use? Though we make up just 6% of the world's population, we,
the citizens of the United States, consume 25-30% of the energy produced in the
world today. We consume twice as much energy as the average British citizen, two
and-a-half times as much as the average Japanese citizen, and 106 times that of
the average Bangladeshi. Consequently, we Americans produce, per capita, the
most greenhouse gases on the planet. As of 1996, each of us here in the US
produced, on average, almost twice the greenhouse gases of the average German,
and 80 times that of the average Indian. But don't despair! Think of all
the room we have to improve! According to www.energystar.gov, if, over the next
ten years, everyone in the U.S. chose energy-efficient appliances, "we would
cut the nation's utility bills by up to $100 billion and make major reductions
in greenhouse gas emissions at the same time."
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do you want to learn the basics of solar energy? step by step instructions

2012-05-15T15:26:00.000-04:00

Part 1 Introduction To Solar Energy In this section you are going to learn the basics of solar energy which includes how solar energy is generated. You are also going to learn about every component needed in a complete solar energy installation. This information is very important and you will need to know this when you build your own solar panel. Part 2 Building Your Solar Panel By now you will have a great understanding of solar energy so it's time to start building your own solar panel. Follow these step-by-step instructions to building a solar panel and you can be sure to produce a fully functioning solar panel. In this section you will learn how to build the panel casing and wire all of the cells together. You will get: • Detailed plans complete with color diagrams and pictures. • Easy to follow instructions that will answer all your questions. • Build your solar panel for less than $100 Part 3 Solar Help Package This package consists of 4 extra resources that will help you along the way. • The Solar Calculator We have even developed a solar calculator for you to use. This will show you how many panels you will need to power your home and what size battery bank you will need if you want to go completely off-grid. Just key in some details and press calculate! • How To Install And Mount Solar Panels This guide will show you how to fix the solar panels to your roof just like the professionals do. This fully illustrated guide is a must have for a complete and secure install. • Solar Tax Credits And Rebates Don't spend hours searching government web sites, we have all the forms ready for you to fill out! • Electrical Wiring Plans To safely wire up your solar panels you are going to need to know a few things first, that's why this guide is so important.

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6. How do the panels work? A solar panel (module) is made up a number of solar cells.
Solar cells are generally
made from thin wafers of silicon, the second most abundant substance on earth,

the same substance that makes up sand. To make the wafers, the silicon is heated
to extreme temperatures, and chemicals, usually boron and phosphorous, are
added. The addition of these chemicals makes the silicon atoms unstable (their
electrons less tightly held). When photons of sunlight hit a solar panel, some
are absorbed into the solar cells, where their energy knocks loose some of the
modified silicon's electrons. These loose electrons are forced by electric
fields in the PV panel to flow along wires that have been placed within the

cells. This flow of electrons through the wires is electricity, and will provide

power for whatever load we attach (a calculator, a light bulb, a satellite,

etc.) Because solar cells are modular, a system's size can be increased

(or decreased) over time, according to need.
7. Are there any applications for photovoltaics where I don't need
batteries? The simplest and least expensive PV systems are
designed for day use only. These systems consist of modules wired directly to a
DC appliance, with no storage device. When the sun shines on the modules, the
electricity generated is used directly by the appliance. Higher insolation
(sunshine) levels result in increased power output and greater load capacity.
And when the sun stops shining, your appliance stops working. These

simple systems are an appropriate, cost-effective option for loads operated only

during the daytime. Examples of day use systems include: Remote water

pumping with a storage tank. Operation of fans, blowers, or circulators to

distribute thermal energy during the day for solar water heating systems or

ventilation systems. Stand-alone, solar-powered appliances such as

calculators and toys. It is also possible, in a utility grid

interconnected system (see below), to do without batteries, as such a system is

essentially using the grid as its storage device

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replacing a fossil fuel boiler using concentrating solar thermal to feed radiators

2012-05-15T15:25:00.000-04:00

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solar power
Renewable heat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search
Contents [hide]
1 Leading renewable heat technologies
1.1 Solar heating
1.2 Geothermal heating
1.3 Heat Pump
1.4 Wood-pellet heating
1.5 Wood-stove heating
1.6 Renewable natural gas
2 Energy efficiency
2.1 Insulation
2.2 Underfloor heating
2.3 Waste-water heat recovery
3 See also
4 External links
5 References
Renewable heat is an application of renewable energy and it refers to the renewable generation of heat, rather than electrical power (e.g. replacing a fossil fuel boiler using concentrating solar thermal to feed radiators).
Many colder countries consume more energy for heating than electrical power. For example, in 2005 the United Kingdom consumed 354 TWh of electric power, but had a heat requirement of 907 TWh, the majority of which (81%) was met using gas. The residential sector alone consumed a massive 550 TWh of energy for heating, mainly in the form of gas. Almost half of the final energy consumed in the UK (49%) was in the form of heat, of which 70% was used by households and in commercial and public buildings. Households used heat for mainly for space heating (69%) and heating water.
Renewable electric power is becoming cheap and convenient enough to place it, in many cases, within reach of the average consumer. By contrast, the market for renewable heat is mostly inaccessible to domestic consumers due to inconvenience of supply, and high capital costs. Heating accounts for a large proportion of energy consumption, however a universally accessible market is still in its early stages.
Leading renewable heat technologies
Solar heating
Solar heating is a style of building construction which uses the energy of summer or winter sunshine to provide an economic supply of primary or supplementary heat to a structure. The heat can be used for both space heating and water heating (see solar hot water). Solar heating design is divided into two groups:
Passive solar heating relies on the design and structure of the house to collect heat. Passive solar building design must also consider the storage and distribution of heat, which may be accomplished passively, or use air ducting to draw heat actively to the foundation of the building for storage. One such design was measured lifting the temperature of a house to 24°C (74°F) on a partially sunny winter day (-7°C or 19°F), and it is claimed that the system provides passively for the bulk of the building's heating[3]. The 4,000-square-foot (370 m2) home cost $125 per square foot (or 370 m2 at $1,351/m2), similar to the cost of a traditional new home.
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2012-05-15T14:48:00.001-04:00

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Before you get started on your solar energy project you need to make sure you have the right tools. More importantly, you need to make sure you have the correct step-by-step instructions.
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Some people find it hard to believe you can make quality solar panels for less than $200. Well, we have proven it's definitely possible. There are now people from all parts of the world making their own solar panels and saving thousands off retail cost! It really does make sense to build your own solar panels, especially when it's this affordable and easy.
The Earth4Energy product comes in 6 separate parts.
PART 1
Introduction To Solar Energy
In this section you are going to learn the basics of solar energy which includes how solar energy is generated. You are also going to learn about every component needed in a complete solar energy installation.
This information is very important and you will need to know this when you build your own solar panel.
PART 2
Building Your Solar Panel
By now you will have a great understanding of solar energy so it's time to start building your own solar panel.
Follow these step-by-step instructions to building a solar panel and you can be sure to produce a fully functioning solar panel.
In this section you will learn how to build the panel casing and wire all of the cells together. You will get:
• Detailed plans complete with color diagrams and pictures.
• Easy to follow instructions that will answer all your questions.
• Build your solar panel for less than $100
PART 3
Solar Help Package
This package consists of 4 extra resources that will help you along the way.
• The Solar Calculator
We have even developed a solar calculator for you to use. This will show you how many panels you will need to power your home and what size battery bank you will need if you want to go completely off-grid.
Just key in some details and press calculate!
• How To Install And Mount Solar Panels
This guide will show you how to fix the solar panels to your roof just like the professionals do. This fully illustrated guide is a must have for a complete and secure install.
• Solar Tax Credits And Rebates
Don't spend hours searching government web sites, we have all the forms ready for you to fill out!
• Electrical Wiring Plans
To safely wire up your solar panels you are going to need to know a few things first, that's why this guide is so important.

PART 4
Earth4Energy Video Series
This is a $49 value but today it's included in the Earth4Energy e-kit for free!
We understand that pictures and text sometimes are not enough to fully understand how some things work.
That's why we have recorded a clear video of some of the most important parts of creating a solar panel. These videos are in step-by-step format and even include captions to help you along the way.
This is a must have for your solar education.

PART 5
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This is a $49 value but today it's included in the Earth4Energy e-kit for free!
Wind power is a great backup for when you have long periods of cloudy days. So it makes sense to build a wind turbine too!
A few cheap items from your hardware store and a couple of hours can give you free green energy from your very own windmill.
• Learn how wind energy is produced.
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Build A Wind Turbine
Want to know exactly how to build your own wind turbine from scratch?
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• Step-by-step plans
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This professional guide is included in the Earth4Energy kit as a free bonus for today!Part 6 - Bonus

PART 6
Info Video Series
This is a $99 value but today it's included in the Earth4Energy e-kit for free!
When you order today you will receive for free our freshly released video series.
These super high quality videos use screen captures and animations to explain everything you need to know about solar power. You won't find anything like this anywhere else.
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Approx. runtime: 2 hours +
Videos included: 7
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2011-01-05T06:40:00.000-05:00

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1. Photovoltaic (fo-to-vol-ta-ik) systems are solar systems that produce
electricity directly from sunlight. The term "photo" comes from the Greek
"phos," meaning light. "Voltaic" is named for Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), a
pioneer in the study of electricity for whom the term "volt" was named.
Photovoltaics, then, means "light electricity." Photovoltaic systems produce
clean, reliable electricity without consuming any fossil fuels. They are being
used in a wide variety of applications, from providing power for watches,
highway signs, and space stations, to providing for a household's electrical
needs.
2. What is the difference between "solar energy" and
"photovoltaics?"Photovoltaics is one form of solar energy. The
term solar energy can refer to something as simple the energy gathered in your
parked, sealed car (your solar collector) and converted into heat. Solar energy
is often used to heat houses directly through passive means (sun enters window,
room warms). Solar energy is also often used to heat water (a solar collector is
mounted in direct sunlight, which warms a heat transfer fluid, which in turn
heats the water in your hot water tank).Photovoltaics refers
specifically to the practice of converting the sun's energy directly into
electricity using photovoltaic cells.

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Most PV arrays use an inverter to convert the DC power produced by the modules into alternating current that can plug into the existing infrastructure to power lights, motors, and other loads.

2010-11-23T07:32:00.000-05:00

build several solar panels together to make an photovoltaic array

how many?

A photovoltaic array is a linked collection of photovoltaic modules, which are in turn made of multiple interconnected solar cells.

A photovoltaic array is a linked collection of photovoltaic modules, which are in turn made of multiple interconnected solar cells. By their modularity, they are able to be configured to supply most loads.
The cells convert solar energy into direct current electricity via the photovoltaic effect. The power that one module can produce is seldom enough to meet requirements of a home or a business, so the modules are linked together to form an array. Most PV arrays use an inverter to convert the DC power produced by the modules into alternating current that can plug into the existing infrastructure to power lights, motors, and other loads. The modules in a PV array are usually first connected in series to obtain the desired voltage; the individual strings are then connected in parallel to allow the system to produce more current. Solar arrays are typically measured by the peak electrical power they produce, in watts, milowatts, or even megawatts.

Costs of production have been reduced in recent[when?] years for more widespread use through production and technological advances. One source claims the cost in February 2006 ranged $3–10/watt while a similar size is said to have cost $8–10/watt in February 1996, depending on type. For example, crystal silicon solar cells have largely been replaced by less expensive multicrystalline silicon solar cells, and thin film silicon solar cells have also been developed recently at lower costs of production yet (see Solar cell). Although they are reduced in energy conversion efficiency from single crystalline "siwafers", they are also much easier to produce at comparably lower costs. The first two sites will show you how to build solar panels step by step programs. The third site will take you to where info on the array was collected

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_array

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2010-11-22T06:53:00.000-05:00

Did you ever think you could make a difference in the enviroment? If just one person builds their own solar panel to limit the amount of fossil fuels we use, it will help one panel at a time . it makes a great do-it-yourself project with step by step process to help you save on your electric bills. go green today

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2010-11-19T08:34:00.000-05:00

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Make Solar Energy for your home. Energy from the Sun

Main articles: Insolation and Solar radiation
About half the incoming solar energy reaches the Earth's surface.The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere.[1] Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in he near-ultraviolet.[2]
Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones.[3] Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C.[4] By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.[5]
Yearly Solar fluxes & Human Energy Consumption
Solar 3,850,000 EJ[6]
Wind 2,250 EJ[7]
Biomass 3,000 EJ[8]
Primary energy use (2005) 487 EJ[9]
Electricity (2005) 56.7 EJ[10]
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year.[6] In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year.[11][12] Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass.[8] The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined.[13]
From the table of resources it would appear that solar, wind or biomass would be sufficient to supply all of our energy needs, however, the increased use of biomass has had a negative effect on global warming and dramatically increased food prices by diverting forests and crops into biofuel production.[14] As intermittent resources, solar and wind raise other issues.
Solar energy can be harnessed in different levels around the world. Depending on a geographical location the closer to the equator the more "potential" solar energy is available.[15]
applications of solar technology learn more http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy#Solar_lighting
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2010-11-08T05:59:00.000-05:00

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Can I heat my house with
photovoltaics? Using electricity to heat a house, as anyone who
uses electric heat and pays monthly bills to the utility knows, is very
inefficient and costly. Theoretically, one could heat one's home with
photovoltaics (electricity is electricity, whether it comes from PV panels or
from a coal burning power plant). Practically, though, this would be costly, as
producing electricity from a PV system is more expensive than purchasing it from
the utility. One can, however, heat one's house very effectively and cheaply by
harnessing the sun's energy in other ways.
5. What are the components of a PV system?
Photovoltaic Cell -- Thin squares, discs, or films of semiconductor material
that generate voltage and current when exposed to sunlight.
Module -- Photovoltaic cells wired together and laminated between a clear
superstrate (glazing) and encapsulating substrate.
Array -- One or more modules with mounting hardware and wired together at a
specific voltage.
Charge Controller -- Power conditioning equipment to regulate battery
voltage.
Battery Storage -- A medium that stores direct current (DC) electrical
energy.
Inverter -- An electrical device that changes direct current to alternating
current (AC) to operate loads that require alternating current.
DC Loads -- Appliances, motors and equipment powered by direct current.
AC Loads -- Appliances, motors and equipment powered by alternating
current.

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solar energy is our future read why? Are there any applications for photovoltaics where I don't need

2010-11-05T05:35:00.000-04:00

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1. Photovoltaic (fo-to-vol-ta-ik) systems are solar systems that produce
electricity directly from sunlight. The term "photo" comes from the Greek
"phos," meaning light. "Voltaic" is named for Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), a
pioneer in the study of electricity for whom the term "volt" was named.
Photovoltaics, then, means "light electricity." Photovoltaic systems produce
clean, reliable electricity without consuming any fossil fuels. They are being
used in a wide variety of applications, from providing power for watches,
highway signs, and space stations, to providing for a household's electrical
needs.
2. What is the difference between "solar energy" and
"photovoltaics?"Photovoltaics is one form of solar energy. The
term solar energy can refer to something as simple the energy gathered in your
parked, sealed car (your solar collector) and converted into heat. Solar energy
is often used to heat houses directly through passive means (sun enters window,
room warms). Solar energy is also often used to heat water (a solar collector is
mounted in direct sunlight, which warms a heat transfer fluid, which in turn
heats the water in your hot water tank).Photovoltaics refers
specifically to the practice of converting the sun's energy directly into
electricity using photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells are often referred to
as PV cells or solar cells.
3. What is solar thermal
energy?Solar thermal energy refers to harnessing the sun's
light to produce heat. Heat results when photons, packets of light energy,
strike the atoms composing a substance (water, your body, asphalt), exciting
them. Solar thermal technologies include passive solar systems for heating (or
cooling!) buildings; flat plate solar collectors, often used for providing
households with hot water; and solar concentrator power systems. These systems
also known as solar thermal power plants, use the sun's heat to create steam,
which then turns a turbine and produces electricity. (Fossil fuel burning power
plants also produce electricity by first creating steam in order to turn a
turbine.)
4. Can I heat my house with
photovoltaics? Using electricity to heat a house, as anyone who
uses electric heat and pays monthly bills to the utility knows, is very
inefficient and costly. Theoretically, one could heat one's home with
photovoltaics (electricity is electricity, whether it comes from PV panels or
from a coal burning power plant). Practically, though, this would be costly, as
producing electricity from a PV system is more expensive than purchasing it from
the utility. One can, however, heat one's house very effectively and cheaply by
harnessing the sun's energy in other ways.
5. What are the components of a PV system?
Photovoltaic Cell -- Thin squares, discs, or films of semiconductor material
that generate voltage and current when exposed to sunlight.
Module -- Photovoltaic cells wired together and laminated between a clear
superstrate (glazing) and encapsulating substrate.
Array -- One or more modules with mounting hardware and wired together at a
specific voltage.
Charge Controller -- Power conditioning equipment to regulate battery
voltage.
Battery Storage -- A medium that stores direct current (DC) electrical
energy.
Inverter -- An electrical device that changes direct current to alternating
current (AC) to operate loads that require alternating current.
DC Loads -- Appliances, motors and equipment powered by direct current.
AC Loads -- Appliances, motors and equipment powered by alternating
current.
6. How do the panels work? A solar
panel (module) is made up a number of solar cells. Solar cells are generally
made from thin wafers of silicon, the second most abundant substance on earth,
the same substance that makes up sand. To make the wafers, the silicon is heated
to extreme temperatures, and chemicals, usually boron and phosphorous, are
added. The addition of these chemicals makes the silicon atoms unstable (their
electrons less tightly held). When photons of sunlight hit a solar panel, some
are absorbed into the solar cells, where their energy knocks loose some of the
modified silicon's electrons. These loose electrons are forced by electric
fields in the PV panel to flow along wires that have been placed within the
cells. This flow of electrons through the wires is electricity, and will provide
power for whatever load we attach (a calculator, a light bulb, a satellite,
etc.) Because solar cells are modular, a system's size can be increased
(or decreased) over time, according to need.
7. Are there any applications for photovoltaics where I don't need
batteries? The simplest and least expensive PV systems are
designed for day use only. These systems consist of modules wired directly to a
DC appliance, with no storage device. When the sun shines on the modules, the
electricity generated is used directly by the appliance. Higher insolation
(sunshine) levels result in increased power output and greater load capacity.
And when the sun stops shining, your appliance stops working. These
simple systems are an appropriate, cost-effective option for loads operated only
during the daytime. Examples of day use systems include: Remote water
pumping with a storage tank. Operation of fans, blowers, or circulators to
distribute thermal energy during the day for solar water heating systems or
ventilation systems. Stand-alone, solar-powered appliances such as
calculators and toys. It is also possible, in a utility grid
interconnected system (see below), to do without batteries, as such a system is
essentially using the grid as its storage device.
8. What if I want electricity at night or on cloudy days? Introducing
batteries to a PV system allows electricity to be stored when the sun is
shining. This electricity can then be used to provide power after the sun goes
down.
9. What is a utility grid interconnected system? Utility-connected systems, also called "grid-connected" or "grid-tied" systems, are for homes or commercial buildings that are connected to
an electric utility. They are designed to provide a modest part to all of the
building's total electricity needs. Advances in solar power electronics make it
relatively easy to connect a solar electric system to the utility. Energy
generated by such a system is first used within the home, and surplus power is
"pushed" onto the utility's wires. In many states of the U.S., local utilities
have "net-metering," which allows a homeowner's meter to spin backwards when his
or her electricity is pushed back onto the grid. When this happens, the utility
buys electricity from the homeowner, instead of the other way around! (And the
utility pays the homeowner for the retail value of the electricity. Without
net-metering, the utility would be forced by law to buy electricity from the
homeowner, (an independent producer), at wholesale.) A draw-back of
connecting your PV system to the grid (and using the grid as "storage") is that
when your area suffers a power outage, your PV system automatically shuts off.
(This is done intentionally, in order to protect people working on the lines
from live electricity.) To avoid this problem, many people introduce batteries
to their grid-tied system, which provide power in the event of a utility power
outage.
10. How many PV panels do I need for my house? This depends on how much electricity you use in your home, and where your house is located. The average American household uses 600
Kilowatt-hours of electricity per month. However, an energy efficient home may
use only half that. In a sunny climate, a 2 kilowatt PV system can produce 300
kilowatt-hours of electricity per month. (To generate 2 kilowatts of power you
need about 240 square feet of solar panels.) Therefore, the first step in
planning a solar system is reducing electricity consumption. It is always more
cost-effective to invest in energy efficiency than to install a larger PV
system. Planning, mindfulness and some initial investment can result in a
dramatic reduction in electricity use, without sacrificing the comforts to which
we've become accustomed. As SEI alum Cari Spring says in her book When the Light
Goes On: "You don't have to sit in a dark, cold room to save
energy!"
11. How can I conserve energy? Electricity? It is critical that heating and cooling systems,
(which account for 40% of the energy budget of the average American household),
be highly efficient. Electric heaters and air conditioners are tremendous energy
hogs; fortunately, more efficient options abound. In addition, it is important
that once your house feels comfortable to you, it stays that way--good
insulation is crucial. (Preventing air leakage by caulking and sealing is the
most cost-effective way of reducing heating and cooling costs.) A
household can save electricity a number of ways, including: purchasing energy
efficient appliances and fixtures (e.g. compact fluorescent lights); using solar
thermal energy (e.g. drying clothes in the sun, using a solar hot water system)
investing in propane or natural gas-powered major appliances (such as
refrigerators, stoves, and clothes dryers); and cutting back on appliance use
(e.g. turning off lights, abandoning the electric can opener).For more
ideas (including a list of top-rated, energy efficient appliances, cars, and
trucks)
12. What is solar cooking? Solar cookers use no electricity or gas, require no
fire wood, and produce no air pollution. The simplest type of solar cooker is a
box cooker: an insulated box painted black on the inside and covered with glass
or plastic. Sunlight enters the box and heats the food inside. Reflectors can be
added to increase the solar insolation captured. An inexpensive cooker can be
made out of cardboard, crumpled-up newspaper for insulation, and aluminum foil
for reflectors, and can reach temperatures over 250Â° F. Higher-quality cookers
can reach temperatures of up to 425Â° F. In many countries of the world,
burning wood and animal dung for cooking is wreaking havoc on the environment:
contributing to deforestation, desertification, air pollution, and global
warming. In addition, cooking over smoky fires contributes to respiratory
illnesses, and in many parts of the world, women and children spend over half
their waking hours gathering firewood (which, in many places, is becoming more
and more scarce). Besides ameliorating these problems, solar cookers can also be
used to purify drinking water, sanitize medical instruments, and heat water for
laundry. Their potential for bettering lives is tremendous. And, in this
country, cooking outside in a solar cooker can dramatically reduce your home
cooling bills in the summer!
13. What can be cooked in a solar oven? Anything you can cook in a conventional oven--the
limit is your imagination. Dishes often require less water when cooked in a
solar oven, as well as less salt and sugar (due to the gentle cooking process).
Just remember to use a dark colored pot, and use potholders! Solar ovens get
hot!
14. Are there solar energy power plants? Yes. Many utility companies have recently installed
large photovoltaic arrays to provide consumers with solar generated electricity
or as backup systems for "critical" equipment. Solar thermal power plants
produce electricity more cheaply than photovoltaic plants, at least in regions
where there is little to no cloud cover. (Solar thermal systems need direct
sunlight; photovoltaic systems will still function in cloudy conditions, though
their output is diminished.) The first commercial solar thermal plant was
erected in California's Mojave Desert in 1984. Despite the success of this
project, and the great potential of solar thermal plants in general, only a
handful have been built worldwide in the past decade, though there are a number
in the planning stages.
15. How much of the world's energy does the United States
use? Though we make up just 6% of the world's population, we,
the citizens of the United States, consume 25-30% of the energy produced in the
world today. We consume twice as much energy as the average British citizen, two
and-a-half times as much as the average Japanese citizen, and 106 times that of
the average Bangladeshi. Consequently, we Americans produce, per capita, the
most greenhouse gases on the planet. As of 1996, each of us here in the US
produced, on average, almost twice the greenhouse gases of the average German,
and 80 times that of the average Indian. But don't despair! Think of all
the room we have to improve! According to www.energystar.gov, if, over the next
ten years, everyone in the U.S. chose energy-efficient appliances, "we would
cut the nation's utility bills by up to $100 billion and make major reductions
in greenhouse gas emissions at the same time."
http://ping.fm/XaIrF

how many solar panels do i need for my house? HOW MUCH MONEY CAN I SAVE GOING GREEN

2010-11-04T09:17:00.000-04:00

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WANT TO MAKE ELECTRICITY? Make solar and wind
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10. How many PV panels do I need for my house? This depends on how much electricity you use in your home, and where your house is located. The average American household uses 600

Kilowatt-hours of electricity per month. However, an energy efficient home may

use only half that. In a sunny climate, a 2 kilowatt PV system can produce 300

kilowatt-hours of electricity per month. (To generate 2 kilowatts of power you

need about 240 square feet of solar panels.) Therefore, the first step in

planning a solar system is reducing electricity consumption. It is always more

cost-effective to invest in energy efficiency than to install a larger PV

system. Planning, mindfulness and some initial investment can result in a

dramatic reduction in electricity use, without sacrificing the comforts to which

we've become accustomed. As SEI alum Cari Spring says in her book When the Light

Goes On: "You don't have to sit in a dark, cold room to save

energy!"

11. How can I conserve energy? Electricity? It is critical that heating and cooling systems,

(which account for 40% of the energy budget of the average American household),

be highly efficient. Electric heaters and air conditioners are tremendous energy

hogs; fortunately, more efficient options abound. In addition, it is important

that once your house feels comfortable to you, it stays that way--good

insulation is crucial. (Preventing air leakage by caulking and sealing is the

most cost-effective way of reducing heating and cooling costs.) A

household can save electricity a number of ways, including: purchasing energy

efficient appliances and fixtures (e.g. compact fluorescent lights); using solar

thermal energy (e.g. drying clothes in the sun, using a solar hot water system);

investing in propane or natural gas-powered major appliances (such as

refrigerators, stoves, and clothes dryers); and cutting back on appliance use

(e.g. turning off lights, abandoning the electric can opener).For more

ideas (including a list of top-rated, energy efficient appliances, cars, and

trucks)

12. What is solar cooking? Solar cookers use no electricity or gas, require no

fire wood, and produce no air pollution. The simplest type of solar cooker is a

box cooker: an insulated box painted black on the inside and covered with glass

or plastic. Sunlight enters the box and heats the food inside. Reflectors can be

added to increase the solar insolation captured. An inexpensive cooker can be

made out of cardboard, crumpled-up newspaper for insulation, and aluminum foil

for reflectors, and can reach temperatures over 250Â° F. Higher-quality cookers

can reach temperatures of up to 425Â° F. In many countries of the world,

burning wood and animal dung for cooking is wreaking havoc on the environment:

contributing to deforestation, desertification, air pollution, and global

warming. In addition, cooking over smoky fires contributes to respiratory

illnesses, and in many parts of the world, women and children spend over half

their waking hours gathering firewood (which, in many places, is becoming more

and more scarce). Besides ameliorating these problems, solar cookers can also be

used to purify drinking water, sanitize medical instruments, and heat water for

laundry. Their potential for bettering lives is tremendous. And, in this

country, cooking outside in a solar cooker can dramatically reduce your home

cooling bills in the summer!

13. What can be cooked in a solar oven? Anything you can cook in a conventional oven--the

limit is your imagination. Dishes often require less water when cooked in a

solar oven, as well as less salt and sugar (due to the gentle cooking process).

Just remember to use a dark colored pot, and use potholders! Solar ovens get

hot!

14. Are there solar energy power plants? Yes. Many utility companies have recently installed

large photovoltaic arrays to provide consumers with solar generated electricity

or as backup systems for "critical" equipment. Solar thermal power plants

produce electricity more cheaply than photovoltaic plants, at least in regions

where there is little to no cloud cover. (Solar thermal systems need direct

sunlight; photovoltaic systems will still function in cloudy conditions, though

their output is diminished.) The first commercial solar thermal plant was

erected in California's Mojave Desert in 1984. Despite the success of this

project, and the great potential of solar thermal plants in general, only a

handful have been built worldwide in the past decade, though there are a number

in the planning stages.

15. How much of the world's energy does the United States

use? Though we make up just 6% of the world's population, we,

the citizens of the United States, consume 25-30% of the energy produced in the

world today. We consume twice as much energy as the average British citizen, two

and-a-half times as much as the average Japanese citizen, and 106 times that of

the average Bangladeshi. Consequently, we Americans produce, per capita, the

most greenhouse gases on the planet. As of 1996, each of us here in the US

produced, on average, almost twice the greenhouse gases of the average German,

and 80 times that of the average Indian. But don't despair! Think of all

the room we have to improve! According to www.energystar.gov, if, over the next

ten years, everyone in the U.S. chose energy-efficient appliances, "we would

cut the nation's utility bills by up to $100 billion and make major reductions

in greenhouse gas emissions at the same time. http://ping.fm/XaIrF

Photovoltaic trackers can be classified into two types: Standard Photovoltaic (PV) Trackers and Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) Trackers

2010-10-26T11:24:00.000-04:00

Photovoltaic Tracker Classification
Photovoltaic trackers can be classified into two types: Standard Photovoltaic (PV) Trackers and Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) Trackers. Each of these tracker types can be further categorized by the number and orientation of their axes, their actuation architecture and drive type, their intended applications, their vertical supports and foundation type.
[edit] Standard Photovoltaic (PV) Trackers

Photovoltaic panels accept both direct and diffuse light from the sky. The panels on a Standard Photovoltaic Trackers always gather the available diffuse light. The tracking functionality in Standard Photovoltaic Trackers is used to minimize the angle of incidence between incoming light and the photovoltaic panel. This increases the amount of energy gathered from the direct component of the incoming light.
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The term "photo" comes from the Greek "phos," meaning light. Theoretically, one could heat one's home with

2010-10-14T07:19:00.000-04:00

GREAT CHRISTMAS GIFThttp://ping.fm/XaIrF
1. Photovoltaic (fo-to-vol-ta-ik) systems are solar systems that produce
electricity directly from sunlight. The term "photo" comes from the Greek
"phos," meaning light. "Voltaic" is named for Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), a
pioneer in the study of electricity for whom the term "volt" was named.
Photovoltaics, then, means "light electricity." Photovoltaic systems produce
clean, reliable electricity without consuming any fossil fuels. They are being
used in a wide variety of applications, from providing power for watches,
highway signs, and space stations, to providing for a household's electrical needs.
2. What is the difference between "solar energy" and "photovoltaics?"
Photovoltaics is one form of solar energy. The term solar energy can refer to something as simple the energy gathered in your parked, sealed car (your solar collector) and converted into heat. Solar energy
is often used to heat houses directly through passive means (sun enters window,
room warms). Solar energy is also often used to heat water (a solar collector is
mounted in direct sunlight, which warms a heat transfer fluid, which in turn
heats the water in your hot water tank).Photovoltaics refers
specifically to the practice of converting the sun's energy directly into
electricity using photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells are often referred to
as PV cells or solar cells.
3. What is solar thermal
energy?Solar thermal energy refers to harnessing the sun's
light to produce heat. Heat results when photons, packets of light energy,
strike the atoms composing a substance (water, your body, asphalt), exciting
them. Solar thermal technologies include passive solar systems for heating (or
cooling!) buildings; flat plate solar collectors, often used for providing
households with hot water; and solar concentrator power systems. These systems,
also known as solar thermal power plants, use the sun's heat to create steam,
which then turns a turbine and produces electricity. (Fossil fuel burning power
plants also produce electricity by first creating steam in order to turn a turbine.)
4. Can I heat my house with photovoltaics?
Using electricity to heat a house, as anyone who
uses electric heat and pays monthly bills to the utility knows, is very
inefficient and costly. Theoretically, one could heat one's home with
photovoltaics (electricity is electricity, whether it comes from PV panels or
from a coal burning power plant). Practically, though, this would be costly, as
producing electricity from a PV system is more expensive than purchasing it from
the utility. One can, however, heat one's house very effectively and cheaply by
harnessing the sun's energy in other ways http://ping.fm/XaIrF

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Photovoltaic systems produce REDUCE YOUR ELECTRIC BILL

2010-10-05T03:07:00.001-04:00

http://ping.fm/XaIrF
1. Photovoltaic (fo-to-vol-ta-ik) systems are solar systems that produce
electricity directly from sunlight. The term "photo" comes from the Greek
"phos," meaning light. "Voltaic" is named for Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), a
pioneer in the study of electricity for whom the term "volt" was named.
Photovoltaics, then, means "light electricity." Photovoltaic systems produce
clean, reliable electricity without consuming any fossil fuels. They are being
used in a wide variety of applications, from providing power for watches,
highway signs, and space stations, to providing for a household's electrical
needs.
2. What is the difference between "solar energy" and
"photovoltaics?"Photovoltaics is one form of solar energy. The
term solar energy can refer to something as simple the energy gathered in your
parked, sealed car (your solar collector) and converted into heat. Solar energy
is often used to heat houses directly through passive means (sun enters window,
room warms). Solar energy is also often used to heat water (a solar collector is
mounted in direct sunlight, which warms a heat transfer fluid, which in turn
heats the water in your hot water tank).Photovoltaics refers
specifically to the practice of converting the sun's energy directly into
electricity using photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells are often referred to
as PV cells or solar cells.
3. What is solar thermal
energy?Solar thermal energy refers to harnessing the sun's
light to produce heat. Heat results when photons, packets of light energy,
strike the atoms composing a substance (water, your body, asphalt), exciting
them. Solar thermal technologies include passive solar systems for heating (or
cooling!) buildings; flat plate solar collectors, often used for providing
households with hot water; and solar concentrator power systems. These systems,
also known as solar thermal power plants, use the sun's heat to create steam,
which then turns a turbine and produces electricity. (Fossil fuel burning power
plants also produce electricity by first creating steam in order to turn a
turbine.)
4. Can I heat my house with
photovoltaics? Using electricity to heat a house, as anyone who
uses electric heat and pays monthly bills to the utility knows, is very
inefficient and costly. Theoretically, one could heat one's home with
photovoltaics (electricity is electricity, whether it comes from PV panels or
from a coal burning power plant). Practically, though, this would be costly, as
producing electricity from a PV system is more expensive than purchasing it from
the utility. One can, however, heat one's house very effectively and cheaply by
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2010-09-29T03:39:00.005-04:00

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1. Photovoltaic (fo-to-vol-ta-ik) systems are solar systems that produce
electricity directly from sunlight. The term "photo" comes from the Greek
"phos," meaning light. "Voltaic" is named for Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), a
pioneer in the study of electricity for whom the term "volt" was named.
Photovoltaics, then, means "light electricity." Photovoltaic systems produce
clean, reliable electricity without consuming any fossil fuels. They are being
used in a wide variety of applications, from providing power for watches,
highway signs, and space stations, to providing for a household's electrical
needs.
2. What is the difference between "solar energy" and
"photovoltaics?"Photovoltaics is one form of solar energy. The
term solar energy can refer to something as simple the energy gathered in your
parked, sealed car (your solar collector) and converted into heat. Solar energy
is often used to heat houses directly through passive means (sun enters window,
room warms). Solar energy is also often used to heat water (a solar collector is
mounted in direct sunlight, which warms a heat transfer fluid, which in turn
heats the water in your hot water tank).Photovoltaics refers
specifically to the practice of converting the sun's energy directly into
electricity using photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells are often referred to
as PV cells or solar cells.
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How much of the world's energy does the United States use?

2010-09-15T17:48:00.000-04:00

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15. How much of the world's energy does the United States

use? Though we make up just 6% of the world's population, we,

the citizens of the United States, consume 25-30% of the energy produced in the

world today. We consume twice as much energy as the average British citizen, two

and-a-half times as much as the average Japanese citizen, and 106 times that of

the average Bangladeshi. Consequently, we Americans produce, per capita, the

most greenhouse gases on the planet. As of 1996, each of us here in the US

produced, on average, almost twice the greenhouse gases of the average German,

and 80 times that of the average Indian. But don't despair! Think of all

the room we have to improve! According to www.energystar.gov, if, over the next

ten years, everyone in the U.S. chose energy-efficient appliances, "we would

cut the nation's utility bills by up to $100 billion and make major reductions

in greenhouse gas emissions at the same time.
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http://www.news-press.com/article/20100826/BUSINESS/8260347/1003/ACC/Cape-Coral-architect-aims-to-transform-wind-power-industry -

Helmuth Geiser hopes to ride like the wind to business success.

Geiser is in the process of setting up shop in the Southwest Florida Enterprise Center in Fort Myers to manufacture his own design of small wind turbines to generate electricity.

He and his business partners in Scaled Energy LLC hope to find a niche in the rapidly growing wind power industry: making it economical for businesses and even homeowners to generate some or even all of the electricity they need.

How did he decide to embark on this bold path? Like many a career changer in Southwest Florida, Geiser owes his new line of work to the housing crash.

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2010-09-01T09:24:00.000-04:00

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2. What is the difference between "solar energy" and
"photovoltaics?"Photovoltaics is one form of solar energy. The
term solar energy can refer to something as simple the energy gathered in your
parked, sealed car (your solar collector) and converted into heat. Solar energy
is often used to heat houses directly through passive means (sun enters window,
room warms). Solar energy is also often used to heat water (a solar collector is
mounted in direct sunlight, which warms a heat transfer fluid, which in turn
heats the water in your hot water tank).Photovoltaics refers
specifically to the practice of converting the sun's energy directly into
electricity using photovoltaic cells. Photovoltaic cells are often referred to
as PV cells or solar cells.
3. What is solar thermal
energy?Solar thermal energy refers to harnessing the sun's
light to produce heat. Heat results when photons, packets of light energy,
strike the atoms composing a substance (water, your body, asphalt), exciting
them. Solar thermal technologies include passive solar systems for heating (or
cooling!) buildings; flat plate solar collectors, often used for providing
households with hot water; and solar concentrator power systems. These systems,
also known as solar thermal power plants, use the sun's heat to create steam,
which then turns a turbine and produces electricity. (Fossil fuel burning power
plants also produce electricity by first creating steam in order to turn a
turbine.)

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2010-08-16T08:17:00.001-04:00

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1. Photovoltaic (fo-to-vol-ta-ik) systems are solar systems that produce

electricity directly from sunlight. The term "photo" comes from the Greek
"phos," meaning light. "Voltaic" is named for Alessandro Volta (1745-1827),
a pioneer in the study of electricity for whom the term "volt" was named.
Photovoltaics, then, means "light electricity." Photovoltaic systems produce
clean, reliable electricity without consuming any fossil fuels. They are being
used in a wide variety of applications, from providing power for watches,
highway signs, and space stations, to providing for a household's electrical
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2010-08-12T09:37:00.000-04:00

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2010-08-08T13:57:00.000-04:00

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Solar energy

great articles to learn more about different types of energy wikipedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search
This article is about all uses of solar energy. For generation of electricity using solar energy, see Solar power.
A parabolic dish and stirling engine system, which concentrates sunlight to produce useful solar power.Renewable energy
Biofuel
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydroelectricity
Solar energy
Tidal power
Wave power
Wind power
v • d • e
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the available renewable energy on earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaics. Solar energy's uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.To harvest the solar energy, the most common way is to use solar panels.
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy#Solar_lighting

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2010-07-30T07:41:00.000-04:00

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2010-07-29T18:22:00.000-04:00

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6. How do the panels work? A solar
panel (module) is made up a number of solar cells. Solar cells are generally
made from thin wafers of silicon, the second most abundant substance on earth,
the same substance that makes up sand. To make the wafers, the silicon is heated
to extreme temperatures, and chemicals, usually boron and phosphorous, are
added. The addition of these chemicals makes the silicon atoms unstable (their
electrons less tightly held). When photons of sunlight hit a solar panel, some
are absorbed into the solar cells, where their energy knocks loose some of the
modified silicon's electrons. These loose electrons are forced by electric
fields in the PV panel to flow along wires that have been placed within the
cells. This flow of electrons through the wires is electricity, and will provide
power for whatever load we attach (a calculator, a light bulb, a satellite,
etc.) Because solar cells are modular, a system's size can be increased
(or decreased) over time, according to need.
7. Are there any applications for photovoltaics where I don't need
batteries? The simplest and least expensive PV systems are
designed for day use only. These systems consist of modules wired directly to a
DC appliance, with no storage device. When the sun shines on the modules, the
electricity generated is used directly by the appliance. Higher insolation
(sunshine) levels result in increased power output and greater load capacity.
And when the sun stops shining, your appliance stops working. These
simple systems are an appropriate, cost-effective option for loads operated only
during the daytime. Examples of day use systems include: Remote water
pumping with a storage tank. Operation of fans, blowers, or circulators to
distribute thermal energy during the day for solar water heating systems or
ventilation systems. Stand-alone, solar-powered appliances such as
calculators and toys. It is also possible, in a utility grid
interconnected system (see below), to do without batteries, as such a system is
essentially using the grid as its storage device
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