.module {
  width: 300px;
  height: 200px;

  overflow-y: scroll; /* has to be scroll, not auto */
  -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
}

Check out this Pen!

<?php

  function rkv_url_spamcheck( $approved , $commentdata ) {
    return ( strlen( $commentdata['comment_author_url'] ) > 50 ) ? 'spam' : $approved;
  }

  add_filter( 'pre_comment_approved', 'rkv_url_spamcheck', 99, 2 );

?>

$("button").on("click", function() {
  
  // cache textarea as we need it more than once
  var textarea = $("textarea"),
      
      // save old value as we need to clear it
      val = textarea.val();
  
  // focus textarea, clear value, re-apply
  textarea
    .focus()
    .val("")
    .val(val);
});

This demo does that but also applies a little bit of UX. If the textarea's current value doesn't end in a space, add one. Just so you can click-and-keep-typing as you might.

Check out this Pen!

You could make it a plugin as well:

$.fn.focusToEnd = function() {
   return this.each(function() {
       var v = $(this).val();
       $(this).focus().val("").val(v);
   });
};

The main idea behind the flex layout is to give the container the ability to alter its items' width/height (and order) to best fill the available space (mostly to accomodate to all kind of display devices and screen sizes). A flex container expands items to fill available free space, or shrinks them to prevent overflow.

Most importantly, the flexbox layout is direction-agnostic as opposed to the regular layouts (block which is vertically-based and inline which is horizontally-based). While those work well for pages, they lack flexibility (no pun intended) to support large or complex applications (especially when it comes to orientation changing, resizing, stretching, shrinking, etc.).

Note: Flexbox layout is most appropriate to the components of an application, and small-scale layouts, while the Grid layout is intended for larger scale layouts.

Basics

Since flexbox is a whole module and not a single property, it involves a lot of things including its whole set of properties. Some of them are meant to be set on the container (parent element, known as "flex container") whereas the others are meant to be set on the children (said "flex items").

If regular layout is based on both block and inline flow directions, the flex layout is based on "flex-flow directions". Please have a look at this figure from the specification, explaining the main idea behind the flex layout.

Basically, items will be layed out following either the main axis (from main-start to main-end) or the cross axis (from cross-start to cross-end).

• main axis - The main axis of a flex container is the primary axis along which flex items are laid out. Beware, it is not necessarily horizontal; it depends on the justify-content property (see below).
• main-start | main-end - The flex items are placed within the container starting from main-start and going to main-end.
• main size - A flex item's width or height, whichever is in the main dimension, is the item's main size. The flex item's main size property is either the ‘width’ or ‘height’ property, whichever is in the main dimension.
• cross axis - The axis perpendicular to the main axis is called the cross axis. Its direction depends on the main axis direction.
• cross-start | cross-end - Flex lines are filled with items and placed into the container starting on the cross-start side of the flex container and going toward the cross-end side.
• cross size - The width or height of a flex item, whichever is in the cross dimension, is the item's cross size. The cross size property is whichever of ‘width’ or ‘height’ that is in the cross dimension.

Properties

display: flex | inline-flex; (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This defines a flex container; inline or block depending on the given value. Thus, it enables a flex context for all its direct children.

display: other values | flex | inline-flex;

Please note that:

• CSS columns have no effect on a flex container
• float, clear and vertical-align have no effect on a flex item

flex-direction (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This establishes the main-axis, thus defining the direction flex items are placed in the flex container.

flex-direction: row | row-reverse | column | column-reverse

• row (default): left to right in ltr; right to left in rtl
• row-reverse: right to left in ltr; left to right in rtl
• column: same as row but top to bottom
• column-reverse: same as row-reverse but top to bottom

flex-wrap (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This defines whether the flex container is single-line or multi-line, and the direction of the cross-axis, which determines the direction new lines are stacked in.

flex-wrap: nowrap | wrap | wrap-reverse

• nowrap (default): single-line / left to right in ltr; right to left in rtl
• wrap: multi-line / left to right in ltr; right to left in rtl
• wrap-reverse: multi-line / right to left in ltr; left to right in rtl

flex-flow (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This is a shorthand `flex-direction` and `flex-wrap` properties, which together define the flex container's main and cross axes. Default is `row nowrap`;

flex-flow: <‘flex-direction’> || <‘flex-wrap’>

justify-content (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This defines the alignment along the main axis. It helps distribute extra free space leftover when either all the flex items on a line are inflexible, or are flexible but have reached their maximum size. It also exerts some control over the alignment of items when they overflow the line.

justify-content: flex-start | flex-end | center | space-between | space-around

• flex-start (default): items are packed toward the start line
• flex-end: items are packed toward to end line
• center: items are centered along the line
• space-between: items are evenly distributed in the line; first item is on the start line, last item on the end line
• space-around: items are evenly distributed in the line with equal space around them

align-items (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This defines the default behaviour for how flex items are laid out along the cross axis on the current line. Think of it as the justify-content version for the cross-axis (perpendicular to the main-axis).

align-items: flex-start | flex-end | center | baseline | stretch

• flex-start: cross-start margin edge of the items is placed on the cross-start line
• flex-end: cross-end margin edge of the items is placed on the cross-end line
• center: items are centered in the cross-axis
• baseline: items are aligned such as their baselines align
• stretch (default): stretch to fill the container (still respect min-width/max-width)

align-content (Applies to: parent flex container element)

This aligns a flex container's lines within when there is extra space in the cross-axis, similar to how justify-content aligns individual items within the main-axis.

Note: this property has no effect when the flexbox has only a single line.

align-content: flex-start | flex-end | center | space-between | space-around | stretch

• flex-start: lines packed to the start of the container
• flex-end: lines packed to the end of the container
• center: lines packed to the center of the container
• space-between: lines evenly distributed; the first line is at the start of the container while the last one is at the end
• space-around: lines evenly distributed with equal space between them
• stretch (default): lines stretch to take up the remaining space

order (Applies to: child element / flex item)

By default, flex items are layed out in the source order. However, the order property controls the order in which they appear in their container.

order: <integer>

flex-grow (Applies to: child element / flex item)

This defines the ability for a flex item to grow if necessary. It accepts a unitless value that serves as a proportion. It dictates what amount of the available space inside the flex container the item should take up.

If all items have flex-grow set to 1, every child will set to an equal size inside the container. If you were to give one of the children a value of 2, that child would take up twice as much space as the others.

flex-grow: <number> (default 0)

Negative numbers are invalid.

flex-shrink (Applies to: child element / flex item)

This defines the ability for a flex item to shrink if necessary.

flex-shrink: <number> (default 1)

Negative numbers are invalid.

flex-basis (Applies to: child element / flex item)

This defines the default size of an element before the remaining space is distributed.

flex-basis: <length> | auto (default auto)

flex (Applies to: child element / flex item)

This is the shorthand for flex-grow, flex-shrink and flex-basis. The second and third parameters (flex-shrink, flex-basis) are optional. Default is 0 1 auto.

flex: none | [ <'flex-grow'> <'flex-shrink'>? || <'flex-basis'> ]

align-self (Applies to: child element / flex item)

This allows the default alignment or the one specified by align-items to be overridden for individual flex items.

Please see the align-items explanation to understand the available values.

align-self: auto | flex-start | flex-end | center | baseline | stretch

Examples

Let's start with a very very simple example, solving an almost daily problem: perfect centering. It couldn't be any simpler if you use flexbox.

.parent {
  display: flex;
  height: 300px; /* Or whatever */
}

.child {
  width: 100px;  /* Or whatever */
  height: 100px; /* Or whatever */
  margin: auto;  /* Magic! */
}

This relies on the fact a margin set to `auto` in a flex container absorb extra space. So setting a vertical margin of auto will make the item perfectly centered in both axis.

Now let's use some more properties. Consider a list of 6 items, all with a fixed dimensions in a matter of aesthetics but they could be auto-sized. We want them to be evenly and nicely distributed on the horizontal axis so that when we resize the browser, everything is fine (without media queries!).

.flex-container {
  /* We first create a flex layout context */
  display: flex;
  
  /* Then we define the flow direction and if we allow the items to wrap 
   * Remember this is the same as:
   * flex-direction: row;
   * flex-wrap: wrap;
   */
  flex-flow: row wrap;
  
  /* Then we define how is distributed the remaining space */
  justify-content: space-around;
}

Done. Everything else is just some styling concern. Below is a pen featuring this example. Be sure to go to CodePen and try resizing your windows to see what happen.

Check out this Pen!

Let's try something else. Imagine we have a right-aligned navigation on the very top of our website, but we want it to be centered on medium-sized screens and single-columned on small devices. Easy enough.

/* Large */
.navigation {
  display: flex;
  flex-flow: row wrap;
  /* This aligns items to the end line on main-axis */
  justify-content: flex-end;
}

/* Medium screens */
@media all and (max-width: 800px) {
  .navigation {
    /* When on medium sized screens, we center it by evenly distributing empty space around items */
    justify-content: space-around;
  }
}

/* Small screens */
@media all and (max-width: 500px) {
  .navigation {
    /* On small screens, we are no longer using row direction but column */
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}

Check out this Pen!

Let's try something even better by playing with flex items flexibility! What about a mobile-first 3-columns layout with full-width header and footer. And independent from source order.

.wrapper {
  display: flex;
  flex-flow: row wrap;
}

/* We tell all items to be 100% width */
.header, .main, .nav, .aside, .footer {
  flex: 1 100%;
}

/* We rely on source order for mobile-first approach
 * in this case:
 * 1. header
 * 2. nav
 * 3. main
 * 4. aside
 * 5. footer
 */

/* Medium screens */
@media all and (min-width: 600px) {
  /* We tell both sidebars to share a row */
  .aside { flex: 1 auto; }
}

/* Large screens */
@media all and (min-width: 800px) {
  /* We invert order of first sidebar and main
   * And tell the main element to take twice as much width as the other two sidebars 
   */
  .main { flex: 2 0px; }
  
  .aside-1 { order: 1; }
  .main    { order: 2; }
  .aside-2 { order: 3; }
  .footer  { order: 4; }
}

Check out this Pen!

Related Properties

• Grid

Other Resources

• Flexbox in the CSS specifications
• Flexbox at MDN
• Flexbox at Opera
• Diving into Flexbox by Bocoup
• Mixing syntaxes for best browser support on CSS-Tricks
• Flexbox by Raphael Goetter (FR)
• Flexplorer by Bennett Feely

Browser Support

• (modern) means the recent syntax from the specification (e.g. display: flex;)
• (hybrid) means an odd unofficial syntax from 2011 (e.g. display: flexbox;)
• (old) means the old syntax from 2009 (e.g. display: box;)

Blackberry browser 10+ supports the new syntax.

For more informations about how to mix syntaxes in order to get the best browser support, please refer to this article (CSS-Tricks) or this article (DevOpera).

A Sass @mixin to help ease the pain:

@mixin flexbox() {
  display: -webkit-box;
  display: -moz-box;
  display: -ms-flexbox;
  display: -webkit-flex;
  display: flex;
}

@mixin flex($values) {
  -webkit-box-flex: $values;
  -moz-box-flex:  $values;
  -webkit-flex:  $values;
  -ms-flex:  $values;
  flex:  $values;
}

@mixin order($val) {
  -webkit-box-ordinal-group: $val;  
  -moz-box-ordinal-group: $val;     
  -ms-flex-order: $val;     
  -webkit-order: $val;  
  order: $val;
}

.wrapper {
  @include flexbox();
}

.item {
  @include flex(1 200px);
  @include order(2);
}

(function() {
  var resizeTimer;
  
  // Assuming we have jQuery present
  $( window ).on( "resize", function() {
    
    // Use resizeTimer to throttle the resize handler
    clearTimeout( resizeTimer );
    resizeTimer = setTimeout(function() {

     /* Send the event to Google Analytics
      *
      * https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/gajs/methods/gaJSApiEventTracking
      * _trackEvent(category, action, opt_label, opt_value, opt_noninteraction)   
      */
      var $window = $( window );
      _gaq.push( [ "_trackEvent", "User Actions", "Browser Resize", $window.width() + " x " + $window.height() ] );
    }, 1000);
  });
})();

Note how easy it is to track events in Google Analytics. That can be used for just about anything.

Send the event object to this function and it will return the truth (assuming you are in a browser that supports all this):

function containsFiles(event) {

    if (event.dataTransfer.types) {
        for (var i = 0; i < event.dataTransfer.types.length; i++) {
            if (event.dataTransfer.types[i] == "Files") {
                return true;
            }
        }
    }
    
    return false;

}

<?php
/*
 * Plugin Name: Mini Admin Bar
 * Plugin URI: http://www.netyou.co.il/
 * Description: Makes the admin bar a small button on the left and expands on hover.
 * Version: 1.0
 * Author: NetYou
 * Author URI: http://www.netyou.co.il/
 * License: MIT
 * Copyright: NetYou
*/
 
add_action('get_header', 'my_filter_head');
function my_filter_head() { remove_action('wp_head', '_admin_bar_bump_cb'); }
 
function my_admin_css() {
        if ( is_user_logged_in() ) {
        ?>
        <style type="text/css">
            #wpadminbar {
                width: 47px;
                min-width: auto;
                overflow: hidden;
                -webkit-transition: .4s width;
                -webkit-transition-delay: 1s;
                -moz-transition: .4s width;
                -moz-transition-delay: 1s;
                -o-transition: .4s width;
                -o-transition-delay: 1s;
                -ms-transition: .4s width;
                -ms-transition-delay: 1s;
                transition: .4s width;
                transition-delay: 1s;
            }
            
            #wpadminbar:hover {
                width: 100%;
                overflow: visible;
                -webkit-transition-delay: 0;
                -moz-transition-delay: 0;
                -o-transition-delay: 0;
                -ms-transition-delay: 0;
                transition-delay: 0;
            }
        </style>
        <?php }
}
add_action('wp_head', 'my_admin_css');

?>

Quick backstory

For IE 10 (desktop) to work in it's new "snap mode" you need to use this:

@-ms-viewport {
  width: device-width;
}

But that screws up some Windows Phone 8 phones, overriding the meta viewport tag and rendering as far too large on small screens. So the answer, for now, is this gnarly device detection/injection script.

Longer backstory

• Matt Stow: Responsive Design in IE10 on Windows Phone 8
• Tim Kadlec: Windows Phone 8 and Device-Width

var input = $("#control");

function something_happens() {
    input.replaceWith(input.val('').clone(true));
};

// Remove leading and trailing whitespace
// Requires jQuery
var str = " a b    c d e f g ";
var newStr = $.trim(str);
// "a b c d e f g"

// Remove leading and trailing whitespace
// JavaScript RegEx
var str = "   a b    c d e f g ";
var newStr = str.replace(/(^\s+|\s+$)/g,'');
// "a b c d e f g"

// Remove all whitespace
// JavaScript RegEx
var str = " a b    c d e   f g   ";
var newStr = str.replace(/\s+/g, '');
// "abcdefg"

Doesn't work with other types of whitespace though, for instance   (thin space) or   (non-breaking space)

function LightenDarkenColor(col, amt) {
  
    var usePound = false;
  
    if (col[0] == "#") {
        col = col.slice(1);
        usePound = true;
    }
 
    var num = parseInt(col,16);
 
    var r = (num >> 16) + amt;
 
    if (r > 255) r = 255;
    else if  (r < 0) r = 0;
 
    var b = ((num >> 8) & 0x00FF) + amt;
 
    if (b > 255) b = 255;
    else if  (b < 0) b = 0;
 
    var g = (num & 0x0000FF) + amt;
 
    if (g > 255) g = 255;
    else if (g < 0) g = 0;
 
    return (usePound?"#":"") + (g | (b << 8) | (r << 16)).toString(16);
  
}

Usage

// Lighten
var NewColor = LightenDarkenColor("#F06D06", 20); 

// Darken
var NewColor = LightenDarkenColor("#F06D06", -20); 

Demo

You'll need to inject a new <style> element onto the page with the correct styles in it. Best to inject it at the bottom of the page so it overrides your CSS above it. Easy with jQuery:

function injectStyles(rule) {
  var div = $("<div />", {
    html: '&shy;<style>' + rule + '</style>'
  }).appendTo("body");    
}

Usage

injectStyles('a:hover { color: red; }');

Demo

More Information

• Style injection quirks in IE (Ryan Seddon).
• Stack Overflow thread.

function html5_insert_image($html, $id, $caption, $title, $align, $url) {
  $html5 = "<figure id='post-$id media-$id' class='align-$align'>";
  $html5 .= "<img src='$url' alt='$title' />";
  if ($caption) {
    $html5 .= "<figcaption>$caption</figcaption>";
  }
  $html5 .= "</figure>";
  return $html5;
}
add_filter( 'image_send_to_editor', 'html5_insert_image', 10, 9 );

It also takes what you enter as a caption and inserts it within the <figure> tag as a <figcaption>. Example inserted code:

<figure id='post-18838 media-18838' class='align-none'>
  <img src='http://youresite.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/image.png' alt='Title of image'>
  <figcaption>Caption for image</figcaption>
</figure>

This would be for your functions.php file or functionality plugin:

add_action('set_current_user', 'cc_hide_admin_bar');
function cc_hide_admin_bar() {
  if (!current_user_can('edit_posts')) {
    show_admin_bar(false);
  }
}

function cc_mime_types( $mimes ){
	$mimes['svg'] = 'image/svg+xml';
	return $mimes;
}
add_filter( 'upload_mimes', 'cc_mime_types' );

Without this, SVG files will be rejected when attempting to upload them through the media uploader.

input[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button, 
input[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button { 
  -webkit-appearance: none; 
  margin: 0; 
}

Note that some other functionality still exists, like being able to increment the number via the scroll wheel on a mouse.

<?php

  list($width, $height, $type, $attr) = getimagesize("url/to/image.jpg");

  echo "Image width " . $width;
  echo "Image height " . $height;
  echo "Image type " . $type;
  echo "Attribute " . $attr;

?>

@media 
(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), 
(min-resolution: 192dpi) { 
    /* Retina-specific stuff here */
}

Or other highish-res:

/* 1.25 dpr */
@media 
(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), 
(min-resolution: 120dpi){ 
    /* Retina-specific stuff here */
}

/* 1.3 dpr */
@media 
(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.3), 
(min-resolution: 124.8dpi){ 
    /* Retina-specific stuff here */
}

/* 1.5 dpr */
@media 
(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), 
(min-resolution: 144dpi){ 
    /* Retina-specific stuff here */
}

Old Stuff (don't use, keeping for posterity)

@media
only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),
only screen and (   min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2),
only screen and (     -o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1) { 
  
  /* Retina-specific stuff here */

}

This is more future proof...

@media
only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),
only screen and (   min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2),
only screen and (     -o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1),
only screen and (        min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),
only screen and (                min-resolution: 192dpi),
only screen and (                min-resolution: 2dppx) { 
  
  /* Retina-specific stuff here */

}

Notes:

• The super weird min--moz-device-pixel-ratio is probably a bug, might wanna put in -moz-min-device-pixel-ratio also in case they fix it but leave it prefixed.
• Here's the spec on resolution units.

Example:

Let's say you had three major breakpoints in a design. This design also had a large background graphic and you wanted it looking it's best on any screen (retina or not) and not waste any bandwidth. You'd set up 6 media queries, one for each breakpoint and one for each one of those breakpoints on retina. Then you'd override the background image all the way down.

@media only screen and (min-width: 320px) {

  /* Small screen, non-retina */

}

@media
only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2)      and (min-width: 320px),
only screen and (   min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2)      and (min-width: 320px),
only screen and (     -o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1)    and (min-width: 320px),
only screen and (        min-device-pixel-ratio: 2)      and (min-width: 320px),
only screen and (                min-resolution: 192dpi) and (min-width: 320px),
only screen and (                min-resolution: 2dppx)  and (min-width: 320px) { 

  /* Small screen, retina, stuff to override above media query */

}

@media only screen and (min-width: 700px) {

  /* Medium screen, non-retina */

}

@media
only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2)      and (min-width: 700px),
only screen and (   min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2)      and (min-width: 700px),
only screen and (     -o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1)    and (min-width: 700px),
only screen and (        min-device-pixel-ratio: 2)      and (min-width: 700px),
only screen and (                min-resolution: 192dpi) and (min-width: 700px),
only screen and (                min-resolution: 2dppx)  and (min-width: 700px) { 

  /* Medium screen, retina, stuff to override above media query */

}

@media only screen and (min-width: 1300px) {

  /* Large screen, non-retina */

}

@media
only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2)      and (min-width: 1300px),
only screen and (   min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2)      and (min-width: 1300px),
only screen and (     -o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1)    and (min-width: 1300px),
only screen and (        min-device-pixel-ratio: 2)      and (min-width: 1300px),
only screen and (                min-resolution: 192dpi) and (min-width: 1300px),
only screen and (                min-resolution: 2dppx)  and (min-width: 1300px) { 

  /* Large screen, retina, stuff to override above media query */

}

div {
    width: 200px;
    height: 200px;
    display: block;
    position: relative;
}

div:after {
    content: "";
    background: url(http://subtlepatterns.com/patterns/bo_play_pattern.png);
    opacity: 0.5;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    bottom: 0;
    right: 0;
    position: absolute;
    z-index: -1;   
}

​

<meta name="robots" content="noindex">

To prevent just Google:

<meta name="googlebot" content="noindex">

If you have control over it, you probably want to add nofollow to links that point to that page as well:

<a href="privatepage.html" rel="nofollow">Link to private page</a>

Theoretically that's not needed for Google, which claims to drop all pages with noindex from their directory. But there are more search engines out there and it doesn't hurt.

(function($) {
    $.fn.drags = function(opt) {

        opt = $.extend({handle:"",cursor:"move"}, opt);

        if(opt.handle === "") {
            var $el = this;
        } else {
            var $el = this.find(opt.handle);
        }

        return $el.css('cursor', opt.cursor).on("mousedown", function(e) {
            if(opt.handle === "") {
                var $drag = $(this).addClass('draggable');
            } else {
                var $drag = $(this).addClass('active-handle').parent().addClass('draggable');
            }
            var z_idx = $drag.css('z-index'),
                drg_h = $drag.outerHeight(),
                drg_w = $drag.outerWidth(),
                pos_y = $drag.offset().top + drg_h - e.pageY,
                pos_x = $drag.offset().left + drg_w - e.pageX;
            $drag.css('z-index', 1000).parents().on("mousemove", function(e) {
                $('.draggable').offset({
                    top:e.pageY + pos_y - drg_h,
                    left:e.pageX + pos_x - drg_w
                }).on("mouseup", function() {
                    $(this).removeClass('draggable').css('z-index', z_idx);
                });
            });
            e.preventDefault(); // disable selection
        }).on("mouseup", function() {
            if(opt.handle === "") {
                $(this).removeClass('draggable');
            } else {
                $(this).removeClass('active-handle').parent().removeClass('draggable');
            }
        });

    }
})(jQuery);

Usage

$('div').drags();

Demo

Let's say you have navigation like this:

<nav>
	<ul>
		<li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
		<li><a href="/about/">About</a></li>
		<li><a href="/clients/">Clients</a></li>
		<li><a href="/contact/">Contact Us</a></li>
	</ul>
</nav>	

And you are at the URL:

http://yoursite.com/about/team/

And you want the About link to get a class of "active" so you can visually indicate it's the active navigation.

$(function() {
  $('nav a[href^="/' + location.pathname.split("/")[1] + '"]').addClass('active');
});

Essentially that will match links in the nav who's href attribute begins with "/about" (or whatever the secondary directory happens to be).

A complete explanation at Kroc Camen's site, the originator of this technique.

<?php 

  if(!function_exists('el_crypto_hmacSHA1')){
    /**
    * Calculate the HMAC SHA1 hash of a string.
    *
    * @param string $key The key to hash against
    * @param string $data The data to hash
    * @param int $blocksize Optional blocksize
    * @return string HMAC SHA1
    */
    function el_crypto_hmacSHA1($key, $data, $blocksize = 64) {
        if (strlen($key) > $blocksize) $key = pack('H*', sha1($key));
        $key = str_pad($key, $blocksize, chr(0x00));
        $ipad = str_repeat(chr(0x36), $blocksize);
        $opad = str_repeat(chr(0x5c), $blocksize);
        $hmac = pack( 'H*', sha1(
        ($key ^ $opad) . pack( 'H*', sha1(
          ($key ^ $ipad) . $data
        ))
      ));
        return base64_encode($hmac);
    }
  }

  if(!function_exists('el_s3_getTemporaryLink')){
    /**
    * Create temporary URLs to your protected Amazon S3 files.
    *
    * @param string $accessKey Your Amazon S3 access key
    * @param string $secretKey Your Amazon S3 secret key
    * @param string $bucket The bucket (bucket.s3.amazonaws.com)
    * @param string $path The target file path
    * @param int $expires In minutes
    * @return string Temporary Amazon S3 URL
    * @see http://awsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/S3/20060301/s3-dg-20060301.pdf
    */
    
    function el_s3_getTemporaryLink($accessKey, $secretKey, $bucket, $path, $expires = 5) {
      // Calculate expiry time
      $expires = time() + intval(floatval($expires) * 60);
      // Fix the path; encode and sanitize
      $path = str_replace('%2F', '/', rawurlencode($path = ltrim($path, '/')));
      // Path for signature starts with the bucket
      $signpath = '/'. $bucket .'/'. $path;
      // S3 friendly string to sign
      $signsz = implode("\n", $pieces = array('GET', null, null, $expires, $signpath));
      // Calculate the hash
      $signature = el_crypto_hmacSHA1($secretKey, $signsz);
      // Glue the URL ...
      $url = sprintf('http://%s.s3.amazonaws.com/%s', $bucket, $path);
      // ... to the query string ...
      $qs = http_build_query($pieces = array(
        'AWSAccessKeyId' => $accessKey,
        'Expires' => $expires,
        'Signature' => $signature,
      ));
      // ... and return the URL!
      return $url.'?'.$qs;
    }
  }

?>

Usage

<?php echo el_s3_getTemporaryLink('your-access-key', 'your-secret-key', 'bucket-name', '/path/to/file.mov'); ?>

<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7">

Or a black one:

<img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAUEBAAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=">

<form action="iframe.php" target="my-iframe" method="post">
			
  <label for="text">Some text:</label>
  <input type="text" name="text" id="text">
			
  <input type="submit" value="post">
			
</form>
		
<iframe name="my-iframe" src="iframe.php"></iframe>

The outer page doesn't even reload. But it might appear to at first glance since many browsers run the page-loading spinner in the tab when an iframe reloads.

php_value auto_prepend_file "/real/path/to/file/functions.php"
php_value auto_append_file "/real/path/to/file/footer.php"

<input type="button" value="Really&#x00A;Tall&#x00A; Button">

http://css-tricks.com/index.php/teachers/a/

The actual page rendered by the server would be:

http://css-tricks.com/index.php?search=teachers&sort=a

RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^index/([^/]+)/([^/]+).php /page.php?search=$1&sort=$2 [NC]

# display no errs to user
php_flag display_startup_errors off
php_flag display_errors off
php_flag html_errors off
# log to file
php_flag log_errors on
php_value error_log /location/to/php_error.log

RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^.*iPad.*$
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://ipad.yourdomain.com [R=301]

This will redirect iPad users to a URL you specify. This is probably the best way to do it (assuming you are running an Apache server), but if you aren't, there are PHP and JavaScript methods here.

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_ACCEPT} application/xhtml\+xml
RewriteCond %{HTTP_ACCEPT} !application/xhtml\+xml\s*;\s*q=0
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} \.html$
RewriteCond %{THE_REQUEST} HTTP/1\.1
RewriteRule .* - "[T=application/xhtml+xml; charset=ISO-8859-1]"