CANON CAMERA

Canon celebrates production of 50 million EF lenses (jan 29,2010)

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Mon, 01 Feb 2010 09:26:00 +0000

TOKYO, January 29, 2010—Canon Inc. and Canon Marketing Japan Inc. announced today the achievement of a new EF lens-manufacturing milestone with the production of the company's 50-millionth lens, an EF100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM.

Production of interchangeable EF lenses for Canon EOS-series AF (autofocus) single-lens reflex cameras began in 1987 at the company's Utsunomiya Plant, and has since expanded to a total of four production facilities including Canon Inc., Taiwan; Canon Opto (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.; and Oita Canon Inc. in Japan. EF lenses reached the 10-million-unit milestone after approximately eight and a half years in production, followed by the 40-million-unit mark in April of 2008. Owing to the popularity of the EOS Digital series, production then increased 10 million units to reach the current 50-million-unit milestone in December 2009 after a mere one year and eight months.

First introduced in March 1987, along with Canon's EOS SLR camera system, the EF lens has over the years featured a range of innovative proprietary technologies to lead the industry. These include such world's firsts^*1 as the Ultrasonic Motor-powered lens (USM), Image Stabilizer (IS) to compensate for the effects of camera shake, Subwavelength Structure Coating (SWC) anti-reflection technology, and a super telephoto lens that employs a diffractive optical element. Last year, Canon successfully commercialized the Hybrid IS, a technology that effectively compensates for both angle-based camera shake and shift-based camera shake, utilized in the EF100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM lens.

Canon's current EF lens lineup compromises 65 models^*2 ranging from super-wide-angle lenses to super-telephoto zoom lenses, catering to the varying needs of photographers from first-time users to advanced-amateurs and professionals. The company's diverse selection of lenses offers several features including a number of zoom options ranging from standard to super-telephoto, Image Stabilizer-equipped lenses, large-diameter lenses, macro-lenses and TS-E lenses featuring a special tilt-shift mechanism allowing manipulation of image perspective and distortion. In addition, the EF70-200mm f/2.8L IS II USM, featuring outstanding optical performance and Image Stabilization, is planned for market release in early March 2010.

Canon will continue to proactively introduce innovative technologies, striving to provide superlative image quality and reliability in lens production.


*1	Among interchangeable lenses for SLR cameras
*2	Including two EF lens extenders and models available outside of Japan

50 Million EF Lenses Commemorative logo
Canon EF lens lineup

Recommended cash offer by Canon for all the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Océ N.V. to create global leader in printing industry (jan 28,2010)

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Mon, 01 Feb 2010 09:12:00 +0000

This is a joint press release by Canon Inc., Canon Finance Netherlands B.V. and Océ N.V. pursuant to the provisions of Section 10 paragraph 3 and Section 18 paragraph 3 of the Dutch Decree on Public Takeover Bids (Besluit openbare biedingen Wft) in connection with the recommended public offer by Canon Finance Netherlands B.V. for all the issued and outstanding ordinary shares in the capital of Océ N.V. This announcement does not constitute an offer for all the issued and outstanding ordinary shares in the capital of Océ N.V. Any offer will be made only by means of the Offer Memorandum (as defined below). This announcement is not for release, publication or distribution, in whole or in part, in or into directly or indirectly the United States and Canada.

Recommended cash offer by Canon for all the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of Océ N.V. to create global leader in printing industry

28 January 2010— With reference to the joint press releases of Canon Inc. (trading symbol CAJ) ("Canon") and Océ N.V. (trading symbol OCE) ("Océ") of 16 November 2009 and 14 December 2009, Canon Finance Netherlands B.V., a wholly owned subsidiary of Canon (the "Offeror") and Océ hereby jointly announce that the Offeror is making a fully self-funded, public cash offer for all the issued and outstanding ordinary shares with a nominal value of EUR 0.50 each in the capital of Océ (the "Shares") at an offer price of EUR 8.60 in cash per Share (the "Offer").

Terms not defined herein shall have the meaning as set forth in the Offer Memorandum

Highlights

Canon and Océ aim to create the overall No. 1 presence in the printing industry.
The Offer is a fully self-funded and recommended cash offer for all the Shares at an offer price of EUR 8.60 in cash per Share.
The Offer represents a premium of 70% over the closing price of Friday 13 November 2009 (being the last trading day before the public announcement of the intended Offer) and 137% over the average share price over the last 12 months prior to 16 November 2009.
The Offer presents the best possible way forward for Océ at conditions that are favourable to its Shareholders and all other stakeholders.
The Supervisory Board and the Management Board of Océ fully support and unanimously recommend the Offer to all Shareholders for acceptance.
The acceptance period under the Offer begins at 9:00 hours, Amsterdam time, on 29 January 2010 and ends at 17:30 hours, Amsterdam time, on 1 March 2010, unless extended.
Océ will convene an Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders at 14:30 hours, Amsterdam time, on 12 February 2010 at Van der Grintenstraat 1, 5914 HD, Venlo, the Netherlands during which, amongst other things, the Offer will be discussed.
The Offer shall be subject to the fulfilment of the Offer Conditions as set out in the Offer Memorandum, including but not limited to, the condition that on the Acceptance Closing Date the number of Tendered Shares together with the Shares that are directly or indirectly held at that time by the Offeror represents at least 85% of the Shares on a fully diluted basis. The Offeror has the right, but not the obligation, to waive certain Offer Conditions, including but not limited to, the 85% acceptance threshold, as further described in the Offer Memorandum.
The Depositary Receipt Holders, Ducatus, ASR and ING (approximately 19% of the total share capital), agreed to sell their interests to Canon; large Shareholder Bestinver Gestion S.A., SGIIC (approximately 9.5% of the Shares) has provided an irrevocable undertaking to tender.
As at the date of the Offer Memorandum, Canon holds indirectly through the Offeror 23,807,737 Shares, which represent approximately 22.18% of the Company's total issued share capital and 28.05% of the Shares.
The Offer

The Offeror is making the Offer on the terms and subject to the conditions and restrictions contained in the Offer Memorandum, dated 28 January 2010 (the "Offer Memorandum"). The Offer Memorandum will be available as of today (as described below). Shareholders should refer to the Offer Memorandum for all terms of, and conditions and restrictions to, the Offer.

Shareholders tendering their Shares under the Offer will be paid, under the terms and subject to the conditions and restrictions contained in the Offer Memorandum, in cash the Offer Price of EUR 8.60 (which includes any dividend or other distribution on the Shares that may be declared prior to the Settlement Date and, consequently, the Offer Price will be decreased to reflect such declaration of dividend or other distribution, if any, prior to the Settlement Date) in respect of each Share validly tendered (or defectively tendered provided that such defect has been waived by the Offeror) and delivered (geleverd), subject to the Offer being declared unconditional.

Recommendation of the Boards

The supervisory board of Océ (the "Supervisory Board") and the management board of Océ (the "Management Board" and together with the Supervisory Board the "Boards") have received extensive strategic, financial and legal advice and have given due and careful consideration to the strategic, financial and social aspects and consequences of the proposed transaction and have considered all other options available to Océ, such as stand-alone scenarios and potential third party transactions. Taking all these considerations into account, the Boards have unanimously reached the conclusion that the Offer presents the best possible way forward for Océ at conditions that are favourable to its Shareholders and all other stakeholders and as such the Offer is in the best interests of Océ, the Shareholders and its other stakeholders.

The Supervisory Board and the Management Board are of the opinion that the price being offered per Share is fair and reasonable to the Shareholders from a financial point of view. In this respect, reference is made to the Boards' financial assessment of the Offer, as included in Section 2 (The Board's rationale) of the Position Statement, the Fairness Opinion rendered by ING Corporate Finance and the Fairness Opinion rendered by Lazard, as included in Section 6 (Fairness Opinions) of the Position Statement. With reference to the above, the Supervisory Board and the Management Board fully support the Offer and unanimously recommend the Offer to the Shareholders for acceptance.

Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders

At 14:30 hours, Amsterdam time, on 12 February 2010, an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders of Océ will be convened at Van der Grintenstraat 1, 5914 HD, Venlo, the Netherlands, at which meeting the Offer, among other matters, will be discussed in accordance with the provisions of Article 18, paragraph 1 of the Dutch Decree on Public Takeover Bids (Besluit openbare biedingen Wft, the "Decree") (the "Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders").

A position statement providing further information to the Shareholders as required pursuant to article 18 paragraph 2 of the Decree (the "Position Statement") and the agenda for the Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders (including notes and other related documents) will be made available by Océ as of today and as further described below.

Works councils and Merger Committee

The relevant and applicable employee consultation procedures have been completed (including the information provision process with the Merger Committee, the Océ European Works Council and the relevant Océ works councils).

Committed Shares

Bestinver Gestion S.A., SGIIC executed an irrevocable undertaking pursuant to which it irrevocably agrees, subject to the terms and conditions of the irrevocable undertaking, to accept the Offer in respect of all Shares held by it in the Acceptance Period and pursuant to which Bestinver Gestion S.A., SGIIC irrevocably agrees to cooperate with such acceptance (the "Irrevocable Undertaking"). The acceptance of the Offer by Bestinver Gestion S.A., SGIIC will be on the same terms and subject to the same conditions and restrictions as set forth in the Offer Memorandum.

The Irrevocable Undertaking contains certain customary undertakings and conditions including that Bestinver Gestion S.A., SGIIC will only tender its Shares to a bona fide third party offeror at a price of at least 10% above the Offer and in respect of any consecutive public offers at a price of at least 5% above the most recently offered consideration. Canon will have the right to match any competing offer. The Irrevocable Undertaking relates to 8,087,554 Shares which represent approximately 9.5% of the Shares at the date of the Offer Memorandum.

Preference Shares

Beleggingsfonds 'Ducatus', an investment fund (beleggingsfonds) of which Kempen Capital Management N.V. is the investment manager (beheerder) and Kempen Bewaarder Beleggingsfonds 'Ducatus' B.V. is the custodian (bewaarder), ASR Levensverzekering N.V. (a wholly owned direct subsidiary of ASR Nederland N.V.) and ING AM Insurance Companies B.V., each a holder of Depositary Receipts for cumulative financing preference shares in Océ, have each entered into a conditional agreement with Canon to transfer their Depositary Receipts and Stichting Administratiekantoor Preferente Aandelen Océ, which holds all of the Preference Shares on behalf of the Depositary Receipt Holders, representing in aggregate approximately 19% of Océ's total share capital, has committed itself to transfer the Preference Shares, subject to (amongst other conditions) the Offer being declared unconditional (gestand wordt gedaan).

Owned shares

As at the date of the Offer Memorandum, Canon holds indirectly through the Offeror 23,807,737 Shares, which represent approximately 22.18% of the Company's total issued share capital and 28.05% of the Shares.

Acceptance Period

The Acceptance Period begins at 9:00 hours, Amsterdam time on 29 January 2010 and ends at 17:30 hours, Amsterdam time, on 1 March 2010 (the "Acceptance Closing Date"), unless extended. Acceptance under the Offer must be made in the manner specified in the Offer Memorandum.

Shares tendered on or prior to the Acceptance Closing Date may not be withdrawn, subject to the right of withdrawal of any tender during the extension of the Acceptance Period in accordance with the provisions of Article 15 of the Decree. During such extension of the Acceptance Period, any Shares previously tendered and not withdrawn will remain subject to the Offer. Shares tendered during the extension of the Acceptance Period may not be withdrawn.

Acceptance by Shareholders

Holders of Shares which are held through an Admitted Institution are requested to make their acceptance known via their bank or stockbroker no later than 17:30 hours, Amsterdam time on 1 March 2010, unless the Acceptance Period is extended in accordance with Section 5.8 (Extension) of the Offer Memorandum. If such bank or stockbroker is not an Admitted Institution, it should in turn inform the relevant Admitted Institution. The relevant bank or stockbroker may set an earlier deadline for communication by holders of such Shares in order to permit the bank or stockbroker being an Admitted Institution to communicate their acceptance to the Exchange Agent in a timely manner.

The Admitted Institutions may tender Shares for acceptance only to the Exchange Agent and only in writing. In submitting the acceptance, the Admitted Institutions are required to declare that (i) they have the Tendered Shares in their administration, (ii) each Shareholder who accepts the Offer irrevocably represents and warrants that the Shares tendered by him are being tendered in compliance with the restrictions set out in Section 1 (Restrictions and important information) of the Offer Memorandum and (iii) they undertake to transfer these Shares to the Offeror on or before the Settlement Date, provided the Offer has been declared unconditional (gestand wordt gedaan).

Holders of Shares in physical form (K-stukken) are requested to tender these Shares in physical form through their (custodian) bank or (stock) broker where their custody/cash accounts are administered, to the Exchange Agent. If such (custodian) bank or stockbroker is not an Admitted Institution, it should in turn inform the relevant Admitted Institution.

Extension

The Offeror may only extend the Offer past the Acceptance Closing Date once at its discretion (extension for more than one period is subject to clearance of the AFM, which will only be given in exceptional circumstances) if one or more Offer Conditions are not fulfilled by the Acceptance Closing Date. If the Offer is extended, all references in the Offer Memorandum to 17:30 hours, Amsterdam time, on 1 March 2010 will be changed, unless the context requires otherwise, to the date and time to which the Offer has been so extended.

If the Offer is extended and the obligation pursuant to Article 16 of the Decree to announce whether the Offer has been declared unconditional is postponed, a public announcement to that effect shall be made no later than the third Business Day following the Acceptance Closing Date in accordance with the provisions of Article 15 of the Decree. During an extension of the Acceptance Period, any Shares previously tendered and not withdrawn will remain subject to the Offer, subject to the right of each Shareholder, in accordance with Article 15 paragraph 3 of the Decree, to withdraw the Shares already tendered during the Acceptance Period.

Declaring the Offer unconditional (gestanddoening)

The Offer shall be subject to the fulfilment of the offer conditions as set out in Section 6.2 (Offer Conditions) of the Offer Memorandum (the "Offer Conditions"), including, but not limited to, the condition that on the Acceptance Closing Date the number of Tendered Shares together with the Shares that are directly or indirectly held at that time by the Offeror represent at least 85% of all Shares on a fully diluted basis. The Offeror has the right, but not the obligation, to waive certain Offer Conditions, including but not limited to, the 85% acceptance threshold, as further described in the Offer Memorandum.

No later than on the third Business Day following the Acceptance Closing Date, such date being the Unconditional Date, the Offeror will determine whether the Offer Conditions have been fulfilled or are to be waived. In addition, the Offeror will announce on the Unconditional Date, in accordance with Article 16, paragraph 1 of the Decree, one of the following: (i) the Offer has been declared unconditional (gestand wordt gedaan), such date being the Unconditional Date or (ii) the Offer will be extended in accordance with Article 15 of the Decree, or (iii) the Offer is terminated as a result of the Offer Conditions not having been fulfilled or waived by the Offeror.

Settlement

In the event that the Offeror announces that the Offer is declared unconditional (gestand wordt gedaan), the Shareholders having tendered their Shares for acceptance will receive no later than on the Settlement Date, the Offer Price in respect of each Share validly tendered (or defectively tendered provided that such defect has been waived by the Offeror) and delivered (geleverd) on the terms and subject to the conditions and restrictions of the Offer.

Post-acceptance Period

In the event that the Offeror announces that the Offer is declared unconditional (gestand wordt gedaan), the Offeror has the right to continue the Offer by way of a post-acceptance period (na-aanmeldingstermijn). No later than on the third Business Day following the Unconditional Date, the Offeror may announce a post-acceptance period (na-aanmeldingstermijn) for the Offer for a maximum period of two weeks. During a post-acceptance period, Shareholders that have not yet tendered their Shares under the Offer will be given the opportunity to do so in the same manner and under the same conditions and restrictions as set out in the Offer Memorandum all in accordance with Article 17 of the Decree.

Liquidity and delisting

The purchase of Shares by the Offeror pursuant to the Offer, among other things, will reduce the number of Shareholders and the number of Shares that might otherwise trade publicly and thus adversely affect the liquidity and market value of the Shares not tendered.

Subject to the Offer being declared unconditional (gestand wordt gedaan) and in the event that the Offeror has acquired 95% of the Shares, the listing of the Shares on Euronext Amsterdam will be terminated as soon as possible. This may further adversely affect the liquidity and market value of any listed Shares not tendered.

Announcements

Any further announcements declaring whether the Offer is declared unconditional (gestand wordt gedaan) and announcements in relation to an extension of the Acceptance Period will be issued by press release. Subject to any applicable requirements of the Decree and other applicable laws and without limiting the manner in which the Offeror may choose to make any public announcement, the Offeror will have no obligation to communicate any public announcement other than as described above.

Offer Memorandum, Position Statement and further information

This announcement contains selected, condensed information regarding the Offer and does not replace the Offer Memorandum and the Position Statement. The information in this announcement is not complete and additional information is contained in the Offer Memorandum and the Position Statement. Terms not defined herein shall have the meaning as set out in the Offer Memorandum. Shareholders are advised to review the Offer Memorandum and the Position Statement in detail and to seek independent advice where appropriate in order to reach a reasoned judgment in respect of the Offer and the content of the Offer Memorandum and the Position Statement.

Copies of the Offer Memorandum are available on the website of Canon (www.canon.com/publicoffer) and Océ (www.investor.oce.com). Canon's and Océ's websites do not constitute a part of, and are not incorporated by reference into the Offer Memorandum. Copies of the Offer Memorandum are furthermore available free of charge at the offices of Océ and the Exchange Agent at the addresses mentioned below.

Copies of the Position Statement, the articles of association of Océ (which are incorporated by reference in, and form an integral part of, the Offer Memorandum), the annual financial statements (jaarrekeningen) of Océ for the Financial Year 2008, the Financial Year 2007 and the Financial Year 2006, as adopted by the General Meeting of Shareholders of Océ (which are incorporated by reference in, and form an integral part of, the Offer Memorandum), and the annual financial statements of Océ for the financial year 2009 (which will be published in February 2010) are (or will be made) available free of charge at Océ's website: www.investor.oce.com and at the offices of Océ and the Exchange Agent, and can be obtained by contacting Océ or the Exchange Agent at the address mentioned below.

Canon Inc.  Canon Finance Netherlands B.V.
30-2, Shimomaruko, 3-Chome 
146-8501 Ohta-Ku, Tokyo 
Japan 

Tel: +81 3 5482 8969 
E-mail: org-ir@list.canon.co.jp 


Fred. Roeskestraat 123-I 
1076 EE Amsterdam 
The Netherlands 
Océ N.V.  The Exchange Agent
Sint Urbanusweg 43 
5914 CA Venlo 
The Netherlands 



Tel: +31 77 359 2240 
E-mail: investor@oce.com 
Fortis Bank (Nederland) N.V. / MeesPierson CFCM 
Rokin 55 
1012 KK Amsterdam 
The Netherlands 


Tel: +31 20 527 2467 
E-mail: prospectus@nl.fortis.com 
Restrictions

General Restrictions 
The Offer is made with due observance of such statements, conditions and restrictions as are included in the Offer Memorandum. The Offeror reserves the right to accept any tender under the Offer, which is made by or on behalf of a Shareholder, even if it has not been effected in the manner set out in the Offer Memorandum. The Offer is not being made, and the Shares will not be accepted for purchase from or on behalf of any Shareholder, in any jurisdiction in which the making or acceptance thereof would not be in compliance with the securities or other laws or regulations of such jurisdiction or would require any registration, approval or filing with any regulatory authority not expressly contemplated by the terms of the Offer Memorandum. However, acceptances of the Offer by Shareholders not residing in the Netherlands will be accepted by the Offeror if such acceptances comply with (i) the acceptance procedure set out in the Offer Memorandum and (ii) the applicable laws and regulations of the jurisdiction from which such acceptance has been made. Persons obtaining the Offer Memorandum are required to take due note and observe all such restrictions and obtain any necessary authorisations, approvals or consents. Neither the Offeror, nor Canon, nor Océ, nor any of their respective affiliates, managing or supervisory board members, employees, nor their respective advisers nor the Exchange Agent accepts any liability for any violation by any person of any such restriction. Any person (including, without limitation, custodians, nominees and trustees) who would or otherwise intend to forward the Offer Memorandum or any related document to any jurisdiction outside the Netherlands should carefully read Section 1 (Restrictions and important information) of the Offer Memorandum before taking any action. The distribution of the Offer Memorandum in jurisdictions other than the Netherlands may be restricted by law and therefore persons into whose possession the Offer Memorandum comes should inform themselves about and observe such restrictions. Any failure to comply with any such restrictions may constitute a violation of the law of any such jurisdiction.

U.S. and Canada 
The Offer is not being, and will not be made, directly or indirectly, in or into, or by use of the mails, or by any means or instrumentality (including, without limitation, electronic mail, post, telephone, facsimile, telex or electronic transmission) of interstate or foreign commerce of, or any facility of a national securities exchange of the U.S. or Canada, and the Offer should not be accepted by any such use, means, instrumentality or facility or from within the U.S. or Canada. Accordingly, the Offer Memorandum, any acceptance of the Offer made in the manner specified in the Offer Memorandum and any related documents are not being and must not be mailed or otherwise distributed or sent in, into or from (whether by use of the mails, or by any means or instrumentality (including, without limitation, electronic mail, post, telephone, facsimile, telex or electronic transmission) of interstate or foreign commerce, or of any facility of a national securities exchange of) the U.S. or Canada. Persons receiving such documents (including, without limitation, custodians, nominees and trustees) must not distribute or send them into or from such jurisdictions or use such mails or any such means, instrumentality or facility for any purpose directly or indirectly with the Offer and doing so will render invalid any relevant purported acceptance of the Offer.

The Offer Memorandum has not been submitted to or reviewed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") or any state securities commission in the U.S. and neither the SEC nor any such state securities commission has approved or disapproved or determined whether the Offer Memorandum is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offence in the U.S.

Forward-Looking Statements

The Offer Memorandum includes "forward-looking statements" including statements about the expected timing and completion of the Offer. Forward-looking statements involve known or unknown risk and uncertainty because these statements relate to events and depend on circumstances that occur in the future. Generally, words such as may, should, aim, will, expect, intend, estimate, anticipate, believe, plan, seek, continue or similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Although the Offeror, Canon and Océ, each with respect to the statements it has provided, believes the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, no assurance can be given that such statements will be fulfilled or prove to be correct, and no representations are made as to the future accuracy and completeness of such statements. Any such forward-looking statements must be considered together with the fact that actual events or results may vary materially from such forward-looking statements due to, among other things, political, economic or legal changes in the markets and environments in which the Offeror, Canon and/or Océ does business, to competitive developments or risks inherent to the Offeror's, or Canon's, or Océ's business plans and to uncertainties, risk and volatility in financial markets and other factors affecting the Offeror, Canon and/or Océ.

The Offeror, Canon and Océ undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable laws and regulations or by any appropriate regulatory authority.

Overview of Canon

Canon Inc. (NYSE: CAJ), headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, is a leader in the fields of professional and consumer imaging equipment and information systems. Canon's extensive range of products includes copying machines, multifunction office systems, inkjet and laser beam printers, cameras, video equipment, medical equipment and semiconductor-manufacturing equipment. With almost 170,000 employees worldwide, Canon has manufacturing and marketing subsidiaries in Japan, the Americas, Europe, Asia and Oceania; and a global R&D network with companies based in the United States, Europe, Asia and Australia. Canon's consolidated net sales for fiscal 2008 (ended December 31, 2008) totaled $44.99 billion (at an exchange rate of ¥91 = US$1).

For more information on Canon, visit the company's website: www.canon.com

Overview of Océ

Océ is one of the world's leading providers of document management and printing for professionals. The broad Océ offering includes office printing and copying systems, high speed digital production printers and wide format printing systems for both technical documentation and color display graphics. Océ is also a foremost supplier of document management outsourcing. Many of the world's Fortune 500 companies and leading commercial printers are Océ customers. The company was founded in 1877. With headquarters in Venlo, the Netherlands, Océ is active in over 100 countries and employs some 22,000 people worldwide. Total revenues in 2009 amounted to EUR 2.6 billion. Océ is listed on NYSE Euronext in Amsterdam.

Canon aids earthquake relief efforts in Haiti (January 15, 2010)

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Tue, 26 Jan 2010 19:52:00 +0000

On January 12, a powerful earthquake struck the Republic of Haiti, causing extensive destruction and loss of life. We at Canon extend our heartfelt condolences to all those affected by this disaster and our thoughts go out to those suffering in its aftermath.

While we realize that the road to recovery will be challenging and time-consuming, we hope that the region will soon be able to begin the rebuilding and healing process.

The Canon Group is contributing in the relief efforts for victims of the earthquake through donations to the Japanese Red Cross Society and other humanitarian aid organizations totaling 20 million yen (approximately US$220,000).

A Vibrant Evolution in Digital Imaging

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 08:46:00 +0000

As the digital revolution continues to sweep across the landscape for electronic
devices, makers of cameras and camcorder are embattled in a fierce drive to develop
product that are increasingly lighter weight, easier-to-use and offer greater levels
of picture quality. The race to innovate is heating up in all aspects of digital imaging,
including the optical, control and processing realms. Consumers meanwhile are
demanding that digital imaging products be not only easier to use but that
processing and sharing of images be simplified, a trend that tests both the
range and depth of manufacturer competence.

Debut of Canon's Landmark Full-Fledged Digital SLR

*"EOS D30," Digital SLR with a 3.25 megapixel CMOS sensor*

Digital cameras for the consumer market first appeared in the second half of the 1990s, but by the turn of the millennium had reached massive market penetration. The landmark product that expanded the user base of digital SLR (single-lens reflex) cameras was the EOS D30, launched in September 2000. SLRs had previously fetched premium prices and had been used primarily by professional photographers. Equipped with a Canon-developed 3.25 megapixel CMOS sensor and a RGB color filter, EOS D30 featured unique and sophisticated digital signal processing (DSP) technology. The smallest and lightest body in this product category shattered the general perception that a digital SLR has to be large and heavy. The EOS D30 came endowed with high-tech conveniences as an image select mode and a full automatic mode, allowing users to easily employ sophisticated photographic techniques simply by selecting from a range of buttons with picture icons on them. The camera's 35-zone evaluative metering feature and a built-in E-TTL auto-flash enabled users to effortlessly take natural-looking pictures using the most suitable flash settings in response to photographic conditions. In addition to complying with standard JPEG format, the D30 was also applied Canon's RAW format, which preserves raw image data without signal processing, thereby giving users the freedom to process images as they please in their computers.

*"EOS-1D," Top-end digital SLR winning the trust of professionals*

Digital SLR photography reached new heights in picture quality and performance in two high-end models: the EOS-1D, a high-powered machine with great portability suitable for sports and news photographers, released in 2001; and the EOS-1Ds, designed primarily for professionals specializing in portraiture, commercial product shoots and landscape photography, released in 2002. The two models were exceptionally well received by professional photographers and experts in a perpetual quest for greater perfection in digital photography.

Original CMOS Sensors for Powerful Image Processing

*A 3.25 megapixel large-area CMOS sensor ensuring high image quality*

One of the factors driving the superb image quality of the EOS digital SLR series, from the EOS D30 and EOS Kiss Digital, a popular-priced model, to the high-end EOS-1Ds has been large-area, high-sensitivity CMOS image sensors. Problems with CMOS, such as low resolution and high noise susceptibility that often spoil images and image quality, and partly offset their advantages in low power usage and cost performance, were overcome with Canon technology. A sensor designed to achieve rich gradation in both highlight and shadows while reducing color heterogeneity and noise even when shot at long exposure and high ISO sensitivity, CMOS has been the driving force behind the evolution of the EOS series. CMOS resolution was raised from 3.25 megapixels (EOS D30) to some 6.3 million (EOS Kiss Digital). The powerful sensor technology has been taken to new heights with the EOS-1Ds, which is equipped with a full-frame, 11.1 megapixel CMOS sensor, the first of its kind in the world.

*"EF400mm f/4 DO IS USM," the first zoom lens ever to use newly developed multi-layer diffractive optical (DO) elements*

Constant improvement efforts have also been made to Canon EF lenses - interchangeable AF lenses for SLRs. In 2001, Canon released the EF400mm F4 DO IS USM, the first zoom lens ever to use newly developed, multi-layer diffractive optical (DO) elements. The most outstanding character of a DO lens is its ability to rigorously correct chromatic aberrations normally associated with refractors under idealistic conditions and deliver sharp and clear images with high levels of resolution and contrast. Use of the DO lens drastically reduces the overall length of the telephoto optical system, while allowing the adoption of low-density glass and scaling back the number of lens elements for lightness. Image blur reduction technology, generally associated with a telephoto zoom lens, along with dust control and drip-proof features also met with great market acclaim.

The PowerShot Series Enhances Performance

*"PowerShot S40," a compact digital camera featuring a 4.0 megapixel CCD sensor and 3X optical zoom lens*

Canon's hugely popular PowerShot S series offers a broad array of high image quality features all in a compact and stylish body design. The PowerShot S40, launched in October 2001, is equipped with a 4.0 megapixel CCD sensor, while the PowerShot S30, released in December the same year, is powered by a 3.2 megapixel CCD. These products gained rapid popularity in part because of their streamlined design, which features a horizontal to vertical ratio of 1:2, combined with a sliding cover. Moreover, CCD sensor resolution had increased markedly over three years from 810,000 pixels in 1998. But the focus of competition in this class of digital cameras began shifting from pixel count to color fidelity and operability. The PowerShot S45, which hit the market in October 2002, featured Canon's SI (Super Intelligent) sensor to automatically ascertain camera orientation, a DIGIC imaging processor, and RGB primary color filters with superlative color reproduction capabilities. The SI censor ensures optimum AF (auto-focus), AE (auto-exposure) and AWB (auto white balance) performance.

Camera Direct for High-Quality Prints Without Computer

Images taken with a digital camera can easily be posted on a website or stored in a computer. But a growing number of consumers have been demanding easier ways to print digital pictures for photo albums or for families and friends. Canon has responded to this demand with "Camera Direct," an easy interface that allows users to create very high-quality prints without using a computer simply by connecting the camera via special cable to a printer. The feature has proven very popular among general consumers, especially those not accustomed to using computers. Camera Direct, first featured in the PowerShot S40 and PowerShot S30, eventually became a standard feature on all Canon digital cameras.

High-Performance Image Processor "DIGIC"

*PowerShot G3 armed with a 4X optical zoom lens with a large aperture range and a 4 megapixel CCD*

In September 2002, Canon fortified its PowerShot lineup with the rollout of the high-end PowerShot G3, featuring a high-resolution, 4.0 megapixel CCD sensor and a 4X optical zoom lens for a maximum aperture range of f/2.0-3.0. It also housed a new Super Intelligent (SI) sensor that calibrates the variation between images taken vertically or horizontally, along with iSAPS technology, which controls AF, AE and AWB by analyzing the photographic subject. The camera also features a wide range of shutter speeds from 15 seconds to 1/2000 and a built-in Neutral Density (ND) filter, enabling the creation of background blur and flash photography at macro distances. One common flaw of conventional digital cameras is the slow response time, which tends to cause users to miss out on great shooting opportunities. The newly developed DIGIC signal processor features a far greater processing ability than general-purpose processors, easily handling a huge amount of image data captured by CMOS or CCD sensor.

Replete Compact Digital Camera Lineup

*"PowerShot A 70," a smaller, lighter and more stylish model*
The DIGIC image processor, which boosts signal processing for higher image processing speed and improved picture quality free of noise, has become a standard component in general consumer digital cameras. The PowerShot A70 / A60, which debuted in March 2003, features a 5-point AiAF (Artificial Intelligent Auto-Focus) system as well as a DIGIC processor and iSAPS technology. AiAF automatically selects one or more focal points based on various factors, such as subject position and motion. A rise in the number of focal points to 5 from the previous 3 has led to greater freedom in framing a shot, and has increased shooting modes from 5 to 12, ensuring optimal photography for a variety of conditions.

*"IXY DIGITAL 320," a sleek consumer-priced model with a 3.2 megapixel CCD and a 2X optical zoom lens*
Cutting-edge digital imaging technologies like DIGIC and iSAPS have been passed on to new generations of products. In March 2003, a stylish, ultra-compact model, IXY DIGITAL 320, was released at a popular price. In response to user demand for greater resolution, the camera is equipped with a newly developed 1.2/2.7" 3.2 megapixel CCD sensor. The "IXY" series, created and known as a synonym for APS technology, has found a new incarnation as a trend-setting digital camera brand embodying the high-speed, plug-and-play spirit of compact digital cameras.

Sensation of EOS Kiss Digital

*"EOS Kiss Digital," a digital SLR for the consumer market powered by a 6.3 megapixel CMOS sensor*

In September 2003, Canon unveiled a new digital AF SLR that succeeded in creating a huge sensation in the world of digital photography. The camera, EOS Kiss Digital, was the digital equivalent of the best-selling EOS Kiss 35 mm SLR series. The popular-priced EOS Kiss Digital gives anyone the ability to capture high-quality images at anytime and anywhere. A happy marriage of the large-area 6.3 megapixel CMOS image sensor and the new DIGIC image processor, which maximizes sensor potential, produces stunning high-resolution images with high quality and natural colors. The EOS Kiss Digital is the lightest and smallest of the EOS Digital series. The mode dial and electronic dial are ingeniously mounted on one side for greater ease and comfort of use. The high-performing, consumer-priced camera has been extremely popular since its release, contributing to the rapidly expanding base and scope of digital SLR users.

*"EF-S 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 USM," a compact, lightweight zoom lens offering high image quality*

One important contributor to the spectacular success of EOS Kiss Digital is the new EF-S 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 USM zoom lens, developed exclusively for the model. A "short back focus" lens construction reduces the distance from the rear of the lens to the imaging sensor to fit the APS-C sized CMOS sensor used in the model. This arrangement accounts for its compact size and light weight while still securing a 35mm equivalent zoom range of approximately 29-88 mm - a range often used - and producing high image quality at all focal lengths. Initially available only in the EOS Kiss Digital kit, the lens was launched as a standalone product in September 2004 in response to its huge popularity.

Evolution of Digital Camcorder

*"FV30," a compact digital camcorder with a 22X optical zoom lens*
The digital camcorder is another photographic device that has benefited from extremely rapid technological advancement. The spread of high-powered personal computers and broadband Internet connections is improving the environment for editing and transmitting digital video, thereby fueling demand for easy-to-use digital camcorder. Canon launched two digital camcorder in 2002, FV30KIT in February and FV200KIT in March. FV30KIT features a compact, portable body and a powerful 22X optical zoom lens. It also has a memory card slot that supports multimedia cards and SD memory cards for storing still image files. FV200KIT, meanwhile, is an entry-level model designed to enable beginners to use its various features easily. This camcorder features an 18X optical zoom lens and a Night Mode for clear color shoots in low-light situations.

A Diverse Camcorder Lineup

*"IXY DV2 M2," A ultra-compact, light camcorder that offers high image quality for both video and still photos *
Canon's camcorder lineup offers a wide range of choices for all types of users, from beginners to professionals. The XL1S and XV1 are models targeting the professional and high end of the amateur market. The megapixel PV130 is a midrange model, while the IXY DV2 M2 is an extremely compact and lightweight device with high image quality for both digital video and digital stills. Consumers seeking high cost performance may turn to the FV30KIT and FV200KIT. Their aspheric lens smoothly corrects aberrations and enables users to zero in on subjects with crisp detail. This approach also helps make the lens unit very compact. An effective image stabilization system designed to eliminate camera shakes allows stabilized handheld telephone zoom photography. The all-in-one package contains a battery, an AC adapter and cables, and promises great cost performance.

*"XL2," Top-of-the-line camcorder with an interchangeable lens*
In July 2004, the XL2 was rolled out as the top-of-the-line digital camcorder model, coming armed with an interchangeable lens. A feature-loaded device designed to replace conventional professional cameras, it is perfect for filming movies and commercials. With a high ability to handle CG and special effects, XL2 can also meet the needs of high-end users who process video images with various media. XL2 also offers such professional features as 3X 1/3" 680,000 pixel progressive scan CCDs for the high-resolution 16:9 aspect ratio and advanced CCD technology, called Horizontal Pixel Shift, which effectively increase the system's total pixel count by 50 percent to achieve a horizontal resolution of 540 TV lines. All these features combine to create high video quality befitting of Canon's flagship camcorder.

Growing Demand for Better Still Images and Internet Readiness

*"FV M1 KIT," a camcorder with a 2.2 megapixel CCD enabling high-quality still photography*
Demand is also growing for camcorder that offer higher image quality and enhanced functionality for still photos. A combination of a 2 megapixel or higher CCD, an RGB primary color filter for high color reproduction and a DIGIC DV high-performance signal processing circuit has been employed as a recipe for high image quality for both video and still pictures. The efforts led to the development of a new DIGIC DV image processing engine powering both the FV M1 KIT and IXY DV M2 KIT, released in July 2003. The new DIGIC DV circuit integrates on one chip Canon's accumulated imaging know-how and high-speed digital processing technology essential for ensuring high image quality. The DV Messenger 2 is an accessory utility software designed to enable a digital camcorder to be used as a two-way communications tool for the Internet. Use of camcorder as videophones is also being explored. Through comprehensive efforts to develop and improve image processing engines, both hardware and software for capturing and processing digital images and various contents, Canon keeps breaking new ground in the field of digital imaging, straddling the border between video and still photography.

Note: This article is current as of November 2004.

The Leader in New Imaging Era

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 08:21:00 +0000

There is no end to the advances in the EOS series, synonymous with the 35mm AF single lens reflex camera. Dramatic improvements are expected in the APS cameras due to the successive release of new zoom lenses. Coincident with the diffusion of computers, new products for digital still camera and digital movie camera have begun to be put on the market at an unprecedented speed. The areas of the image information processing equipment are ready to enter a totally new era.

EOS Series Undergo Continuous Improvements

During the latter half of the 1990s, new EOS models were marketed successively. The "EOS-3," released in November 1998, represented the high-end camera to beat. The development goals suitable for the high-quality camera were determined, including:

*Cover of "EOS-3" catalog features the 45-point Area AF function*

- Autofocusing system enabling quick photography with a priority placed on composition
- High speed/high precision eye-controlled focusing system
- Operational durability of 100,000 cycles
- Shutter speed of 1/8000 second
- Durability and reliability comparable to the "EOS-1N"

The result was a camera with 21-zone evaluative metering sensor linked to the focusing points, 45-point Area AF, and eye-controlled focusing system with improved focusing speed and precision. Among the innovative features, the great advance in AF mechanism was astonishing. The number of focusing points started with one in the center and increased three and then five points. Finally 45 Area autofocusing points were achieved in the "EOS-3." All 45 areas had both vertical and horizontal position that coupled with the eye-controlled focusing system. The rigidity and reliability of the "EOS-3" matched its advanced specifications. The "EOS-3" with the advanced functions caused quite a stir as it surpassed the reigning flagship "EOS-1N" of the time, and earned the confidence of the advanced amateur and professional photographer.

Cover of "EOS-3" catalog features the 45-point Area AF function

In April 1999, the "EOS Kiss III" made its debut. Though the "Kiss" series were designed as entry level models for beginners, the "EOS Kiss III" far exceeded the expectations for an entry model. It incorporated 7-point Area AF, 35-zone evaluative metering to reduces exposure errors, and other advanced features. Based on the concept of the small-sized and lightweight camera inherent to the "Kiss" series, the "EOS Kiss III" weighed only 355g including batteries. Moreover, like other EOS cameras, it was compatible with all EF lenses and allowed to use the high-end professional lenses (recognizable by the red band on the front). In words, though being an entry model, the "EOS Kiss III" was also a camera fit for professional photography. It was a perfect camera to satisfy a wide range of users from beginners to those aiming for creative photography.

The "EOS-1N," which was chosen for photo-opportunities all around the world by amateurs and professionals alike, was reborn in April 2000 as the "EOS-1V." Developed with the goals of an even faster and more precise AF mechanism, high-speed continuous shooting, and high reliability based on proven rigidity, the "EOS-1V" was equipped for high-speed continuous shooting up to 9 frames per second with the power booster. To further improve the performance of the "EOS 3," the refined high speed/high precision 45-point Area AF and 21-zone evaluative metering, other cutting-edge mechanisms were incorporated. With the application of "thixo-molding," an advanced molding technology that combines metal die casting with plastic injection molding technology, Canon succeeded in producing curved body covers representing a synthesis of beauty and function, and at the same time making rigid and durable cover of magnesium alloy. The "EOS-1V" had 20 Custom Functions to allow detailed operational settings according to user's needs. With its numerous state-of-art technologies, the "EOS-1V" won the Grand Prix at the Photo-Journalists Club’s 17th Annual Camera Grad Prix. The "EOS-1V," as a leading edge AF SLR camera worthy of the new century, attracted great attention within the camera industry and beyond.

The EF Lens Lineup

*EF-series lenses with electronically controlled fully automatic mount, symbolizing the era of AF system*

The EF-series lens had over 50 types of lenses ranging from ultra wide angle lenses to supertelephoto lenses. The lineup includes a rich variety of lenses such as a close-up lens, large aperture lens like the "EF50mm f/1.0," and a high magnification zooms of 35mm-350mm. Moreover, general use, medium grade, and professional specification lenses are all provided in the series. Included in the lineup are the IS lenses with image stabilizer. The lenses are as effective as a shutter speed two stops faster., Another lens series with unique features is the tilt and shift TS-E lenses which have subject distortion correction and perspective control mechanisms.

Strengthening of Advanced Photo System Lines

*"IXY D5," waterproof Advanced Photo System camera with stylish design*

Various models were marketed in the IXY series, synonymous with the Advanced Photo System. The "IXY 25" camera released in June 1997_2000 incorporated a 2X high image quality zoom lens of 30mm-60mm. In March of the following year, as a result of development efforts aimed at loading the world's first smallest and lightest 3X zoom lens, the "IXY 330" was introduced. At the same time, the APS SLR cameras were progressing. Combining the basic performance of the best-selling "New EOS Kiss" with the Advanced Photo System features, Canon released "EOS IX50" in March 1998. The "EOS IX50" is a small and lightweight SLR camera with the advanced functions and easy operation, taking full advantage of the compactness brought by the Advanced Photo System. It was touted as an Advanced Photo System camera ushering in a new era.

Along with the emphasis on compactness, somewhat unconventional models also made their debut. Among those, the "IXY D5" camera introduced in November 1999 was waterproof down to five meters and incorporated an auto date function as well as six different flash modes such as slow-synch and underwater macro modes. Furthermore, with its rounded white-gold and clear-green body, a fresh and refined appearance was achieved. The "IXY D5" was an all-purpose camera that would appeal to a host of users not only to those who love outdoor activities.

The Rapidly Advancing Digital World

* PowerShot Pro70
"PowerShot Pro70," targeted at users who love creative photography*

The advances in digital cameras and digital video camcorders have been breathtaking since the mid ‘90s. Along with the advancement of computers and tele-communication networks, these products began playing the role of essential peripheral devices. In the field of digital cameras, Canon on the one hand introduced the super-high-end SLR models such as "EOS D2000" in March of 1998 and the "EOS D6000" in December of the same year, while on the other Canon introduced the compact digital cameras for the mass market. Released in April 1998, the "PowerShot A5," having an 810,000-pixel CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) imaging sensor and using a CF as the recording media, gained popularity as a pocket-sized digital camera. In November of the same year, the "PowerShot Pro70" made its debut. This model had a 1.68-megapixel CCD and aperture priority AE, targeting at those interested in creative photography. In May 2000, Canon introduced the digital version of the best-selling "IXY" Advanced Photo System camera, the "IXY DIGITAL." The digitized version of "IXY," while keeping the "IXY" body size, had a 2.11-megapixel CCD. It was the world's smallest and lightest digital camera (with optical zoom lens in the 2-megapixel CCD class). It was an immediate hit, taking top market share.

* IXY DIGITAL
"IXY DIGITAL," the world's smallest and lightest digital camera*

In October 1998, four companies including Canon, Eastman Kodak, Fuji Photo Film, and Matsushita Electric Industrial, jointly announced a new standard digital printing format called DPOF (Digital Print Order Format). For digital printing, each manufacture had so far had different rules to specify images and the number of prints. The DPOF standard is an attempt to standardize the specifications of digital printing, thereby minimizing cumbersome print ordering processes at the digital service photo-labs as well as for personal printing.

Prosperous Digital Image Media

In 1997_2000 Canon marketed its first digital video camcorder, the "MV-1," bringing Canon into the digital age based on the DV format. The "MV-1" employed a progressive-scan CCD that decreases video image shake in comparison with an interlace-scan CCD used by other companies. As the progressive-scan CCD required complicated processing of signals using the advanced technology, Canon's decision to employ the method showed its policy as a leading camera manufacturer who never compromised on image quality.

* PV1
"PV1," a digital camcorder intended for family use*

Following the "MV-1," in 1999, the compact, lightweight, high image quality digital video camcorder "PV1" was released. It incorporated a mechanism to record and playback not only moving images, but also still images. The "PV1" evolved into the "FV10" in May 2000. This digital video camcorder series was equipped with an optical image stabilizer, a high-powered zoom lens, and digital audio effects. With the advanced feature, the digital video camcorder gained popularity among family users to enjoy shooting through easy and simple operation.

* XL1
"XL1," carried on the space shuttle as the NASA official digital camcorder*

For the advanced amateurs as well as for the professional videographers, Canon introduced the "XL1" digital video camcorder in February 1998. It allowed the use of interchangeable lenses. In addition to several dedicated lenses for this model, such as the 3X wide angle zoom lens and the 16X zoom lens with image stabilizer, the "XL1" was compatible with the EF-series lens like the "LX-1" Hi-8 version. Because of its functionality, its rigidity, and its proven reliability, the "XL1" was adopted as the official digital video camcorder of the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and traveled to outer space on board the space shuttle.

For nearly 70 years, Canon has produced only the best cameras and lenses, and continued to put that expertise and experience into all the optical, electrical and electronic technology products. Canon is committed to continuing that tradition of quality into the 21st century, in which rapidly changing digital media will play an increasingly major role.

Refinement and Innovation

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 04:14:00 +0000

Employed in the AF cameras were the innovative features of eye-controlled autofocus and the miniaturized zoom lens. The technological revolution in camera design proceeded with development of the new photographic system called APS or "Advanced Photo System," and improvements in move video cameras. Canon continued to develop new technologies that meet the needs of users and provide highly functional and highly reliable cameras.

The Evolution of the "EOS-1" for Professional Use

Cross section of "EOS-1N"with EF300mm f/2.8L USM

The "EOS-1," which was unveiled in 1989, gained the approval of professional and advanced amateur users and firmly positioned itself as Canon’s most advanced model. Entering the 1990’s, with the rapid advancement of optical and electronic technologies, more upgrades were expected. Canon had continuously been engaged in the development of lenses on the cutting edge of technical achievement, and strongly recognized the need for models that could satisfactorily work with large aperture lenses and supertelephoto lenses. In response to the users’ enthusiastic demands, the "EOS-1N," the new flagship of the EOS camera line, was introduced in November 1994. The birth of "EOS-1N" enabled the user to fully exploit the abilities inherent in the high-performance EF lens.

In addition to such functions as the 5-point Area AF, 16-zone evaluative metering sensor linked to focusing point, and reduction of film transport and drive gear noise, the "EOS-1N" incorporated improved features in terms of its operability and rigidity by reflecting the feedback from the professional photographers.

Another model was added to the EOS-1N line, "EOS-1N RS." The camera has a stationary pellicle mirror that ensures capturing that illusive moment because there is no viewfinder black-out at shutter release. and the fixed mirror also gives high-speed continuous shooting at the speed of 10 frames per second. The perfect AF camera for professional use, the "EOS-1N" continuously filled the role of flagship for six years, being supported by the confidence of its users.

Expanding the Users of SLR Camera with "EOS Kiss"

Catalog of "EOS Kiss" that strongly appealed to women because of its ease of operation

The "EOS Kiss" was introduced in September 1993. "Kiss" stood for "Keep It Smart and Silent." While the "EOS Kiss" featured a small, compact design and automated operation as an entry model for the beginning SLR camera user, it incorporated AF functions, an exposure mechanism, and various AE modes to rival the performance of an advanced model. Widely supported by both beginners and artists for creative photography, the "EOS Kiss" became a great hit.

The "New EOS Kiss" released in September 1996 was an refined version of "EOS Kiss" in terms of higher performance, easier operability and an even more reasonable price. Succeeding the basic concepts of "EOS Kiss," which were light weight, compactness and ease of operation, the "New EOS Kiss" was equipped with newly developed mechanism, Multi-BASIS AF sensor with three focusing points. The focusing point can be selected manually by the user or automatically by the camera. Even with moving subjects, the AI Servo AF movement predictor automatically worked to focus the subject instantaneously. Thus, the "New EOS Kiss" was provided with specifications equal to those of advanced models.

The "EOS 5QD" and the "EOS 55" a Dream Come True

Canon continued to introduce innovative technologies into the EOS series, which appealed to a wide range of users. Fruits of these efforts emerged in November 1992. The "EOS 5QD" could be called the representative camera of the 1990’s. The most distinguished feature of the "EOS 5QD" was the eye-controlled focusing system. Canon had developed the epoch-making, dreamlike feature: as soon as the user looks at one of the five focusing points, the camera autofocused at that point. The autofocusing system was improved in the "EOS 55" released in September 1995. Based on the specifications of the "EOS 5QD" such as the 3-point Area AF and continuous shooting at the speed of 2.5 frames per second, the "EOS 55" had several improved features, which included the eye-controlled focusing during vertical shooting and the dual-dial, dual-lever system for quick and easy operation.

Lens-Shutter Cameras take Separate Paths – Advanced and Simple

The popular, compact lens-shutter models with fully automated AF system began taking divergent paths: one path leading to full specification models for the pursuit of highly refined image quality and the other leading to general use models having simple features allowing care-free photography.

The "Autoboy A (Ace)," released in September 1992 includes advanced specifications such as a 38-76mm zoom lens and midroll-switchable panorama format. Other features included wireless remote control as standard equipment, 5-selectable captions for imprinting, and a quiet film transport mechanism. In September of the following year, the " Autoboy S (Super)" was released. It had a Best Shot Dial with seven AE mode settings. Then in October 1995, the "Autoboy SE" was released. It was the world’s first energy conserving and environmentally friendly camera using a solar battery in tandem with a lithium battery.

On the mass-market side, the easy-to-operate "BF35 (Big Finder)," with its large viewfinder, was introduced in March 1992and became a record hit. Several easy-to-operate cameras were put on the market, such as the "CB35M" in September 1992, which had a single shutter speed of 1/125 second and a fixed focal length.

New Advanced Photo System and "IXY"

The Advanced Photo System was jointly developed by five companies, Canon, Eastman Kodak, Fuji Photo Film, Minolta, and Nikon, and was announced February 1, 1996. The system uses a new film format called IX240. The film is 24mm wide. The film cartridge enables drop-in film loading. The new system not only realized easy film loading without failure, but also accelerated the development more compact cameras. Advanced Photo System film can record data from the camera both magnetically and optically. This data is used to improve the image quality. Advanced Photo System is a system worthy of starting a new era in photography.

The "IXY," Canon's first Advanced Photo System camera was released in April 1996. It measured 60mm (H) and 90mm (W), which was 30% smaller than the conventional compact cameras. The camera body was purposefully made of a stainless steel alloy (SUS316) to add an appropriate heft to the camera. The small camera with ideal weight increased stability when shooting a picture and gave a sense of luxury to the users. Along with the concept of "small size, simple, and high-quality," the operation was also designed to be extremely simple. Causing a sensation upon release, the "IXY" took the lead over other camera manufacturers’ Advanced Photo System models and Canon was widely recognized as synonymous with Advanced Photo System.

The "EOS IX E," Canon’s first Advanced Photo System SLR camera was released in October 1996. Compatible with EF lenses, it gained popularity as a compact AF SLR camera capable of producing rich photographic expression. Together with the compactness unique to the Advanced Photo System, this model inherited the EOS series tradition including the eye-controlled focusing with three focusing points, and six-zone evaluative metering. Thus, the fusion of the Advanced Photo System features and the EOS concept realized the innovative Advanced Photo System SLR camera.

The "IXY" Aspherical Lens Smaller than a 10-Yen Coin
With the use of Advanced Photo System, the unprecedented compactness of the "IXY" was realized but Canon encountered extreme difficulties in the development process. In order to make the camera body compact, the mechanisms as well as the lens must be made smaller. In the course of determining the design policy of the IXY, the designers thought up the idea of using a 10-yen coin to show how compact their design was. They found that the cross-section of 6 element/6 group aspherical lens they envisioned had a shorter diameter than that of a 10-yen coin. Their demonstration did the trick and they finally got the approval to proceed with the design.

*Cross section of "IXY" lens with a shorter diameter than that of 10-yen coin*

Transition to the Digital Video Camcorder

In the video camcorder industry, it was said that every 10 years there was a change in format, e.g., Beta, VHS, 8mm. The first half of the 1990s was the transitional period for video camcorder from the conventional analog system to the digital system based on the DV format (worldwide standard). Canon started a DV project with the purpose of developing a digital video camcorder, developing digital recording/playback technology using magnetic tape. Even while introducing Hi-8 video camcorders such as "Movie Boy E1" featuring eye-controlled focusing and optical image stabilizer in 1994 and "Movie Boy E2" with eye-controlled focusing in 1995, Canon was engaged in developing a digital video camcorder.

From Analog SV Cameras to Digital Cameras

The wave of digitalization also affected the SV camera that recorded images on a dedicated floppy disk for viewing on a television. The personal computer was rapidly spreading everywhere and the demand from those wanting to load images into the computer sprang forth not only from the users, but from the development team as well. The most appropriate digital recording technology began receiving great attention. However, in the early‘90s, image sensor devices (CCD) did not have the capacity to produce highly refined images. Also, semiconductor memory like CompactFlash (CF), which is prevailing nowadays, was too expensive at the time. It was difficult to foresee if a camera that recorded an image as a digital signal would be widely accepted.

With the high-quality SV camera "RC-570" released in 1992,

"PowerShot 600," Canon's first digital camera

Canon stopped production of the SV camera and switched to digital cameras. In 1995, the "EOS DCS" was released jointly with Eastman Kodak as a line of digital cameras for professional use, and later in July 1996, a model for the general user, the "PowerShot 600" was marketed. The "PowerShot 600," which used a CF or a PC card as the recording media, marked the full scale start of Canon’s digital camera era.

Leap Forward with the EOS

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Sun, 25 Oct 2009 08:58:00 +0000

At last, the focal-plane shutter type 35mm SLR cameras entered the age of the AF cameras. Canon launched "EOS650" which was developed under the new concept. Adopted in this AF camera was the EF lens that was exclusively designed for totally computerized mounting system. At the same time, the company announced the movie video camera based on the VL mounting system.

Birth of New-Generation Autofocus SLR Camera, "EOS"

In February 1985, two months prior to the release of the "T80" camera, an event that rocked the camera industry occurred. Minolta introduced a true AF 35mm SLR camera, "Minolta a-7000," followed by the "Minolta a-9000" in September, while Nikon released "Nikon F-501" camera in April 1986. These SLR cameras were an immediate hit upon release and in addition to the already high domestic demand, high demand was generated in the North American market as well. The 35mm SLR camera leapt to stardom overnight. At the end of April 1986 when the "F-501" was released, the autofocus SLR camera commanded over 50% share of the domestic SLR camera market.

Canon also marketed an autofocus SLR, the "T80," however, the focusing performance of the "T80" fell far behind that of the "Minolta a-7000" and "Nikon F-501." Then, in March of 1985, Canon decided that "a highly-refined AF SLR model deserving Canon's name should be developed with the target market release date of March 1, 1987, the year of Canon’s 50th anniversary."

The development project was called "EOS (Electro Optical System)." The "EOS" is also the name of the goddess of dawn in Greek mythology, even more apropos for the new-generation SLR camera.

The "EOS" was developed under three major guidelines: no price increase due to the introduction of the AF mechanism, a lightweight design which enables shooting indoor sports hand-holding the camera with a "300mm f/2.8" lens, and a autofocus sensitivity equivalent to exposure sensitivity. In order to achieve the high-quality camera, Canon embarked upon a two-year period of research and development. These guidelines were based on Canon's concept to put an emphasis on a flexible system with potential of future enhancement. The concept continues even now as the principle of development for Canon's cameras.

EOS development project efforts to develop a promising new system for the future bore fruit with the introduction of the "EOS 650" in March 1987 as scheduled. In developing the "EOS 650," several innovative and unique Canon's technologies were employed,

Canon booth at the Japan Camera Show, when "EOS 650" was unveiled

which included the highly sensitive focusing sensor, BASIS (Base-Stored Image Sensor), the high-precision motor, USM (Ultrasonic Motor) which was commercialized first in the world, and introduction of a super microcomputer supporting super-high-speed computation and control. One month prior to its release, the "EOS 650" was shown to the public at the Japan Camera Show in Tokyo and drew rave reviews. In May, two months after entering the market, the "EOS 650" successfully seized the top market share not only within Japan, but also in Europe. Moreover, the "EOS 650" garnered the Japan Camera Grand Prix for the same year as well as the European Camera '87/'88 Award.

"EOS-1" parts display

In May 1987, the "EOS 620," upgraded model of the "EOS 650," was introduced. In 1989 the "EOS 630" was released, followed by the flagship of the EOS line the "EOS-1." Although Canon trailed behind other companies when the autofocus camera was first introduced, the "EOS-1" with its high-quality AF functions was highly appreciated by professional photographers who needed to capture sports and other movement intensive scenes.

Canon marketed the "EOS 10" in 1990. The camera featured the bar code system, which enables the user to take pictures as they intend to, simply inputting the bar code data corresponding from sample photos they wished to emulate. The bar code input system caused a stir in the industry. Furthermore, in October of the same year, boasting a full array of features, the lightweight and compact model, "EOS 1000QD" was introduced. It weighed only 500g including batteries. In August 1991, another model was added to the EOS lineup, the "EOS 100QD" was the first really quiet SLR in the world. With the newly developed silent mechanism, this camera reduced the film advance/rewind operation noise by 1/2 to 1/8 in comparison with that of the previous models. This "EOS" lineup really invigorated the SLR market.

The EF-Series Lens Designed for the "EOS"

Fully electronically controlled mount system of "EOS" and EF-series lenses

The development of the EF-series lens, starting in conjunction with the EOS project, produced a completely new and different lens from the FD lenses, including the mount. In designing a new mount system, Canon assigned top priority to user satisfaction. Canon also considered the ideal way to share the 35mm AF SLR with the user in the future, and integrated their ideas into the new mount system. What emerged from their efforts was the completely electronically controlled automatic EF mount that permits highly accurate real-time data transfer between the camera body and the lens.

In the development stage, Canon discussed how to get the FD lens users’ understanding and approval for the shift to the new series lens. As the solution, the company decided the basic guidelines to commercialize the new EF lens, which included:

- Developing a new high-performance AF SLR camera with affordable price;
- Employing Ultrasonic Motor (USM) for the focusing system of SLR interchangeable lenses; and
- Completely electronically controlled system free of precision or operational errors arising from deterioration with time.

Thus the features of super high-speed AF and silent operation was realized.

The EF mount, with an internal diameter of 54mm (external diameter of 65mm), has the largest clear aperture of any lens system used with a 35mm SLR camera. The large aperture EF mount made possible the brightest lens in the world designed for a 35mm SLR camera, the "EF50mm f/1.0L USM" lens.

Steady Refinement of Video Camcorder Technology

In 1989, Canon released the "Canovision 8 A1" a new 8mm video standard, "Hi-8 format" camcorder that incorporated stereo sound. In 1990, the "UC-10," the smallest and lightest video camcorder in the world at the time was marketed. Finally in 1991,

"LX-1," accommodating EF-series interchangeable lenses for EOS

Canon released the "LX-1," an 8mm video camcorder with interchangeable lenses, which was hailed as the product most deserving of the Canon's name. With the VL lens-mount standard, the "LX-1" made it possible to use interchangeable lens. Under the VL mount system, the lens data is transmitted to camera through the interchangeable lens with a built-in microcomputer and based on that information; the camera in turn sends a control command to the lens. The VL lens-mount system was standardized by Canon in cooperation with four other companies, however, Canon was the only company that actually marketed a camcorder using the system. The "LX-1" could use both the exclusive interchangeable lens and EF lenses designed for the EOS cameras. It was quite popular, especially in the United States.

SV Cameras Accessible to the General User

"RC-250 (Q-PIC)," SV camera, with a price below one hundred thousand yen

Since the process of developing film was not required, the still video (SV) camera advantage over the conventional cameras was that its shots were available instantaneously. Yet, the disadvantage of the SV camera was its price. For example, the "RC-701" camera body alone ran around 380,000 yen. The price of the "RC-760" introduced in 1987 was around 600,000 yen. These expensive models were mainly used by media professionals. In order to provide an affordable SV camera for general users, Canon set the price target that would not exceed 100,000 yen. The target was met by the release of the "RC-250 (Q-PIC)" in September 1989, whose price was 99,800 yen. The two previous models, "RC-701" and "RC-760," were released together with printers, transmitters, and many other systems, but the "RC-250 (Q-PIC)" had a built-in playback function. Connecting the camera to a television set with a video terminal, the user could easily view the pictures that had been taken. The camera with both "shooting" and "viewing" functions received much attention widely. The "RC-250" was a particular hit on the European market under the name of "ION."

Evolution into Fully Automatic Cameras with Electronic Control

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Tue, 20 Oct 2009 08:07:00 +0000

Canon AE-1, the world's first camera with an embedded microcomputer, accelerated the incorporation of automatic and electronic technologies with the 35mm SLR camera. The flagship camera "F-1" was reborn as the microcomputer-controlled "New F-1." The Autoboy series, the world's first lens-shutter 35mm autofocus (AF) cameras were also marketed, symbolizing the shift of lens-shutter camera into that with AF function. The sign of the new era in the camera world was visible already by the developmental activities in movie video cameras and still video (SV) cameras.
"AE-1," the Pioneer of Automated and Computerized Camera, Leading to the "New F-1," the Advanced Camera System

During the first Oil Shock in 1973, Japan suffered from hyper-inflation, and it was said that the salary of Canon’s employees rose over 35% for two consecutive years. In those days there were calls within the company for development of a fully automatic camera. In January 1974, some 100 engineers were mobilized to form a product development team under the "New Model X Development Plan."

In April 1976, Canon unveiled the new model X, that is the "AE-1" camera. The development concept of "AE-1" was that anyone could take pictures with high cost-performance. Canon successfully combined the advanced design technologies for camera electronics, precision mechanics, optics and computer-aided designing, with manufacturing technologies for ultra-precision machining, automatic machining and automated assembly. The "AE-1" was the world’s first 35mm AE SLR camera equipped with the shutter speed-priority TTL metering and a Central Processing Unit (CPU). The accessory "Power Winder A" allowed continuous shooting at two frames per second, and so its tagline was "Continuous Shooting SLR." The "AE-1" had epoch-making automated functions such as automatic flash exposure control using dedicated Speedlites for the camera.

Although Canon had already introduced the "EF," 35mm AE SLR camera for mass-market, the "FTb" camera with TTL manual metering was still a major leading force in mass-production models. Canon recognized the need to develop a new model to become the top 35mm SLR camera manufacturer. The "AE-1" gave the impetus to change the direction of the development of 35mm SLR cameras throughout the industry.

While "AE" stood for "Automatic Exposure Control," the name of "AE-1" implied the company’s objective to provide a camera representing the top of the line of "Totally Automatic Systems by Electronic SLR Cameras." The catch phrase, "Continuous Shooting SLR" took the world by storm and permeated to general public. Canon initiated a TV commercial campaign on national networks, featuring world-renowned tennis and golf players. This was a first for a Japanese camera manufacturer. On release of the camera in United States, the campaign strategy proved to be a great success with record sales.

"A-1," Fully Automated and Computerized Camera with Multiple Functions

The "A-1" camera with five AE modes was launched in April 1978, while the "AE-1" continued to be a runaway hit. The "A-1" attracted attention from inside and outside of the camera industry for its sophisticated electronic mechanism and multiple functions.

The five AE modes of "A-1" were Shutter speed-priority AE, Aperture-priority AE, Program AE, Stopped-down AE, and Speedlite AE. The shutter speed and the aperture could be easily set with the dials on the camera. The "A-1," with its superb operability incorporated a microcomputer, the first in the world. The electronically controlled fully automatic system ensured high-precision control for the entire photographic process including metering, a significant increase in the volume of information displayed, and also low cost production thanks to integrating several parts into a single component.

With its multiple functions realized by full digital control, the "A-1" became very popular not only with conventional camera fans, but also younger users such as junior and senior high school students who loved mechanics.

The automated and computerized technologies Canon nurtured with the "AE-1" made further progress through the development of the "A-1." Such advanced technologies evolved continuously and continued to the forthcoming "T" series and the current "EOS" series.

New FD Lens Aimed at Further Enhancement

As the automatic exposure control (AE) system of SLR camera advanced, the FD lens was also improved. The FD-series lens had enjoyed great support from users for employing such features as rear focusing and aspherical lens elements as well as realizing excellent image reproduction and superior color balance. There was still room for further improvement in the compactness and mounting system. Especially, the development of an easy and quick mounting system was the challenge for the New FD lens. In the previous series, the lens was tightened with an outer breach-lock ring, but an increasing number of professional and advanced-level amateur photographers who frequently used interchangeable lens cameras showed dissatisfaction with the mounting system and requested for a new one which provided a feel of complete lock. To meet the demand, Canon developed an instantaneous fit-and-lock mount system that retained interchangeability with earlier cameras and incorporated in the system into the New FD lens. The product markings were the same as those of FD lenses, but to differentiate them from the conventional FD lenses, "New" was added.

"New F-1," the Refined Version of the Flagship 35mm SLR Camera "F-1"

Canon publicly announced its promise "not to change the basic specifications and functions of the F-1 for 10 years," and the "F-1," remained Canon’s flagship 35mm SLR camera throughout 1970s but by the end of the decade it was time for an update. With the trend to automated cameras with multiple functions based on the computer technology, it was good time for Canon to set to remodeling. During the decade after the introduction of the "F-1," Canon gathered feedback from professional photographers and other "F-1" users. There were a tremendous variety of comments, wishes, and applications that the designers could have never imagined. In order to produce a new model representative of the next-generation cameras, this valuable input was given due consideration and combined with the advanced technologies in various fields such as precision optics, precision mechanics, electrical and, electronic engineering and physical optics. The "New F-1," next-generation high-quality flagship 35mm SLR camera was unveiled in September 1981.

The basic philosophy or concept behind the development of the "New F-1" was, as in the case of the "F-1," putting an utmost emphasis on safety and reliability accented by high quality and precision. Following the "F-1" system, "New F-1" had even more advanced functions: Selectable AE modes from shutter speed-priority and aperture-priority, depending on the requirements and a hybrid shutter combining both electronic and mechanical mechanism to enable camera operation even without battery power. The external design was also based on the "F-1" and kept the dignity as a top-of-the-line camera with state-of-the-art features. It had a palm grip for right-hand holding comfort, which was highly touted on the "A" series cameras. Thus several refinements were introduced in the "New F-1" to improve the portability and shooting speed. Due consideration was given to the shapes and locations of operational parts such as the shutter dial, shutter button and film advance lever. These remained similar to those of "F-1" so that the "F-1" user could operate the "New F-1" with a sense of familiarity. Although compatibility with accessories for the "F-1" was sacrificed due to the necessity to incorporate the latest functions, significant upgrades were made such as five interchangeable viewfinders, 32 focusing screens, a five-frames–per-second motor drive, and a film chamber enabling continuous shooting of 100 frames.

The "New F-1," designed exclusively for professional use, achieved the development goal to ensure reliability even under the harsh conditions and was designated as the official 35mm camera for 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles, U.S.A. The "New F-1" helped professional photographers in capturing a lot of valuable moments at big events around the world.

In 1984, Canon completed a "New F-1" based model featuring a high-speed motor drive with the world’s fastest continuous shooting speed of 14 frames per second. The "New F-1 High Speed Motor Drive Camera" was released as a limited edition for professional photographers in sports and other specialized fields.

T-Series Camera Created by Groping for Clues

During the second Oil Shock period, the demand for cameras declined, and an increasing number of consumers preferred low-priced lens-shutter cameras to the SLR. To cope with such unfavorable circumstances, Canon decided to develop the T-Series SLR cameras to replace the A-Series, based on a new concept of AE cameras to meet the diversifying lifestyles and tastes of consumers.

Canon successively launched the T-Series cameras including "T50" in March 1983, "T70" in April 1984, and "T80" in April 1985. The "T80" employed pictographs for easy picture-taking by any user. The T-Series cameras incorporated thoroughly automated mechanisms for easy and simple shooting. In February 1986, Canon marketed the "T90" targeting at advanced amateur and professional photographers. But, those days the automated and computerized cameras were experiencing hardship finding the most appropriate functions. What type of cameras would users want? In response to the changing environment, the T-Series cameras were born.

Birth of Autofocus Compact Camera, "AF35M"

Spurred by the severe competition in the autofocus (AF) market, Canon developed its first AF lens-shutter camera, "AF35M (Autoboy)." Konishiroku Kogyo (currently Konica) succeeded in commercializing the world's first AF camera named "Konica C35AF" in 1977. Thereafter, all the major manufactures followed suit. The AF mechanism of these cameras employed an autofocusing element called Visitronic, which was developed by Honeywell of the United States. It was a passive AF system that electronically detects two patterns (images) of a subject and calculated the distance by triangulation. Canon decided not to use this AF module because it was inadequate for low-light or low-contrast subjects, and started research on its original AF system. The company completed an infrared active AF system, enabling focusing in the dark. Two years after the release of "C35AF," in November 1979, Canon launched the "AF35M," lens-shutter camera with the infrared active AF system.

The active AF system incorporated in the "AF35M (Autoboy)" was based on the triangulation using a near infrared diode. Instead of having a moving rangefinder mirror as employed by passive AF system, a light-emitting diode was swung through an arc. The active AF system could achieve focus in the dark and work regardless of subject brightness and contrast. And since it did not require two optical images to focus, focusing was possible at close distances. These unique features and other convenient functions such as automatic film winding and rewinding, program AE, and autoflash AE, the "Autoboy " soon became the generic name for fully-automatic AF compact cameras.

End of the 8mm Film Cinecamera and Advent of the Video Camcorder

Electronic imaging, or the video camcorder business, was outlined as a future project. Although tough competition was expected as many electric appliance manufacturers had entered into this business, there was a consensus in the company that Canon, a camera expert in high-quality images, should never lag behind in any new business for imaging technology, and thus was involved in development projects based on optical technology.

As manufacturers in the world started to standardize on the 8mm video format in 1981, Canon made an entry into the video camcorder business at full scale, a result of focusing on the 8mm video standards from the outset. In 1983, through the company's reformation, the Electronic Imaging division became independent of the Camera division. Then it entered the video camcorder market, competing with the household electric appliance manufacturers, who already boasted an ample track record. In 1985, Canon released the "Canovision 8VM-E1," the first integrated 8mm video camcorder in the world. The camcorder was equipped with a compact high-performance 6X power zoom lens with large f/1.2 aperture. With its lightweight compact body and various advanced functions such as still image playback and recording /playback, it was nominated for Good Design Award of the year.

Along with the advances of the sound mechanism for the 8mm film cinecamera, Canon introduced its first sound 8mm film cinecamera "514XL-S" in September 1976, followed by a cine projector with sound function,"PS-1000" In March 1977. But, the major trend was shifting from the 8mm film cinecamera to the video camcorder. In September 1982, Canon released the "AF310XL," and its alternate version with sound function, "AF310XL-S." Production of both models was halted in1985, and the 30-year history of 8mm film cinecameras that started with the "Canon Cine 8T," came to a end.

Development of Still Video (SV) Camera

Still Video Transceiver "RT-971"

Although the silver-halide based camera with nearly 160 years of history had been dominant through that time, the development of an electronic technology based magnetic recording still camera had been quietly under way for quite some time. A magnetic recording still camera would not require the film developing process, because it would

Color Video Printer "RP-601"

not use conventional film. In addition to the easy image processing, it would also have the merit of easy transmission of images. Although Canon was involved in the development of the magnetic recording technology, the possibility of its commercialization was considered low as the stringent standards of image quality that a camera manufacturer needed to follow was not satisfactory yet.

*Still video (SV) camera system*

Sony launched the "Mavica" still camera with magnetic recording system in 1981. In anticipation of the arrival of the magnetic recording still camera era, Canon formed a task force to develop a magnetic recording color still camera in October 1981.

In the course of developing the magnetic recording still camera, the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games provided an excellent opportunity for experimental use of image transmission. At the request of the Japanese newspaper, Yomiuri Shimbun, Canon was involved in the image transmission experiments. The time given for the entire process was only 10 months. After conducting field test, training for photographers, preparation of export documents, and taking other necessary procedures in Japan, only 5 months were left to develop and design the electronic transceiver and the playback machine, and complete the prototypes. Without question, the schedule was very tight. During the broadcasting of the men’s marathon, the automobile telephone attached to the electronic transmitter failed to work, and the information had to be transmitted over a public telephone. Anyway, the experiment proved successful, giving invaluable know-how in the development of magnetic recording still cameras.

Based on data and experience from the tests at the Los Angeles Olympic Games, Canon started to produce a magnetic recording still camera. The still video (SV) camera "RC-701" and a group of system components were introduced in 1986. Since the release of the "Mavica" by Sony, several electronics appliance manufacturers and camera manufacturers had developed prototypes, but Canon’s "RC-701" was the world’s first commercialized product.

"RC-701," the world's first commercial magnetic recording still camera

The magnetic recording still camera used the analog recording system, but the know-how and technology gained through the research and development of the SV camera laid the groundwork for today’s digital cameras.

Canon's Flagship F-1 Series

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Fri, 16 Oct 2009 10:12:00 +0000

The company unveiled the long awaited professional camera, Canon F-1. Many types of accessories which enabled seamless and instant compatibility with the top-of-the-line 35mm camera were also prepared to realize systematic photography. The camera system was widely accepted and dominated the market. New FD series lenses were also introduced one after another during this period, ushering in a new era for SLR cameras. A great progress was also made in the 8mm cinecameras.

"F-1" Responding to the Needs of Professional Photographers

The history of Canon’s 35mm SLR cameras began with the "Canonflex." Although a lot of technology had been incorporated into the SLR camera, around the fall of 1964, there had been growing calls both inside and outside of the company for Canon to embark on production of a very advanced SLR camera to meet the requirements of professional photographers.

After five years of development efforts, the "F-1," which has left the most glorious footprints in the history of the camera, was unveiled in March 1971. In an effort to develop the "F-1," Canon was said to have invested significant human, financial and technological resources. The time and energy put into developing the "F-1" was equivalent to that required for developing 10 or more conventional cameras.
*The "F-1" System - a very impressing sight*
Normally, a new camera was initially marketed as a set comprised of the body and a few major accessories, followed by additional accessories introduced gradually into the market as necessary. Being intended for immediate professional use, the "F-1" was released with a full compliment of system accessories including some introduced for previous models. More than 180 accessories including lenses and filters were available for the "F-1."

The concept behind the development of the "F-1" was a camera exclusively designed for professional photographers. In addition to the multitude of accessories and functions, it proved to be durable, highly reliable and performed well even under the harsh conditions professional photographers are often forced to confront. It was durable enough to take 100,000 exposures, allow instant application of all system accessories without adjustment, and perform in temperatures from -30 degrees to +60 degrees Celsius. There is an anecdote that a salesperson stood on top of the camera to prove its durability. Thanks to its reliability, the "F-1" was designated as an official 35mm camera for the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada, and the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, U.S.A.

Based on technology developed for the "F-1" camera, in 1972 the company succeeded in producing the "High Speed Motor Drive Camera" having the shooting speed of nine frames per second. Because of its outstanding performance at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games in West Germany that year, the camera gained a high reputation among the domestic and overseas press.

The "FTb" camera, a high-quality mass-market model was launched simultaneously with the "F-1." It had the same basic functions as the "F-1," and used the same new FD-series lenses, which allowed maximum-aperture TTL metering, and cordless flash sync with a hot shoe. Thanks to the outstanding technical approach and performance, production of the "FTb" reached one million within three years of its launch, making it a mainstay product for Canon.*Commemoration of the millionth "FTb" at the Fukushima Plant*

Diversification in Development and Production

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Tue, 13 Oct 2009 16:37:00 +0000

The top-class 35mm camera market gradually shifted from rangefinder cameras to single lens reflex (SLR) cameras. Canon launched its first SLR camera, "Canon Flex." The lenses for SLR cameras advanced from the "R" series to the "FL" series. At the same time, the company also developed lens-shutter cameras and 8mm cinecameras in line with the policy to be a comprehensive camera manufacturer offering various types of products.

End of the 35mm Rangefinder Camera Era

The "VT" camera, introduced in August 1956, discarded the conventional film loading method, in which the film cassette was dropped into the bottom after removing the baseplate (Barnack type), and instead adopted the simpler method using a hinged back cover and threading the film onto the take-up spool. The "T" in the "VT" refers to the "trigger" because the camera incorporated the film advance mechanism with a fast-winding trigger on the camera bottom to improve the shooting speed.

The "P (Populaire)" model was released in l959, which was followed by the introduction of the "7" model in March l961 and the "7S" model in April 1965. The "7" series, which had a built-in exposure meter and were impressive in appearance, were well liked by their users. At the time, the era of the 35mm rangefinder cameras was already giving way to that of the SLR. With the interruption of the production of the "7S" in September l968, the tradition of the Canon 35mm rangefinder camera, which started with the introduction of the "Kwanon," came to an end.

Development History of the 35mm Lens-Shutter Camera

The development of the high-grade 35mm camera had been the great milestone constituting Canon's mission. Yet during the same period, there was an effort to produce a simpler camera that could be used by anybody. That would be the development of the 35mm lens-shutter camera.

It all begun in 1958 when there were heated discussions within Canon as to whether the company should take the route confined to the manufacturing of high-end cameras or whether it should also enter the market for the intermediate-class cameras. Gradually, the voices of young engineers expressing the opinion "we want to make cameras we can afford" gained strength. This resulted in a tentative decision to produce a prototype of an intermediate-class camera before the company's overall policy guidelines could be developed. With this background, the development of the 35mm lens-shutter camera started. This camera was the "Canonet," which swept the entire camera market with the slogan "anyone can buy it and anyone can take pictures with it."

Although the plan was to market the "Canonet" camera in August l960, its debut was delayed until January l961 because of strong criticism from the competitors complaining that the price of under 20,000 yen was too low to compete with. When the camera was introduced for the first time at the display and sales counter on the 7th floor of Mitsukoshi department store in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, the number of people interested in seeing the camera was so great that they overflowed onto the staircases. The total inventory for one week was gone within 2 hours after the sales counter opened. Its sales were so astronomical and its customer acceptance so overwhelming that the February 6, 1961 issue of Shukan Bunshun (a popular weekly magazine) covered the sensation in the article entitled "Go To Hell!! Canonet."

While the boom sparked by the "Canonet" had not quite cooled off yet, the "Canon Demi" camera was introduced in February 1963. It was a compact and lightweight half-frame, or single-frame, camera that permitted twice as many pictures per film. This camera was also a hit with its catch phrase "let's draw our 'Demi' from our pocket." Also released in October of the same year was the "Color Demi," which was popular among users because it was available in three different colors: red, blue and white. With the debut of the "Demi" series, the variety of the lens-shutter cameras increased. The important thing was that the technologies acquired during the development of these 35mm lens-shutter cameras were fully fed back into the products that followed.

Entering the 8mm Film Cinecamera Field

Canon's first 8mm film cinecamera the "Canon Cine 8T," was introduced in November l956. The development of the cinecamera began in 1955 based on the knowledge acquired during the 1953 observation tour by President Mitarai to the United States and Europe to survey the camera markets in these countries. During this tour, Mitarai discovered that the "Kodak Brownie," an 8mm film cinecamera of the Eastman Kodak was enjoying great popularity.

Canon obtained some used cinecameras left behind by the Allied Occupation Forces as well as the products of leading cinecamera manufacturers abroad and studied the film drive and exposure mechanisms through repeated disassembly and testing. Special emphasis was placed on the viewfinder technology. Since the 8mm film cinecamera was required to reproduce the image of subject in the exactly same format as shown in the viewfinder, it was necessary to use the "Porro prism" system, in which two or three right angle prisms were combined with the variable magnification viewfinder mechanism of the "IV Sb." With this innovation, Canon succeeded in developing a revolutionary viewfinder that was bright and clear, and produced a real image.

On the other hand, concurrently with the development of the viewfinder, Canon's lens department was working on improving the zoom lens. The history of Canon's zoom lens goes back to 1954.

Canon succeeded in developing a high-performance 8mm film cinecamera zoom lens, the "10-40mm f/1.8" with the magnification factor of 4, but it was never marketed because of its large size. Yet, being accelerated by the successful development of the large aperture zoom lens, Canon marketed the "Canon Reflex Zoom 8" in October l954, in a short development period and at low cost. The quick and low cost development was achieved through enlarging the aperture of the "10-40mm f/1.8" to make the "10-40mm f/1.4" and fitting it to the "Canon Cine 8T."

8mm Film Cinecamera with Zoom Lens and New Film Standards

Canon continued to improve the 8mm film cinecamera, aiming to adopt the advanced specifications and functions available in the 16mm film cinecameras. In June l964, the company released the "Canon Cine Zoom 512," which was equipped with a bright f/1.2 zoom lens of with the magnification of 5X, as well as a spring drive mechanism, which had been the popular in 16mm film cinecameras. The "Canon Cine Zoom 512" was cherished for a long time by users who enjoyed making home movies, and fully deserved being called a masterpiece.

Eastman Kodak introduced the "Super 8" system in April l964, while Fuji Photo Film concurrently introduced the "Single 8" system. In order to meet the users' needs, Canon developed two types of cinecameras compatible with each film standard. One, the "Auto Zoom 1218 Super 8," which was marketed in April 1968 for the "Super 8" system, was widely accepted and had a good reputation because of its high 12X zoom magnification.

The Next High-End 35mm Cameras are SLRs

The "Canonflex," the first 35mm SLR camera from Canon was introduced in May l959. In June of the same year, Nikon released the "Nikon F." Although the principle of the SLR camera had been known as long ago as the camera, technological problems had been left unsolved for many years in the area of making the camera as light and easy-to-use as the rangefinder camera. With several technical innovations including the pentaprism, the quick return mirror, and the automatic aperture control mechanism, the time had finally arrived for a practical 35mm SLR camera for all types of interchangeable lenses.

Canon developed the R-series lens for the SLR cameras. The cameras using the R series lens were called the R-series cameras. Following the "Canonflex," the "R2000" with a top shutter speed of 1/2000 second, the fastest ever for any camera, was introduced in 1960. The "R2000" evolved into the "Canonflex RM," which was released in 1962. The "Canonflex RM" had a built-in exposure meter for the first time, and adopted the film advance system with a recessed lever instead of a trigger. The lever improved the operability.

The Golden Age of Build-in Rangefinder Camera

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Tue, 13 Oct 2009 16:24:00 +0000

The company changed its name to Canon Camera Co., Inc. in line with the "Canon" brand used for its cameras, while the head office plant was moved to Shimomaruko, Ota ward, Tokyo. Although this was the time when 35mm cameras coupled with rangefinder were the most popular, an advanced German camera Leica "M3", which was far superior to any other camera. While most of the domestic camera manufactures were retreating from making rangefinder cameras, Canon continued to introduce masterpieces of rangefinder cameras equipped with uniquely developed systems.

Post-War Foundation Building by the Development of Original Cameras

By the end of November l946, one year after the resumption of the operations at Precision Optical Industry Co., Ltd., approximately 560 "J II" cameras had been produced. The steady growth of the production resulted from increasing demands for cameras "domestically exported" to the Allied Occupation Forces. In October of the same year, the "S II," a long awaited new Canon product, was introduced. It had the viewfinder and coupled rangefinder combined into a single window. This was an original Canon design that was not found in the Leica camera. While the "J II" model was considered to be the legacy of the pre-war "Standard Model", the "S II" camera was expected to play the role of foundation builder for the post-war Precision Optical Industry.

Another new mechanism was developed for the "II B," which was released in April l949. The camera featured a three-mode optical viewfinder. The viewfinder magnification could be changed depending upon the lens in use. This three-mode optical viewfinder was an original Canon design matched to the interchangeable lenses, and this specification was passed on to the future Canon 35mm rangefinder cameras. In other words, the solid foundation for the post-war Precision Optical Industry was established at this stage.

Establishment of Canon Camera Co., Ltd. for Further Expansion

During this period, two major events took place that had affected the destiny of the development of Precision Optical Industry Co., Ltd. One major event was the change of the company's name to Canon Camera Co. Ltd., and the other was the move of the Head Office Plant to Shimomaruko.

Those days, there were many camera-loving personnel in the Allied Occupation Forces who complained that product branding was very confusing: Canon for cameras, Serenar for lenses, and Precision Optical Industry for the manufacturer of these products. Some of them came to Meguro looking for Canon cameras and found it difficult to remember that the name of the company they were looking for was Precision Optical Industry. Responding to these complaints, and in view of the need to make the company easily recognizable internationally, Mitarai decided to change the company's name to Canon Camera Co., Ltd. as of September 15, l947. After this change, the names of the manufacturer and the camera were unified under Canon, and the Serenar lens brand was also changed to the Canon in l953.

President Mitarai made a trip to the United States in August l950, three years after the change in company name, to observe the international trade fair and study the trends in the camera market. He was also looking for the opportunity to establish a sales network in the United States. In order to seek their cooperation in Canon's sales in the United States, he visited Bell and Howell Company, a well-established company with advanced technology as well as a sales network in the area of 8mm and 16mm cinecameras and projectors. Unfortunately, his request was turned down, in spite of the fact that Bell and Howell recognized the excellent quality of Canon's high-end 35mm cameras. The major reasons for the rejection were that the Canon cameras were made in Japan, and that Canon's factories were all wooden buildings that could easily catch fire.

Although his sales plan in the U.S. Market did not materialize, Mitarai's visit to the United States was not entirely in vain. In fact, Canon benefited greatly not only by the valuable information gathered about the latest status of the world's camera industry, but also by recognizing the need for a new fire-proof factory building with the most modern facilities. In June, the company, looking for new factories, purchased and started remodeling the plant site of the former Fuji Aviation Instruments Co., Ltd., located in Shimomaruko, Ohta Ward in Tokyo. Beginning in November l951, Canon started reorganizing its head office divisions located in Ginza, Meguro factory and Itabashi factory, and gradually moved their major functions to the new Shimomaruko Head Office Plant.

The new plant in Shimomaruko was very colorful and modern, employing different colors for different workplaces. With the completion of the Shimomaruko Plant, the foundation for a modernized Canon company with the worldwide market in view was established.

Masterpiece Lens "Serenar 50mm f/1.8"

Although the Serenar lenses for popular cameras began to appear in the market after the war, the shortage of raw materials brought such strange situations that the first post-war Canon camera, the "J II" was supplied with either the "Serenar 50mm f/3.5" or "Nikkor 50mm f/3.5" lens. Finally, in 1947, the development of the "Serenar 50mm f/2" was completed and used as the standard lens. At the same time, the "Serenar 135mm f/4," Canon's first interchangeable lens was introduced.

Confirming that Canon had started the full-scale production of the Serenar lens within the company, Nippon Kogaku stopped supplying the Nikkor lens in 1948. This marked the beginning of era when Canon's high-end 35mm cameras were supplied with the company's own lenses.

The "Serenar 50mm f/1.8", which was introduced in 1951, was developed by Hiroshi Ito, an engineer who later made great contributions to the diversification of Canon's business. This lens provided an elegant solution to the weakness of the Gaussian lens that often generated flare (coma) at large apertures. Because of his accomplishment, the Serenar lens has been known as a historical masterpiece. Coma was the weakness of the large aperture Gaussian lenses, the solution of which had been a technical challenge to the prominent lens designers throughout the world. The basic optical theory developed by Ito to solve the problem using his own unique analysis expedited the development of the large aperture wide angle and telephoto interchangeable lenses. As the name of the lens was changed from Serenar to Canon, the company was able to produce many masterpiece lenses based on Ito's theory.

Many Masterpieces of High-End 35mm Cameras that Captured the Users' Fancy

At the beginning of the 1950s, Canon put many new cameras on the market successively. The "III" camera, Japan's first model equipped with a fast 1/1000 second shutter speed was released in February 1951. This was followed two months later in April, by the "IV," which had a flash rail that enabled using a flash unit directly connected to the camera without a cable. Several more cameras including the "III A," an improved version of the "III," were introduced one after another in the new product rush of 1951.

While the development of new products continued, it was inevitable that masterpieces were born, one of which was the "IV Sb." The "IV Sb," marketed in December l952 featured the "X" synchronization for electronic flash. The IV Sb was the world’s first 35mm rangefinder camera with electronic flash synchronization. Especially significant was the "IV Sb2," the improved model of "IV Sb" which was released in March l954. This camera gained an 1/15 second shutter speed by using a slow governor with a dual-escapement mechanism. With the advent of the 1/15 second shutter speed, for the first time the shutter speeds could be a geometric progression of two as the f/stop range of the lenses and exposure meters markings were.
The "IV Sb2" camera was highly evaluated as being a masterpiece equal to the Leica.

Impact of Leica M3

By this time, the 35mm rangefinder cameras developed by Canon were considered equal to the Leica, the world's best camera. Shortly before the release of the "IV Sb2," the "Leica M3" was unveiled at the 4th "Photokina," the international camera trade-fair held in Cologne, West Germany in 1954. The "Leica M3" was a camera based on a concept completely different from the conventional development approach to the rangefinder cameras.

It was reported that Canon's engineers who saw the "Leica M3" for the first time were greatly shocked by the level of perfection in the camera as represented by the brightness and visibility of its viewfinder, as well as by the accuracy of its rangefinder. In spite of the fact that their improved model "IV Sb2" had received good acceptance from its users, Canon engineers realized that, with the debut of the "Leica M3," the camera world was about to experience great change. This heralded the era of great changes in cameras, leading the company to seek new directions.

Auspicious Beginnings of High-Quality 35mm Cameras

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Mon, 12 Oct 2009 15:51:00 +0000

The Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory that established its reputation for developing the "Hansa Canon" was transformed into the Precision Optical Industry, Co., Ltd. to start the full-scale production and sales of cameras. The company specialized in manufacturing high-quality 35mm cameras, and developed the unique "Serenar" lens with the motto that it would produce world class cameras. From the rubble in the war-torn plants, the company resumed the production of cameras by overcoming the difficulties in procuring basic materials.

New Steps as the Precision Optical Industry Co., Ltd.

Along with the move to Meguro Ward, manufacturing the "Hansa Canon" and hiring more employees, Japan Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory appeared to have made steady growth during those days, but the actual situation was different. It was reported that the production volume ranged from a maximum of 10 cameras per month to barely one camera per week. Despite the fact that the company had introduced Japan's first 35mm rangefinder camera, its production capability did not increase, resulting in tough business conditions. In order to overcome the financial difficulties, it decided to incorporate the company.

To start anew, on August 10, l937, the laboratory was reorganized as a joint-stock company and the name was changed to Precision Optical Industry Co., Ltd. Canon now designates this date as the official founding date.

Cameras that Bears the Name of Canon

With the incorporation, the company's business began to take off. Following the "Hansa Canon (Standard Model)," the company successively introduced the "S or Newest Model" and the "J or Popular Model" in February l939 and the "NS or New Standard Model" by the end of the same year. Yet, the company's production system was literally manual, especially in the finishing processes: using files to smooth the rough surfaces of the individual parts, or filling in the unwanted cracks in the camera bodies, etc.

After the introduction of the "Newest Model," the word "Hansa" disappeared from the brand name, and was replaced with just "Canon." This, however, did not mean a break in the relationship with Omiya Shashin Yohin Co., Ltd. In fact, Omiya continued to provide strong assistance, especially in the sales promotion. At the time when the general monthly income of salaried workers was 40 ~ 50 yen, the base monthly wage of Omiya's sales personnel was approximately 20 yen, not high indeed. It was reported that these sales personnel received commissions of 5 yen per sale of a "Standard Model." At the time, even the "Popular Model" was too expensive for an average salaried worker to purchase. With the limited consumer market size for cameras, the sales personnel of Omiya developed a strategy to target specific individuals with purchasing power, rather than focusing on retail camera stores. Their strategy was so effective that the income and morale of the camera sales personnel increased dramatically.

Since the sales of the high-grade 35mm cameras had been increasing rapidly, Omiya Shashin Yohin, as a sole sales agent of the camera, seemed even to have a fantastic plan to introduce the camera to the European markets, the stronghold of the Leica and Contax. Their intent was shown in an advertisement for the "Hansa Canon" that Omiya placed in the March l938 issue of the UK photography magazine, the British Journal of Photography.

Production of "Serenar" Lens, Original Products of Canon

The high-grade 35mm cameras of Precision Optical Industry were represented by a series of new models including the "Standard Model," "S or Newest Model," "J or Popular Model" and "NS or New Standard Model." The lineup established the reputation that Seiki Canon (Canon of the Precision Optical Industry Co.) was synonymous with Japanese high-grade 35mm camera. In the middle of 1937, strong voices were raised calling for production of the company's own lenses. Yoshizo Furukawa, the company's first optical engineer, developed some lenses on a trial basis such as the "50mm f/4.5" lens, the "45mm f/0.85" lens for 16mm cinecameras. He was also involved in developing lenses such as the "50mm f/3.5", a non-rangefinder coupled "135mm f/4," and lenses for the indirect X-ray camera.

Through the contest held within the company to name the original "50mm f/3.5" and "135mm f/4" lenses, "Serenar" was chosen as the brand name given to these lenses. The "Serenar" connotes the word "serene" indicating "clear, calm and tranquil," and originates in the Sea of Serenity on the moon.

Appointment of Takeshi Mitarai as President, and Post-War Recovery

In 1942, Takeshi Mitarai (1901 - 1984), a friend of Saburo Uchida, became president of the company. Although he was an obstetrician by profession, Mitarai had long been an enthusiastic supporter of Uchida since the early days of Precision Optical Industry Co., Ltd. He was rather a unique individual, and had been the auditor of Precision Optical Industry before assuming the presidency. Even earlier, Mitarai had established Mitarai Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital in Mejiro Ward of Tokyo after working in the obstetrics department of a large hospital.

The post-war goal of the company advocated by President Mitarai was "Catch-up with, and surpass the Leica." The spirit of this goal, shared enthusiastically by all the company employees, became the engine for the post-war recovery of the company. He stressed the so-called "Sanbun-setsu System (the three-division system)" to share the company’s profits by labor (employees), capital (shareholders), and management (the company). He advocated the three-pillar guidelines: "Competence-Based Promotion," "Top Priority to Health," and the "Family Comes First," all of which are pertinent even today, and these became the foundation of the company's management philosophy. The "Family Comes First" guideline was translated into the G-H-Q (go-home-quickly) activity, a play on words of the occupation forces’ GHQ, or General Headquarters. Other changes implemented by President Mitarai included a bonus system to boost the morale of the company employees.

Recovery from the Wartime Rubble

On August 15, l945, World War II ended with many large cities throughout Japan in ruins. Fortunately, Precision Optical Industry Co., Ltd. escaped major damage except for the partial loss of the Itabashi factory, which had been established in 1944 by the merger with Yamato Kogaku Seisakusho (Yamato Optical Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) Even this loss was not directly related to the war and was due to an accidental fire during the final days of the war. The headquarters factory in Meguro Ward, as well as the Takara-mura factory and the Yamura-machi factory (both were facilities evacuated from Tokyo) in Yamanashi Prefecture survived the war without major damage, and had continued to produce cameras in small-scale operations. Yet, all of these factories were closed immediately after the war when the entire country was in the state of chaos, resulting from all essential materials being scarce. Precision Optical Industry Co., Ltd. was temporarily disbanded with President Mitarai's declaration: "Since I am at a loss about what to do, I will shut down the plants and disband the company immediately. But, remember to come back as soon as I call you back for restoration."

The restoration opportunity for the company had arrived sooner than expected since the Allied Occupation Forces (centered on the U.S. Forces) showed great interest in Japanese cameras. Mitarai felt that it was not impossible to restart camera production, and submitted an application for production of consumer goods to the GHQ (the Allied Army General Headquarters). The application was granted on October 1, l945, two months after the end of the war, for Precision Optical Industry Co., Ltd. to resume the production of cameras.

The first post-war model was called the "J II (Post-War Popular Model)," which was produced by scrounging up the components of previous models such as the "Standard Model." Being made of scrap, the post-war model had a unique shape to the viewfinder cover, which was different from that used for the "Popular Model." The record showing that only three cameras were produced in that year indicates the hardships endured by the company during its restoration.

The Birth of Canon

noreply@blogger.com (beerbedtared) — Mon, 12 Oct 2009 14:49:00 +0000

Japan's first 35mm focal-plane shutter rangefinder camera was introduced into the market during this period. This all started in a small streetside shop in Tokyo, the "Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory," to produce the prototype camera called "Kwanon," which later evolved into the "Hansa Canon." This is the origin of Canon's camera making which always involves many trial and error processes. Small but steady steps for Canon cameras were initiated here.
Prelude to the Domestically Produced High-End 35mm Camera

Leica and Contax — two great brands for the most advanced 35mm focal-plane-shutter cameras —.

The "Leica Model II," was introduced in 1932 followed by the debut of the "Contax Model I" in 1933. These cameras, the pride of Germany, the camera kingdom of the world, were considered super grade cameras satisfying the needs of camera fans throughout the world, and receiving enthusiastic support.

In those days, the average starting salary of a graduate of an elite university in Japan who was hired by bank, the best-paying job, was around 70 yen per month. In contrast, the price of the Leica camera was 420 yen.

This high-end camera was considered to be a "takane no hana (something far beyond reach)" for ordinary people. During those years, there was a Japanese man who attempted to make the first domestic 35mm focal-plane-shutter rangefinder camera (hereafter called as the 35mm rangefinder camera) by disassembling and studying the inner workings of a "Leica Model II." This person was Goro Yoshida (1900-1993).

Goro Yoshida
(1900 - 1993) was born in Hiroshima. He came to Tokyo before completing his middle school education and apprenticed at a company repairing and remodeling motion picture cameras and projectors. During the latter half of the 1920s, when Yoshida was in his late 20s, he frequently travelled to Shanghai, China to procure the necessary parts for his jobs. A story was told that Yoshida decided to make high-grade 35mm rangefinder cameras when he met an American trader, Roy E. Delay in Shanghai, who told him:

------"Why do you come over here to buy camera parts? Your country has already produced good battleships and airplanes. If your people can produce such good battleships, there is no reason why you cannot make your own camera parts."------

By nature, Yoshida liked to tinker with machines and instruments, and he was already engaged in repairing and remodeling motion picture cameras and projectors. It was natural that Yoshida would be attracted to the making of cameras.

When asked about his motives in disassembling a Leica to produce Japanese made high-grade 35mm cameras, Yoshida explained in later years:
"I just disassembled the camera without any specific plan, but simply to take a look at each part. I found there were no special items like diamonds inside the camera. The parts were made from brass, aluminum, iron and rubber. I was surprised that when these inexpensive materials were put together into a camera, it demanded an exorbitant price. This made me angry".

With his brother-in-law, Saburo Uchida (1899-1982) and Takeo Maeda (1909-1977), a former subordinate of Uchida, Yoshida established the Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory to develop a 35mm rangefinder camera in November 1933. The laboratory was located in a room of an elegant three-story apartment (Takekawaya Building), located in Roppongi, Azabu Ward (presently Minato Ward) in Tokyo. Yoshida, however, left the laboratory in the fall of l934 because the approach taken by the laboratory in producing cameras was no longer consistent with what he wanted to do.

Dreams for the Prototype Camera "Kwanon"

"The best submarine is the Igo.
The best airplane is the Model 92.
The best camera is the Kwanon.
They are all the best in the world."

This was the copy of a bold advertisement about "Kwanon," a prototype of the Japanese produced 35mm rangefinder camera that appeared in the June l934 issue of the Asahi Camera magazine.

The prototype camera was named "Kwanon" because Yoshida was a believer in "Kwannon, the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy." The camera's logo depicted a thousand-arm Kwannon Goddess, and even its lens was named "Kasyapa" which came from Mahakasyapa, a disciple of the Buddha.

A total of three Kwanon camera variations appeared in ads but the cameras were all either an illustration or wooden models, not actual products. In other words, the "Kwanon" was never actually put on the market. Although Yoshida testified that he had completed ten "Kwanon" cameras, no one had actually seen any one of them. There was a camera called the "Kwanon Model D," discovered in Osaka around l955, however, it was a copy of a "Leica Model II," and was not made by Yoshida. The manufacturer of the "Kwanon Model D" is still shrouded in mystery.

Nevertheless, the manufacture of the first Japanese high-end 35mm rangefinder camera resulted from the pride and the dream of an engineer who did not want to take a backseat to Germany, or any other western nation.

"Kwanon"

Release of "Hansa Canon (Standard Model)," the First Canon Camera

In spite of the intensive trial and efforts made to commercialize the "Kwanon" camera, Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory still had no prospects to procure lenses and rangefinders, essential components of a camera. After agonizing deliberations, the laboratory decided to elicit cooperation from Nippon Kogaku Kogyo (Japan Optical Industries, Inc., the predecessor of Nikon Corporation) to use their Nikkor lens.

The "Kasyapa" lens named by Yoshida

Nippon Kogaku, at that time, had already established its position as the largest optical equipment manufacturer in Japan with advanced manufacturing system specializing in military equipment. Since Saburo Uchida's brother, Ryonosuke Uchida, was once an auditor at Nippon Kogaku, Saburo Uchida was introduced to Toyotaro Hori, the executive vice president and the counsel of Nippon Kogaku. Those days, under Nippon Kogaku's policy to enter the civilian product market, Hori was in charge of studying non-military products. He was interested in the application of high-grade lenses for civilian use. The timing of the request for cooperation by Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory was perfect. Recognizing benefits on both sides, Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory and Nippon Kogaku came to an agreement to develop the "Hansa Canon (Standard Model with Nikkor 50mm f/3.5 lens)" with the full support of Nippon Kogaku. The first Canon camera under this joint development was introduced to the market in February l936 (although some have said that the actual date was October l935). In manufacturing the "Hansa Canon," Nippon Kogaku was responsible for the lens, the lens mount, the optical system of viewfinder and the rangefinder mechanism, while Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory was responsible for the main body including the focal-plane-shutter, the rangefinder cover as well as the assembly of the camera body.

"Hansa Canon (Standard Model)," Canon's first commercial camera

Later, the name of the "Kwanon" was changed to "Canon," which means "standard for judgement or biblical scriptures." "Canon," the new trademark for a precision industry company striving for precision as its motto, was born at this time.

When the "Hansa Canon" was released, the name of Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory was not included. Since the company did not have any sales channels, it had previously concluded an exclusive sales and trademark display agreement with Omiya Shashin Yohin Co., Ltd. (Omiya camera and accessory shop). "Hansa" was the trademark of Omiya, and was originated from the Hansa Treaty among the trade unions of Europe during the middle ages.

In June l936, Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory moved to Meguro Ward, and changed its name, to reflect the general nationalistic mood prevailing throughout the country at the time, to Japan Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory. The first time that the new company name appeared in the public media was in an advertisement for the "Hansa Canon" in the August l936 issue of the Asahi Camera.