ACADEMY OF KNOWLEDGE

Welcome to blog again

2011-10-19T21:06:00.000-07:00

Asslam alikom dear friends we have been come back with new freshness.

WHAT IS ARITHMETIC OPERATOR

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OPERATOR
Operators are the symbols that are used to perform certain operation on data. C provides a variety of operators. Different types of operators in C are as follows:

Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators
Compound Assignment Operators

Keyboard:

2010-12-14T21:05:00.000-08:00

KEYBOARD
Keyboard is a device that converts letters, numbers, and other characters into electrical signals that are machine readable by the computer processor. The keyboard may look like a type writer keyboard to which some special keys have been added. Keyboard has 3 categories.
1. Alphabet keys (A,B,C..Z, a,b,c.....z)
2. Numeric Keys (1,2,3,4,5....10)
3. Special Keys (F1,F2,.....F12, Alt, Ctrl, Shift, Tab, Capslock, enter...etc).
The standard keyboard has 101 buttons on it and now there are 104,106,110 keyboards are available in the market.

C LANGUAGE

2010-12-13T00:34:00.000-08:00

KEYWORDS IN C LANGUAGE
Keywords have predefined meaning and purpose. The meaning and purpose of a keyword is defined by the developer of the language. It cannot be changed or redefined by the use. Keyword can be used for the same purpose for which it is defined. Keywords are also known as reserved words. There are different types of keywords in C language. The total number of keywords is 32.

FOUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER

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INPUT DEVICES
Input devices consist of hardware that translate data into a from the computer can process. The people readable form my be words like the ones in these sentences, but the computer readable form consists of 0's and 1's or off and on electrical signals. Input hardware devices are categorized as three types.
1. Keyboard 2. Pointing devices 3. Source data entry devices.

C Language

2010-12-11T00:20:00.000-08:00

IDENTIFIER?

The Identifier are the names used to represent variable, constants, types, functions and labels in the program. An identifier in C may consist of 31 characters. If the identifier long than 31 characters, the remain character will be ignored by the C compiler.

RULES FOR IDENTIFIER

Some-important rules for identifier name are as follows.

The first character must be an alphabet or underscore (_).
The identifier name must consist of only alphabetic characters, digits, or underscores.
The reserved word cannot be used as identifier name.

TYPES OF IDENTIFIERS
There are two types of identifiers in C language.
i) Standard Identifiers
ii) User-defined Identifiers

CPU

2010-12-10T21:10:00.000-08:00

CPU
The CUP (Central Processing Unit) the "brain" of the computer follows the instruction of the software to manipulate data into information. The CPU consists of two parts
i) The Control Unit
ii) The Arithmetic Logic Unit.
The two components are connected by a kind of electric "roadway" called a bus.
THE CONTROL UNIT
The control unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program instructions. It directs the movement of electronic signals between the main memory and the arithmetic / logic unit. Its also directs these electronic signals between main memory and the input and output devices.
THE ARITHMETIC / LOGIC UNIT
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic operations and logic operations and control the speed of those operations. In simple words the arithmetic unit performs the simple mathematical functions like Division, Multiplication, addition and subtraction.
The logical operations are the comparisons between two things e.g. >,<,=or not =. The speed of the CPU is expressed in MHz. The latest CPU, which is available in the market is 2GB manufactured by Intel and AMD (the two largest companies of processors).

COMPUTER BUS:

2010-12-09T21:38:00.000-08:00

COMPUTER BUS
A bus line, or simple bus, is an electrical pathway through which bits are transmitted within the CPU and between the CPU and other devices in the system units. There are different types of buses e.g. address bus, control bus, data bu, but for our purposes the most important is the expansion bus, which carries data between RAM and the expansion slots. to obtain faster performance Some users will use a bus that avoids RAM altogether. A bus that connects expansion slots directly to the CPU is called a local bus.

TYPE OF ERROR IN C LANGUAGE (C Language)

2010-12-09T21:33:00.000-08:00

There are three type of the error occur in C language
1. Syntax Error
2. Logical Errors
3. Run Time Error

SYNTAX ERROR
Rules for writing c program is called syntax. All the c statement written according to these rules. Syntax error occur when an invalid statement is written in program. The compiler detects syntax errors and display error message to describe the cause of error. A program containing syntax errors cannot be complied successfully.
LOGICAL ERRORS
Poor Logic of the programmer is create logical error. If programmer writes a wrong formula to calculate the result, it is an example of logical error.
RUN-TIME ERRORS
It's type of error occurs when a statement directs the computer to execute an illegal operation such as dividing a number by zero.

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C LANGUAGE (Second year)

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DEFINE A BUG AND DEBUGGING.
A error in a computer program is know as bug. The programmer can make different errors while writing programs. A program cannot be complied if it contains any syntax error. The compiler detects errors and displays errors message to describe the cause of error.
The errors mus be removed from the program before it can be compiled and executed. The process of finding and removing bugs is known as debugging.

COMPUTER CLOCK (First Year)

2010-12-08T20:12:00.000-08:00

COMPUTER CLOCK
All operations inside the CPU are perfectly timed.A basic operation will take exactly the same time, whether it is done now or later, whether it is done once of repeated millions of times. The timing is controlled by an electronic clock, which emits millions of equally spaced electric pulses each second. The speed of processing depends on the speed of this clock, which is measured megahertz (million times per second). Clock speeds of PCs range from 8 to 25Mhz.

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DARSE QURAN

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Necessary steps to prepare a C Program

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CREATING AND EDITING A C PROGRAM:
The first step is to create and edit a new program. It includes writing, modifying and deleting program statements. This process is performed by using text editor like Note Pad, wordpad etc. Most compliers provide a text editor for writing code of C programs.
SAVING A C PROGRAM:
The process of storing the program on disk is known as Saving. A program should be saved on disk to be used repeatedly. The C program is saved with .c extension.
COMPILING A C PROGRAM:
The process of converting source program into object program is known as compiling. The program saved with .c extension contains the statement of C language. It is known as source program. The source program cannot be executed by computer directly. A compiler converts the source program into object program and saves it in a separate file. The object program is saved with .obj extension. The source program cannot be compiled if it contains any syntax error. The compiler generates error message to describe the cause of error. All error mus be removed to successfully compile a source program.
LINKING A C PROGRAM:
The process of linking library files with object program is known as linking. These files are used to accomplish different tasks such as input / output. A library file must be linked with the object file before execution of program. A program that combines the object program with additional library files is known as linker. It is part of C++ compiler. The linker generates error message if the library file does not exist. A new file is created with .exe extension if the process of linking is successful. This file is known as executable file and can be executed by the computer directly.
LOADING A C PROGRAM:
In this step, the loader loads the executable file into the memory for execution. A program must be loaded in the memory in order to execute it. A program that places an executable file in the memory is known as loader.
EXECUTING A C PROGRAM:
The process of running a executable file is known as executing. The C++ program can be execuated after compiling and linking. In this last step, the program is executed. The instructions written in the program are executed by the computer.