A new reference work by Paul Newman has been uploaded as a Miscellaneous Publication on the Mega-Chad site:

NEWMAN, 2013. ‘The Chadic Language Family: Classification and Name Index’. Mega-Chad Research Network : Electronic Publication, 11p.  It is available in PDF format.

Abstract: Due to the pioneering works of Lukas, Greenberg, Newman & Ma, and Hoffmann, beginning some 75 years ago, the basic classificatory framework for Chadic languages is now well established. The present paper provides a conservative, trustworthy classification of  the Chadic family as we now know it drawing on the latest knowledge available. The structure is that of a family with four major branches (I. West, II. Biu-Mandara, III. East, and IV. Masa), subclassified further into sub-branches, groups, and subgroups.

The classification itself is accompanied by a name index that permits the user to determine quickly the classificatory status of any language. Because of the vagaries of nomenclature covering long periods of time and reflecting linguistic, scholarly, and administrative traditions extending over large areas and multiple countries, more than 400 names have been found that refer to the 170 or so Chadic languages that we know of. The index thus also functions as a guide through the maze of confusing names by linking alternative names to the primary terms of reference adopted in the classification.

The author welcomes comments, corrections, and additions. You can also address email to pnxxpn at indiana.edu.

Two related working papers are also available online from the same author: “Classification and description of the Chadic languages of the Guéra (East Chadic B)“  and “The Dialects of Baraïn (East Chadic).“

Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics (Grafik: Koeppe-Verlag)

The Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 17-21 August 2009 have just appeared at Koeppe-Verlag (Cologne) in the series “World Congress of African Linguistics“. The volume has about 650 pages and costs € 98,00.

A few of the articles deal with topics related to Chadic and Afroasiatic research, e.g.

Zygmunt Frajzyngier:
Coding relations between the verb and noun phrases in Afroasiatic – A sketch of typological explanations

Richard Gravina:
Vowels, consonants and prosody in two Central Chadic languages

Check what else is in the book

The present issue includes lexical material of some more languages (as compared to issue III): Marba, Ham, Lew, Musey (CCh, masa gr.), Buwal (CCh, dabagr.), Baka (CCh, mafagr), dialects of Barain (ECh, sokoro gr.).

“Chadic Lexical Database”  is a project run by Olga Stolbova at the Institute of Oriental Studies in Moscow. The main goal of the project is to arrange the greater part of Chadic lexical data so far collected in kind of preliminary etymological entries. The project was presented in Prague, 2003.

Three more issues are available:

• Chadic  Lexical Database Issue I: Letters L, N, NY, R. Moscow-Kaluga 2005
• Chadic  Lexical Database Issue II: Lateral fricatives. Moscow-Kaluga 2007
• Chadic  Lexical Database Issue III: Sibilants and sibilant affricates, 2009.

 Roger Blench

A workshop was held in Jos, 20-21^st April, 2012, to bring together speakers of West Chadic languages, especially those concerned with either developed or potential orthographies. In practice, most of the languages represented were A3 languages. Speakers of the following languages attended;

• Ngas
• Mwaghavul
• Mupun
• Takas
• Chakfem
• Mushere
• Goemai
• Ywom
• Geji

As well as a survey team from Language Development Facilitators, staff of TCNN and a deputation from the Department of Linguistics, Nassarawa State University were also in attendance. More details of the programme are on the attached pdf. The workshop was used as an opportunity to record basic sociolinguistic and lexical data for lesser-known languages, including Ywom, Takas, Mushere and Cakfem. Video interviews with speakers were also recorded to introduce the languages and to make a plea for outside assistance with language development. These will be posted on Roger Blench’s YouTube page shortly.

Broadly speaking, the following important points emerged;

1. Even languages with long established written traditions, such as Ngas and Goemai, are having problems with reading. Brief descriptions of their orthographies make it clear why this should be so; orthographic conventions are over-complex and difficult to teach. A newly-written language such as Mushere has no consistent orthography at all.

2. Mwaghavul is gradually adapting its written conventions to take into account modern insights into its phonology and morphology.

3. No languages currently mark tone, despite the abundance of homophones and homographs, and this is becoming an increasing problem for readers. Only ad hoc solutions are being adopted at present, including the really bad one of using unnatural forms to make sentences unambiguous.

4. The literature, such as it is, has been really unclear on the linguistic status of languages such as Mupun and Takas, but they tend to be treated as Mwaghavul dialects. However, it turns out that all the early evangelism in this area was conducted in Mwaghavul, and it was thus learnt by an older generation. So reports of inter-intelligibility may well have been exaggerated. Once the data has been transcribed, it will be made available on the internet to begin resolving these questions.

5. Mushere turns out to be highly complex. There are at least two sharply distinct dialects, and Kadim, which although previously listed as a dialect, is completely incomprehensible and may not even be a Chadic language. Survey work on Kadim will try and resolve this issue.

6. The distinctiveness of Ywom may well be the result of long-term interaction with Tarok,  and that underlyingly it is a well-behaved A3 language. A Reading and Writing book was published for Ywom late 2011, indicating the presence of labial velars, gb and kp, as well as three central vowels.

7. Mwaghavul is reported to have a ritual language for speaking about the njii, spirits, now known only to a small group of elders. Further work is in hand to document this; similar parallel languages may exist for other A3 languages.

The way forward

It was generally agreed that much more work is required on linguistic analysis and the development of orthographies that are easier to read and more consistent. It is clear that literacy committees, which often have appointees present because of their status rather than their interest in literacy, can represent a block to language development. Speakers (I hope) went away with a new resolve to try and renew interest in developing practical systems of reading and writing. At the same time, it was clear that much more descriptive linguistics is required to analyse unusual sounds, and in particular to determine the status of individual languages.

A second West Chadic Languages Workshop is planned for two years hence, and we hope to invite speakers of barely documented languages such as Jorto, Pyapun and Tal, as well as reporting on progress in the present languages.

Sponsors

The Workshop was sponsored by Kay Williamson Educational Foundation, and assisted with facilities by Language Development Facilitators, Nigeria. The organisers were Roger Blench and Nathaniel Daapiya.

> West Chadic Language Workshop Programme April 2012 (PDF, 24 kB)

This initial Version 01 is presented in PDF format only. The goal in the future is to make the bibliography available in database format as well. Scholars using the bibliography will have the opportunity to contribute to its completeness and accuracy by submitting additions and corrections to be incorporated in subsequent editions.