Chemical compounds....

Boiling points of some common solvents

2012-12-28T08:54:00.000-08:00

Electrochemical Series : An easy way to remember

2012-12-28T08:41:00.000-08:00

Electronegativities of the elements

2012-09-15T08:02:00.000-07:00

IUPAC ans Trivial names of some of the common Carboxylic acids

2012-09-15T07:19:00.000-07:00

"Old MacDonald Named a Compound: Branched Enynenynols

2012-08-31T10:53:00.000-07:00

"Old MacDonald Named a Compound: Branched Enynenynols" that was originally published in the J. Chem. Ed. 74 (1997) 782, about what would happen if 'Old MacDonald' were a chemist, and made molecules that have the shapes of animals

Cyclosarin

2012-06-24T03:34:00.000-07:00

GF
Cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate Methyl cyclohexylfluorophosphonate Phosphonofluoridic acid, methyl-, cyclohexyl ester Cyclosarin CMPF Cyclosin
Formula	C₇H₁₄FO₂P
Structure
Uses	Chemical warfare agent. Organophosphorus nerve agent. Cholinesterase inhibitor.

Registry Numbers and Inventories.
CAS	329-99-7
NIH PubChem CID	64505
RTECS	TA8225000
RTECS class	Other
Beilstein/Gmelin	2327087

Properties.
Formula	C7H14FO2P
Formula mass	180.16
Boiling point, °C	237
Vapor pressure, mm_Hg	0.07 (25 C)
Solubility in water	Slightly soluble
Refractive index	1.433 (25 C)
Partition coefficient, pK_ow	1.50
Heat of vaporization	45.5

Mustard Gas

2012-06-24T03:32:00.002-07:00

Mustard Gas
Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide 1,1'-Thiobis[2-chloroethane] HD 1-Chloro-2-(2-chloroethylsulfanyl)ethane Sulfur mustard gas Yellow cross liquid
Formula	(ClCH₂CH₂)₂S
Structure
Description	Mustard gas is a clear amber colored oily liquid with a faint odor of mustard.
Uses	Vesicant in chemical warfare, model compound in biological studies on alkylating agents.

Registry Numbers and Inventories.
CAS	505-60-2
NIH PubChem CID	10461
RTECS	WQ0900000
RTECS class	Tumorigen; Mutagen; Reproductive Effector; Human Data; Primary Irritant
UN (DOT)	2810
Merck	12,6395
Beilstein/Gmelin	1733595
Beilstein Reference	4-01-00-01407
Swiss Giftliste 1	G-1526
Canada DSL/NDSL	NDSL
US TSCA	Listed

Properties.
Formula	C4H8Cl2S
Formula mass	159.08
Melting point, °C	0
Boiling point, °C	215
Vapor pressure, mm_Hg	0.072 (25 C)
Vapor density (air=1)	5.4
Odor threshold	1.30X10-3 mg/L
Density	1.285 g/cm3 (15 C)
Solubility in water	Insoluble
Viscosity	105.53 cp (15 C)
Surface tension	42.5 g/s2 (25 C)
Refractive index	1.5278 (15 C)
Heat of fusion	16.6 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	53.28 kJ/mol

Soman

2012-06-24T02:33:00.000-07:00

GD (NATO military designation) 1,2,2-Trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate 3-(Fluoro-methylphosphoryl)oxy-2,2-dimethylbutane Zoman
Formula	C₇H₁₆FO₂P
Structure
Description	Colorless liquid. Odorless.
Uses	Chemical warfare agent. G series nerve agent.

Registry Numbers and Inventories.
CAS	96-64-0
NIH PubChem CID	7305
RTECS	TA8750000
RTECS class	Drug; Mutagen; Human Data
UN (DOT)	2810
Merck	12,8860
Beilstein/Gmelin	1928737
Swiss Giftliste 1	G-1636

Properties.
Formula	C7H16FO2P
Formula mass	182.18
Melting point, °C	-42
Boiling point, °C	167
Vapor pressure, mm_Hg	0.44 (25 C)
Vapor density (air=1)	6
Density	1.022 g/cm3
Solubility in water	2.1 g/L
Partition coefficient, pK_ow	1.778
Heat of vaporization	42.0 kJ/mol

Hazards and Protection.
Storage	Keep in a cool, dry, dark location in a tightly sealed container or cylinder. Keep away from incompatible materials, ignition sources and untrained individuals. Secure and label area. Protect containers/cylinders from physical damage.
Handling	All chemicals should be considered hazardous. Avoid direct physical contact. Use appropriate, approved safety equipment. Untrained individuals should not handle this chemical or its container. Handling should occur in a chemical fume hood.
Protection	Wear appropriate protective gloves, clothing and goggles.
Respirators	Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Small spills/leaks	ELIMINATE all ignition sources. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
Stability	No data.
Incompatibilities	Most of the G series nerve agents decompose slowly in water. Raising the pH increases the rate of decomposition significantly. Reaction with dry bleach may produce toxic gases.
Decomposition	When heated to decomposition, can emit highly toxic fumes of phosphorus oxides.

Fire.
Flash Point,°C		75
Fire fighting		Small Fires: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide or water spray. Large Fires: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
Fire potential		Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
Hazards		When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards.
Combustion products		Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

Health.
Poison_Class	1
Exposure effects	Effects from vapor exposure begin to appear 30 seconds to 2 minutes after exposure. For liquids, there is almost always a latent period with no visible effects between the time of exposure and the onset of symptoms. Effects from liquid exposure begin to appear from several minutes up to 18 hours after exposure. Onset of symptoms from exposure to large amounts of liquid agent may appear as rapidly as I minute after exposure. Generally, the more rapid the onset of symptoms, the larger the amount of agent involved in the exposure.
Ingestion	See Inhalation.
Inhalation	TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Skin	Sweating is a common muscarinic effect of nerve agent exposure.
Eyes	Constriction of the pupil, tearing, and blurred or dim vision are common clinical findings. Occasionally prolonged dialation of the pupils may occur in severe poisonings. Excessive salivation commonly occurs.
First aid
Ingestion	Seek medical assistance.
Inhalation	Nerve agent vapors are heavier than air, which means that they will sink into low terrain and basements. Monitor ecg and adequacy of respirations and ventilation; supplemental oxygenation, frequent suctioning of secretions, endotracheal intubation, and assisted ventilation may be required.
Skin	Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. Immediately flush with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Eyes	Immediately flush with running water for at least 20 minutes.

Transportation.
UN number	2810
Response guide	153
Hazard class	6.1
PRTC	T
Packing Group	I; II; III

Sarin

2012-06-24T02:28:00.000-07:00

GB (NATO military designation) Isopropoxymethylphosphoryl fluoride Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate 2-(Fluoro-methylphosphoryl)oxypropane
Formula	C₄H₁₀FO₂P
Structure
Description	A colorless liquid. Almost no odor in pure state.
Uses	Chemical warfare agent. G series nerve agent.

Registry Numbers and Inventories.
CAS	107-44-8
NIH PubChem CID	7871
RTECS	TA8400000
RTECS class	Drug; Human Data
UN (DOT)	2810
Merck	12,8520
Beilstein/Gmelin	1750114
Beilstein Reference	4-04-00-03507
EPA OPP	605701
Swiss Giftliste 1	G-4617
Canada DSL/NDSL	NDSL
US TSCA	Listed

Properties.
Formula	C4H10FO2P
Formula mass	140.09
Melting point, °C	-57.2
Boiling point, °C	147
Vapor pressure, mm_Hg	5.7 (25 C)
Vapor density (air=1)	4.86
Density	1.1 g/cm3 (20 C)
Solubility in water	Very soluble
Partition coefficient, pK_ow	0.32
Heat of vaporization	36.8 kJ/mol

Hazards and Protection.
Storage	Keep in a cool, dry, dark location in a tightly sealed container or cylinder. Keep away from incompatible materials, ignition sources and untrained individuals. Secure and label area. Protect containers/cylinders from physical damage.
Handling	All chemicals should be considered hazardous. Avoid direct physical contact. Use appropriate, approved safety equipment. Untrained individuals should not handle this chemical or its container. Handling should occur in a chemical fume hood.
Protection	Wear appropriate protective gloves, clothing and goggles.
Respirators	Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Small spills/leaks	Rapidly hydrolyzed by dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate forming relatively non-toxic products. Water alone removes the fluorine atom producing a non-toxic acid. Decontaminants include bleach slurry, dilute alkali, hot soapy water, steam and ammonia.
Stability	Unstable in the presence of water. Fairly stable in steel containers at 65 C. Stability improves with increasing purity.
Incompatibilities	Corrosive to steel.

Fire.
Flash Point,°C		42
Fire fighting		Protective clothing and respiratory protection.Extinguish with foam, carbon dioxide, and dry chemical
Fire potential		Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.
Hazards		Non-flammable. Acidic conditions produce hydrogen fluoride; alkaline conditions produce isopropyl alcohol and polymers. When heated to decomposition or reacted with steam, it emits very toxic fumes of fluorides and oxides of phosphorus. Slightly corrosive to steel. Hydrolyzed by water.
Combustion products		Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

Health.
Poison_Class	1
Exposure effects	Effects from vapor exposure begin to appear 30 seconds to 2 minutes after exposure. With liquids, there is almost always a latent period with no visible effects between the time of exposure and the onset of symptoms. Effects from liquid exposure begin to appear from several minutes up to 18 hours after exposure. Onset of symptoms from exposure to large amounts of liquid agent may appear as rapidly as 1 minute after exposure. Generally, the more rapid the onset of symptoms, the larger the amount of agent involved in the exposure.
Ingestion	See Inhalation.
Inhalation	TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Skin	The symptoms in normal order of appearance are running nose; tightness of chest; dimness of vision and pinpointing of the eye pupils (myosis); difficulty in breathing; drooling and excessive sweating; nausea, vomiting; cramps and involuntary defecation or urination; twitching, jerking, and staggering; and headache, confusion, drowsiness, coma, and convulsion. These symptoms are followed by cessation of breathing and death.
Eyes	Constriction of the pupil, tearing, and blurred or dim vision are common clinical findings. Occasionally prolonged dialation of the pupils may occur in severe poisonings. Excessive salivation commonly occurs.
First aid
Ingestion	Seek medical assistance.
Inhalation	Nerve agent vapors are heavier than air, which means that they will sink into low terrain and basements. Monitor ecg and adequacy of respirations and ventilation; supplemental oxygenation, frequent suctioning of secretions, endotracheal intubation, and assisted ventilation may be required.
Skin	Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. Immediately flush with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.
Eyes	Immediately flush with running water for at least 20 minutes.

Transportation.
UN number	2810
Response guide	153
Hazard class	6.1
PRTC	T
Packing Group	I; II; III
USCG CHRIS Code	SIN

Ethyl bromoacetate

2012-06-20T10:48:00.001-07:00

Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.

Formula : C 4 H 7 BrO 2 Molec ular Weight : 167,00 g/mol
Appearance Form: clear, liquid Colour: dark brown
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 159 °C - lit.
Flash point 47 °C - closed cup

Vapour pres sure 3,5 hPa at 25 °C
Vapour density 5,77 - (Air = 1.0)
Relative density 1,506 g/mL at 25 °C
Water solubility insoluble
Partition coefficient: n- octanol/water log Pow: 1,12

Methyl bromoacetate

2012-06-20T10:07:00.000-07:00

Saftey caution :-

Toxic if swallowed.
Causes s evere skin burns and eye damage.
May c ause respiratory irritation

Formula : C 3 H 5 BrO 2 Molec ular Weight : 152,97 g/mol
Appearance Form: clear, liquid
Colour: light yellow

Initial boiling point and boiling range 51 - 52 °C at 20 hPa - lit.
Flash point 64 °C - closed cup
Relative density 1,616 g/mL at 25 °C

How to calculate .....

2012-05-04T00:06:00.002-07:00

To calculate molarity :

To calculate parts per million:

To calculate milligrams per liter:

To calculate percent concentration:

Conversions between types of concentration:

1 mg/L = 1 ppm

1,000,000 ppm = 100%

1,000,000 mg/L = 100%

To calculate dilutions:

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

Pioglitazone

2012-05-03T07:24:00.001-07:00

An antidiabetic drug

Troglitazone

2012-04-21T09:42:00.001-07:00

It is an antidiabetic drug.

Atenolol

2012-04-21T09:27:00.002-07:00

Used in the Heart disease treatment

Enalapril

2012-04-21T09:24:00.001-07:00

Used in the treatment of the Heart Disease.

Diazepam

2012-04-21T08:42:00.002-07:00

Valium is a sedative and muscle relaxant used in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and sei- zures

Amoxycilin

2012-04-21T08:37:00.000-07:00

Carbon- Carbon Bond lengths in Alkane, Alkenes and Alkynes

2012-04-21T08:21:00.001-07:00

Ibuprofen

2012-04-21T08:14:00.002-07:00

Advil or motrin

Amiton

2012-04-19T10:05:00.002-07:00

Nerve Agent: O,O-Diethyl S-(2-diethylaminoethyl) thiophosphate

Nerve agent - 230A, [[(2-chloroethoxy)fluorohydroxyphosphinyl]oxy] carbonimidic chloride fluoride

2012-04-19T09:56:00.000-07:00

Vitamin B2 (riboﬂavin)

2012-04-12T09:26:00.002-07:00

Water-soluble vitamin
Have an isoalloxazine ring
Available in foods, including liver, kidney, dairy products, eggs, meat, and fresh vegetables.
Yeast is a particularly rich source.
It is stable in acid solution, not decomposed during cooking, but is sensitive to light.
Its other name is Riboﬂavin.

Jonathan Clayden, Stuart Warren, Greeves, Wothers - Organic Chemistry

2012-03-23T08:29:00.001-07:00

Click Here To Download

Designing Organic Synthesis_Synthon approach Warren Stuart

2012-03-23T08:11:00.000-07:00

Designing in organic synthesis