Chemistry for Life

ULANGAN AKHIR SEMESTER 2 TAHUN 2009/2010 SUDAH DI AMBANG PINTU

2010-05-31T00:00:00.000-07:00

Ulangan Kenaikan Kelas (Ulangan Akhir Semester 2) sudah di ambang pintu. Bagi kelas X sebentar lagi kenaikan kelas ke kelas XI serta penjurusan program, sedangkan bagi kelas XI kenaikan ke kelas XII.

Langkah terpenting untuk mempersiapkan diri dalam menempuh tes tersebut adalah dengan berlatih semaksimal mungkin. Bagi anda yang ingin mendapatkan paket soal untuk latihan, silahkan download di sini

Impact of Air Pollution by Sulfur Oxide (Sox)

2009-12-29T00:39:00.000-08:00

Source :
http://www.chem-is-try.org/artikel_kimia/kimia_lingkungan/dampak-pencemaran-udara-oleh-belerang-oksida-sox/

Keywords: sulfur oxides, corrosive
Written by Edy Saputra Yoky on 15-10-2009

pollutants-sulfur oxides or belerangGas often written with the Sox made up of gases SO2 and SO3 gases that they both have different qualities. Strong-smelling gas SO2 and non-flammable, whereas SO3 gas is highly reactive. SO3 gas easily reacts with the water vapor in the air to form sulfuric acid or H2SO4. Sulfuric acid is highly reactive, easy to react (to eat) other objects that cause damage, such as perkaratan process (corrosion) and other chemical processes.

Sox have a characteristic strong smell, are corrosive (causes rust), toxic because it is always in the oxygen to reach the stability of gas phasa. Sox cause respiratory system disorders, if the level of 400-500 ppm would be very dangerous, 8-12 ppm cause eye irritation, smelly 3-5 ppm.

SO2 gas concentrations in the air will begin to be detected by human senses (smell the smell) when kensentrasinya ranged from 0.3 to 1 ppm. So in this case is the dominant gas SO2. However, the gas will be met with existing oxygen in the air and then SO3 gas formed through the following reaction:

2SO2 + O2 (air) -> 2SO3

The use of coal as a fuel in some industrial activities such as those in Western European countries and the United States, causing the gas levels in the air increases Sox. The reaction between gases Sox with water vapor in the air to form sulfuric acid and acid sulfite. If the sulfuric acid and acid sulfite down to earth with the fall of rain, there was what is known or denagn Acid Rain acid rain. Acid rain is very harmful because it can damage crops and soil fertility. In some industrialized countries, has a lot of acid rain became a very serious problem because it is damaging. The forest bare by the fall of acid rain will cause more severe environment.

Sox air pollution mainly comes from the use of new coal used in industrial activities, transportation, and so forth. Sulfur in the form of mineral coal iron peritis or FeS2 and can also form metal sulfide minerals such as PBS, HgS, ZnS, CuFeS2 and Cu2S. In the process of iron and steel industry (metal furnace) generated a lot of Sox because the minerals are bound metals in the form of many sulfide. In the process of melting metal sulfide converted into metal oxide. This process also eliminates sulfur and metals because of the sulfur content of the metal impurities. At high temperature metal sulfide easy dioxide into metal oxides through the following reaction:

2ZnS + 3O2 -> 2SO2 + 2ZnO

2PbS + 3O2 -> 2SO2 + 2PbO

Besides depending on the solution used coal as fuel, gas distribution Sox, into the environment also tergnatung drai meteorological conditions and local geography. Air humidity also affects the speed of change in the Sox into sulfuric acid and acid sulfite which will gather together the cloud that would eventually fall as acid rain. Acid rain is causing damage to forests in Europe (especially in Germany) because many industries of iron and steel smelting involving the use of coal or oil in the country.
Sources and exposure patterns

Although natural sources (volcanic or geothermal) may be present in some places, anthropogenic sources, the burning of fossil fuels containing sulfur, dominate the urban areas. These include:

* Source of basic (power plants, factories burning, mining and metal processing)
* Source regions (domestic and district heating)
* Source mobile (diesel engine)

Paparandan duration patterns often show regional differences and a significant season, depending on the dominant source and distribution space, the weather and the spread. At high concentrations, which lasted for several days during winter, the winter months which is stable when the spread is limited, still occurs in many parts of the world where coal is used for the heating. Sources usually dominate the area on several occasions, results in a homogeneous pattern of concentration and exposure / opening.

In contrast, the distance events, a short time from minutes to hours may occur as a result of fumigation, dissemination or direction of the wind from the primary source. The results of exposure patterns vary substantially, depending on the altitude emissions, and weather conditions. Variable while the ambient concentrations are often high in certain circumstances, particularly for local sources.

Impact of Pollution by Sulfur Oxide (Sox)

Most of the gas pollution by sulfur oxides (SOX) comes from burning fossil fuels, especially coal. The presence of water vapor in the air will result in the formation reaction of sulfuric acid and acid sulfite. His reaction is as follows:

SO2 + H2O -> H2SO3

SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4

If the sulfuric acid and acid sulfite is joined in the air condenses and then falls together so that rain water in the form of acid rain pollution can not be avoided anymore. This acid rain can damage crops, with the exception of forest plants. This forest destruction will result in the erosion of fertile soil layers.

Although the concentration of gas dispersed Sox to a low-yield environment, but if the contact time of the plant long enough damage to plants can occur. Concentration of about 0.5 ppm was able to wet the plants, even more so when the concentration of the Sox in the air environment can be seen from the emergence of spots on the leaf surface. If a long exposure time, then it will fall leaves. This will result in decreased plant productivity.

Polluted air has caused human Sox will experience a disruption in pernapasaannya system. This is because the gas is easily Sox became the acid attacks the mucous membranes in the nose, throat and other respiratory tract to the lungs. Sox gas attack that causes irritation of the affected body part.
SO2 layer and the dangers to health

SO2 has a strong influence on the health of acute and chronic. in the form of gas, SO2 can irritate the respiratory system; at high exposure (short time) affects lung function.

SO2 is a by-product H2SO4 affecting the respiratory system. Compounds, consisting of ammonium salts polinuklir or organosulfat, affect the alveoli, and as a soluble chemicals, they passed through the mucus membrane lining of the respiratory system in living organisms.

Particulate aerosols formed by gas to particle formation was found to join with the many health effects.

Globally, the sulfur compounds in a large amount into the atmosphere through human activity around 100 million metric tons of sulfur each year, primarily as a SO2 from burning coal and gas combustion exhaust gases. Large amount of sulfur compounds are also produced by volcanic activity in the form of H2S, the reform process organic materials, and biological sulfate reduction. The amount generated by these biological processes may exceed 1 million metric tons per year H2S.

Some of H2S that reaches the atmosphere quickly changed to SO2 via the reaction:

H2S + 3 / 2 O2 SO2 + H2O

reaction starts from the release of hydrogen ions by hydroxyl radicals,

HO-H2S + HS-+ H2O

which then continued with the following reaction to produce SO2

HS-+ O2 + HO-SO

SO2 + O2 SO + O

Almost half of the sulfur contained in coal in the form pyrit, FeS2, and the other half in the form of organic sulfur. Sulfur dioxide is produced by changes pyrit through the following reaction:

4FeS2 + 11O2 2 Fe2O3 + 8 SO2

Basically, all the sulfur that enters the atmosphere changed in the form of SO2 and only 1% or 2% only as SO2

Although SO2 is produced by human activities is only a small part of the SO2 is diatmosfer, but the effect is very serious because of SO2 can be directly toxic to the surrounding creatures. SO2 is diatmosfer tract irritants pernapasandan increase mucus secretion. People who have weak breathing very sensitive to high SO2 content diatmosfer. With the concentration of 500 ppm, SO2 can cause death in humans.

High enough pollution by SO2 has caused serious havoc. As happened in the valley Nerse Belgium in 1930, SO2 levels reach 38 ppm in the air and cause acute toxicity. During this period caused the death of 60 people and cattle.

Sulfur dioxide is also harmful to plants. The existence of this gas at high concentrations can kill the leaf tissue. edge of the leaf and the area between the bones of damaged leaves. Chronic SO2 causes khlorosis. Iniakan crop damage worsened with the increase of air humidity. SO2 in the air will turn into sulfuric acid. Therefore, the regions with the pollution by SO2 is high enough, the plants will be damaged by sulfuric acid aerosols.

Damage was also experienced by the building materials such as limestone, marble, dolomite will be destroyed by the SO2 from the air. The effect of this damage will appear in his appearance, structural integrity, and age of the building.

Artificial Enzymes For Industrial Process The Environmental Friendly

2009-12-29T00:29:00.000-08:00

Source : http://www.chem-is-try.org/artikel_kimia/biokimia/artifisial-enzim-untuk-proses-industri-yang-ramah-lingkungan/

Key words: artificial enzyme, enzymes, industrial enzymes, enzyme catalysts
Written by Indygo Morie on 04-11-2009

310px-Artificial_enzymeProses industry that often cause environmental pollution such as the use of hazardous metal catalysts can be suppressed by using the enzyme, but unfortunately not many enzymes that can be used for the chemical industry. Until finally, a group of researchers from Copenhagen University chemistry department has successfully mempoduksi artificial enzyme that can directly be used for many applications.

With the group leader Professor Michael, Ph.D., and students Jeanette Bjerre and Thomas Hauch Fenger their memplubikasikan peneitian journal ChemBioChem (15/2009) with the title "" Aldehydes are oxidase Cyclodextrin mimics ".

Artificial enzymes for which no natural (not used)

Artificial enzymes are enzymes that are not as we know that there is in nature in general, this type of enzyme has differences with the other enzymes that have a catalytic power very Cleaner, and easy to produce. Researchers from Copenhagen laboratory was the first to create artificial enzyme that can accelerate the process of oxidation in the presence of simple molecules acid peroxide H2O2.

As we have seen that the oxidation process is the basis of various chemical industrial processes, from the paint industry and pharmaceutical industry. However, traditional oxidant known negative impact on the environment if not managed properly. This enzyme is highly recommended to use and very suitable to replace the traditional oxidant. Given the artificial enzyme can be made for special needs and more importantly they can be operated at normal conditions. Unlike traditional oxidant which generally requires a high temperature, high pressure and corrosive environments.

New tool ready to wear

Because until now only found an enzyme in living things in the environment. However, both the industry and microorganisme share the same challenges, so that the industry seek shortcuts to use chemicals as a catalyst. Artificial enzyme found by researchers to alternative means of Copenhagen ready to chemists and sooner or later it will increase its use.

Natural enzymes to accelerate reactions generally about 1 million times more Concept. However, this enzyme artificially accelerate the reaction to 10,000 times. However, this is not a barrier Mikael Bols professor said.

"We have developed this material since 2000. When we were successful with the creation of the first enzyme, which only accelerated the reaction up to 25 times so we thought that was going to talk about it in here, "he said.

If artificial enzyme velocity equals the speed of natural enzymes will be more important use is to be applied in the pharmaceutical industry.

A Model Lesson Plan for Teaching Phonics

2009-12-20T23:47:00.001-08:00

Developments and Practices for the Objectives

By: Dr. Ann T. Licata

E. Developments and Practices for the Objectives: Plan (Input, Modeling - what you do to fulfill the objectives) Always start with the pupil's STRONG MODALITY

Objective #1

Given a list of words containing vowel sounds and four sets of phonograms depicting the /o/, the pupil will auditorily discriminate /o/ in the initial and medial positions of paired words by saying a key word and telling whether the beginning and medial sounds in the words sound the same or different for four out of four sets.

Development for Objective #1

The teacher will display a colorful visual stimulus depicting the beginning, middle, and end of a picture. The picture could be a snake with long eyelashes, a school bus, or train. The picture could be a drawing on the chalkboard or a poster. On the picture the teacher will label a B on the beginning of the picture, M on the middle of the picture, and E on the end of the picture. The direction of the labels will go from left to right. The teacher will think aloud and model as she pronounces four pairs of words which begin randomly with either the /o/, /a/, or /e/. As she pronounces the words, the teacher will articulate the individual sounds of the words and move under the drawing in synchronization with the pronouncing of the word. For example, as the word Ohio is pronounced, the teacher will stand under the beginning of the drawing when /o/ is said, move to the middle of the drawing when /hi/ is pronounced, and then move to the end of the drawing when /o/ is pronounced. The teacher will use her body to show how the sounds match to the three parts of the picture. The teacher will model the discrimination of one set of words. She will say, "I want to know if the following words begin the same way." She will say, the words oat and aloud. She will say, "I do not think they begin the same way."

Guided Practice for Objective #1

I will verbalize pairs of words containing the /o/ and other vowel sounds in the initial and medial positions. I will tell the pupil to nod his head if the words begin the same way. I will say the pairs of words Ohio, only; Oklahoma, about; only, every; over, ever. I will repeat Ohio and Oklahoma and ask the pupil to say the sound which comes in the beginning of the words. I will ask the pupil if he can tell me the letter for the sound and a word we can remember for the sound. (eg. /o/, o - Ohio)

I will say the following lists of words and ask the pupil to tell me where he hears the /o/. If the pupil cannot do this, I will provide help. hose, nose hole, pole tone, bone, joke, coke rose, those mole, whole cone, phone smoke, spoke

ZIRCONIUM

2009-12-20T22:42:00.000-08:00

John Emsley, University of Cambridge, takes you on a tour of the periodic table. In this issue: Wear it sparkling on your finger, zirconium is also key to nuclear energy

The name zirconium comes from the Arabic word zargun, which refers to zircon, a golden-hued gemstone known since Biblical times. In the Middle Ages colourless gemstones of zircon were thought to be an inferior kind of diamond, but that was shown to be wrong in 1789 by German chemist, Martin Klaproth (1743-1817), who analysed one and discovered the new element, zirconium.

Klaproth was unable to isolate the metal, this was achieved by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824. At the time chemists could find little use for zirconium or its chemical compounds, and so the element fell into obscurity for a century or more. Today artificial gems are made from zirconium oxide or 'cubic zirconia' and they sparkle with more brilliance than diamond though they are not as hard. What distinguishes them from real diamond is their higher density of 6.0 g cm^-3 compared with diamond's 3.52.

Cubic zirconia - a girl's best friend?

© Istockphoto

A star element

Zirconium is abundant in S-type stars in which heavier elements are formed by neutron capture. Traces of the element are also present in the Sun, and rock brought back from the moon was found to have a surprisingly high zirconium content.

Down here on Earth scientists have recently discovered that zircons from the Jack Hill region of Western Australia were around 4.4 billion years old and this together with their oxygen isotope ratio of O¹⁶/O¹⁸ suggested that they could only have been formed when there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth, which is nearly 500 million years earlier than previously assumed.

Today the element is widely used, as zircon (zirconium silicate), zirconium oxide and as the metal itself.

Zircon sand is use for foundry equipment - in the heat-resistant linings for furnaces and to make foundry moulds and giant ladles. Mixed with vanadium or praseodymium, zircon makes blue and yellow pigments for glazing pottery and tiles.

Zirconium oxide, with a melting point of 2715ºC , is used to make heat-resistant crucibles, ceramics and abrasives. A red-hot crucible made from ZrO₂ can be plunged into cold water without cracking. Zirconium oxide is stronger than toughened steel and is also used for knives, scissors and golf irons. The production of pure zirconium oxide is ca 25,000 tonnes per year, some of which goes into other products, including cosmetics, antiperspirants, food packaging, and even fake gems. The paper and packaging industry finds that zirconium oxide makes good surface coatings because it has excellent water resistance and strength, and is non-toxic.

Zirconium metal has an oxidised surface which is both hard and impervious to chemical attack, making it ideal not only for use in chemical plants but also for body implants such as hip replacement joints. In the 1940s scientists discovered that the metal was ideal for use inside nuclear reactors and nuclear submarines because it does not corrode at high temperatures, nor absorb neutrons to form radioactive isotopes. Today the nuclear industry buys almost all of the metal that is produced and some nuclear reactors have more than 100km of zirconium tubing. As mined, zirconium contains 1-3 per cent hafnium, which is chemically very similar, and though it is difficult to separate the two elements this has to be done if the metal is to be used in the nuclear industry because hafnium absorbs neutrons strongly.

A few other zirconium-based materials are worth a mention. Zirconium-aluminium alloy is used for top-of-the-range bicycle frames because this alloy combines strength and lightness; and zirconium-niobium alloy is superconducting below 35K (-238ºC) and thus conducts electricity with no loss of energy. Finally, zirconium tungstate (ZrW₂O₈) actually shrinks as you heat it, at least until it reaches 700ºC when it decomposes into ZrO₂ and WO₃.

Fact file

Atomic number: 40; atomic mass: 91.224; melting point: 1852°C. Zirconium is in Group 4 of the Periodic Table and is a metal that prefers oxidation state (IV), as in the oxide, ZrO₂ and the chloride ZrCl₄, but it can exhibit lower oxidation states such as ZrCl₂ and ZrCl₃. Zirconium does not dissolve in alkalis or acids except hydrofluoric acid. The chief ores are zircon (zirconium silicate, ZrSiO₄) and baddeleyite (zirconium oxide, ZrO₂). World production of zircon is around one million tonnes a year, though only around 1 per cent of this ends up as the metal.

The Elements

2009-12-20T22:33:00.000-08:00

John Emsley, University of Cambridge, takes you on a tour of the periodic table: Not just another form of silver, it's pure platinum

The use of platinum can be traced back to the ancient Egyptians and South Americans. News of the metal first reached Europe in 1726 when José Sánchez de la Torre y Armas, who was the assayer at the royal mint in Bogota, discovered that it was a new metal and not just a form of silver. Alluvial deposits in South America, and especially from the river Pinto, in Columbia, were rich in the metal, which was called platina del Pinto (silver of Pinto) from which platinum got its name.

Setting the standard

Platinum is so stable and resistant to corrosion that it was chosen for the standard kilogram, which is housed at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Paris, France. A replica kilogram weight is kept in Russia, which was originally standardised against the one in Paris. When the replica was checked a century later it was found to have decreased in weight by 17 mg (0.0017 per cent). This was probably caused by the loss of traces of osmium in the metal, which had been oxidised to volatile osmium tetroxide.

When platinum deposits were found in the Urals in 1822 it looked as though the metal might be as abundant as silver. The Russian Government even minted 1.5 million rouble coins before the project was abandoned as the price of the metal rose and exceeded the value of the coins. Today more than 70 per cent of the world's platinum comes from South Africa, where it occurs as cooperite (platinum sulfide, PtS). World production of the metal is around 185 tonnes per year.

The versatile metal

Platinum has a variety of different uses. Most of the metal ends up in catalytic convertors for car exhausts, each of which contains less than 2 g but this provides a Pt surface area inside the convertor that is greater than the area of a football pitch. The metal catalyses the complete combustion of unburned hydrocarbons in exhaust fumes into CO₂ and water. Platinum's other uses are as cancer medicines, industrial catalysts and in jewellery.

Cisplatin

In 1962, the US chemist Barnett Rosenberg was investigating the effects of electromagnetic fields on cell division using platinum electrodes. He found cells were not dividing normally and he traced this to cis-dichlorodiamminoplatinum(II), PtCl₂(NH₃)₂, cisplatin, which had formed as a result of the chloride and ammonium ions reacting with the electrodes.

Cisplatin was approved as a cancer treatment in 1978 and has been used to treat thousands of patients with testicular, breast, head, and neck cancers, with a cure rate of over 90 per cent. Cisplatin, and similar platinum anticancer drugs, work by bonding strongly to DNA at any point where there are two guanine bases next to each other. The bound complex distorts the DNA, making replication impossible, and the platinum cannot be dislodged by DNA repair enzymes.

Industrial catalysts

Platinum acts as an efficient catalyst. For example, if platinum wire is held in methanol vapour it soon glows red hot as it catalyses the oxidation of methanol to methanal. Platinum can also cause mixtures of oxygen and hydrogen to explode, as if they had been sparked. In the chemical industry fine platinum gauze catalysts are used in the manufacture of nitric acid from ammonia. The production of silicones, benzene and xylenes also use platinum catalysts.

Platinum's success as a catalyst is not its only industrial application. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells rely on platinum-coated carbon electrodes. Being a strong metal which resists corrosion, platinum is also used to coat turbine blades in jet engines, in balloon catheters, and pacemakers - where a 90/10 platinum/osmium alloy is used - and in some dental alloys. Like gold, platinum can be hammered into sheets of less than a micron thick and these have been used to coat the cones of space vehicles to protect against intense electromagnetic radiation.

With a growing emphasis on recycling and conserving dwindling natural resources it is important to recover as much platinum as possible to re-use. For example, of the platinum that goes into catalytic convertors, around a quarter is recovered, with the US leading the way in this form of recycling.

© Murray Robertson/Visual Elements

Fact file

Atomic number 78; atomic weight 195.078; melting point 1772ºC; boiling point ca 3800ºC. Platinum is a lustrous, silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal in Group 10 of the Periodic Table. Platinum is unaffected by air and water, but it dissolves in hot concentrated acids such as phosphoric and sulfuric acids, and in molten alkali.

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Soundbite molecules

2009-12-20T22:21:00.000-08:00

Simon Cotton, teacher at Uppingham School, takes a look at those compounds that find themselves in the news or relate to our everyday lives. In this issue: potassium permanganate

That's a purple solution isn't it?

Yes, nowadays it's referred to as potassium manganate(VII), KMnO₄

What uses does KMnO₄ have?

A major use is as a steriliser - it's strong oxidising properties make it an effective disinfectant. Complaints such as athlete's foot and some fungal infections are treated by bathing the affected area in KMnO₄ solution. The compound is commercially available as a disinfectant, eg Condy's Fluid. In warm climates, vegetables are washed in a KMnO₄ solution to remove bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus.

Organic chemists use KMnO₄ as a strong oxidising agent, and it also finds commercial use in the manufacture of important compounds such as saccharin, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and benzoic acid. Baeyer's reagent is an alkaline solution of KMnO₄ and is used to detect unsaturated organic compounds, but because the solution also reacts with extraneous impurities bromine water is more commonly used. However, the reaction of KMnO₄ with alkenes is commercially important in extending the shelf life of fruit, flowers and vegetables.

How so?

Ripening fruit releases ethene, which in turn causes other fruit to ripen. This effect is at the root of the saying 'one rotten apple spoils a barrel'. This can be a nuisance when such perishable products are shipped or stored so incorporated into the containers are gas scrubbers that use porous material impregnated with potassium manganate(vii) (2-5 per cent, on alumina or zeolite) to remove ethene from the atmosphere.

C₂H₄ + 4KMnO₄ 4MnO₂ + 4KOH + 2CO₂

Usefully the scrubbers indicate when they need to be replaced because the purple colour changes to brown as the KMnO₄ is used up.

What else can KMnO₄ do?

As a strong oxidising agent it can start a fire. Drip dry glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) onto potassium manganate(VII) and after a short time the glycerol starts to burn, with a pink flame.

14KMnO₄ + 4C₃H₅(OH)₃ 7K₂CO₃ + 7Mn₂O₃ + 5CO₂ + 16H₂O

A similar reaction occurs with ethane-1,2-diol (ethylene glycol), which is used as antifreeze.

What use is that ?

In the 1960s, bushfire experts needed an efficient way of burning back vegetation to manage the build up of fuel well before the dry season and thus reduce the risk of large bush fires starting of their own accord. They developed a programme of 'prescribed burning' in which polythene tubes filled with KMnO₄ crystals were injected with ethane-1,2-diol just before they were dropped from aircraft over the target area. These caused fires when they fell upon vegetation.

Today these delayed aerial ignition devices are based on KMnO₄-filled ping-pong balls, which are injected with ethane-1,2-diol. The balls start burning in 20-30s.

Domestic Waste Water Processing Using Enceng Gondok

2009-05-23T02:32:00.000-07:00

The process that occurs in the system wet land made for domestic waste water treatment is the process of physics, chemistry and biology due to the interaction between microorganisms, plants and substrate.

Which plays an important role in this process is the process of respiration and photosynthesis performed by plants, water. This plant is able to suck oxygen from the air through the leaves, stem, root and rhizomanya who then released again. Plants that are used to process domestic waste water in this research is the water hyacinth.

Plants planted this half of the broad area of surface reactor. Waste water is treated domestic waste water is channeled from the channel domestic waste water disposal in the Village Tlogomas Municipality of Malang in East Java. Berdiameter the gravel between 3 - 4 mm placed in a reactor with a height of three-quarters of the reactor depth. All walls and dibeton bed reactor with 20 cm thickness. Domestic waste water channeled from the channel domestic waste water disposal to the Inlet reactor continuously, and after the processing in the reactor is filled with sand and planted with water hyacinth, and exit from the outlet. Debit bait waste water = 9.29 m3/hari, Volume = 58.824 m3 reactor, Volume = 29.412 m3 liquids, stay time = 3.17 days.

Sampling is done at the Inlet and outlet reactor. Parameter analysis is performed:

1. T-N (spektrofotometri method),
2. T-P (spektrofotometri method),
3. COD (closed reflux method),
4. TSS (gravimetri method) and pH (pH meter).
5. TSS value outlet average 180 mg / l, is below the required standard of quality that is 200 mg / l.
6. Average efficiency of 31.7% TSS. Total P-value outlet average 0.8 mg / l, still above the required standard of quality that is 0.1 mg / l.
7. Average efficiency of Total-P 42.64%.
8. Total Value-N outlets average 32.5 mg / l, still above the standard quality required is 20 mg / l.
9. Average efficiency of Total-N 52.13%. Outlet COD values average 225 mg / l, still above the value of the required quality standard is 100 mg / l.
10. The average value of COD treatment efficiency of 42.1%.
11. PH value of waste water does not mean that changes in the value ranges between 6 and 8.
12. Time of harvesting crops should be done once a month.

Keywords: artificial wet land, water hyacinth; domestic waste water.

Bio Fuel from Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum L.)

2009-05-23T01:20:00.000-07:00

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) included in the clan who have Callophylum of knowledgeable enough in the world, namely Madagascar, East Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, West Indies, and South America. In Indonesia, nyamplung spread from West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, Lampung, Java, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and East Nusa Tenggara and Papua. To date, the potential natural nyamplung in Indonesia is not yet known exactly, Results of nappe area of Satellite Imagery Landsat7 ETM + in 2003 shows that the standing nyamplung all natural beaches in Indonesia to reach broad total 480,000 ha, and most (? 60%) are in the area forest.
Excess nyamplung as a raw material for biofuel is bijinya rendemen have a high, can reach 74%, and in the utilization does not compete with the interests of food. Some of the benefits of nyamplung reviewed the prospects of the development and utilization of others, are nyamplung plants grow and spread evenly naturally in Indonesia; easy regeneration and bear fruit throughout the year showed a high survival power of the environment; plants relatively easy budidayakan good plant type (monoculture) or forest mix (mixed-forest); match in a dry area, permudaan more natural, and bear fruit throughout the year, almost all the plants nyamplung berdayaguna and produce various products that have economic value; Nyamplung standing forest functions as a wind breaker (wind breaker) to agricultural crops and border coastal conservation and utilization of biofuel nyamplung can press the rate of forest trees as firewood; higher seed productivity than other types (Distance fence 5 tons / ha; palm 6 tons / ha; nyamplung 20 tons / ha).
Some of the benefits of biodiesel produced from oil nyamplung is rendemen nyamplung quite high compared to other types of plants (40-60% distance of the fence, Sawit 46-54%; Nyamplung and 40-73%), some parameters have met the quality standard of biodiesel Indonesia, oil seeds nyamplung have power fuel twice longer than oil. In the test to boil water, oil is 0.9 ml, while oil seed nyamplung only 0.4 ml; have a competitive advantage in the future, among other biodiesel nyamplung blender can be used as diesel fuel composition with a certain, even when used 100% appropriate processing technology, better quality of emissions from diesel fuel, can be used as a substitute for petroleum biokerosen.
Another benefit of the plant timber that is nyamplung including commercial timber, can be used for making boats, beam, pillar, floor boards and planks on the building and housing materials kontruksi light; getahnya can disadap to get the oil indicated that nutritious for the growth of HIV virus . Leaves the compound costatolide-A, saponin and hidrocyanic acid as the nutritious oles drugs for rheumatism pain, cosmetic ingredients for skin care, to heal wounds such as burns and wounds cut. Interest rates can be used as a mixture of oil to scent the hair. Bijinya after oil processed into useful to pelitur, oil and hair oil series, also nutritious for the cathartic and rheumatism. Nyamplung cultivation does not require a large investment.
The availability of land for potential development nyamplung plants also spread across the country. When all of the needs of nyamplung supplied biodiesel, biodiesel will be required as many as 720,000 kilo liters, equivalent to 5.1 million tons of seed nyamplung, with the assumption that 2.5 kg of seeds nyamplung akan produce 1 liter of oil nyamplung; thus akan area required to harvest crops nyamplung at least 254,000 hectares in the year 2025. With a similar pattern with the economic analysis of the study on development of Plantation Forest Rakyat (HTR), which states that in 1 ha 1 person required labor, plant nyamplung area of 254 thousand hectares will be able to absorb 254 thousand workers. With many potential advantages nyamplung plant is a plant that provides multifunctional and benefits to humans and the environment. Multifunctional and benefits include the potential nyamplung plants as forest and land rehabilitation, as an alternative biofuel, and to increase community empowerment (comdev). ant / kp
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER FOREST PRODUCT (P3HH)
Has conducted RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT Biodiesel
FROM NYAMPLUNG seeds (Calophyllum inophyllum L.)
(Year 2005-2008)

History
R & D Center of forestry research has started producing biodiesel from the seeds of nyamplung intensively since 2005, and in 2008 obtained the results as follows:

Biodiesel from the seeds have been tested nyamplung nature fisiko-kimianya by R & D Center for Oil and Gas (2008) and all-is (as much as 17) have met national standards indonesia (SNI) for biodiesel, No: 04-7182-2006 .
Biodiesel has been tested nyamplung try on the road (road-rally test) three times, total distance reaches 370 km. From all trials conducted, the results obtained are satisfactory without some technical machinery. Vehicle speed is reached is 120 km / hour.
Tests with the engine performance of biodiesel fuel nyamplung still held by the Puspitek LIPI Serpong. Once completed, the result will be submitted for certification in the BSN (National Board of Certification).

Bioethanol from Ganyong

2009-05-23T01:04:00.000-07:00

Gadjah Mada University (UGM) Research Team Develop Ganyong for Bio-ethanol production. For some people, rimpang ganyong (Canna edulis ker) is seen next to the eye so that less dibudidayakan. Rimpang that during the time known only as a distraction or food flour wheat flour substitute, also appeared to be used as alternative fuel for gasoline and kerosene.

This was after the UGM Research Team to develop bio-ethanol production from rimpang kana as one of the hydrogen fuel. "Interest from ganyong, this plant has not been much dibudidayakan and have great potential. Substance because it contains starch that is high enough, gulanya high enough, so have the potential for bio-ethanol.

Ganyong, the plant is easy to grow, tolerant of shade, have a potential high enough to developed, "said Dr. Kumala Dewi, M.Sc., a member of the research team in 25 exhibition Results Activities Research and UGM Hi-Link Project at the Sheraton Hotel Jakarta, Tuesday (4 / 3). UGM Research Team Develop Ganyong for Bio-ethanol Production Kumala Dewi addition, researchers are Prof.. Dra. Endang Sutariningsih Soetarto, M.Sc., Ph.D., both of them is a lecturer at the Faculty of Biology Gadjah Mada University, and Prof.. Dra. Wega Trisunaryanti, M.S., Ph.D. UGM's Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.

In research, the bio-ethanol production is done in a way take advantage of dry starch in ganyong that reach 15-20 percent. Gynecology and starch hydrolysis dirombak the union to become a more simple process Liquefaction Saccharification. "With the union a more simple, the more glucose chain length, we cut into pieces so that it becomes a simple form of sugar. Next fermented leavened with the help of the usual used as yeast bread, "said women's birth Magelang, 8 April 1966 this.

Fermentation carried out during the next 3-4 days. Results include alcohol fermentation. However, the alcohol content will increase sharply during the fermentation process lasts up to 40 percent on the day keeempat. Results ago didestilasi fermentation process for the purification. Destilasi obtained from the first bio-ethanol with the 50-75 percent level. Next, re-done destilasi to obtain bio-ethanol with a value above 90 percent. "After that bio-ethanol can dimurnikan using molecular sieves," said Kumala Dewi more.

From this research, the quality level of bio-ethanol can be 98 percent meet the standards of fuel substitution. The maximum concentration recommended for mixing bio-ethanol with 98 percent gasoline, is 10 percent. Mentioned in the research, a kilogram (kg) ganyong can produce 120 cc of bio-ethanol. This means that 7-8 kg ganyong needed to produce one liter of bio-ethanol. In other words, the comparison of 8:1 is required to be able to produce bio-ethanol berkadar 75 percent of the comparison and 12:1 for bioethanol berkadar 97-98 percent. Kumala Dewi with other members of the team conducting the research since July 2008 after obtaining grants from the Hi-Link.

The idea to utilize ganyong obtaining 1993. At the time he conducted the research culture ganyong. "There I find that ganyong easy to grow and can be manipulated umbinya formation such that production of many more. But kan, utilization not know that much. In addition to food, because it contains starch and sugar so I have ideas to develop as bio-ethanol, "said the mother of three children. (PR UGM / Gusti Grehenson)

Lubricant Oil from Waste Plastic

2009-05-23T00:45:00.000-07:00

Do you know if a later time used plastic bottles can be used as a raw material for making lubricant for motor vehicles? If not, check it at the Stephen J. Miller, Ph.D., a scientist and senior research consultant at Chevron. Together with colleagues in the Center research Chevron Energy Technology Company, Richmond, California, United States and the University of Kentucky, he succeeded in changing waste plastic into oil lubricants. How?

Most of the population in the world using the plastic in the running activities. According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) United States, in 2001, the United States use at least 25 million tons of plastic each year. Not yet added user plastic in other countries. Not a surprise if a lot of plastic used. Plastics have many advantages compared to other materials. In general, the plastic has a low density, is isolation of the electrical, mechanical strength is varied, limited temperature resistance, and durability of chemicals that vary. In addition, the plastic is also lightweight, easily in the design, and cost of making cheaper.

Unfortunately, behind all the benefits, waste plastic cause problems for the environment. The nature of plastic is not another that can not be described in the land. To overcome this problem, environmental experts and scientists from various disciplines have conducted various research and action. One way to recycle plastic waste. However, this is not too effective. Only about 4%, which can be recycled, the rest in the shelter menggunung waste. Can piles of plastic waste can be converted into lubricant? Problems that underlie Miller and colleagues conducted this research.

Most people use a plastic type of plastic is polietilena. There are two types of polietilena, namely high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE). HDPE is used more as plastic beverage bottles, while for LDPE plastic bags. In research to be published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society Fuel and Energy (Energy and Fuel) edition of July 20, 2005, Miller polietilena heating method using pirolisis, and investigate the results of heating the substance. In fact, when heated will polietilena a compound liquid hydrocarbons. Compound has a similar form of wax (wax).

A large plastic straggling is about 60%, a number of the quite a lot. Chemical structure of the compound liquid hydrocarbons similar wax allow this to be processed into high-quality lubricant. Just enough information, the lubricant that is currently circulating in the market derived from processing petroleum. Crude oil (crude oil) of oil drilling in the bottom of the earth compound contains various hydrocarbons with boiling point is different. Then, various compound hydrocarbons in the crude oil is separated using a multistage distillation techniques (distillation) based on the difference didihnya point.

Besides fuel, like gasoline, diesel, and kerosene, crude oil distillation also produces oil lubricants. Nature of chemical compound from the liquid hydrocarbons heating waste plastic compound similar to hydrocarbons in the crude oil so that it can be processed into oil lubricants. Changing the liquid hydrocarbons pirolisis plastic waste into oil using a method hidroisomerisasi lubricants. Miller hopes this artificial lubricant can be used for vehicles with the same quality with the distillation of petroleum crude oil, environmentally friendly, and economical. In fact, the oil business of making synthetic liquid hydrocarbons from the compound, this is not a new thing.

In the early 1990s, the company Chevron has been trying to change the compound liquid hydrocarbons into synthetic fuel for commercial purposes. The only raw material used to produce a compound liquid hydrocarbons derived from natural gas (generally gas metana) katalitik through a process known as the Fischer-Tropsch process. In the Fischer-Tropsch process, the gas metana converted into synthesis gas (syngas), which is a mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide, with the help of iron or cobalt as catalyst. Furthermore, the syngas is converted into liquid hydrocarbons compound, and then processed using hydrocracking process into fuel and other petroleum products, including the lubricant. Compound liquid hydrocarbons from syngas conversion results have the same chemical nature of the polietilena. Natural gas used came from the United States. Later, the sea area offshore the Middle East are a source of natural gas because the price of natural gas there is cheaper. Lubricant oil from natural gas for a while this can be an alternative lubricant to petroleum processing results. In the future, natural gas reserves in the world will soon diminish. On the other hand, the need for the higher lubricant.

Now, with the discovery of this, the making of lubricant does not appear to need more natural gas. Simply use the waste plastic bottles, the oil lubricant. Interested in trying?

Source: http://acswebapplications.acs.org Ket: Both writers are alumni of Department of Chemistry FMIPA Padjadjaran University and Community pegiat in Alchemist.