Chemistry Projects for Engineering and Technology

Determination of Solubility of a Substance

2011-04-18T00:38:00.000-07:00

The solubility of a substance is determined by preparing its saturated solution and then finding the concentration by evaporation or a suitable chemical method. Saturated solution of a solid substance may be prepared by shaking excess of it with the solvent in a vessel placed in a constant temperature bath and filtering the clear solution. A known volume of this saturated solution is evaporated in a china dish and from the weight of the residue the solubility can easily be calculated. This method though simple, does not yield accurate results. During filtration, cooling would take place and thus some solid may be deposited on the filter paper or in the stem of the funnel. However, this method is quite good for the determination of solubility at room temperature. The evaporation of a liquid is a highly undesirable operation as it is not possible to avoid loss of the liquid caused by spurting. This difficulty can, however, be overcome whenever a chemical method of analysis is available. Another defect in this method is that it takes a long time to establish the equilibrium between the solid and the solution so that the preparation of saturated solution by simple agitation with the solvent is delayed. This difficulty may be overcome by first preparing the saturated solution at a higher temperature and then to cool it to the desired temperature at which solubility is to be determined.

Determination of Total Alkalinity of Water Sample

2010-12-15T02:45:00.000-08:00

What is Alkalinity of Water ?

The alkalinity of water is due to the presence of hydroxyl ions (OH^-) from NaOH or KOH, carbonate ions (CO₃^2-) from sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate and bicarbonates(HCO₃^-)from sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate or temporary hardness (calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate).

Estimation:

The alkalinity of water can be estimated by titrating water with a standard acid using phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicators.

When titrated with acid, the reactions taking place are as follows:

OH^-+ H+ → H₂O

CO₃^2-+ H+ → HCO₃^-

HCO₃^- + H+ → H₂O + CO₂

The titration of water sample with a standard acid up to the phenolphthalein endpoint marks the completion of reactions (i)and (ii) only. The amount of acid consumed corresponds to hydroxide plus one half of the carbonate present. Titration of the water sample with a standard acid to methyl orange endpoint marks the completion of all the three reactions above. Hence, the amount of the total acid consumed corresponds to the total alkalinity and the amount of acid used after the phenolphthalein endpoint corresponds to one half of the carbonate plus all the bicarbonates.

The alkalinity of water can be due to OH^-only or carbonate only or bicarbonate only or due to their combinations. But, OH^-and bicarbonate can not exist together because they combine instantaneously to form carbonate ions.

OH^- + HCO₃^- → CO₃^2-+ H₂O

On the basis of same reasoning, all the three, OH^-,carbonate and bicarbonate cannot exist together.

Procedure:

Pipette out 100ml of the water sample into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of Phenolphthalein indicator. Titrate with standard sulphuric acid solution till the pink color just disappears. Note down the titre value. Then add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator to the same solution and titrate further with the standard acid solution till pink color reappears. Again note down the titre value.

Determination of Sulphate in Water Sample

2010-12-09T00:26:00.002-08:00

Sulphate is a naturally occurring acid radical (anion) present in all kinds of natural waters, ranging from a few milligram to several thousand milligram per litre. Excess of Sulphate content should not be there in drinking water as they cause cathartic action. Sulphate is generally found in water in the form of its salts like CaSO4, MgSO4 and Na2SO4. The desirable maximum limit for human consumption is 200 mg/ dm3.

Sulphate present in water sample is not suitable for boilers as it leads to scale formation and hence corrosion. If the amount of sulphate present in water sample is more, sulphate resistant cements are to be used for the construction purpose. Sulphate present in water sample can be determined using the following two methods,

Digital Colorimeter

1. Colorimetric estimation using Colorimeter.
2.Gravimetric method.

Colorimetric estimation of Sulphate:

Chloranilic acid

Sulphate is estimated using barium salt of chloranilic acid. The reaction between water sample containing sulphate and barium chloranilate in ethanol medium at pH= 4 is

SO₄^2- + BaC₆Cl₂O₄+ H⁺ ------- BaSO₄ + HC₆Cl₂O₄^-

The amount of acid Chloranilate ion liberated is proportional to the concentration of sulphate present in water. The acid chloranilate ion at pH=4 is dark purple colour and its absorption is measured at 530 nm.

Introduction to Chemistry Projects

2010-12-09T00:22:00.001-08:00

Chemistry and its importance