<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502</id><updated>2026-05-30T21:51:10.987+03:00</updated><category term="alchene"/><category term="carbonil"/><category term="oxidare"/><category term="transpozitie"/><category term="2-butanol"/><category term="Admitere UMF"/><category term="Bayer"/><category term="Beckmann"/><category term="Chimie organică pentru admitere la medicină"/><category term="Favorski"/><category term="UMF București"/><category term="UMF Cluj"/><category term="acid azotos"/><category term="acid sulfuric"/><category term="alcani"/><category term="amine"/><category term="anhidrida sulfurică"/><category term="anhidridă acetică"/><category term="benzilică"/><category term="butan"/><category term="carboxil"/><category term="cetoxima"/><category term="cetoxime"/><category term="ciclu furanozic"/><category term="ciclu piranozic"/><category term="denumire"/><category term="diazotare"/><category term="dicetone"/><category term="dimerizare"/><category term="hexan"/><category term="metan"/><category term="nylon"/><category term="oleum"/><category term="ozon"/><category term="ozonoliza"/><category term="palmitat de sodiu"/><category term="pinacol"/><category term="pinacolica"/><category term="pinacolona"/><category term="procente de volum"/><category term="propan"/><category term="reactiv Tollens"/><category term="spălare în ape dure"/><category term="stearat de sodiu"/><category term="săpunuri"/><category term="săpunuri de magneziu"/><category term="săpunuuri de calciu"/><category term="transpoziţie pinacolică"/><title type='text'>Chimie si nu numai chimie...</title><subtitle type='html'>Diverse moduri de abordare a problemelor de chimie, in special chimie organica.&#xa;</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>27</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-3159431068576438833</id><published>2025-09-28T08:58:00.002+03:00</published><updated>2025-09-28T08:58:14.867+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="anhidridă acetică"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ciclu furanozic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ciclu piranozic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="reactiv Tollens"/><title type='text'>Ciclizare intramoleculară și altele...</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Am primit următoarea întrebare:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Nu reacționează cu reactivul Tollens, nu poate forma ciclu piranozic intramolecular și poate forma tetraacetat la tratare cu anhidridă acetică:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li type=&quot;A&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;2,3,4,5-tetrahidroxipentanal;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li type=&quot;A&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1,2,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;4-trihidroxi-3-oxo-butan;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li type=&quot;A&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;1,3,4,5-tetrahidroxi-2-pentanonă;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li type=&quot;A&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;HO-CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-(CHOH)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-COOH;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li type=&quot;A&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;O=CH-(CHOH)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-COOH.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Pentru a rezolva rapid un astfel de item trebuie să înțelegem foarte bine informațiile din textul care precede lista de variante și anume:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;nu reacționează cu reactivul Tollens: nu are grupă aldehidă;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;nu poate forma ciclu piranozic: la o ciclizare internă între o grupă OH și o grupă carbonil, se formează o structură heterociclică formată din 5 atomi de carbon și unul de oxigen (6 atomi în total);&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;poate forma tetraacetat, la tratare cu anhidrida acetică: trebuie să existe 4 grupe OH care pot fi esterificate.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0b5394; font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Analizând variantele observăm că:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;A: nu poate fi corect deoarece conține grupă aldehidă (pentan&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;al&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;B: nu poate fi corect deoarece are doar trei grupe OH (&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;trihidroxi&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;D: nu poate fi corect deoarece are doar trei grupe OH (&lt;b&gt;HO-CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-&lt;u&gt;(CHOH)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/u&gt;-COOH&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;E: nu poate fi corect deoarece are &lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;doar trei grupe OH&lt;/span&gt; și &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;grupă aldehidă&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;O=CH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;-&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;(CHOH)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;-COOH&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;În concluzie, răspunsul corect este C; 1,3,4,5-tetrahidroxi-2-pentanona având:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;grupă cetonă (rezistentă la acțiunea reactivului Tollens)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;4 grupe hidroxil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;formează ciclu &lt;u style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;furanozic&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;(4 atomi de carbopn și unul de oxigen) între grupa hidroxil a atomului de carbon 5 și grupa cetonă de la atomul de carbon 2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/3159431068576438833/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2025/09/ciclizare-intramoleculara-si-altele.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/3159431068576438833'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/3159431068576438833'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2025/09/ciclizare-intramoleculara-si-altele.html' title='Ciclizare intramoleculară și altele...'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Alba Iulia, România</georss:featurename><georss:point>46.073272499999987 23.5804886</georss:point><georss:box>17.763038663821142 -11.575761400000001 74.38350633617884 58.736738599999995</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-6510779833304781280</id><published>2025-08-14T16:15:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2025-08-14T16:15:40.530+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="palmitat de sodiu"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="spălare în ape dure"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="stearat de sodiu"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="săpunuri"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="săpunuri de magneziu"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="săpunuuri de calciu"/><title type='text'>Răspuns (1) - Săpunurile și apa dură</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Referitor la întrebarea din comentariul de&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://irimie.blogspot.com/2025/08/sfaturi-pentru-candidatii-la-admiterea.html?showComment=1755160770081#c5231368524776150917&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;aici&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;răspunsul este simplu și ține doar de atenția la detalii.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Dacă analizăm afirmația 2. (&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;La spalare cu apa dura, CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;-COONa va forma precipitate de stearat de calciu și stearat de magneziu&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) trebuie să observăm că:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-(CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;-COONa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;este &lt;u style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;palmitat de sodiu&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;care, utilizat la spălare în apă dură va duce la formarea de &lt;b&gt;palmitat&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;de calciu sau magneziu, în niciun caz la obținerea de &lt;u&gt;stearat&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Acesta este motivul pentru care afirmația 2 este incorectă.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Atenția la detalii este o condiție esențială în reușita la astfel de examene și ulterior în profesia de medic. De foarte multe ori, un mic detaliu poate face diferența între viață și moarte.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Succes!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/6510779833304781280/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2025/08/raspuns-1-sapunurile-si-apa-dura.html#comment-form' title='1 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/6510779833304781280'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/6510779833304781280'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2025/08/raspuns-1-sapunurile-si-apa-dura.html' title='Răspuns (1) - Săpunurile și apa dură'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Alba Iulia, România</georss:featurename><georss:point>46.073272499999987 23.5804886</georss:point><georss:box>17.763038663821142 -11.575761400000001 74.38350633617884 58.736738599999995</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-8023894180818368042</id><published>2025-08-05T11:30:00.003+03:00</published><updated>2025-09-28T12:15:57.087+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Admitere UMF"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Chimie organică pentru admitere la medicină"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UMF București"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="UMF Cluj"/><title type='text'>Sfaturi pentru candidații la admiterea în Facultățile de Medicină, Medicină dentară și Farmacie</title><content type='html'>&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alegerea centrului de examen&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Înainte de înscriere, informează-te temeinic despre fiecare facultate: concurența, stilul subiectelor, condițiile de examen și facilitățile oferite studenților. Alege centrul unde consideri că te poți exprima cel mai bine, nu doar în funcție de apropiere geografică.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Consultarea tematicii de examen&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Fiecare facultate publică anual tematica și bibliografia oficială. Verifică-le pe site-ul universității și folosește-le ca ghid principal de studiu. Nu învăța „după ureche” sau din surse neoficiale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Studiul bibliografiei recomandate&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Parcurge mai întâi &lt;b&gt;teoria&lt;/b&gt; din manualele oficiale, subliniind conceptele-cheie și realizând scheme sintetice. Ulterior, treci la &lt;b&gt;aplicații&lt;/b&gt;: calcule, reacții, diagrame și exemple. Construiește conexiuni între noțiuni.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rezolvarea de teste și simulări&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Antrenează-te cu &lt;b&gt;teste grilă&lt;/b&gt; din anii anteriori, simulări oficiale și neoficiale. Măsoară-ți constant timpul de rezolvare și urmărește progresul. Acest exercițiu te ajută să te familiarizezi cu structura examenului.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Reluarea itemilor greșiți&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Analizează cu atenție fiecare greșeală. Notează explicațiile în caiete de recapitulare. Multe întrebări din examene se repetă sub forme similare, așa că învățarea din greșeli este esențială.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Dacă aveți întrebări, nelămuriri sau nu înțelegeți cum se rezolvă o problemă, lăsați un comentariu. În limita timpului vă voi răspunde într-o postare separată!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;

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     crossorigin=&quot;anonymous&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/8023894180818368042/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2025/08/sfaturi-pentru-candidatii-la-admiterea.html#comment-form' title='1 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8023894180818368042'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8023894180818368042'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2025/08/sfaturi-pentru-candidatii-la-admiterea.html' title='Sfaturi pentru candidații la admiterea în Facultățile de Medicină, Medicină dentară și Farmacie'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total><georss:featurename>Alba Iulia, România</georss:featurename><georss:point>46.073272499999987 23.5804886</georss:point><georss:box>17.773388121168828 -11.575761400000001 74.373156878831139 58.736738599999995</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-8747734947702322566</id><published>2014-05-24T17:02:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2014-05-24T18:29:28.042+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Favorski"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="transpozitie"/><title type='text'>Transpoziţia Favorski</title><content type='html'>Transpoziţia Favorski este o reacţie specifică cetonelor alfa halogenate.&lt;br /&gt;
Reacţia este o alchilare intramoleculară; alchilarea se desfăşoară prin intermediul unui intermediar ciclopropanoic, care sub influenţa bazei suferă o deschidere de ciclu, rezultănd anionul acidului cu schelet transpus.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir_s03SVGQwXxjXzKFOWfhoRvhhYgYo1vkDdxYyGgYZeE1r5cREo-mR02UntSaqiDDPEyguD19lKGnNeW77AF4Gsf76ZJ8zDftj1H6gp6lKRBQ7_EFOv69BjAXGinlBQ7Do96XxfUVkSg/s1600/tr-favorski-01.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir_s03SVGQwXxjXzKFOWfhoRvhhYgYo1vkDdxYyGgYZeE1r5cREo-mR02UntSaqiDDPEyguD19lKGnNeW77AF4Gsf76ZJ8zDftj1H6gp6lKRBQ7_EFOv69BjAXGinlBQ7Do96XxfUVkSg/s1600/tr-favorski-01.jpg&quot; height=&quot;49&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Transpoziţia Favorski, reacţie generală&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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În cazul alfa-bromocetonelor ciclice, transpoziţia decurge cu micşorarea ciclului cicloalcanic.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0jyqrnjG1aZOrGQ13ASQOFVFkW28axVcYZUmX44AAz72Z_NMSahTkP_P8qurFu10eOUm5Z3HWy31aYZg-Wua_yJdZApeJ8ID369qt7kc_wnCLJRObpmx8NlIVC5hURnTJSAp40Sjhg9o/s1600/tr-favorski-02.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0jyqrnjG1aZOrGQ13ASQOFVFkW28axVcYZUmX44AAz72Z_NMSahTkP_P8qurFu10eOUm5Z3HWy31aYZg-Wua_yJdZApeJ8ID369qt7kc_wnCLJRObpmx8NlIVC5hURnTJSAp40Sjhg9o/s1600/tr-favorski-02.jpg&quot; height=&quot;121&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Consecința generală a transpoziției Favorskii este că o grupare alchil este transferată de pe o parte a unei grupări carbonil pe cealaltă.&lt;br /&gt;
Acest lucru înseamnă că acesta poate fi utilizată pentru a construi esteri ramificați și acizi carboxilici care sunt greu de obţinut prin alchilare din cauza problemelor legate de reactivitatea redusă a halogenurilor secundare&amp;nbsp;de alchil. Acizii puternic substituiţi, unde gruparea caboxil este legată la un atom de carbon terțiar ar fi greu de obţinut prin orice altă metodă. Iar transpoziția Favorski este un pas cheie în sinteza acestui tip de compuşi.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Spre exemplu, sinteza unui analgezic puternic, denumit Petidină are la bază această transpoziţie.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9QE8wYL4bBBFLh6dLpb4yvxvTWZ51vagA15diqBvWkCjHqp9SOu-yK61ISPvzc7zL4R_eQzpgM13yzGsrc-vSLRWr2liYu14caQMGZ8m9L2PMpdUDm3ZjR6H-2EAiXJ9mD1wizFyJN9o/s1600/tr-favorski-03.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9QE8wYL4bBBFLh6dLpb4yvxvTWZ51vagA15diqBvWkCjHqp9SOu-yK61ISPvzc7zL4R_eQzpgM13yzGsrc-vSLRWr2liYu14caQMGZ8m9L2PMpdUDm3ZjR6H-2EAiXJ9mD1wizFyJN9o/s1600/tr-favorski-03.jpg&quot; height=&quot;97&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/8747734947702322566/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2014/05/transpozitia-favorski.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8747734947702322566'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8747734947702322566'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2014/05/transpozitia-favorski.html' title='Transpoziţia Favorski'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir_s03SVGQwXxjXzKFOWfhoRvhhYgYo1vkDdxYyGgYZeE1r5cREo-mR02UntSaqiDDPEyguD19lKGnNeW77AF4Gsf76ZJ8zDftj1H6gp6lKRBQ7_EFOv69BjAXGinlBQ7Do96XxfUVkSg/s72-c/tr-favorski-01.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-5981356187196270541</id><published>2014-04-29T17:33:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2014-04-29T17:36:36.403+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Beckmann"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cetoxima"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="cetoxime"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nylon"/><title type='text'>Transpoziţia Beckmann (a cetoximelor)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Fabricarea de nailon se bazează pe polimerizarea alcalină a unei amide ciclice cunoscut sub numele de caprolactamă. Caprolactama poate fi obţinută prin acțiunea acidului sulfuric asupra oximei ciclohexanonei, într-o rearanjare cunoscut sub transpoziția Beckmann.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxI1NNZ7oYNp8UQOfcBOfQu1QjAg5u-NElq8yvGfCmWUhnEIwa3Joajwlj-Q1awXTY6wsMpPqJEObYm1UKQWMmIeQ1uLQdcdd1uTNzLXkAgHM6ZuWPwig0irC0dlwUmjfhfd7lCtTcNyY/s1600/tr-beckmann-1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxI1NNZ7oYNp8UQOfcBOfQu1QjAg5u-NElq8yvGfCmWUhnEIwa3Joajwlj-Q1awXTY6wsMpPqJEObYm1UKQWMmIeQ1uLQdcdd1uTNzLXkAgHM6ZuWPwig0irC0dlwUmjfhfd7lCtTcNyY/s1600/tr-beckmann-1.jpg&quot; height=&quot;71&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Caprolactama, sub influenţa mediului bazic, suferă o deschidere de ciclu, formând produsul de policondensare cunoscut sub numele comercial de nylon-6.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirQ_-v874EF_5NAw50kpUL_2AmsEiiXt2wUtHbHVC4K4aAS83Wey0UwGuJPmQx9Xuw9C5TgV-aRXxFaxj0qkBkp3mVUchgs4qsSTFfNUd4PorQx0hZu2uFjNFoIIwQD7aSGLFZd1DA06g/s1600/tr-beckmann-2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirQ_-v874EF_5NAw50kpUL_2AmsEiiXt2wUtHbHVC4K4aAS83Wey0UwGuJPmQx9Xuw9C5TgV-aRXxFaxj0qkBkp3mVUchgs4qsSTFfNUd4PorQx0hZu2uFjNFoIIwQD7aSGLFZd1DA06g/s1600/tr-beckmann-2.jpg&quot; height=&quot;114&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;În cazul cetonelor &quot;asimetrice&quot;, după tratarea cu hidroxilamina, se pune problema: &lt;b&gt;Care grupare va migra la atomul de azot?&lt;/b&gt; Noua legătură C=N prezintă izomerie geometrică cis/trans. Gruparea care va migra va fi cea din poziţia&lt;b&gt; trans faţă de gruparea hidroxil&lt;/b&gt;, ca şi în exemplul de mai jos.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaFZTJCUrm7Rb0q9RELRYubm5B9rSq_GXsrMWYFgPIawKrZinipN4d0FO5y5-XilQ2s-ow3TSGpQSVsnJYB8l2ZKz46U0ccbRo9FK5tUKl_JhU0b96zXTlmjhTLaXcUjxSqrfBoAlBQ2E/s1600/tr-beckmann-3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaFZTJCUrm7Rb0q9RELRYubm5B9rSq_GXsrMWYFgPIawKrZinipN4d0FO5y5-XilQ2s-ow3TSGpQSVsnJYB8l2ZKz46U0ccbRo9FK5tUKl_JhU0b96zXTlmjhTLaXcUjxSqrfBoAlBQ2E/s1600/tr-beckmann-3.jpg&quot; height=&quot;130&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;După cum se poate observa în exemplele de mai sus, efectul transpoziţiei Beckmann constă în inserarea atomului de azot lângă atomul de carbon al grupării carbonil.&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/5981356187196270541/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2014/04/transpozitia-beckmann-cetoximelor.html#comment-form' title='1 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/5981356187196270541'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/5981356187196270541'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2014/04/transpozitia-beckmann-cetoximelor.html' title='Transpoziţia Beckmann (a cetoximelor)'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxI1NNZ7oYNp8UQOfcBOfQu1QjAg5u-NElq8yvGfCmWUhnEIwa3Joajwlj-Q1awXTY6wsMpPqJEObYm1UKQWMmIeQ1uLQdcdd1uTNzLXkAgHM6ZuWPwig0irC0dlwUmjfhfd7lCtTcNyY/s72-c/tr-beckmann-1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-8138892667143325881</id><published>2014-04-17T19:36:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2014-05-03T13:47:17.741+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="benzilică"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dicetone"/><title type='text'>Transpoziţia benzilică</title><content type='html'>Dacă tot am început o serie dedicată transpoziţiilor voi continua tot în aceeaşi direcţie; azi am pregătit ceva destul de interesant, asemănător cu transpoziţia pinacolică şi anume&lt;b&gt; transpoziţia benzilică&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Transpoziţia benzilică - denumită astfel de la reacţia de mai jos - este o reacţie generală, specifică dicetonelor vicinale care nu pot participa la condensări aldolice sau crotonice cu componentă metilenică.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOccYxpeZCg_IJE8C5nZ5z022_A75dvjZPu3Ui-qKyB1AEOKj2KoRLCgQ1msO1q4cnGbPO4dCg3bVAdn8ezS-v7LOdGb5vatIX7xqZ6rEFGJxeCj_JEP0IvlkXmFONDTFdV7SURCicsds/s1600/tr-benzilica.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOccYxpeZCg_IJE8C5nZ5z022_A75dvjZPu3Ui-qKyB1AEOKj2KoRLCgQ1msO1q4cnGbPO4dCg3bVAdn8ezS-v7LOdGb5vatIX7xqZ6rEFGJxeCj_JEP0IvlkXmFONDTFdV7SURCicsds/s1600/tr-benzilica.jpg&quot; height=&quot;123&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Reacţia este catalizată de soluţiile diluate de hidroxid de sodiu. Ionul OH&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; se adiţionează rapid la una din cele două grupări carbonil. Anionul alcoolului se protonează iar grupare carboxil trece în carboxilat, mult mai stabil în mediu bazic.&lt;br /&gt;
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În cazul dicetonelor ciclice, chiar dacă aceste prezintă componentă metilenică, transpoziţia decurge cu îngustare de ciclu.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8138892667143325881'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8138892667143325881'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2014/04/transpozitia-benzilica.html' title='Transpoziţia benzilică'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOccYxpeZCg_IJE8C5nZ5z022_A75dvjZPu3Ui-qKyB1AEOKj2KoRLCgQ1msO1q4cnGbPO4dCg3bVAdn8ezS-v7LOdGb5vatIX7xqZ6rEFGJxeCj_JEP0IvlkXmFONDTFdV7SURCicsds/s72-c/tr-benzilica.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><georss:featurename>Alba Iulia, Romania</georss:featurename><georss:point>46.0669444 23.569999999999936</georss:point><georss:box>45.890656899999996 23.247276499999938 46.2432319 23.892723499999935</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-8688257305063968310</id><published>2014-04-14T14:02:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2014-04-15T15:33:13.709+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pinacol"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pinacolica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pinacolona"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="transpozitie"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="transpoziţie pinacolică"/><title type='text'>Transpoziţia pincolică</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Orice elev trecut cu simţ de răspundere prin capitolul dedicat alchenelor ştie că acestea se pot obţine şi prin deshidratarea intramoleculară a alcoolilor, cu respectarea bineînţeles acolo unde este cazul a regulii lui Zaiţev.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;De aceea, nu mică vă este sau v-a fost mirarea, dragi cititori, când, invitaţi să scrieţi structura substanţei rezultate la deshidratarea 2,3-dimetil-2,3-butandiolului aţi aflat că de fapt are loc un adevărat &quot;dans atomic&quot; şi că în niciun caz nu se obţine 2,3-dimetil-butadiena. Iar asta se întâmplă în cazul tuturor &lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;diolilor terţiari vicinali&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; şi &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: lime;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #274e13;&quot;&gt;diolilor secundari
vicinali aromatici.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: lime;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #274e13;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Iată mai jos exemplele:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgre4DiMmEP2ziGN5-PcsITW1S0NOoJnNuEBkTJq985hh-_MwtMzgCBtylnU7GrEqvf-fxjellAEwiIuqISLU_mm5-7y3Ce28TvzVE2b5LrvMo8a2lr4eraTukKJt-Lh_SYr9PNzC_mKhs/s1600/pinacolona.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgre4DiMmEP2ziGN5-PcsITW1S0NOoJnNuEBkTJq985hh-_MwtMzgCBtylnU7GrEqvf-fxjellAEwiIuqISLU_mm5-7y3Ce28TvzVE2b5LrvMo8a2lr4eraTukKJt-Lh_SYr9PNzC_mKhs/s1600/pinacolona.jpg&quot; height=&quot;95&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6RA5OqKOvoMD3JO2ktQTyJSHPXGY30b3_poh4yoLbIysBJ4m_Amy8fQ8Oq88DkEHq4ItIgAgnlVFGJysr6YyOdsSNIiW7uTaWVMbPzQwuzaPqvI7e3PkSAFM8bPtk-5ihCOPk_RkMUmU/s1600/difenilacetaldehida.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6RA5OqKOvoMD3JO2ktQTyJSHPXGY30b3_poh4yoLbIysBJ4m_Amy8fQ8Oq88DkEHq4ItIgAgnlVFGJysr6YyOdsSNIiW7uTaWVMbPzQwuzaPqvI7e3PkSAFM8bPtk-5ihCOPk_RkMUmU/s1600/difenilacetaldehida.jpg&quot; height=&quot;90&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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Mecanismul reacţiei este următorul:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfQN9V24FAoO6yoDUgT-GfCvzK8jDqrCEH2Yq0-R1Ei5s9trx3cSFUzhsRQ0KOiFwrY-QNkMthdatDB4xYrBJ3uY-x1x3JcFFRVKvgd5IsclBbeEh42I8zCzDCLl8pFg5Y0nkFDDGiAGg/s1600/mec-pinacol.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfQN9V24FAoO6yoDUgT-GfCvzK8jDqrCEH2Yq0-R1Ei5s9trx3cSFUzhsRQ0KOiFwrY-QNkMthdatDB4xYrBJ3uY-x1x3JcFFRVKvgd5IsclBbeEh42I8zCzDCLl8pFg5Y0nkFDDGiAGg/s1600/mec-pinacol.jpg&quot; height=&quot;211&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Odată cu formarea
carbocationului terţiar stabil, are loc migrarea grupării metil, forţată de formarea
legăturii puternice C=O.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: lime;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #274e13;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8688257305063968310'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8688257305063968310'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2014/04/transpozitia-pincolica.html' title='Transpoziţia pincolică'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgre4DiMmEP2ziGN5-PcsITW1S0NOoJnNuEBkTJq985hh-_MwtMzgCBtylnU7GrEqvf-fxjellAEwiIuqISLU_mm5-7y3Ce28TvzVE2b5LrvMo8a2lr4eraTukKJt-Lh_SYr9PNzC_mKhs/s72-c/pinacolona.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-7363090214424977452</id><published>2014-02-23T13:32:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2014-07-31T14:24:58.200+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Sinteze dien - cicloadiţii</title><content type='html'>Sintezele dien sunt reacţii caracteristice doar compuşilor care conţin o structură de dienă conjugată. Aceste reacţii au fost reaclizate pentru prima dată de către chimistul german &lt;b&gt;Otto Diels&lt;/b&gt; în anul 1928, fiind ulterior studiate intens de alt chimist geman, &lt;b&gt;Kurt Alder&lt;/b&gt;; aceste reacţii sunt cunoscute şi sub denumirea de &lt;b&gt;sinteze Diels-Alder&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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O reacţie de &lt;b&gt;cicloadiţie [4+2]&lt;/b&gt; se desfăşoară între o &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;dienă&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (obligatoriu conjugată) şi o &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;filodienă&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (moleculă care conţine o legătură &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;π între doi atomi de carbon):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHagIshI3nkWy2LzXo-iSD128w-z-TUu8TRxkXR1e3wru0WNM333fACMDW48mENPBnaHmCRTPCY4W8CCUn_5zJHFQdNBmViIGmoBaQZffA9u8BRsGviRC9EPLFGetG2j1ZkdEMwM9uJys/s1600/sinteza-dien-1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHagIshI3nkWy2LzXo-iSD128w-z-TUu8TRxkXR1e3wru0WNM333fACMDW48mENPBnaHmCRTPCY4W8CCUn_5zJHFQdNBmViIGmoBaQZffA9u8BRsGviRC9EPLFGetG2j1ZkdEMwM9uJys/s1600/sinteza-dien-1.jpg&quot; height=&quot;82&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Produsul de reacţie are o structură ciclohexenică, fiind denumit generic &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;aduct&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. În denumirea de cicloadiţie [4+2], termenul 4 reprezintă cei 4 electroni &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;π ai dienei şi 2 cei 2 electroni ai filodienei.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Sub aspectul condiţiilor de desfăşurare a reacţiilor de cicloadiţie, acestea decurg fără catalizatori, prin încălzirea dienei cu filodiena, dizolvate în solvenţi corespunzători. Reacţiile sunt mult uşurate de prezenţa grupărilor respingătoare de electroni în molecula dienei sau de prezenţa unor grupe atrăgătoare de electroni din molecula dienei.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;&gt;Drept filodiene pot fi folosite şi alchinele, nu doar alchenele, caz în care se obţine o structură de bază a 1,4-hesadienei.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRMFKkrvUSUDmTvyU0rOI1YxVLp0AD0Wjk-vIqyHTvC-UwkdmRThpvk_HMDFjwxS8qHu9ACh5x-8ocurDkc2EOF5a_RooH9vE6whhj6xNzUMjz49CGnoaorw8ushpQ4UyJrLbJFu9OQXM/s1600/sinteza-dien-2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRMFKkrvUSUDmTvyU0rOI1YxVLp0AD0Wjk-vIqyHTvC-UwkdmRThpvk_HMDFjwxS8qHu9ACh5x-8ocurDkc2EOF5a_RooH9vE6whhj6xNzUMjz49CGnoaorw8ushpQ4UyJrLbJFu9OQXM/s1600/sinteza-dien-2.jpg&quot; height=&quot;80&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Un aspect care nu trebuie neglijat este cel al geometriei dienei, aceasta fiind în forma cis.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/7363090214424977452/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2014/02/sinteze-dien-cicloaditii.html#comment-form' title='3 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/7363090214424977452'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/7363090214424977452'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2014/02/sinteze-dien-cicloaditii.html' title='Sinteze dien - cicloadiţii'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHagIshI3nkWy2LzXo-iSD128w-z-TUu8TRxkXR1e3wru0WNM333fACMDW48mENPBnaHmCRTPCY4W8CCUn_5zJHFQdNBmViIGmoBaQZffA9u8BRsGviRC9EPLFGetG2j1ZkdEMwM9uJys/s72-c/sinteza-dien-1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-424316878848620421</id><published>2014-01-06T19:14:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2014-07-31T14:24:47.843+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Sinteze de alcani</title><content type='html'>Cu ceva timp în urmă, cineva îmi propunea pe acest blog să prezint o metodă anume de sinteză a alcanilor şi anume sinteza &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1990/corey-bio.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Corey&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sinteza Corey&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; presupune utilizarea reactivului Corey (dialchilcupru-litiu), în reacţie cu o halogenură primară de alchil. De menţionat că radicalii alchil utilizaţi pot fi identici sau diferiţi.&lt;br /&gt;
Reactivul Corey: R&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CuLi se prepară prin tratarea unui derivat halogenat cu litiu metalic şi apoi cu iodură cuproasă: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnLH_-enoSHEsjSWp6Ep_F4cKDoXZnYY4TYW4bl2MaDawMOBUowIZ5YvJXLng_4AKKBHcC4Jx73ymS4DoRrHuQOHbNJh-mJkXRt4RPZRt8Ts-EGHMVkDwbDw6EB2SM8NS87QMTnKRaP84/s1600/React-Corey.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnLH_-enoSHEsjSWp6Ep_F4cKDoXZnYY4TYW4bl2MaDawMOBUowIZ5YvJXLng_4AKKBHcC4Jx73ymS4DoRrHuQOHbNJh-mJkXRt4RPZRt8Ts-EGHMVkDwbDw6EB2SM8NS87QMTnKRaP84/s1600/React-Corey.jpg&quot; height=&quot;66&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Obţinerea reactivului Corey&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
În continuare are loc reacţia propriuzisă, între reactivul Corey şi derivatul halogenat primar, conform reacţiei de mai jos:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-mcZ_I_b4vYh2Cusoi7YrnBNoSHy62TSUZG_jB9UYlh13vPWS1TWXD64bwRHuaIdbBt6WSRnA7tLzqxQyRff8AylqhpTstXNx450uVzgk4fD1ExKKD7RPA1DwtZcU2JQ7lFTH0u7zMM/s1600/Sint-Corey.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-mcZ_I_b4vYh2Cusoi7YrnBNoSHy62TSUZG_jB9UYlh13vPWS1TWXD64bwRHuaIdbBt6WSRnA7tLzqxQyRff8AylqhpTstXNx450uVzgk4fD1ExKKD7RPA1DwtZcU2JQ7lFTH0u7zMM/s1600/Sint-Corey.jpg&quot; height=&quot;31&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
După cum am precizat şi mai sus, radicalii alchil (notaţi cu R) pot fi identici sau diferiţi.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Şi ca să răspund până la capăt solicitării cititorului respectiv, pentru a obţine n-octanul, având la dispoziţie bromura de butil (1-bromo-butanul), se urmăreşte succesiunea de mai sus, înlocuind R cu n-butil şi X cu Br.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Oare cum ar suna un subiect de examen sau olimpiadă &quot;Pornind de la metan ca şi unică sursă de carbon să se obţină n-octanul, utilizând sinteza Corey&quot;?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/424316878848620421/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2014/01/sinteze-de-alcani.html#comment-form' title='4 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/424316878848620421'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/424316878848620421'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2014/01/sinteze-de-alcani.html' title='Sinteze de alcani'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnLH_-enoSHEsjSWp6Ep_F4cKDoXZnYY4TYW4bl2MaDawMOBUowIZ5YvJXLng_4AKKBHcC4Jx73ymS4DoRrHuQOHbNJh-mJkXRt4RPZRt8Ts-EGHMVkDwbDw6EB2SM8NS87QMTnKRaP84/s72-c/React-Corey.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-3754113564820345224</id><published>2013-06-28T12:24:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2014-07-29T17:03:07.111+03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="acid azotos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="amine"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="diazotare"/><title type='text'>Diazotarea aminelor</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Am fost rugat de
către un cititor să detaliez puţin teoria reacţiei de diazotare a aminelor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;După cum se ştie,
aminele au un caracter bazic, prezenţa perechii de electroni neparticipanţi ai
atomului de azot constituind un centru atrăgător de protoni.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Reacţia de
diazotare reprezintă procesul chimic de transformare a aminelor în săruri de
diazoniu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Această reacţie
este comună tuturor aminelor primare. Dar… având în vedere faptul că aminele primare
au gruparea NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; legată de un rest de hidrocarbură, care la rândul ei
poate fi aromatică sau alifatică, putem deduce cu uşurinţă faptul că reacţia de
diazotare poate decurge diferit în funcţie de natura restului de hidrocarbură
de care este legată gruparea amino.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Din start trebuie
precizat că reactivul folosit este acidul azotos (HNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sau HONO).
Datorită instabilităţii sale la temperatură ambientală, se recomandă ca reacţia
să se desfăşoare la temperaturi scăzute (0 – 5&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C), iar acidul azotos
să se producă „in situ”, prin reacţia dintre azotitul de sodiu şi acid
clorhidric (sau orice acid mai tare decât acidul azotos).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;NaNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
+ HCl &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;-----&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt; NaCl + &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;HNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Reacţia de
diazotare, aplicată aminelor aromatice primare se desfăşoară conform reacţiei
generale de mai jos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Ar-NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
+ NaNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + 2HCl &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;-------&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Ar-N&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;≡N]Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+ NaCl + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Amina &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Sarea de diazoniu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Sărurile de diazoniu ale aminelor aromatice
sunt stabile dar numai la rece, la pH-uri slab acide. Stabilitatea şi
utilitatea sărurilor de diazoniu aromatice este limitată între pH-uri acide sau
slab bazice. La pH-uri alcaline au loc transformări în general ireversibile.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Aminele alifatice au o comportare asemănătoare
faţă de acidul azotos, dar sărurile de diazoniu sunt instabile chiar şi la -80&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C
deoarece se descompun instantaneu în prezenţa solventului apos, rezultând
alcooli. Reacţia mai este cunoscută şi sub numele de dezaminare.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;R-NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
+ HONO &lt;/span&gt;---------&amp;gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt; R-OH + N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bibliografie: Prof. Dr. Mircea DĂRĂBANŢU - Curs de Chimie Organică (I) - Universitatea &quot;Babeş-Bolyai&quot; Cluj-Napoca&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/3754113564820345224/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2013/06/diazotarea-aminelor.html#comment-form' title='56 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/3754113564820345224'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/3754113564820345224'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2013/06/diazotarea-aminelor.html' title='Diazotarea aminelor'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><thr:total>56</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-7394600136887368465</id><published>2012-12-30T14:32:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-12-30T16:19:43.805+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="2-butanol"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dimerizare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="metan"/><title type='text'>Sinteze, sinteze...</title><content type='html'>&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;„….&lt;i&gt;chimistul sintetist este mai mult decât un logician&amp;nbsp; şi un strateg, el este un explorator puternic
motivat&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;să&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;speculeze&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;să-şi imagineze şi să creeze&lt;/b&gt;. Aceste
trei elemente cumulate furnizează alura artistică ce cu greu ar putea fi
inclusă într-o catalogare a principiilor de bază ale sintezei organice, dar
care este foarte reală&amp;nbsp; şi extrem de
importantă &lt;/i&gt;” (E.J. Corey - Premiul Nobel pentru chimie - 1990).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Sintezele organice, acele exerciţii întâlnire sub forma &quot;Pornind de la metan ca unică sursă de carbon, să se obţină...&quot; şi urma o substanţă de cele mai multe ori cu mulţi atomi de carbon şi cu 2-3 funcţiuni grefate pe catenă; ei bine acele exerciţii m-au sedus şi poate din cauza lor sunt atât de legat de chimia organică. Aceste&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;tipuri de exerciţii nu fac altceva decât
sistematizează şi întăresc cunoştinţele elevilor, contribuind la creşterea
capacităţii de analiză şi de sinteză, tocmai datorită faptului că îi poartă prin mai multe clase de compuşi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Să luăm spre exemplu următorul enunţ:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pornind de la metan ca şi unică sursă de carbon, să se obţină 2-butanol.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Pentru rezolvarea exerciţiului trebuie analizat produsul de reacţie sub următoarele aspecte:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;număr de atomi de carbon - 4 atomi de carbon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;clasa de compuşi din care face parte - alcooli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;particularitate structurală - alcool secundar saturat (gruparea hidroxil este legată la un atom de carbon secundar, iar catena conţine doar legături de tip sigma)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;În continuare se stabileşte strategia de abordare:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Obţinerea catenei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Grefarea funcţiunilor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;direct: funcţiunile de care avem nevoie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;indirect: funcţiuni care pot fi transformate în funcţiunile de care avem nevoie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Pentru obţinerea catenei se poate aplica strategia multiplicării cu 2 (4=2+2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;În funcţie de catena obţinută se poate alege ulterior, modalitatea de grefare a funcţiunii hidroxil sau a unei alte grupări intermediare.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Este clar că pentru obţinerea catenei de 4 atomi de carbon cea mai comodă metodă este:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;metan -&amp;gt; acetilenă -&amp;gt; dimerizarea acetilenei cu obţinere de vinil-acetilenă.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;De la vinil-acetilenă modalităţile de obţinere a 2-butanolului sunt diverse:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;adiţie de apă la legătura triplă (reacţie Kucerov) şi hidrogenarea apoi în prezenţă de Ni a produsului obţinut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;adiţie de acid clorhidric, hidrogenare totală, urmată de hidroliza bazică.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Bineînţeles, că există şi alte metode de sinteză, cu şi mai multe reacţii intermediare. De obicei, pentru evaluarea unui astfel de exerciţiu se &quot;premiază&quot;, pe lângă originalitate şi conciziunea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Vă invit pe voi dragi cititori, să transpuneţi pe caiete modalităţile de sinteză prezentate mai sus, sau să vă gândiţi şi la alte metode... De exemplu 4=1+2+1. :)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Vă doresc un An Nou plin de succese şi bucurii!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/7394600136887368465/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2012/12/sinteze-sinteze.html#comment-form' title='10 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/7394600136887368465'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/7394600136887368465'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2012/12/sinteze-sinteze.html' title='Sinteze, sinteze...'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><thr:total>10</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-8719539865655841549</id><published>2012-06-26T16:30:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2012-10-18T21:53:03.474+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Experimentul chimic - observaţie şi interpretare</title><content type='html'>Acum, la început de vacanţă, vă propun să ne apropiem puţin de latura practică a chimiei, experimentul. Nu voi susţine o întreagă  teorie didactico-pedagogică cu privire la experiment. Doresc să menţionez doar două aspecte care, pentru elevi, asigură succesul în activitatea de învăţare a chimiei prin experimente: &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;observaţia &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;şi &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;interpretarea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Observaţia se realizează cu ajutorul simţurilor; &lt;/b&gt;vedem o schimbarea a culorii mediului de reacţie, o efervescenţă (degajarea unui gaz), detectăm un miros diferit sau schimbarea temperaturii vasului în care se desfăşoară reacţia. În general, observaţia este răspunsul la întrebarea &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ce se întâmplă?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Interpretarea se realizează pe baza observaţiilor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt; Interpretarea oferă răspunsuri la întrebarea &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;De ce se întâmplă?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt; De cele mai multe ori, pentru a emite o judecată cu valoare generală, este necesar să repetăm acelaşi experiment, în aceleaşi condiţii, modificând însă &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;un singur&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt; parametru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Şi&amp;nbsp; pentru&lt;/span&gt; a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;vă da posibilitatea să observaţi şi să interpretaţi, vă propun o serie de trei încercări, de vacanţă, cu privire la indicatori şi acţiunea diferitelor substanţe asupra acestora. Orice absolvent al clasei a IX-a şi chiar şi din gimnaziu, ştie că indicatorii sunt substanţe care au proprietatea ca în prezenţa unor anumite substanţe îşi modifică aspectul coloristic. De exemplu, fenolftaleina este incoloră în mediu neutru sau acid, iar in mediu bazic devine roşu-carmin, metil-oranjul este roşu-roz-oranj în mediu acid, iar în mediu bazic devine gălbui.&lt;br /&gt;
Poate vă veţi întreba de unde veţi găsi indicatori, aceştia fiind produşi de sinteză? Natura ne oferă, pe langă multe alte lucruri minunate şi posibilitatea de a obţine indicatori.&lt;br /&gt;
Un indicator natural se poate obţine din varza roşie, astfel:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;un sfert de varză roşie se taie fin, se acoperă cu 400 ml apă fiartă, lăsându-se 10 minute.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;zeama astfel obţinută se lasă să se răcească la temperatura camerei şi se strecoară.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;se adaugă cca. 5 ml etanol (se poate folosi alcool dublu rafinat, masurat cu o seringă)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Astfel se obţine o soluţie de indicator de culoare violet inchis.&lt;br /&gt;
Pentru a vedea modul de comporatare a indicatorului preparat, se pot folosi diverse soluţii care se găsesc prin gospodărie (oţet, zeamă de lămâie, leşie (conţine sodă caustică, deci cu atingeţi cu mâna), lapte de var (soluţie de var stins), soluţie de săpun).&lt;br /&gt;
Dacă nu aveţi eprubete, folosiţi sticluţe transparente, pe care în prealabil la spălaţi bine, pentru a îndepărta eventualele imporitaţi. Adăugaţi în fiecare sticluţă 1-2 picături de indicator şi agitaţi. Notaţi pe un caiet, denumirea substanţei conţinută de soluţie, culoarea iniţială şi culoarea după adăugarea indicatorului. Încercaţi să trageţi concluzii cu privire la modul de schimbarea a culorii.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Succes şi vacanţă plăcută.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/8719539865655841549/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2012/06/experimentul-chimic-observatie-si.html#comment-form' title='7 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8719539865655841549'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8719539865655841549'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2012/06/experimentul-chimic-observatie-si.html' title='Experimentul chimic - observaţie şi interpretare'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><thr:total>7</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-1809588468539560101</id><published>2012-01-08T14:55:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-11-27T20:16:50.389+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="acid sulfuric"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="anhidrida sulfurică"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="oleum"/><title type='text'>Oleum - sperietoarea falsă</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Am auzit pentru prima dată despre oleum în urmă cu mulţi ani; eram elev în clasa a VIII-a. Oleum-ul se mai numeşte şi acid sulfuric fumans şi nu este altceva decât acid sulfuric concentrat în care se găseşte dizolvată o anumită cantitate de anhidridă sulfurică (trioxid de sulf SO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Aveam să mă reîntâlnesc cu oleum-ul, ca şi noţiune, desigur, la Olimpiada de Chimie. De fapt ne avertizaseră colegii mai mari, spunând că problema cu oleum a fost cea care le-a creat reale dificultăţi. Bineînţeles că atenţia mea s-a orientat ceva mai pregnant către această noţiune, încercând să înţeleg unde e ... &quot;sperietoarea&quot;. De fapt, nu era nicio sperietoare. Fiind o ştiinţă a naturii, chimia se bazează pe fenomene care au explicaţii naturale.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Revenind la problema oleum, am să încerc în căteva rânduri să explic de ce nu trebuie considerata o sperietoare. Şi pentru că nu mai ţin minte exact datele de atunci şi nici formularea exactă, am să propun un text alternativ, dar care poate ilustra suficient de bine fenomenul.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: blue; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Fie 100 grame oleum care conţine 10% anhidridă sulfurică. Ce cantitate de apă, sub formă de vapori, este necesar a fi reţinută de oleum, astfel încât concentraţia soluţiei finale să fie 90%?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rezolvare:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Soluţia finală, va conţine acid sulfuric şi apă. Se pune problema: cât acid sulfuric şi câtă apă?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Având în vedere că anhidrida sulfurică, reacţionează cu apa, formând acid sulfuric&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
SO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O ------&amp;gt; H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (1)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
mai trebuie calculat câtă apă se consumă în această reacţie şi cât acid sulfuric se formează, deoarece anhidrida se consumă în totalitate.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
La acest moment vom avea doar acid sulfuric concentrat (100%). Mai trebuie facut un calcul banal pentru a determina câtă apă mai trebuie adăugată pentru a obţine o soluţie de concentraţia cerută.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Conform datelor problemei:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;masa de acid existentă iniţial, notată m&lt;sub&gt;ac1&lt;/sub&gt;=90 g &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;masa de anhidridă m&lt;sub&gt;anhidrida&lt;/sub&gt; = 10 g de unde rezultă conform ecuaţiei (1)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;masa de apă consumata notată m&lt;sub&gt;a1&lt;/sub&gt;= 2,25 g iar masa de acid formată notată m&lt;sub&gt;ac2&lt;/sub&gt;= 12,25 g&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;masa totală de acid m&lt;sub&gt;ac&lt;/sub&gt;=m&lt;sub&gt;ac1&lt;/sub&gt;+m&lt;sub&gt;ac2&lt;/sub&gt;= 102,25 g&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;soluţia finală, de concentraţie 90%, va avea raportul masic solvat la solvent (acid sulfuric la apă) 9:1, de unde rezultă că masa de apă adăugată m&lt;sub&gt;a2&lt;/sub&gt;=11,36 g&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;cantitatea totală de apă va fi în acest caz m&lt;sub&gt;apă&lt;/sub&gt;=m&lt;sub&gt;a1&lt;/sub&gt;+m&lt;sub&gt;a2&lt;/sub&gt;=2,25+11,36=13,61 grame&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
De remarcat două aspecte:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Vaporii de apă - nu se adaugă apă în acidul sulfuric pentru diluare, de aceea am preferat formularea cu absorbţia apei sub formă de vapori.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cantitatea de apă sub formă de vapori reţinută este utilizată în primul rand pentru consumarea anhidridei şi apoi pentru diluare.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
Chiar dacă este o abordare din punctul de vedere al chimiei anorganice, aplicaţiile la problemele de chimie organică sunt foarte interesante.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/1809588468539560101/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2012/01/oleum-sperietoarea-falsa.html#comment-form' title='14 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/1809588468539560101'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/1809588468539560101'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2012/01/oleum-sperietoarea-falsa.html' title='Oleum - sperietoarea falsă'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><thr:total>14</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-8408979557413394114</id><published>2012-01-04T14:03:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2012-01-04T18:26:01.343+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="alchene"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="carbonil"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="oxidare"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ozon"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ozonoliza"/><title type='text'>Ozonoliza - oxidarea alchenelor cu ozon</title><content type='html'>Ozonoliza constă, practic într-o succesiune de două reacţii:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Acţiunea moleculei de ozon asupra legăturii C=C, cu formare de ozonidă, instabilă, explozivă.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hidroliza ozonidei, cu formarea de compuşi carbonilici (aldehide sau cetone) corespunzători.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
Voi descrie în cele ce urmează cele două etape ale ozonolizei, pentru etenă.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB9Ofzg_5H6IrTNNhCgG4AxMfy_zUBXHD9kEUY426gDSTvh_HEvRF0jVPckQma3SRHrsEGuUMMI2N0hygThKNMXpgSBtBCsmjPWG3QNlr90VG5oehUsVkLtw-JIoehTN7VEmMSpCvtiq0/s1600/ozonoliza-1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;96&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB9Ofzg_5H6IrTNNhCgG4AxMfy_zUBXHD9kEUY426gDSTvh_HEvRF0jVPckQma3SRHrsEGuUMMI2N0hygThKNMXpgSBtBCsmjPWG3QNlr90VG5oehUsVkLtw-JIoehTN7VEmMSpCvtiq0/s320/ozonoliza-1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Acţiunea ozonului asupra legăturii duble C=C&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;După cum spuneam mai sus, are loc atacul moleculei de ozon (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) asupra alchenei, în caul nostru etena.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Se poate observa formarea ozonidei, structură heterociclică, alcătuită din 3 atomi de O şi cei doi atomi de C ai etenei (numerotaţi 1 şi 2). Acest intermediar face parte din clasa trioxolanilor. În continuare ozonida este supusă hidrolizei. Am marcat cu culoare roşie modul de scindare a legăturilor, pentru a fi mai intuitiv. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSTJXtu6eDH1y4cDSG6nJAL14NgaYt2ir32AELZsa_WOdCvOTkDNwOCTeRi-cFhjxSuIzenXjcfz57Ax4tbesIWBfimM-6rzi04PaAHxnnkL8KWEmUX-j-lzQNZnxLzgDgQkfAKpLgcak/s1600/ozonoliza-2.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;55&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSTJXtu6eDH1y4cDSG6nJAL14NgaYt2ir32AELZsa_WOdCvOTkDNwOCTeRi-cFhjxSuIzenXjcfz57Ax4tbesIWBfimM-6rzi04PaAHxnnkL8KWEmUX-j-lzQNZnxLzgDgQkfAKpLgcak/s400/ozonoliza-2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Hidroliza ozonidei cu formarea compuşilor carbonilici corespunzători. (În cazul de faţă se obţine formaldehida.)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
Pe lângă compuşii carbonilici obţinuţi se poate observa şi obţinerea de apă oxigenată.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/8408979557413394114/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2012/01/ozonoliza-oxidarea-alchenelor-cu-ozon.html#comment-form' title='3 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8408979557413394114'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8408979557413394114'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2012/01/ozonoliza-oxidarea-alchenelor-cu-ozon.html' title='Ozonoliza - oxidarea alchenelor cu ozon'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB9Ofzg_5H6IrTNNhCgG4AxMfy_zUBXHD9kEUY426gDSTvh_HEvRF0jVPckQma3SRHrsEGuUMMI2N0hygThKNMXpgSBtBCsmjPWG3QNlr90VG5oehUsVkLtw-JIoehTN7VEmMSpCvtiq0/s72-c/ozonoliza-1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-6198392874570614895</id><published>2011-12-27T11:53:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2014-12-20T10:16:32.384+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="alchene"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bayer"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="carbonil"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="carboxil"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="oxidare"/><title type='text'>Oxidarea alchenelor</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
Reacţia de oxidare a alchenelor este, probabil, cea mai populară reacţie de oxidare. Şi spun asta, având în vedere frecvenţa cu care apare referirea la aceasta în diverse probleme de structură.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
Voi prezenta pe scurt variantele de oxidare a alchenelor, menţionând că, cele prezentate sunt valabile în general pentru legatura dublă C=C.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;Oxidarea totală (arderea)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;: este reacţia comună tuturor hidrocarburilor şi derivaţilor acestora, produşii de reacţie fiind dioxidul de carbon (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) şi apa (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
La modul general arderea alchenelor decurge conform reacţiei de mai jos:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n&lt;/sub&gt; + &lt;sup&gt;3n&lt;/sup&gt;/&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; -----&amp;gt; nCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + nH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, degajându-se şi o anumită cantitate de energie termică, aceasta fiind de fapt domeniul de aplicaţie practică a reacţiei.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;Oxidarea blândă&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;: are la bază labilitatea legăturii de tip π faţă de unii reactivi. Iar în această categorie intră şi soluţia bazică de KMnO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; denumită Reactiv Bayer. O astfel de reacţie de oxidare conduce la obţinerea de dioli vicinali, grupările hidroxil fiind grefate la atomii de carbon care iniţial făceau parte din legătura dublă C=C.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm7HXdba_DIxVUDC_bhyphenhyphenr1gsl6-jZxP8kufbcF2KnqBXTqwe1nX11fizVZXk5IvskOwulEBjPsTSSV5XxMUB0M1wFlky1Vwb4qKscLxhKOivtlBU2hpLr7L2Pr_Uusj9KKVg0g0aTANX4/s1600/oxidare-Bayer.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm7HXdba_DIxVUDC_bhyphenhyphenr1gsl6-jZxP8kufbcF2KnqBXTqwe1nX11fizVZXk5IvskOwulEBjPsTSSV5XxMUB0M1wFlky1Vwb4qKscLxhKOivtlBU2hpLr7L2Pr_Uusj9KKVg0g0aTANX4/s320/oxidare-Bayer.jpg&quot; height=&quot;47&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Oxidarea alchenelor cu reactiv Bayer&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Oxidarea energică&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;: este poate cea mai pomenită reacţie din categorie, pe baza ei construindu-se numeroase probleme care au pus la încercare arta rezolvitorilor.&lt;br /&gt;
Încă de la început trebuie precizate condiţiile în care decurge această reacţie: condiţii energice! Mediul de reacţie poate fi constituit din KMnO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; sau K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;, soluţii acidulate cu H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; concentrat.&lt;br /&gt;
Caracteristica generală a acestor reacţii, indiferent de agentul oxidant folosit este aceea că legătura dublă C=C se distruge în totalitate. &lt;br /&gt;
În funcţie de natura atomilor de carbon implicaţi în formarea legăturii duble C=C, se vor forma produşi de reacţie diferiţi.&lt;br /&gt;
Astfel:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt; atomii de carbon secundari se transformă în CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; şi apă H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;atomii de carbon terţiari se transformă în grupări &lt;b&gt;carboxil&lt;/b&gt; (-COOH), caracteristice acizilor organici.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;atomi de carbon quaternari se trensformă în grupări &lt;b style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;carbonil&lt;/b&gt; (C=O) de tip &lt;b&gt;cetonic&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Am exemplificat mai jos etapele scrierii în mod corect a unei reacţii de oxidare energică:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1LRELqqai6V0X5fb6n1Mc1b5PkRjjumOme7sNzsbynLdxv69pnh2O1YHwMYwKONttdXeY6CmTipEfGRN4cxGB9k5bM2gWibQLLREaStaFDoCu7VelaTfFVOB5jbGnhDi2BYJuYtvp3-8/s1600/oxidare-energica.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1LRELqqai6V0X5fb6n1Mc1b5PkRjjumOme7sNzsbynLdxv69pnh2O1YHwMYwKONttdXeY6CmTipEfGRN4cxGB9k5bM2gWibQLLREaStaFDoCu7VelaTfFVOB5jbGnhDi2BYJuYtvp3-8/s400/oxidare-energica.jpg&quot; height=&quot;48&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Oxidarea energică a unei alchene&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
Pentru început să observăm că am notat cu 1 şi 2 atomii de carbon din legătura dublă. După cum se poate observa, 1 este un atom de carbon terţiar, iar 2 este un atom de carbon secundar.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
În etapa următoare, se scindează total legătura dubla C=C, rezultând două &quot;fragmente&quot;. Se observă că afectaţi vor fi doar atomii de carbon din legătura dublă, restul moleculei nefiind supusă altor modificări. Astfel, legătura sigma existentă între atomul de carbon 1 şi restul moleculei (R) se păstrează intactă, transformarea realizăndu-se doar la nivelul acestui atom de carbon terţiar, care devine grupare carboxil. Atomul de carbon notat cu 2, fiind secundar se transformă în dioxid de carbon şi apă, conform celor precizate mai sus.&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/6198392874570614895'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/6198392874570614895'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2011/12/oxidarea-alchenelor.html' title='Oxidarea alchenelor'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm7HXdba_DIxVUDC_bhyphenhyphenr1gsl6-jZxP8kufbcF2KnqBXTqwe1nX11fizVZXk5IvskOwulEBjPsTSSV5XxMUB0M1wFlky1Vwb4qKscLxhKOivtlBU2hpLr7L2Pr_Uusj9KKVg0g0aTANX4/s72-c/oxidare-Bayer.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><georss:featurename>Strada Ariesului, Alba Iulia, România</georss:featurename><georss:point>46.080851736867871 23.582582473754883</georss:point><georss:box>46.078098236867874 23.577646973754884 46.083605236867868 23.587517973754881</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-3472526265751905157</id><published>2011-10-23T10:39:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2014-01-06T19:17:37.381+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Despre randament</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
Noţiunea de randament pare a fi percepută ca un bau-bau în cadrul problemelor de calcul stoechiometric. Cauza pare a fi o anume deficienţă în înţelegerea textului. Chiar dacă se cunoaşte relaţia care exprimă la modul general randamentul, elevii sunt de-a dreptul bulversanţi în modul de identificare a cantităţilor practice sau teoretice.&lt;/div&gt;
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O formulare de genul: &quot;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Să se calculeze cantitatea de substanţă obţinută în urma reacţiei, dacă randamentul este x%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&quot;, indică faptul că se solicită determinarea cantităţii practice, prin aplicarea randamentului la cantitatea teoretică, adică cea calculată pe reacţie.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Exemplu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: &lt;b&gt;3,36 l (c.n.) dintr-o alchenă gazoasă adiţionează Brom. Calculaţi cantitatea de produs de reacţie, exprimată în moli, dacă randamentul reacţiei de adiţie este 60%.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Rezolvare:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Conform ecuaţiei reacţiei chimice se determină numărul de moli care ar rezulta teoretic din reacţie (la un randament de 100%).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNX5YIWUcrz584XGh2V9rcHdWOytiJtdIloL8VdYyGyO5s3UgK_7CoFF5V5mE5VD0eJF7H4QUzsvWNQqVriHsVfzZxxBurbcxa4mDO-gL4hRli2b6DFBC1vIYJ96wmno3UyjgLVmdxXgQ/s1600/aditie.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNX5YIWUcrz584XGh2V9rcHdWOytiJtdIloL8VdYyGyO5s3UgK_7CoFF5V5mE5VD0eJF7H4QUzsvWNQqVriHsVfzZxxBurbcxa4mDO-gL4hRli2b6DFBC1vIYJ96wmno3UyjgLVmdxXgQ/s320/aditie.jpg&quot; height=&quot;105&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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n&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;=1*3,36/22,4=0,15 moli produs de reacţie&lt;/div&gt;
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aplicând randamentul, obţinem cantitatea practică:&lt;/div&gt;
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n&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;=n&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt;*60/100=0,09 moli.&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;Cu totul altfel stau lucrurile atunci cănd din datele problemei se cunoaşte &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;cantitatea de substanţă obţinută&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, precum şi randamentul. De cele mai multe ori, în asemenea cazuri se solicită să se calculeze cantităţi (mase, moli sau volume) ale reactanţilor.&lt;/div&gt;
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Recomandat este ca pe ecuaţia reacţiei chimice, pentru calcul stoechiometric să se lucreze cu cantităţile teoretice, &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #b45f06;&quot;&gt;cantitatea de substanţă obţinută&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; va fi de fapt cantitatea practică din expresia matematică a randamentului. Nu trebuie decât calculată cantitatea teoretică de substanţă, aceasta fiind utilizată în continuare la calcului stoechiometric.&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/3472526265751905157/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2011/10/despre-randament.html#comment-form' title='104 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/3472526265751905157'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/3472526265751905157'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2011/10/despre-randament.html' title='Despre randament'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNX5YIWUcrz584XGh2V9rcHdWOytiJtdIloL8VdYyGyO5s3UgK_7CoFF5V5mE5VD0eJF7H4QUzsvWNQqVriHsVfzZxxBurbcxa4mDO-gL4hRli2b6DFBC1vIYJ96wmno3UyjgLVmdxXgQ/s72-c/aditie.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>104</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-6770908524137541531</id><published>2011-01-11T14:52:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-01-11T14:52:39.470+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Pas cu pas</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pe parcursul lecţiilor de chimie, elevii acumulează treptat cunoştinţele necesare rezolvării problemelor complexe. Mai jos este prezentată o astfel de problemă care se pretează la o astfel de abordare secvenţială.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Despre hidrocarbura A se cunosc următoarele      date:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conţine 87,8%C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Adiţia halogenilor decurge în raport molar A:X&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = 1:1&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;4,1 grame A adiţionează 8 grame de Brom.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Catena nu prezintă ramificaţii&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Determinaţi formula moleculară şi de structură a hidrocarburii A&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rezolvare:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;În primul rând din textul problemei observăm ca este vorba despre o &lt;u&gt;hidrocarbură&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;adică o substanţă în compoziţia căreia regăsim C şi H.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Se cunoaşte conţinutul procentual de Carbon, deci, prin scădere din 100 se află conţnutul în Hidrogen. (%H=12,2%).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Aplicând algoritmul clasic de determinare a formulei brute obţinem (C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Având în vedere faptul că adiţia halogenilor decurge în raport molar de 1:1 putem trage concluzia că hidrocarbura A conţine o singură legătură dublă între 2 atomi de Carbon.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;4,1 grame hidrocarbură A adiţionează 8 grame de Brom.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipO3cHHxGYiiNVdcdczXmauOVNj98eY-xOGC8k1zh4v751cI0d2hj2nwhQUErKa5DVXSfU-VbF8z01zSH_mp64Bl5rS6RTQ7CJgfOD45WakGrqN_nUrZ5aNo4BLW1EHci_AaoNgt2Ynog/s1600/aditie-brom.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipO3cHHxGYiiNVdcdczXmauOVNj98eY-xOGC8k1zh4v751cI0d2hj2nwhQUErKa5DVXSfU-VbF8z01zSH_mp64Bl5rS6RTQ7CJgfOD45WakGrqN_nUrZ5aNo4BLW1EHci_AaoNgt2Ynog/s1600/aditie-brom.jpg&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Din reacţia de mai sus se determină masa moleculară M&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;=82 g/mol, astfel că, din formula brută se obţine formula moleculară C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;. Nesaturarea echivalentă fiind NE=2, coroborat cu faptul că există doar o singură legătură dublă iar catena nu prezintă ramificaţii, structura hidrocarburii este:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxk4Uvs0KThUc8kEzWnmUdxdqZDRaa9c-AZLW8qZxgIhFDABOTbLTRpCEDAdQgCnUDn1Ifuz91V7VsDZhMedWXDHfvUHvBqODvP8-HfEkU9CV0VC2mU_rjSshF6O9Vyp9tOk1rYQTfjV0/s1600/ciclohexena.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxk4Uvs0KThUc8kEzWnmUdxdqZDRaa9c-AZLW8qZxgIhFDABOTbLTRpCEDAdQgCnUDn1Ifuz91V7VsDZhMedWXDHfvUHvBqODvP8-HfEkU9CV0VC2mU_rjSshF6O9Vyp9tOk1rYQTfjV0/s1600/ciclohexena.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ciclohexena.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;După cum se poate observa, rezolvarea acestei probleme ne conduce prin ouă capitole ale chimiei organice: cel legat de structura substanţelor organice precum şi capitolul despre hidrocarburile nesaturate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/6770908524137541531/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2011/01/pas-cu-pas.html#comment-form' title='2 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/6770908524137541531'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/6770908524137541531'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2011/01/pas-cu-pas.html' title='Pas cu pas'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipO3cHHxGYiiNVdcdczXmauOVNj98eY-xOGC8k1zh4v751cI0d2hj2nwhQUErKa5DVXSfU-VbF8z01zSH_mp64Bl5rS6RTQ7CJgfOD45WakGrqN_nUrZ5aNo4BLW1EHci_AaoNgt2Ynog/s72-c/aditie-brom.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-1096140024872602494</id><published>2011-01-10T11:29:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2011-01-10T11:34:49.002+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Amestec şi procente</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;În afara problemelor în care arderea hidrocarburilor este utilizată ca metodă cantitativă de determinate a formulelor moleculare, exista o seamă de probleme în care se foloseşte arderea amestecurilor de hidrocarburi, cunoscute de aceasta dată, cea mai frecventă cerinţă fiind determinarea compoziţiei amestecului, în procente de masă sau moli. Un exemplu în acest sens îl constituie problema de mai jos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Un amestec de propenă şi etenă cu volumul de 6,72 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; este supus combustiei, obţinându-se 15,68 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; măsurat în condiţii normale. Determinaţi compoziţia în procente de moli a amestecului de hidrocarburi supus combustiei.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Deoarece cerinţa problemei este aceea de a calcula compoziţia în procente de moli a amestecului iniţial, recomand transformarea cantităţilor volumetrice în moli. Astfel, amestecul iniţial de hidrocarburi (6,72 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;), transformat în moli va fi de 0,3 mmoli. Analog, pentru CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; rezultat vom obţine 0,7 mmoli.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Scriem ecuaţiile reacţiilor chimice de argere pentru fiecare hidrocarbură în parte şi notăm:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;- n&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; numărul de moli de propenă&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;- n&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; numărul de moli de etenă&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;- a numărul de moli de CO2 obţinuţi din arderea propenei&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;- b numărul de moli de CO2 obţinuţi din arderea etenei&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjONJTiZCGKXEkG6f1lbqLPRnooU60xoJqCZciWTURsv5ADYnQq74jPDAm7Q4O9iJmL93hZ6ic7RcSiWmsn134VlUDAyLuNLMVGO5J5Es32d95g3UsqugY6KlGdIhyphenhyphenIb6bPFhrBugyvyTE/s1600/ardere.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;172&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjONJTiZCGKXEkG6f1lbqLPRnooU60xoJqCZciWTURsv5ADYnQq74jPDAm7Q4O9iJmL93hZ6ic7RcSiWmsn134VlUDAyLuNLMVGO5J5Es32d95g3UsqugY6KlGdIhyphenhyphenIb6bPFhrBugyvyTE/s320/ardere.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cunoaştem că n&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;+n&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=0,3 şi a+b=0,7&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;De pe ecuaţiile reacţiilor se determina a=3n&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; şi b=2n&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rezolvând sistemul astfel obţinut, se detrmină n&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;=0,1 mmoli C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; şi n&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;=0,2 mmoli C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, iar compoziţia în procente de moli va fi 33,33% C3H6 respectiv 66,67%c2H4.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;De reţinut faptul că în cazul amestecurilor de gaze, compoziţia în procente de moli este egală cu compoziţia în procente de volum.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/1096140024872602494/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2011/01/in-afara-problemelor-in-care-arderea.html#comment-form' title='17 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/1096140024872602494'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/1096140024872602494'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2011/01/in-afara-problemelor-in-care-arderea.html' title='Amestec şi procente'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjONJTiZCGKXEkG6f1lbqLPRnooU60xoJqCZciWTURsv5ADYnQq74jPDAm7Q4O9iJmL93hZ6ic7RcSiWmsn134VlUDAyLuNLMVGO5J5Es32d95g3UsqugY6KlGdIhyphenhyphenIb6bPFhrBugyvyTE/s72-c/ardere.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>17</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-8298619240412914721</id><published>2010-12-15T14:36:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2010-12-15T14:41:24.421+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="alcani"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="denumire"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="hexan"/><title type='text'>Denumiri, denumiri...</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Nu cred că există profesor de chimie care să nu fi întâlnit cel puţin un elev care, pus în faţa unei formule chimice, să nu reuşească să-i dea denumirea corectă. Explicaţiile elevilor erau din cele mai diverse, dar toate convergeau spre aceeaşi concluzie: &quot;E grea chimia asta...&quot;. O singură explicaţie mi-a rămas în minte prin originalitatea ei; privind la structura pe care o voi exemplifica la mai jos, elevul şi-a întors privirile spre mine şi a spus cu toata candoarea celor 16 ani: &quot;Presupun că se pronunţă altfel decât este scris...&quot;. Ca să scurtez povestea, voi prezenta în cele ce urmează structura unui alcan, urmând să exemplific şi denumirea acestuia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTo07J_m2fAZX3rjvmZOdb7lx5xLNcvmk-18WDJRC0YLjoQwmztJTWAIP9jDLHzSVmzYeAxaZU4trbfxRNkaztlYQA4VSt4ei6K260889V40ENB2Rq9n2LhCJykdvZuY0o-XJyK1915m8/s1600/alcan.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTo07J_m2fAZX3rjvmZOdb7lx5xLNcvmk-18WDJRC0YLjoQwmztJTWAIP9jDLHzSVmzYeAxaZU4trbfxRNkaztlYQA4VSt4ei6K260889V40ENB2Rq9n2LhCJykdvZuY0o-XJyK1915m8/s1600/alcan.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Alcanul din figura alăturată este de fapt un izomer al &lt;b&gt;decanului&lt;/b&gt;(C&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt;). Există reguli stabilite de catre IUPAC (International Union for Pure and Aplied Chemistry) care statutează modul în care se denumesc substanţele chimice, din diverse clase de substanţe. Pentru exemplul nostru, se procedeaza astfel:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. Se identifică şi se numerotează catena cea mai lungă în ambele sensuri:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqIDHZTycRTuLOsJJuIK5CY4ug2b7MjsBl33vU3loRzMDRs3HuvvZk2dY3uIw4W_1BS71P6bDBsxo2Bo0wRdtV7LxpuiNOnk0rO5Ad9Ie6cl2-3qc9MfnsaWoDXysZrTcJYDrl2LQ0rFE/s1600/alcan_1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqIDHZTycRTuLOsJJuIK5CY4ug2b7MjsBl33vU3loRzMDRs3HuvvZk2dY3uIw4W_1BS71P6bDBsxo2Bo0wRdtV7LxpuiNOnk0rO5Ad9Ie6cl2-3qc9MfnsaWoDXysZrTcJYDrl2LQ0rFE/s1600/alcan_1.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Se observă că aceasta este alcătuită din 6 atomi de Carbon, deci reţinem denumirea alcanului cu 6 atomi de carbon (&lt;span style=&quot;color: brown;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;HEXAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. Se identifica atomii de Carbon la care se produc ramificaţii:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkFlTSbD5YizKUYRFWxnBSExaYE4cfYMPpGJwkSo4uX4El0E4ejcXcF2LbkOiJXo4AM-EYueDmTugR8T04kIl5KTNacbYk9rwWvYFZPz6tO74Lk1bPtr3J7_-OxsTtH3h2xrH6r3Y0OUo/s1600/alcan_2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkFlTSbD5YizKUYRFWxnBSExaYE4cfYMPpGJwkSo4uX4El0E4ejcXcF2LbkOiJXo4AM-EYueDmTugR8T04kIl5KTNacbYk9rwWvYFZPz6tO74Lk1bPtr3J7_-OxsTtH3h2xrH6r3Y0OUo/s1600/alcan_2.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Aceştia sunt atomii de Carbon &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; şi&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt; 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. Se identifică radicalii alchil de la atomii de carbon identificaţi mai sus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTcPjxVhPkLtGshsRbyYrgXXpp1Rh-OjBkTfQwrKsWoidxxyYcMZN5IS4uBnke9meZu7Mz9qfS-Hs57KkmhZG2D9VT_NRzlWOABefUySKEazo8E8-VqH0qwOU-qyXYb_UMRpWeA5UDC6o/s1600/alcan_3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTcPjxVhPkLtGshsRbyYrgXXpp1Rh-OjBkTfQwrKsWoidxxyYcMZN5IS4uBnke9meZu7Mz9qfS-Hs57KkmhZG2D9VT_NRzlWOABefUySKEazo8E8-VqH0qwOU-qyXYb_UMRpWeA5UDC6o/s1600/alcan_3.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Se observă că avem un radical &lt;b style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;etil&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;şi doi radicali &lt;b style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;metil&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; (doi radicali metil = &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;dimetil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Realizăm denumirea punând cap la cap informaţiile colectate la cei tri paşi anteriori:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Pe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ntru sensul numerotat cu albastru (de la stânga la dreapta): &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;etil&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;3,4&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;dimetil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;-&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #660000;&quot;&gt;hexan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Pe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ntru sensul numerotat cu roşu (de la dreapta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; la stânga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;): &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;etil&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;3,4&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;dimetil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;-&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #660000;&quot;&gt;hexan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Deoarece avem 2 denumiri diferite pentru aceeaşi substanţă, se alege ca şi denumire corectă cea în care suma cifrelor care apar este minimă: pentrul sensul de la stânga la dreapta suma este 11, air pentru sensul invers suma este 10. În concluzie, denumirea corectă este:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3-etil-3,4-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;dimetil&lt;/b&gt;-&lt;b&gt;hexan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rămâne la latitudinea cititorului să stabilească dacă răspunsul elevului a fost sau nu perinent (&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Presupun că se pronunţă altfel decât este scris...&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/8298619240412914721/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/12/denumiri-denumiri.html#comment-form' title='9 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8298619240412914721'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8298619240412914721'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/12/denumiri-denumiri.html' title='Denumiri, denumiri...'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTo07J_m2fAZX3rjvmZOdb7lx5xLNcvmk-18WDJRC0YLjoQwmztJTWAIP9jDLHzSVmzYeAxaZU4trbfxRNkaztlYQA4VSt4ei6K260889V40ENB2Rq9n2LhCJykdvZuY0o-XJyK1915m8/s72-c/alcan.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>9</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-8241069201258448406</id><published>2010-12-03T10:46:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2010-12-03T10:46:26.085+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Evadare din tipar</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Aplicarea riguroasă a algoritmilor de rezolvare a problemelor de chimie este de cele mai multe ori calea spre rezultatul corect. Această metodă, pe lângă avantajele incontestabile pe care le aduce, poate să limiteze uneori capacitatea de analiză şi interpretare a datelor problemei. Există probleme care par a se încadra perfect într-un şablon până la un punct de impas. De aceea este recomandat să se analizeze cu atenţie contextul şi să se adopte o strategie adecvată în abordarea problemei.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Exemplu:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Un alcan A conţine 16,28% H. Determinaţi formula moleculară a alcanului.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La prima vedere, problema se încadrează în algoritmul de rezolvare a problemelor de compoziţie a substanţelor organice. Se ştie că alcanii sunt hidrocarburi, de unde se determină %C=100-16,28=83,72%. Iar de aici, prin aplicarea algoritmului clasic ajungem la (C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;. Ajunşi în acest punct constatăm că ne lipseşte masa moleculară pentru a determina valoarea &quot;n&quot;, esenţială în aflarea formulei moleculare. Desigur, se poate aplica metoda încercărilor, prin acordarea de valori lui n (n=1,2,3,...) şi verificarea încadrării formulelor moleculare obţinute în formula generală a alcanilor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O altă abordare, mai eficientă ar fi exprimarea conform limbii române a noţiunii de &quot;procent&quot;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Astfel, pornim de la formula moleculară generală a alcanilor (C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n+2&lt;/sub&gt;) şi exprimăm în funcţie de aceasta masa moleculară M=12n+2n+2. Contribuţia Hidrogenului la masa moleculară este de 2n+2.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;16,28% se traduce: În 100 grame A exista 16,28 grame H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Aplicând regula de trei simplă vom avea:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;100 g A...................16,28 g H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;14n+2 g A...............2n+2 g H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;De unde rezultă n=6, iar formula moleculară a alcanului A este C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/8241069201258448406/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/12/evadare-din-tipar.html#comment-form' title='2 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8241069201258448406'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8241069201258448406'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/12/evadare-din-tipar.html' title='Evadare din tipar'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-8946181159421984220</id><published>2010-11-20T17:04:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2010-11-20T18:13:56.929+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="butan"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="procente de volum"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="propan"/><title type='text'>Puţină ardere</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O proprietate comună a hidrocarburilor este arderea. Absolut toate hidrocarburile, indiferent de seria din care fac parte ard în aer (sau oxigen) şi se transformă în &lt;b&gt;dioxid de carbon&lt;/b&gt; şi &lt;b&gt;apă&lt;/b&gt;. Această proprietate stă la baza diverselor formulări ale problemelor de chimie organică, întâlnite în special la amestecurile de hidrocarburi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Problemă&lt;/u&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Un amestec de propan şi butan, ocupând un volum egal cu 10 ml, este supus arderii în exces de oxigen. După condensarea apei, de gazele rămase sunt trecute printr-o soluţie de KOH, volumul acestora reducându-se cu 36 ml. Determinaţi compoziţia în procente de volum a amestecului iniţial de hidrocarburi. (Volumele de gaze sunt măsurate în condiţii normale de temperatură şi presiune.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rezolvare&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ecuaţiile reacţiilor chimice:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl7wqwfETlc4fj8ZhngxkalrKjurr4leXw8zFtUqn9rgK4jdLWprTB_oLZFWkihh7gIe6Jb6PkNy-RhR8y9zphLFFYTZ3mIR4PesTWfz3hWIvyeLFXcUup4jrkcaYDjbyS4-_o-B821tQ/s1600/reactii.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;183&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl7wqwfETlc4fj8ZhngxkalrKjurr4leXw8zFtUqn9rgK4jdLWprTB_oLZFWkihh7gIe6Jb6PkNy-RhR8y9zphLFFYTZ3mIR4PesTWfz3hWIvyeLFXcUup4jrkcaYDjbyS4-_o-B821tQ/s320/reactii.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;KOH va reţine din amestecul de gaze rezultat după condensarea apei doar dioxidul de carbon, iar reducerea de volum de 36 ml este chiar volumul de dioxid de carbon rezultat din ardere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;V&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; = volumul de propan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = volumul de butan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a = volumul de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; rezultat din arderea propanului&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b = volumul de CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; rezultat din arderea butanului&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Conform datelor problemei avem:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 10 ml (1) şi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a+b =36 ml (2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;De pe ecuaţiile reacţiilor se obţine:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;V&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= a/3 şi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= b/4, adică, înlocuind în relaţia (1) a/3 + b/4 = 10 (3).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Folosindu-ne de relaţia (2) vom obţine a = 12ml şi b = 24ml.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;De aici,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 4ml si&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= 6 ml, iar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;%C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; = 40%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;%C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; = 60%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Iosif Schichetanz, Florin Badea - Chimie Organică prin probleme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/8946181159421984220/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/11/putina-ardere.html#comment-form' title='9 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8946181159421984220'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/8946181159421984220'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/11/putina-ardere.html' title='Puţină ardere'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl7wqwfETlc4fj8ZhngxkalrKjurr4leXw8zFtUqn9rgK4jdLWprTB_oLZFWkihh7gIe6Jb6PkNy-RhR8y9zphLFFYTZ3mIR4PesTWfz3hWIvyeLFXcUup4jrkcaYDjbyS4-_o-B821tQ/s72-c/reactii.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>9</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-3540844693960057321</id><published>2010-11-09T11:24:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2010-11-09T11:24:49.452+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Rezolvare sistematică sau ... &quot;speculativă&quot;???</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;În cadrul rezolvărilor de probleme, de multe ori elevii sunt tentaţi să se abată de la &quot;firul roşu&quot; al modului de lucru şi să facă diverse asocieri între datele problemei şi rezultatele parţiale. Chiar dacă aceste mici speculaţii conduc la obţinerea unui rezultat final corect într-un timp oarecum mai scurt, la evaluare pot apărea surprize, deoarece nu există un fundament solid al argumentării.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Un exemplu în acest sens îl constituie problema de mai jos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Problemă:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;O hidrocarbură A având densitatea în raport cu azotul d&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;=2 se transformă într-o substanţă B, cu acelaşi număr de atomi de Carbon şi care conţine 21,62% Oxigen. Ştiind că substanţa B are NE=0 şi că în molecula ei există un singur atom de Oxigen, determinaţi care sunt formulele moleculare ale substanţelor A si B.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Rezolvarea sistematică:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pentru hidrocarbura A:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;=2 =&amp;gt; M&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;=d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;*M&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; = 2*28 = 56. (1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Formula moleculară generală: C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;, iar masa moleculară se poate calcula ca fiind M&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;=12*a+b (2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;Pentru substanţa B:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;b&#39;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;NE=0 =&amp;gt; 2*a+2-b&#39;=0 adică b&#39;=2*a+2, formula moleculară devenind C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2*a+2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O (3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;=12*a+2*a+2+16=14*a+18.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ştiind că în 100 g B exista 21,62 g O, putem scrie astfel:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; ................................. 16 g O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;100 g B ......................... 21,62 g O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;--------------------------------------------&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;=74 g/mol adică 14*a+18=74 de unde rezultă formula moleculară pentru substanţa &lt;b&gt;B: C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Cunoscând ca hidrocarbura A conţine acelaşi număr de atomi de Carbon ca şi substanţa B, rezultă că formula moleculară a acesteia se poate scrie C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;Din relaţiile (1) şi (2) se poate deduce valoarea lui b=8; deci formula moleculară a hirocarburii &lt;b&gt;A: C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Rezolvarea &quot;speculativă&quot;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Se determina masa moleculara a hidrocarburii A (vezi rezolvarea sistematică relaţia (1)).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Aici se poate specula, ştiind că valorile a,b trebuie sa fie numere naturale; din relaţia 12*a+b=56, valorile care satisfac aceasta relaţie si pentru care NE are valori rezonabile si care să reflecte o formulă moleculară reală vor fi a=4 şi b=8, adică formula moleculară va fi &lt;b&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Cunoscând că substanţa B are acelaşi număr de atomi de Carbon ca şi A, că NE=O şi că în molecula ei există un singur atom de Oxigen (vezi rezolvarea sistematică relaţia (3)), formula moleculară a substanţei B devine &lt;b&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Acest tip de rezolvare poate fi mai mult sau mai puţin acceptata de către evaluator. Un motiv pentru care evaluatorul poate să respingă o astfel de rezolvare este lipsa unui argument solid în determinarea formulei moleculare a hidrocarburii A, chiar dacă acest rezultat este corect.&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/3540844693960057321/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/11/rezolvare-sistematica-sau-speculativa.html#comment-form' title='3 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/3540844693960057321'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/3540844693960057321'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/11/rezolvare-sistematica-sau-speculativa.html' title='Rezolvare sistematică sau ... &quot;speculativă&quot;???'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-1899049360111763674</id><published>2010-11-02T15:10:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2014-08-21T08:58:54.166+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Un mic secret: Nesaturarea echivalentă</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Considerând o substanţă organică cu formula moleculară generală C&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;X&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt; (X=F,Cl,Br,I) vom scrie relaţia de calcul pentru nesaturarea echivalentă (NE) ca fiind&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiICX8OHAgklDUzVujwAw5eR01Ter3lww-Rq9x_vCg1N7GKFWyphMOcfTc4yUZJl0TrgkTWLeGp8qg2hzrU-cFb2OqCyImEky-kim3bqWU3m_bObQImrF90Lh3OVV0OhVzgawj8LkqngSs/s1600/NE.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiICX8OHAgklDUzVujwAw5eR01Ter3lww-Rq9x_vCg1N7GKFWyphMOcfTc4yUZJl0TrgkTWLeGp8qg2hzrU-cFb2OqCyImEky-kim3bqWU3m_bObQImrF90Lh3OVV0OhVzgawj8LkqngSs/s200/NE.jpg&quot; height=&quot;45&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;unde a,b,c,d,e reprezintă numărul de atomi corespunzători fiecarui element organogen. Evident că pentru elementele care nu se găsesc identificate în substanţa organică, numărul de atomi respectivi va fi 0.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Valoarea NE ne spune în primul rând dacă formula moleculară pentru care am calculat-o este sau nu reală. Astfel, pentru o formulă moleculară reală, NE va trebui să aibă valori din mulţimea numerelor naturale (0,1,2...). O nesaturarea echivalentă care are ca rezultat un număr fracţionar sau negativ indică o formulă moleculară greşită.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Alte informaţii deosebit de importante furnizate de către NE sunt cele legate de numărul de legături&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;π&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;şi/sau structuri ciclice pe care structura substanţei organice cu formula moleculară respectivă le poate conţine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Aceste informaţii pot fi structurate conform tabelului de mai jos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Nr. legături π&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Nr. struct. ciclice&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #fff2cc;&quot;&gt;NE=0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff2cc;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff2cc;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #cfe2f3;&quot;&gt;NE=1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #cfe2f3;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #cfe2f3;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #cfe2f3;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #cfe2f3;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f4cccc;&quot;&gt;NE=2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f4cccc;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f4cccc;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f4cccc;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f4cccc;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f4cccc;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f4cccc;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;După cum se observă din tabelul de mai sus, suma dintre numărul de legături π şi numărul de structuri ciclice este egal cu NE pentru formula moleculară a substanţei considerate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aplicaţie demonstrativă:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Să se modeleze 3 structuri izomere pentru hidrocarbura A care are formula moleculară C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rezolvare&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Calculăm nesaturarea echivalentă şi obţinem NE=1. Din analiza tabelului de mai sus rezultă că putem modela pentru formula moleculară &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; structuri aciclice care să conţină o legătură &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;π sau structuri ciclice care conţin doar legături &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;σ. Din multitudinea de structuri posibile am ales trei dintre ele:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/1899049360111763674/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/11/un-mic-secret-nesaturarea-echivalenta.html#comment-form' title='8 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/1899049360111763674'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/1899049360111763674'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/11/un-mic-secret-nesaturarea-echivalenta.html' title='Un mic secret: Nesaturarea echivalentă'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiICX8OHAgklDUzVujwAw5eR01Ter3lww-Rq9x_vCg1N7GKFWyphMOcfTc4yUZJl0TrgkTWLeGp8qg2hzrU-cFb2OqCyImEky-kim3bqWU3m_bObQImrF90Lh3OVV0OhVzgawj8LkqngSs/s72-c/NE.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>8</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-342483180939248702</id><published>2010-11-01T14:46:00.006+02:00</published><updated>2010-11-01T15:22:29.490+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Informaţii ascunse ... la vedere</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;De cele mai multe ori, problemele de chimie organică par greu de abordat, datorită &quot;sărăcimii&quot; datelor numerice pe care le posedă. Totuşi rezolvarea unor astfel de probleme poate deveni foarte facilă dacă citim cu atenţie textul problemei şi interpretăm corect toate informaţiile stocate în acesta.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Să exemplificăm:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. O hidrocarbură A, are masa moleculară 44 g/mol şi nesaturarea echivalentă NE=0. Determinaţi formula moleculară a hidrocarburii A şi propuneţi un model structural.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rezolvare:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La prima vedere, singurele date numerice ale problemei sunt masa moleculară şi nesaturarea echivalentă. Dar, să revedem textul, evidenţiind noţiuni care ne pot furniza date suplimentare.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Deci: &quot;O &lt;b style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;hidrocarbură&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt; A, are &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;masa moleculară 44 g/mol&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt; şi &lt;u style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;nesaturarea echivalentă NE=0&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;. Determinaţi formula moleculară a hidrocarburii A şi propuneţi un model structural.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Observaţi cuvântul HIDROCARBURĂ; acest cuvânt ne furnizează o informaţie importantă şi anume faptul că substanţa A este o hidrocarbură, adică o substanţă organică alcătuită doar din C şi H.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Automat, formula moleculară devine C&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;b&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Informaţiile marcate cu culoarea roşie sunt evidente: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Masa moleculară a hidrocarburii A poate fi scrisa M&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;=12*a+1*b = 44 (1)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Nesaturarea echivalentă NE=(2*a+2-b)/2 = 0 (2)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Din cele doua relaţii (1) şi (2) obţinem un sitem de două ecuaţii cu două necunoscute şi anume:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
12*a+b=44&lt;br /&gt;
2*a-b=-2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rezolvarea acestui sistem va returna valorile: a=3 şi b=8, deci formula moleculară a substanţei va fi C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
NE=0 ne indică faptul că hidrocarbura A nu coţine legături de tip π, şi nici nu prezintă structuri ciclice, de aceea, structura plană este cea prezentată mai jos.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP90YvLAG4RgaUICuXMb27JvJyG5dRQoQMFgd-B8bXg36H91dbJISyxW_nkVlA7kbW5gyxBg20zrPGOIvHE7ON2wZnID2gwPuQlj0zfKxQDqtOzW5T6VbqwfddRmErXtz5UkIoa5Ec9q8/s1600/propan.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;41&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP90YvLAG4RgaUICuXMb27JvJyG5dRQoQMFgd-B8bXg36H91dbJISyxW_nkVlA7kbW5gyxBg20zrPGOIvHE7ON2wZnID2gwPuQlj0zfKxQDqtOzW5T6VbqwfddRmErXtz5UkIoa5Ec9q8/s200/propan.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;Iată cum utilizând cu atenţie tot textul problemei găsim date suplimentare valoroase pentru rezolvarea cu succes a acesteia.&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/342483180939248702/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/11/de-cele-mai-multe-ori-problemele-de.html#comment-form' title='7 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/342483180939248702'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/342483180939248702'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/11/de-cele-mai-multe-ori-problemele-de.html' title='Informaţii ascunse ... la vedere'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP90YvLAG4RgaUICuXMb27JvJyG5dRQoQMFgd-B8bXg36H91dbJISyxW_nkVlA7kbW5gyxBg20zrPGOIvHE7ON2wZnID2gwPuQlj0zfKxQDqtOzW5T6VbqwfddRmErXtz5UkIoa5Ec9q8/s72-c/propan.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>7</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8092055051075488502.post-5866812279627008638</id><published>2010-10-25T17:46:00.017+03:00</published><updated>2010-11-10T17:19:18.453+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Metoda combustiei</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;În vedere determinării compoziţiei şi proprietăţilor substanţelor organice,
asupra probelor de substanţă necunoscută se efectuează mai multe seturi de
analize. Analizele la care este supusă proba pot fi clasificate în trei categorii,
în funcţie de întrebarea la care răspund:&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. Analiza calitativă - răspunde la întrebarea &quot;Care sunt elementele chimice din
care este compusă substanţa analizată?&quot;
2. Analiza cantitativă - răspunde la întrebarea &quot;Ce cantitate din fiecare element
determinat se găseşte în substanţa analizată?&quot;
3. Analiza funcţională - răspunde la întrebarea &quot;Ce grupări funcţionale
determină proprietăţile substanţei analizate?&quot;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;În cele ce urmează, voi prezenta una dintre metodele folosite în vederea
determinării cantitative a elementelor chimice care compun o substanţă organică.
Substanţele organice au proprietatea de a arde şi de a se transforma în dioxid de
carbon, apă şi ale gaze (în funcţie de elementele organogene).

Voi prezenta în continuare o modalitate de a determina formula moleculară a unei
substanţe organice supusa combustiei şi ale cărei rezultate se cunosc.

&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Problema:
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #073763;&quot;&gt;
O substanţă organică A, având densitatea vaporilor săi în raport cu aerul
d=3,045 a fost supusă combustiei. Din 4,4 mg substanţă A s-au obţinut 8,8 mg CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
si 3,6 mg H&lt;sub style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O. Determinaţi formula moleculară a substanţei A.

&lt;/span&gt;Rezolvare:

Pentru rezolvare vom ţine cont că hidrogenul şi carbonul care se regăseşte în
apa respectiv dioxidul de carbon rezultat provine de la substanţa organică.
Raţionamentul de determinare a cantităţilor de C respectiv de H porneşte de la
conţinutul molar al cele două elemente. Astfel:
pentru C:
44 g CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ...................................................12 g C
8,8 mg CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (rezultat din combustie)............x mg C

de unde x=2,4 mg C

Analog, pentru H:
18 g H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O .....................................................2 g H
3,6 mg H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O (rezultată din combustie)..........y mg H

de unde y=0,4 mg H

Însumînd cele două valori x + y=2,4 + 0,4 = 2,8 mg C şi H.
Comparând această valoare cu cantitatea de substanţă supusă combustiei vom
observa ca există o diferenţă de 1,6 mg. Aceasta diferentă ne informează că pe
lângă C şi H, în substanţa supusă analizei există şi O.
Avand aceste date vom determina formula procentuală a substanţei A:

4,4 mg A ........ 2,4 mg C ......... 0,4 mg H .......... 1,6 mg O
100 mg A ........ %C .................... %H ................... %O

de unde: %C=54,54%; %H=9,09% şi %O=36,36%
Masa moleculară a substanţei A se determină pe baza densităţii relative
M&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;=d*M&lt;sub&gt;aer&lt;/sub&gt;=3,045*28,9=88 g/mol

Având la dispoziţie aceste date se aplica algoritmul descris în &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/10/formule-brute-formule-moleculare.html&quot; style=&quot;color: #274e13;&quot;&gt;acest articol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/pre&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/feeds/5866812279627008638/comments/default' title='Postare comentarii'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/10/metoda-combustieiin-vedere-determinarii.html#comment-form' title='1 comentarii'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/5866812279627008638'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8092055051075488502/posts/default/5866812279627008638'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://irimie.blogspot.com/2010/10/metoda-combustieiin-vedere-determinarii.html' title='Metoda combustiei'/><author><name>Lucian</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14550997338879376134</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW0cYOs1QPt76STdDTpDlARY8-SeB5h8EcEg_kNhaS1ta3Pf-Q_Qt7p4YvHriT77vN4HCFNcVAqBHex-ukZQdi2QhddQ7vgujWiicw-LZIgo3Jqv_g8bf9H8ppL8jqnXwbK55lNj4cwAK7SmuXOSogt65T6mT6YwPgMnxiVCccCJn7RRM/s1600/certificate-with-ribbon-bow-graduation-hat.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry></feed>