Mar.11 (China Military News cited from Time.com and written by Austin Ramzy) — For the past two decades, China’s rapid economic growth has been twinned with an even more rapid increase in military spending. While GDP has expanded by an annual average of 9.6% over the past 10 years, the reported budget for the People’s Liberation Army has grown by an average of 16%. So it was an unexpected surprise when Li Zhaoxing, a former foreign minister who is now spokesman for the National People’s Congress, announced on March 4 that China’s defense budget would increase by 7.5% for 2010, just over half of last year’s 14.9% rise.

The slowdown was partly attributed the difficult economic climate. While China was able to grow at 8.7% last year, that healthy rate came at the expense of $586 billion in stimulus spending. Last week Premier Wen Jiabao said that government spending would grow more slowly this year as Beijing seeks to control inflation while maintaining stable growth.

Amid those economic demands, another double-digit increase in military spending might be seen as excessive. But perhaps the most compelling reason for the slowdown in spending is that Chinese officials have become more cautious of the way the development of the People’s Liberation Army is perceived abroad. Last year China marked the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic with an Oct. 1 military parade in front of Tiananmen Square. While generally a cause for celebration in China, the parade of soldiers, tanks and missile carriers was seen as intimidating by many foreign observers.

Chinese military analysts have explained the rapid spending increase as normal for a large nation climbing out of decades of poverty. “Although China now has a growing military demand, it has always upheld the principle of peaceful development. The double-digit increases in the past should be interpreted as compensational growth,” says Zhao Zongjiu, deputy secretary-in-general at Shanghai Institute for International Strategic Studies, a government-backed think tank. “I predict that, given the current policy environment, the growth rate of military expenses will remain roughly on the same level as China’s GDP growth in the next few years.”

China’s 2010 military budget, which is awaiting legislative approval, will be $78 billion. That would make it second only to the United States, which for 2010 has a total budget of $663.8 billion. U.S. spending is equivalent to 4.7% of the nation’s GDP, while China’s defense outlay equals about 1.5% of its estimated 2010 GDP.

But military observers have long cautioned that China’s official defense budget figures shouldn’t be taken at face value, and that actual spending could be two or three times higher than what is reported. China is engaged in a significant number of expensive military equipment development programs, including likely efforts to develop its first aircraft carrier. Those all make it difficult to curtail spending, says Andrei Chang, Hong Kong-based editor-in-chief of Kanwa Defense Review Monthly. “There are very ambitious military plans for the Chinese,” he says. “This is the reason it’s impossible to have an increase of 7.5%.”

Improving ties with Taiwan have also lessened some of the military tension along China’s periphery. Beijing considers the self-ruled island a breakaway province that should ultimately be reunited with the mainland, by force if necessary. A more China-friendly leadership in Taipei has helped eased some of the fear of armed conflict. But the region still has the potential to be a flash point. Taiwan says China has some 1,500 missiles stationed along the Taiwan Strait. And a decision by U.S. President Obama in January to approve the sale of more than $6 billion in military equipment to Taiwan has angered the Chinese government, which has postponed some military exchanges with the U.S. in protest.

Chang also notes that China is just two years away from an expected reconfiguration of its leadership. President Hu Jintao is expected to step down, and will want to secure high positions for his political allies. Drastically curtailing defense spending could alienate the military, whose support he needs to ensure top spots for his proteges. “The new round of political power struggle is continuing,” Chang says. “You have to give souvenirs to the armed forces.”

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March.05 (China Military Power Mashup Reporting by Johnathan Weng) — China has successfully put into orbit another remote-sensing satellite, “Yaogan IX” at 12:55 p.m.(Beijing Time) from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northwestern Gansu Province, according to a statement from the center Friday.

The satellite was sent into space aboard a Long March 4C carrier rocket and would be used to conduct scientific experiment, carry out surveys on land resources, forecast grain output and help with natural disaster-reduction and prevention endeavor, it said.

Its predecessor, “Yaogan VIII,” was launched from Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in northern Shanxi Province last December. 

The paylaod differences between Yaogan-IX and Yaogan-I

“Yaogan IX” is believed to be the first generation of Naval Ocean Surveillance satellite, whose purpose and performance are similar to U.S. White Cloud system. “Yaogan IX” is perhaps to be used for geolocation of U.S. Carrier Fleet and part of ASBM (anti-ship ballistic missile) system.

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The figure, about 36 billion yuan more than that of last year, consists of 518.577 billion yuan of central government spending and 505 million yuan of transfer payments to local governments.

These funds will be used mainly to modernize the army, according to the draft submitted to the National People’s Congress (NPC), China’s top legislature, which started its annual session Friday morning.

Ding Jiye, deputy head of the General Logistics Department of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), offered a more specific breakdown of the defense spending.

“These funds would be used for the PLA’s mechanization and informationization, to support the reform of army and improve its capability to deal with varied threats and complete diversified tasks,” Ding told Xinhua Friday.

Part of the money would also be spent to improve the servicemen’s living standards, as well as basic military facilities, Ding said.

Although China’s defense expenditure had been on rise over the past years, “its growth was still limited and the defense spending still fell short,” he said.

The PLA would make more efficient use of the defense expenditure to further improve its capabilities, Ding said.

Friday’s draft budget report added that China’s national defense spending in 2009 came to 482.985 billion yuan, 102.1 percent of the budgeted figure and a year-on-year increase of 72.844 billion yuan or 17.8 percent.

These funds were also used to improve the living conditions and benefits of army officers and enlisted personnel, intensify the development of informationization, increase the army’s equipment and supporting facilities by an appropriate amount, and improve its ability to respond to emergencies and disasters.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-03/05/c_13198036.htm

By polaris

Mar.04 (released by China Military Power Mashup and written by Jiang Xinghua) — Editor’s Note: According to statistics from the Headquarters of the General Staff of the People’s Liberation Army, 65 million to 110 million landmines lie buried in 68 countries, killing or injuring about 26,000 people each year. This year marks the 10th anniversary of China’s ratification of an amendment to the United Nation’s Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices. China has endeavored to eliminate problem landmines around the world by using unique tools created by Chinese scientists and engineers.

It’s not surprising that the civilization that used landmines in military operations 500 years ago has the know-how to disarm such weapons.

A battalion of Chinese U.N. peacekeepers to be deployed to Lebanon’s southern border area left their base in southwest Yunnan Province on Feb. 16. They were selected from an engineering regiment of Chengdu Military Command that has participated in landmine clearance operations on the Sino-Vietnam border and three foreign mine-sweeping missions. The latest China-made equipment carried with the battalion to Lebanon has been unveiled at their base.

Remote-controlled Robot Detector

The self-propelled robot will be mainly used to find landmines and unexploded ordnance in humanitarian missions. It finds possible landmines with a revolving arm mounted with a metal detector. Equipped with three pairs of caterpillar tracks, the robot can overcome vertical obstacles of 20 centimeters as well as go up and down stairs. It has a maximum working speed of 100 meters per hour on open terrain and can work on a slope with a maximum gradient of 25 degrees or an area with vegetation less than 10 centimeters high.

The robot’s controller watches live video images on his laptop computer relayed via wireless signal from the robot’s cameras. When the robot finds a suspect mine, it will stop, spray marking liquid on the surface and send an alert to the controller. The machine is waterproof and able to operate for six hours before recharging.

Mine-sweeping Armored Vehicle

The armored vehicle specially designed for mine clearance weighs about 38 tonnes and is 9.7 meters long, 3.2 meters wide and 2.5 meters high. But the vehicle is only operated by two crew: a vehicle head and a driver who will cooperate in driving, observing, communication and other tasks. To facilitate their work, all mine-sweeping tools installed in the vehicle have both manual and automatic modes. In the auto mode, the crew only need to close the vehicle’s hatch cover and the computerized system will do the rest by monitoring every maneuver. The system also has a safety that can stop firing mine-triggering weapons if the vehicle is not properly sealed.

This track-laying vehicle can be deployed to sweep for a range of landmines, especially anti-tank mines buried in advance positions, to clear a road for tanks, armored combat vehicles and infantry. Crew members can operate other mine-sweeping tools in the vehicle to destroy scattered mines. The vehicle has an engine power of 427kw and a maximum speed of 47km per hour on the highway when it is equipped with a mine-sweeping plough.

Bamboo-like Bangalore Torpedo

In a mountainous training area for landmine clearance, engineers demonstrated the extendable Bangalore torpedoes which were originally created by PLA engineers to sweep landmines buried around the Sino-Vietnamese border. In areas with heavy vegetation and complex terrain, it is very hard and dangerous for engineers to find mines with standard metal detectors. But the extendable Bangalore torpedo can do so.

Inspired by Chinese bamboo, the torpedoes are extended by sectional cartridges so as to reach far into dense vegetation in mountainous terrain where a common metal detector cannot easily locate landmines. The bamboo-like device can easily clean a path up to 10 meters long and two meters wide by detonating landmines in a thicket. With its mobility and simplicity, the extendible torpedo has been proved to be far more efficient than the traditional Bangalore torpedo.

The engineers said that this simple weapon has been listed as important standard equipment in the PLA’s mine-sweeping arsenal and has been adopted in many international mine clearance missions.

Multipurpose Mine-sweeping Harrow

In the mine-sweeping training field, some engineers use a multipurpose mine-sweeping harrow to dig out dummy mines as easily as digging out potatoes and yams. The harrow was invented by Chinese minesweepers who found that most antipersonnel landmines are triggered by pressure on the top, but will not detonate by being pressed from the side. This simple but effective tool could also be used to clear weeds and other obstacles in a minefield. It has been also listed as a standard equipment in the PLA’s mine-sweeping arsenal for humanitarian mine-sweeping missions and played important roles in mine clearance or education along the Sino-Vietnam border, Eritrea and Thailand.

Hook and Rope with Pressurized Air Gun

In the mine-sweeping training field of the base, engineers also demonstrated a hook and rope device which can be fired by air-pressurized gun to a distance of 50 to 90 meters. The device is designed to deal with trip-wired landmines. After finding such mines, a mine-sweeper can fire the hook to catch the trip wires from a safe distance and then trigger the mines by drawing the rope.

The engineers also designed a handheld variant of the hook and rope device which can be thrown by the mine sweeper and cut branches and leaves, while catching trip wires in mine fields with heavy vegetation.

Protective Suits for Engineers

Besides the mine-sweeping tools, Chinese engineers deployed to Lebanon have also been equipped with improved protective suits. The suits are soft, breathable and light so as to make the wearers more flexible and agile.

In a mine-sweeping training mission conducted by Chinese and Thai engineers in Thailand, a student accidentally triggered a sophisticated anti-infantry mine. Then vice-director of Chinese mine-sweeping expert group Chen Dairong quickly held the student down when the mine exploded. However, they were both safe because they wore the China-made protective suits which prevented injury caused by shrapnel.

The suits have been improved several times in the past ten years to bring innovations in style, protective performance and even the buttons. For example, the visor of the helmet has been updated 10 times to improve both rigidity and transparency.

Armored Ambulance

The armored ambulance manned by the Chinese mine-sweeping engineers is a modified armored off-road vehicle of the PLA. It will be used to transport wounded personnel and to conduct emergency surgery in the minefield or battlefield.

The ambulance’s four-meter-long and two-meter-wide cabin can allow three medical staff to give first aid to a wounded soldier.

The ambulance, with high fuel efficiency and reliability, is four-wheel drive and can mount a 30-degree slope. It can also be used for patrol, reconnaissance, communication or escort if installed with weapons and relevant facilities.

Backgrounder: China’s endeavor to deal with worldwide landmine problems

China has not signed the Ottawa Treaty co-signed by 121 countries in December 1997 as a joint effort to completely ban antipersonnel landmines. But China has ratified the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Trap and Other Devices of the U.N. Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons concluded at Geneva in 1980, and ratified an amendment to the protocol in 1998 which tightens the restrictions to prevent civilian mine casualties.

The amended protocol details regulations on the delectability of antipersonnel mines, and sets requirements for their self-destruction and self-deactivation outside fenced, monitored and marked areas.

China and Vietnam planted millions of mines during the Sino-Vietnam war in 1979 and the following skirmishes along their border, leaving the mountainous region one of the most densely packed minefields since World War II.

Since signing the mine protocol, China has carried out two large-scale mine-sweeping missions in the 1990s and detonated more than 680,000 mines and unexploded ordnance.

The country has also actively participated in international humanitarian missions to help other countries clear mines.

In the past two years, China has trained engineers for Angola, Mozambique, Chad, Burundi and other African countries and financed Peru, Ethiopia and Ecuador to disarm mines.

In January, China donated 70 sets of landmine detectors and accessories to Egypt where some 16.7 million landmines and unexploded ordnance items were left in the north African battlefield from World War II.

Four Chinese experts were also dispatched to Egypt to train local minesweepers. They also supplied Egypt with mine-sweeping technology to help free more residents from the deadly heritage that has claimed thousands of lives.

Chinese experts have also helped in Thailand and Eritrea to teach mine-sweeping practices, which is perhaps the most dangerous non-combat mission.

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