tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42713750821453708962024-03-18T22:23:46.151-04:00Heroes, Heroines, and HistoryUniting those who love to write about history with those who love to read about it.Debbie Lynne Costellohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16381517812227326616noreply@blogger.comBlogger401616tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4271375082145370896.post-45830710918569439322024-03-18T04:00:00.054-04:002024-03-18T04:00:00.146-04:00Georgia "Tiny" Broadwick - Parachutist<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> By Nancy J. Farrier</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgd-rWmvaH3KGk9ikoRD5H3jgijQMAdmXTcLuGZABzxso_uuGh45eShyphenhyphenXLokie5nyG6xqYOMuqCDdgQTsh2ntpJjpSdcdRG9CSdjsVM-YJbqJDyf8AGMMbCN5dJ6L8EmX-X6BHngsr2X43ulgMrSFMCXGAx2Rnc3pg5OW1ZhAh9BHfkkWhFbgMLNpZkZsv/s800/N_61_24_Tiny_Broadwick_open_chute_(9015301361).jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="800" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgd-rWmvaH3KGk9ikoRD5H3jgijQMAdmXTcLuGZABzxso_uuGh45eShyphenhyphenXLokie5nyG6xqYOMuqCDdgQTsh2ntpJjpSdcdRG9CSdjsVM-YJbqJDyf8AGMMbCN5dJ6L8EmX-X6BHngsr2X43ulgMrSFMCXGAx2Rnc3pg5OW1ZhAh9BHfkkWhFbgMLNpZkZsv/s320/N_61_24_Tiny_Broadwick_open_chute_(9015301361).jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tiny with parachute - Wikimedia Commons<br />State Archives of North Carolina</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />Georgia Ann Thompson was born in 1893. She grew up in North Carolina and earned the nickname Tiny because she started weighed only three pounds at birth and grew up to be only five feet tall and 80 pounds. For her whole life people called her Tiny, although her determination and spirit did not match her diminutive size.<o:p></o:p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tiny married at 12 and had a baby girl at 13. Her husband died in an accident when she was fourteen and she had to support her child working long days in a factory. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdL8_bPS8GZF99UBuI2jxd4ACy6hagY4btA5pUT34BxeK0p5Ure-g9ZtDxWRTHs5MW4_xdq4R8jqdxCD9UckR7Mj5SvurKyJYq1DkJ-w-_dPZpZTwe6rd6Rsw8h71175ywccrcwxRcb6p5WvYyHM5StgH7s1Kh4ynIQ6h9_5PmyNoXCmSvInZMV0GZJrUV/s484/4127CDF0-F028-4F97-94D1-69309569A91F_4_5005_c.jpeg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="332" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdL8_bPS8GZF99UBuI2jxd4ACy6hagY4btA5pUT34BxeK0p5Ure-g9ZtDxWRTHs5MW4_xdq4R8jqdxCD9UckR7Mj5SvurKyJYq1DkJ-w-_dPZpZTwe6rd6Rsw8h71175ywccrcwxRcb6p5WvYyHM5StgH7s1Kh4ynIQ6h9_5PmyNoXCmSvInZMV0GZJrUV/s320/4127CDF0-F028-4F97-94D1-69309569A91F_4_5005_c.jpeg" width="220" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tiny in promotional photo as <br />The Doll Girl<br />NC State Archives, public domain </span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Georgia attended the 1907 State Fair and first saw Charles Broadwick’s Famous French Aeronauts perform. This group went up in hot air balloons and parachuted back to the ground. This was prior to skydiving from airplanes and so the new sight was thrilling to Tiny.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">She went to Charles Broadwick and begged him to allow her to travel with them and learn to jump from a balloon. He agreed. Her mother was not happy with the decision but agreed on the condition that Tiny would leave her daughter with her mother instead of dragging her around the country. Tiny left her family and joined Broadwick’s group. Broadwick legally adopted Georgia in 1908 and she became Georgia "Tiny" Broadwick.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Charles Broadwick recognized a new performer and the boost she would bring to their tickets sales. She was small and had long, curly hair, so he introduced her as The Doll Girl. Tiny was 15 when she made her first jump from a hot air balloon. The sensation she created lasted through 1912 and then the show’s popularity slowly declined.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbO8j8nxffO_lh4E-YdyGy-s6LIb1zE_lhIGUaaaZ-6okPm8Rrwx-LmVAnNdtT4M-pU7MxEtnR7CMa3KqDwxdaynNeX8iS9GnqtAX-WLEjIuK2N3DOQvzLbWWaUfOH_L9k8x1dJOLbQnMm_Z4lWhsIrCd63qekMI0JtF4BZUlah3bz9b8oaZMOYiRhCClH/s800/Tiny_Broadwick_Jumpseat.jpeg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="631" data-original-width="800" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbO8j8nxffO_lh4E-YdyGy-s6LIb1zE_lhIGUaaaZ-6okPm8Rrwx-LmVAnNdtT4M-pU7MxEtnR7CMa3KqDwxdaynNeX8iS9GnqtAX-WLEjIuK2N3DOQvzLbWWaUfOH_L9k8x1dJOLbQnMm_Z4lWhsIrCd63qekMI0JtF4BZUlah3bz9b8oaZMOYiRhCClH/w200-h158/Tiny_Broadwick_Jumpseat.jpeg" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tiny on jump seat<br />Wikimedia Commons</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />A famous pilot, Glenn Martin, saw Tiny jump and approached her about jumping from an airplane instead. She had no hesitation and wanted to work with him. Charles Broadwick made a different parachute for Tiny made of silk. It fit in a knapsack. A string attached it to the plane’s fuselage so that when Tiny dropped, the string would release the parachute.<o:p></o:p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tiny rode suspended in a small seat behind the wing of the plane. When Martin reached an altitude of two thousand feet, Tiny pulled the lever and the seat swung away. For her first jump, she landed in Griffith Park in Los Angeles and became the first woman to parachute from a plane. She also became the first woman to parachute into water when she jumped into Lake Michigan.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Then, in 1914, WWI started. The military was losing planes and pilots. If the plane went down there was no recourse but for the pilot to go down too. The Army Air Corp went to see Tiny in San Diego. The asked her to jump from a military plane to see how it could be done safely.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhomwRtJ6RmB05jeyo21BfFW0Do2GX1sx6nccmjPJWtHKW_bQ7c6lwMoWRRS2hlM073psXmJ9E25mSr6YiDjElhDZEiSHWZnruy8-zvAqT7JnOBgQm6h2kJVsVOQjgUk2-ltgoBJBLMHioCzPwBEEtjTnbumjmijTQJG5jxRVNl4hjRkX_-7_ypxzD3jaky/s545/5FA9A3E5-2F3F-4F1F-A68A-F35BCACE8770.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="519" data-original-width="545" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhomwRtJ6RmB05jeyo21BfFW0Do2GX1sx6nccmjPJWtHKW_bQ7c6lwMoWRRS2hlM073psXmJ9E25mSr6YiDjElhDZEiSHWZnruy8-zvAqT7JnOBgQm6h2kJVsVOQjgUk2-ltgoBJBLMHioCzPwBEEtjTnbumjmijTQJG5jxRVNl4hjRkX_-7_ypxzD3jaky/s320/5FA9A3E5-2F3F-4F1F-A68A-F35BCACE8770.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tiny Broadwick after 4 parachute jumps<br />on San Diego's North Island<br />NC State Archives, public domain</span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tiny jumped four times for them at San Diego’s North Island. The first three went perfectly. The fourth one had problems at the start. She jumped and the parachute lines tangled in the tail of the plane. The wind was high and she had no way to get back in the plane. Tiny wasn’t one to get flustered. She cut all the lines except for one short piece. This caused her to fall free of the plane but the parachute wasn’t open. (This is most likely the first free fall, certainly the first for a woman.)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tiny maintained her focus and used the short line to pull out the parachute. It then opened up and she had a safe flight down. That short cord became the early prototype for the rip cord on parachutes today. Most importantly, she proved that a pilot had the chance to get out of his damaged plane and get safely to ground. This is when the parachute became known as the “life preserver of the air.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tiny had to give up jumping in 1922. She’d broken many bones and dislocated shoulders during her career. Her ankles were problematic when she landed, so she retired.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcdTGv-P8GPnlZecisU8xR6aUICiJfHeDBR8X_RV4hAZMjQO_8gODXKwYsPwb-Nk9VLF-EdQw9tndp0BFyBopQJpLawlq6B1PWX_MZKk-ntKuRFtoa8s3T9CGgLkRvxW48Pil1uxiwsWALMVYXKenb-PCeL9OLcSEbwJodE8Cgve94ygvjfNx7SI1616I-/s522/AAF4A875-6271-4E40-BD76-29FDCF39DC69.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="361" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcdTGv-P8GPnlZecisU8xR6aUICiJfHeDBR8X_RV4hAZMjQO_8gODXKwYsPwb-Nk9VLF-EdQw9tndp0BFyBopQJpLawlq6B1PWX_MZKk-ntKuRFtoa8s3T9CGgLkRvxW48Pil1uxiwsWALMVYXKenb-PCeL9OLcSEbwJodE8Cgve94ygvjfNx7SI1616I-/s320/AAF4A875-6271-4E40-BD76-29FDCF39DC69.png" width="221" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tiny demonstrating her parachute<br />to 82nd Airborne at Ft. Bragg<br />NC State Archives, public domain </span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />Tiny became known in aviation circles and to the military for her contributions. She was given many awards and honors. Among those, she was made an honorary member of the 82<sup>nd</sup> Airborne Division at Ft. Bragg. <o:p></o:p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">At the time of her retirement, Tiny was quoted as saying, “I breathe so much better up threre, and it’s so peaceful being that near to God.” The National Air Museum Director, Philip S. Hopkins said, “…Measured by her courage and by her accomplishments, she stands tall among her colleagues—the pioneers of flight…” Tiny died at 85 and is buried in North Carolina.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What an amazing woman. I’m pretty sure I wouldn’t have done any of those things, but I admire her for doing them. What a contribution to our military too. I found it very interesting that pilots were taught to parachute by a teenage woman who weighed less than a hundred pounds. Wow.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Have you heard of Georgia “Tiny” Broadwick? Have you ever jumped out of an airplane? Here is a fun interview with <a href="https://youtu.be/ENRAGs33yNM?si=cwmsqOeMKRJkNf4O" target="_blank">Tiny</a> done in 1963. Don't forget that I’d love to hear from you.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj2vxQk_PYlCZ2ELxGVS-OlVPiPmPmReS41noo7lRLKw-Z06CAeI5o5QsZ3GIVg6XJ6D4LDnsvtihmbJDGYbMeeuZY-sHjm4sANmkZlUeSTkXC4Fsmd4qJmjpesiOfjnp8L7QIEuTKCVOcfu3zmCxcrySQsL_ny86pp7WdAfFzgfYlGvtwjm0E8Bnue6qZ/s4240/nancy-farrier-HR-4.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4240" data-original-width="2830" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj2vxQk_PYlCZ2ELxGVS-OlVPiPmPmReS41noo7lRLKw-Z06CAeI5o5QsZ3GIVg6XJ6D4LDnsvtihmbJDGYbMeeuZY-sHjm4sANmkZlUeSTkXC4Fsmd4qJmjpesiOfjnp8L7QIEuTKCVOcfu3zmCxcrySQsL_ny86pp7WdAfFzgfYlGvtwjm0E8Bnue6qZ/w134-h200/nancy-farrier-HR-4.jpg" width="134" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Nancy J Farrier is an award-winning, best-selling author who lives in Southern Arizona in the Sonoran Desert. She loves the Southwest with its interesting historical past. When Nancy isn’t writing, she loves to read, do needlecraft, play with her cats and dog, and spend time with her family. You can read more about Nancy and her books on her website: <a href="http://nancyjfarrier.com">nancyjfarrier.com</a>.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Nancy J Farrierhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01566747643718758182noreply@blogger.com8Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4271375082145370896.post-83437912763032020882024-03-17T01:00:00.028-04:002024-03-17T01:00:00.247-04:00The Untold Story Behind the Oklahoma Land Run<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL7vUOjkzYxb37fYUPuw-7DBjYpcinVXiRLylf1jeQF562_DKyLUWPZpvyiuu6vVPW5bNyc5cmVf_1b7gXvjXbUD4xCFXxwCERoA7J0Cj9vuT0K3wn9qj37b9eq-GAxMFDszHeoJd0eHsZZHqvDGJ4V8UDeykoNtTPbEEHKtcfM7NAU8MwtmzoNo17lDg/s2048/Cindy%20blog%20banner(5).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="2048" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL7vUOjkzYxb37fYUPuw-7DBjYpcinVXiRLylf1jeQF562_DKyLUWPZpvyiuu6vVPW5bNyc5cmVf_1b7gXvjXbUD4xCFXxwCERoA7J0Cj9vuT0K3wn9qj37b9eq-GAxMFDszHeoJd0eHsZZHqvDGJ4V8UDeykoNtTPbEEHKtcfM7NAU8MwtmzoNo17lDg/w400-h225/Cindy%20blog%20banner(5).png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">After moving to
Oklahoma a little over a year ago, I have been fascinated with its history. I
mentioned the Choctaw and their relationship to the Irish potato famine in a
previous post. You can check it out<a href="https://www.hhhistory.com/2023/11/how-irish-and-choctaw-formed-lasting.html" target="_blank"> here.</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDPmrOSs2MK6X5vSus1igTmL9NN26zjT7UZni2T8ZGcx3dH-xpS0IRW466wO3LVyQTaP2d6h_HQQYYgbSbBbIGsCttkgFtZru5zCKkK69isGbND1j971a7x-RWEeiY98G5BudDkkvG46o_YQHiJuJK9-qNOlv3_1Ym77ZATGz-qcyvGh3xIibTDW89cvQ/s900/3-oklahoma-land-rush-1889-granger.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="900" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDPmrOSs2MK6X5vSus1igTmL9NN26zjT7UZni2T8ZGcx3dH-xpS0IRW466wO3LVyQTaP2d6h_HQQYYgbSbBbIGsCttkgFtZru5zCKkK69isGbND1j971a7x-RWEeiY98G5BudDkkvG46o_YQHiJuJK9-qNOlv3_1Ym77ZATGz-qcyvGh3xIibTDW89cvQ/w640-h366/3-oklahoma-land-rush-1889-granger.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">Today I want to
talk about the displacement of the Native Americans to make room for the
settlers who claimed land during the land run on April 22, 1889 all while
Oklahoma was still Indian territory. A lot of pieces had to be put in place in
order to make it happened. None of them benefited the tribes who had lived
there for decades due to relocation. Let’s not forget those tribes who lived in
Indian Territory before the five Civilized Tribes were relocated. Those are the
Caddo, Wichita, and the Osage. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">Indian Territory
(Oklahoma) was considered a wasteland by the U.S. Government, which is why it
was given to the Native Americans. From the late 1800s to the early 1900s the
desire to eliminate tribal sovereignty took on many forms. The most dramatic was
the land rush. Note that the land allocated was the best available there. Relegating
the undesirable land to the Indians. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKqGrNBwyKKdUOls_r4B2XrlRREYFiGy0e1oiIY90ALp-ZpoyDM_7cfgb79lX8C1hctukelnXPsxOCUUNulBCKr_Lbu56I42uDxs7QPJAs8GTq6ltQ-Sx9JCzrS8Xxmoe6yAArgWVolV3EvO9aQKUZlXnvKAHrD0pjy-gYYmXe6LeWgSrMgCnvmz-zerc/s960/Creek_Nation_SCOTUS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="960" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKqGrNBwyKKdUOls_r4B2XrlRREYFiGy0e1oiIY90ALp-ZpoyDM_7cfgb79lX8C1hctukelnXPsxOCUUNulBCKr_Lbu56I42uDxs7QPJAs8GTq6ltQ-Sx9JCzrS8Xxmoe6yAArgWVolV3EvO9aQKUZlXnvKAHrD0pjy-gYYmXe6LeWgSrMgCnvmz-zerc/s320/Creek_Nation_SCOTUS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <b>Tribal Removal<br /></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">The Cherokee,
Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw and Seminole, referred to as the five civilized tribes
where force from their lands on the east coast to Indian Territory between 1830
and 1845. The term Civilized Tribes refers to their desire to assimilate into
the white man’s culture in order to survive. Even so, the white settlers across
the east coast wanted the Indian’s farms and homesteads because the land was
rich for farming. But when gold was found, the Congress passed the Indian
Removal Act of 1830. There were many trails of tears as various tribes were removed
to Indian territory. Those who survived the forced marches made a life in the
barren land. By the 1870s the Plains Indians, and tribes that once occupied
Texas, were squeezed in alongside the others. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIG6fKaKXBPdo7-Ny3afigp_8EowWX5thjoQ_HuVJZEeGsfqFnQ5He1ih8JuG5mqRX9PySUj8szSTw9w-ZDYt4vKqpneO0gN8enOvs1WO3sw02b5_62SWd44H_fuqXE1VXHaDi_eLJU_0vL5d5o4PFdm8g_C27Tdc9Ko8QuuRwtSfeVWS5xI9_EDkYDwU/s2556/map%20of%20Oklahoma%20and%20Indian%20TErritory%201894.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1956" data-original-width="2556" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIG6fKaKXBPdo7-Ny3afigp_8EowWX5thjoQ_HuVJZEeGsfqFnQ5He1ih8JuG5mqRX9PySUj8szSTw9w-ZDYt4vKqpneO0gN8enOvs1WO3sw02b5_62SWd44H_fuqXE1VXHaDi_eLJU_0vL5d5o4PFdm8g_C27Tdc9Ko8QuuRwtSfeVWS5xI9_EDkYDwU/s320/map%20of%20Oklahoma%20and%20Indian%20TErritory%201894.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><b>As Long as the Grass Grows and River Flows</b><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most treaties between the U.S. Government
promised the tribes the land “for as long as the grass grows and the rivers flow.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In other words, forever. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">The natives adapted
to the harsh environment, and lived in relative peace until the Civil War. The
tribes took sides hoping to assure their tribal lands remained undisturbed. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">Some Cherokee
owned slaves, so they formed troops and sided with the Confederacy while other
tribes as well as non-slave holding Cherokee sided with the Union. After the
war all those slave holders had to free their slaves, and as punishment for
siding with the Confederacy, they lost some of their land. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">The Homestead Act
1862 passed during Lincoln’s administration to encourage westward expansion
would come into play with the land rush. The Homestead Act stated heads of
households would receive 160 acres of land and had five years to improve it in
order to receive the deed. By the 1880s better farming techniques made the so-called
wasteland of Oklahoma pretty appealing to farmers, ranchers and European
immigrants. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">The Unassigned
Lands in Indian Territory was considered the best public, unsettled land in the
United States. The Indian Appropriation Act of 1889 passed by Congress and
signed by President Benjamin Harrison opened two million acres for settlement. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">The eastern
portion of Oklahoma was designated unassigned land. None of the now forty
tribes that lived in Indian territory had been given land in that area. Add to
it the land confiscated from the Cherokee, the land mass seemed sufficient to
satisfy the demands land for new settlers.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmKvAdHOn9FhlfuexQkihHVBLgtY-fG6iibxyRYu4dYui0M6jLigzUha0ZEScrquoJFlt2s0vE5uzYjjTvVJK2s28RRBNPviNqvjn0CDOLa-r8m5peb_uBUAcWrhfPAJWIrN38GjVPhRL32nEXDkBTjDlHH1LFfzxgVyXWu91jIR2tvGfmlAFVp2SETXA/s900/1-oklahoma-land-rush-1889-granger.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="900" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmKvAdHOn9FhlfuexQkihHVBLgtY-fG6iibxyRYu4dYui0M6jLigzUha0ZEScrquoJFlt2s0vE5uzYjjTvVJK2s28RRBNPviNqvjn0CDOLa-r8m5peb_uBUAcWrhfPAJWIrN38GjVPhRL32nEXDkBTjDlHH1LFfzxgVyXWu91jIR2tvGfmlAFVp2SETXA/s320/1-oklahoma-land-rush-1889-granger.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <b><span> </span>The Dawes Act<br /></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, the U.S. Government had already passed
The Dawes Act in 1887 to extinguish communal tribal holdings. Thus, making it
easy to mandate the native land be reassigned. Tribal heads of households would
receive 160 acres each. Which left a large tract of land Indigent people had used
as communal land for hunting and shared grazing since settling there. These
lands promised to them forever would be handed over to those who won the land
rush. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">The allotted land
taken from the tribes provided 11,000 homestead lots for settlers from the east
and Europe. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">It’s interesting
that the five civilized tribes were not forced to abandon their communal land
during the land rush. But in 1902 they, too, succumbed to the 160 acre rule.
That year, a land lottery took place, distributing even more land. Over the
next few decades more Indian land was offered by lottery.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">Once all the land
was subdivided and distributed to all the settlers, the U.S. Government<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ignored the native’s rights to self-govern
and all the other laws set in place to protect them. Eventually, what had once
been tribal land was overseen by the U.S. Government.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVySw2tB36PVtTdbbSP439QtxUNaAJB14wd9GYCa13I8NQyCtKZnyuJzNpCy-TH__phi9rpxoLdefcoBVtibFLkZC3UaGK_fSyj3JoPlztsM3hXOFfgW9VCGIHph1kOk9LkQK-zktmOe21DDkk0QLlJvszl0M8M-IlF1djGGV9VmPw9u4623KM3ETHCr8/s660/Recognized%20tribal%20nations%20since%202020%20map.webp" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="660" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVySw2tB36PVtTdbbSP439QtxUNaAJB14wd9GYCa13I8NQyCtKZnyuJzNpCy-TH__phi9rpxoLdefcoBVtibFLkZC3UaGK_fSyj3JoPlztsM3hXOFfgW9VCGIHph1kOk9LkQK-zktmOe21DDkk0QLlJvszl0M8M-IlF1djGGV9VmPw9u4623KM3ETHCr8/s320/Recognized%20tribal%20nations%20since%202020%20map.webp" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">Native Americans,
in Oklahoma and other areas of the U.S., have been working the last fifty years
to regain their tribal sovereignty. Not until the 21<sup>st</sup> Century has
tribal sovereignty been truly recognized. Court cases have been won in the Supreme
Court allowing Native children to be adopted only by others in their tribe. Tribal
law enforcement has priority even over non-tribal residents in Indian
territory. The tribes who call Oklahoma home have worked hard to provide for
their members. And since 2021, tribal territories are recognized by both the
Oklahoma and U.S. Government, allowing tribes to self-govern more freely in
every area of life. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We live in Chickasaw territory. As land is
offered for sale, tribes are purchasing it and adding it to their reservation
land. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">The next time you
watch <i>Far and Away</i> with Tom Cruz and Nicole Kidman, know that tribes
were uprooted, and treaties broken once again. Oklahoma translated is Land of
the Red Man. And over the last one hundred years, they have worked hard to keep
the land promised them for as long as “the grass grows and the rivers flow.” If you'd like more information about the Natives continuing legal battles check it out <a href="https://startingpointsjournal.com/holding-the-government-to-its-word-mcgirt-v-oklahoma-and-tribal-sovereignty-kushner/">here.</a><br /></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_fsMu5v_fZU1eb5Lx-G62EsHFgH4SQWoOat_j7vg9hz7nWGKntZ6nkSayw5zz6hyE1tIrAgdM98286M6RrRo1HjU0rJSygTQ67r4r6pzDvqKYQVpeaDCM9mdBDgHJFmEmU4Kt1RGzKZjlTdxrnT0r4gnyHcLpzvJ6MGup8J3CdmoqV8AP9DUFR0oUJE/s2048/cindy%20huff%202020.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1501" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB_fsMu5v_fZU1eb5Lx-G62EsHFgH4SQWoOat_j7vg9hz7nWGKntZ6nkSayw5zz6hyE1tIrAgdM98286M6RrRo1HjU0rJSygTQ67r4r6pzDvqKYQVpeaDCM9mdBDgHJFmEmU4Kt1RGzKZjlTdxrnT0r4gnyHcLpzvJ6MGup8J3CdmoqV8AP9DUFR0oUJE/w100-h136/cindy%20huff%202020.jpg" width="100" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><br />Visit my <a href="http://www.cindyervinhuff.com" target="_blank">website</a> and find both my historical and contemporary inspirational romances for sale. Angelina’s
Resolve has a few wonderful scenes with Kiowa characters. I love adding real
history to my books. Showing not only the ugly things but the kindness of those
who did not agree with the government’s treatment of other races. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirG_lzKP_sLjwlu_AzzAGnzI44ED52aKMcp2E1M9I4J9IqPAZ8U5UiCkMfwahh64MFRLMKu8yyM9eeE-eWT3Ue7NXkvqJR3Wl4Pwoh56LkZTGUt1ujsXAYDh0eX7ppSRKlrMfcQvvVZEIKhaXFSOIUEH0K2jtIvCMvgnwFBiPQgc-MlNlA312PdWSC-1M/s940/Book%20%231%20in%20Village%20of%20Women%20for%20FB%20party(6).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="940" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirG_lzKP_sLjwlu_AzzAGnzI44ED52aKMcp2E1M9I4J9IqPAZ8U5UiCkMfwahh64MFRLMKu8yyM9eeE-eWT3Ue7NXkvqJR3Wl4Pwoh56LkZTGUt1ujsXAYDh0eX7ppSRKlrMfcQvvVZEIKhaXFSOIUEH0K2jtIvCMvgnwFBiPQgc-MlNlA312PdWSC-1M/w400-h335/Book%20%231%20in%20Village%20of%20Women%20for%20FB%20party(6).png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
Jubileewriterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06681074948260157766noreply@blogger.com3Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798214.316389774015349 -122.7860482 69.439837425984649 -52.473548199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4271375082145370896.post-42032177341781706262024-03-16T03:30:00.001-04:002024-03-16T03:30:00.137-04:00HISTORY'S INFLUENCE ON THE PRESENT<p> <span style="color: #181818; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">By Catherine Ulrich Brakefield</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> </span></b><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">“It is a mistake to look too far ahead. Only one link
of the chain of destiny can be handled at a time.” Winston Churchill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> Churchill
peppered his life’s walk with the past. Knowing that from the past he would
glean wisdom to face today’s problems. He once said, “The farther backward you
can look, the farther forward you can see.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCHcd9Ikg3sW06KgWG4sAPMYIJz5B8ePQQ2EStFVgyFT7aFB7u1eUqS3dQFd-f_FN-v-X-oZ-yy53dLDgU86UR-5IPFXUDVob6PAUjgkNP32aM7_u9IUocFazT63b95ZCgd9rlBOtHkDMWHg6iTnZnPduPTJo7Ef37eaeA6OpVr8JmYxqOWGhj8kWkU6CH/s980/Churchill%20older.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="980" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCHcd9Ikg3sW06KgWG4sAPMYIJz5B8ePQQ2EStFVgyFT7aFB7u1eUqS3dQFd-f_FN-v-X-oZ-yy53dLDgU86UR-5IPFXUDVob6PAUjgkNP32aM7_u9IUocFazT63b95ZCgd9rlBOtHkDMWHg6iTnZnPduPTJo7Ef37eaeA6OpVr8JmYxqOWGhj8kWkU6CH/s320/Churchill%20older.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />Is it any
wonder he was so obsessed with the thought that if anyone changed the history
of the ages, it would put the future of all in jeopardy? Hence, the reason
why George Orwell's book <i>Nineteen Eighty-four,</i> written in 1949 and still
recounted to this day, is so crucial to understand. <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">“Who controls the past, controls the future; who controls
the present, controls the past,” said Orwell. </span><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Churchill lived the history many would like to do away with. <o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> As my
February blog showed, Churchill fought an uphill battle to acquire his title of
“Brit’s British Bulldog.” Loneliness, ridicule, and self-doubt had to be overcome
before he could move ahead. One of those phases in his life that enabled him to
do so was marrying his wife, Clementine. So let us begin our account where we
left off, in the early 1900s.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> It wasn’t
until 1911 that Churchill saw the growing need to prepare his beloved country
for the worst—a German invasion. So, he turned his eyes from domestic politics
and became the First Lord of the Admiralty (akin to the Secretary of the Navy
in the U.S.). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">He modernized the British fleet and helped invent one
of the earliest tanks. Churchill must have felt the chill in the air because
his efforts helped Great Britain prepare for World War I. </span><span style="background: white; color: #212529; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span><span> </span>With the 1915 invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey, Churchill hoped that offensive would drive Turkey out of the war and bring the Balkan states in to join the Allies, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, and Russia. However, Russia left in 1917. In 1917 the United States joined the fight to the war’s conclusion. Churchill said, “Where there is heroism there will always be hope.” </span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The Turkish resistance proved more than anticipated and
after battling for nine months, there were 250,000 casualties. The Allies had
to withdraw in disgrace—and so did Churchill. He resigned his position and told
Clementine he was volunteering to fight in the trenches.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Clementine supported him 100 percent and encouraged
him, boosting his confidence. If Churchill had told her of the instances he had a
brush with death, she might not have given him her endorsement.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Churchill must have had an inkling that his military
training might come in handy because he’d joined the part-time soldiers of the
Queen’s Own Oxfordshire Hussars and by 1905 held the rank of major.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Entering the military, he got a crash course on trench
warfare and was sent to the 2<sup>nd</sup> Grenadier Guards. He was issued a spare
pair of socks and his shaving kit. After that experience, he was given command
of the 6<sup>th</sup> Royal Scots Fusiliers and received a chilly reception. Of
his experience, he later told Clementine, who was the daughter of a Scottish
soldier, that he would never attempt to mimic a Scot’s accent. He was told he
had ten days to get the battalion into shape before going to the frontline.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Churchill was a tough commander. He thought the
regiment assigned to him was a group of pathetic soldiers. He drilled away
their slovenliness and told them that those who supported him, he would look
after, those who go against him, he’d break. Churchill felt cleanliness was
next to godliness. He demanded improvements in the battalion’s sanitary
conditions and food arrangements. He told his officers we are here to make war
on lice! To get his regiment the needed equipment, from helmets to boots, he
schmoozed the rank-and-file officers for his soldiers’ needs—and managed to
secure the best equipment and food available for his regiment.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr-hefxZCyzgnDk49B0nKzNXoJo9iWI4iyj0nfgUT5Y3C8HhN0nB88NaA4-jpJL6msCdxf2dL9MYl-n-jXnsYNbH-ZTASb_GpuM_FvyPfjQrTu6CK8XffeM9dRNRiBTYxZKRnIyPRn-IydxHzbXP_bp8AatVoYXjHubT9rurY6gM1sxVVlO7Ma-vfBQ6zV/s570/Churchill%20and%20his%20regiment%20WWI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="570" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr-hefxZCyzgnDk49B0nKzNXoJo9iWI4iyj0nfgUT5Y3C8HhN0nB88NaA4-jpJL6msCdxf2dL9MYl-n-jXnsYNbH-ZTASb_GpuM_FvyPfjQrTu6CK8XffeM9dRNRiBTYxZKRnIyPRn-IydxHzbXP_bp8AatVoYXjHubT9rurY6gM1sxVVlO7Ma-vfBQ6zV/s320/Churchill%20and%20his%20regiment%20WWI.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">About his experience, he would later write, “Although an
Englishman, it was in Scotland that I found the three best things in my life;
my wife, my constituency and my regiment.”
About battling in World War I, he told his officers, “Get humor under
fire. War is a game best played with a smile. If you can’t smile, grin. If you
can’t grin, keep out of the way until you can.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">He worked his men hard in fortifying his frontline with
sandbags. This paid off. After 125 days as battalion commander, only 15 men had
been killed and 123 wounded. He left his battalion in May of 1916 because he
felt it would be his seat in Parliament where he could be the best good.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">He proved he was up to the challenge and his men and
senior officers of the 9<sup>th</sup> Scottish Division admired and respected
him. Colonel Tim Holland said, “He turned the battalion from moderate to dammed
good.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Churchill described himself to Lieutenant Colonel
William Croft, “As a cavalry soldier gone to seed.” Upon Churchill’s departure,
Croft replied, “The service lost a good soldier when Winston took to politics.”
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">He did not return to politics as he hoped he would. Churchill
bounced from government job to government job. In 1924 he rejoined the
Conservatives and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, the American
equivalent of Secretary of the Treasury. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The Conservatives were defeated in 1929 and Churchill
was out of office for the next decade, which he called his Wilderness Years. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">At times, he toured America. After all, his mother was
an American. No doubt a blend that made him the perfect man. He saw the Grand
Canyon, Hollywood, the Civil War battlefields in Virginia, and during his
1929 visit, he witnessed Black Thursday. In <i>Destiny of</i> <i>Heart,</i> I
tell of a first-hand account of Black Thursday. However, Winston saw what few
Americans did. Upon his departure from New York, he witnessed a 15-story
suicide jump. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The Great Depression crippled every American, European,
and population throughout the world. Churchill was no exception. To regain a fragment of the fortune he lost, he decided to lecture in America.
A total of forty-five lectures for $50,000. His wife and daughter accompanied
him. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">After he’d settled Clementine and his daughter safely
in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in their ten-room suite, he decided to visit a
friend. By a freak accident, he was struck by an automobile while crossing the
street and forced to hold up for two months before well enough to lecture. His
most memorable speech was held at the Westchester County Center. He spoke about
our need to keep up a united friendship at all costs. We needed to put away our
petty differences and remember the necessity of unity. “The crimson thread of
kinship far outweighs discordances.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwZTkr88suJYJr-3DTIJg87i7NMOT31Fjo9M92-yKR3STzt1DFGzmWIykFv53Jha-ddsPb2UN1zXp4F4SfqZ8pfSGg0glfVM71_pxv5tGtdQTKapHCCFvm7CznLOijTKxR_UPtErIKO2vQD8dQNmGlXlF3E2u8WxWxx3_vNALpZhcVdcrECHlgoZ8qWAF6/s1200/Churchill%20Westchester%20County,%20NY%20speech.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwZTkr88suJYJr-3DTIJg87i7NMOT31Fjo9M92-yKR3STzt1DFGzmWIykFv53Jha-ddsPb2UN1zXp4F4SfqZ8pfSGg0glfVM71_pxv5tGtdQTKapHCCFvm7CznLOijTKxR_UPtErIKO2vQD8dQNmGlXlF3E2u8WxWxx3_vNALpZhcVdcrECHlgoZ8qWAF6/s320/Churchill%20Westchester%20County,%20NY%20speech.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />He stated the greatest tie of all is language. “Words
are the only things that last forever… The Pyramids molder, the canals silt up,
the bridges rust, the railroads change and decay… But words spoken two or three
thousand years ago remain with us now, not as mere relics of the past, but with
all their pristine living…leaping across the gulf of ages—they light the world
for us today.”<o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">In 1933, the Nazis came into power and Churchill put
his words into action. He became the designated spokesman, warning his country
about German nationalism. The Britons didn’t want to get involved in
international affairs, and the British government ignored Churchill’s warnings
and sidestepped Germany’s demands. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain signed an agreement
giving a chunk of Czechoslovakia to Germany. Churchill responded, you’re
“throwing a small state to the wolves." <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Britons didn’t care what Churchill said. They ignored
him. He stood alone in a room full of his collogues. He knew well the feeling.
He was a lone voice crying out against an impending doom and no one took heed
to his words. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> A year
later, Hitler invaded Poland, breaking his promise. Chamberlain was shoved out
of office, and Churchill became prime minister in May 1940. In his first speech
to the House of Commons as prime minister, Churchill said, “I have nothing to
offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We
have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask,
what is our policy? I can say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with
all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war
against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue
of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in
one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror,
victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is
no survival.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">World War I turned out to be a picnic next to the
diabolical battles of World War II. France fell to the Nazis in June 1940. In
July, German fighter planes covered the night skies over Britain for three
months of devastating air raids. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #333a42; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Noto Serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">On June 4, during his Dunkirk speech to the House, Churchill’s
last sentence stated, “The New World could rescue and liberate the Old `in
God’s good time.’” This was the theme that continued throughout his
famous Finest Hour speech to the House of Commons on June 18, 1940.
Adding, “U<i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">pon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization.”
T</span></i></span><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">he United States
provided Churchill with the aid he needed. As I tell in <i>Waltz with Destiny</i>,
thousands of American pilots volunteered to man planes and Franklin D.
Roosevelt provided ammunition, guns, tanks, and those planes.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdN1UMx-KqTzMP91zs4lYy1kxwoIuRDOMCfT8t_75s3qpzHysmEXpXC6JWBDlgReTERqoM36D1752Vhfl3kRKb2fKXFVdEW77pMlLYiI_3v4qDpmu_9mtzVMRePQeQJ_dP23Sg1ex2dJUBcfvA5e2sO36ZmrPuJQb-aoipgIXPSJzuMECys5M4TjolczpZ/s418/Churchill%20and%20Rooselvelt%201941.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="418" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdN1UMx-KqTzMP91zs4lYy1kxwoIuRDOMCfT8t_75s3qpzHysmEXpXC6JWBDlgReTERqoM36D1752Vhfl3kRKb2fKXFVdEW77pMlLYiI_3v4qDpmu_9mtzVMRePQeQJ_dP23Sg1ex2dJUBcfvA5e2sO36ZmrPuJQb-aoipgIXPSJzuMECys5M4TjolczpZ/s320/Churchill%20and%20Rooselvelt%201941.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">“Victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror,
victory however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no
survival.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> History
has a funny way of rewarding someone for their valor. Churchill helped win the
Allied victory; however, British voters voted against Conservatism and their
prime minister two months after Germany surrendered in 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Through the cracks left by Marxism, the ugly head of
Socialism reared its viper head upon the heels of Communism. So, what did
Churchill do? “I never worry about
action, but only inaction.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Churchill left for the States, but not for a much-needed vacation.
His first speech was in Fulton, Missouri, in 1946. He spoke about the
anti-democratic Iron Curtain, and that “a growing challenge and peril to
Christian civilization” had descended across Europe. Upon returning to Britain,
he gave a thought-provoking speech to the House of Commons, “Those that fail to
learn from history are doomed to repeat it.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">In 1949, Orwell came out with his novel <i>Nineteen Eighty-four</i>
about a Communist country named Oceania. Oceania was governed by an
all-controlling Party that brainwashed the population into unthinking
obedience. His leader was called Big Brother. They rewrote the history books
because their belief was, “Who controls the past controls the future.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Don’t miss April’s blog for the exciting conclusion. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: .5pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSvbqi9mn0KifUbCc-nOvnXSCPowrtFMHSutxpbIeSDQiopKm9Qqw-9xRS4C4Vrbq4j5M9jzaikRqpfk6UIIU0KNNhV2LQi1oLAHJv2gaaq47JD786FQQ3cIVCTeknUaoN0ix6h4Try-u6l4dD-mqlfV0H1RULP2hGE4wK1jyJRiImdLmXjk8w_ZQ2Nq46/s2255/Destiny%20of%20Heart%20with%20Award%201.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2255" data-original-width="1410" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSvbqi9mn0KifUbCc-nOvnXSCPowrtFMHSutxpbIeSDQiopKm9Qqw-9xRS4C4Vrbq4j5M9jzaikRqpfk6UIIU0KNNhV2LQi1oLAHJv2gaaq47JD786FQQ3cIVCTeknUaoN0ix6h4Try-u6l4dD-mqlfV0H1RULP2hGE4wK1jyJRiImdLmXjk8w_ZQ2Nq46/s320/Destiny%20of%20Heart%20with%20Award%201.JPG" width="200" /></a></i></div><i><br />Destiny of
Heart:</i><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: .5pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> Book 3:
Civil unrest, an incurable sickness, and a lost love, plunge the McConnells’
into a battle for survival. “…you become
emotionally immersed in every page, every struggle, every triumph. ‘God can’t
wipe away a person’s past…But He can help us rewrite the ending.’” Linda S. Amazon Reader<span style="color: #c00000;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: .5pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> <span> <span> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: verdana;">Waltz with Destiny: Book 4: A story-book romance swirls into a rendezvous with destiny. “…the crown jewel of the Destiny series! Brakefield brings 1940s Detroit to life, along with the WWII battlefields of Italy.” Kathleen Rouser</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOP3G5aQiMOOpm5KeA-wiJbjLe9ImTh_m8I-rBwRhZ7kwUGSlww5_smDMMtbUaOO9vo_CGUCpZSd-M5sG_E8NjZhsBNW3MZShzHo4QbLd7T1Pz4IWMdYg1lKQLk1mCop7E37rV2nQd6N3-qSKi8h6PcTgnQpY8dNxRzZbG1VBKrBNWWsxFILmt3S5kmwQ-/s2200/Destiny%204%20Waltz%20with%20Destiny%20Cathy%20in%20Solarium%201.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2200" data-original-width="1725" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOP3G5aQiMOOpm5KeA-wiJbjLe9ImTh_m8I-rBwRhZ7kwUGSlww5_smDMMtbUaOO9vo_CGUCpZSd-M5sG_E8NjZhsBNW3MZShzHo4QbLd7T1Pz4IWMdYg1lKQLk1mCop7E37rV2nQd6N3-qSKi8h6PcTgnQpY8dNxRzZbG1VBKrBNWWsxFILmt3S5kmwQ-/s320/Destiny%204%20Waltz%20with%20Destiny%20Cathy%20in%20Solarium%201.JPG" width="251" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Catherine is the award-winning
author of <i>Wilted Dandelions, Swept into Destiny, Destiny’s Whirlwind,
Destiny of Heart,</i> <i>Waltz with Destiny,</i> and <i>Love's Final Sunrise </i>and
two pictorial history books<i>, The Lapeer Area and Eastern Lapeer</i>. She has
been published by Guideposts Books, CrossRiver Media, Revell Books, Bethany
House Publishers, and Arcadia Publishers. You can learn more about her at
CatherineUlrichBrakefield.com <br />
</span><a name="_Hlk156829735"></a><a href="https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/winston-churchill"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/winston-churchill</span></a><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/winston-churchill"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">https://www.biography.com/political-figures/winston-churchill</span></a><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://www.scottishmilitarydisasters.com/index.php/titles-sp-26803/66-churchill-in-the-trenches"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">https://www.scottishmilitarydisasters.com/index.php/titles-sp-26803/66-churchill-in-the-trenches</span></a><b><u><span style="color: #a00000; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/winston-churchill-quotes"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/winston-churchill-quotes</span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after: avoid;"><a href="https://www.history.com/news/meet-the-woman-behind-winston-churchill"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">https://www.history.com/news/meet-the-woman-behind-winston-churchill</span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-does-that-quote-mean-archaeology-172300#:~:text=%22Who%20controls%20the%20past%20controls%20the%20future%3A%20who%20controls%20the,quote%20means%20may%20be%20found">https://www.thoughtco.com/what-does-that-quote-mean-archaeology-172300#:~:text=%22Who%20controls%20the%20past%20controls%20the%20future%3A%20who%20controls%20the,quote%20means%20may%20be%20found</a>. </span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://westchestermagazine.com/life-style/winston-churchill-speech-westchester/">https://westchestermagazine.com/life-style/winston-churchill-speech-westchester/</a></span><span style="color: #181818; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>Catherine Ulrich Brakefieldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02310365811925055689noreply@blogger.com2Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.6297982-3.3755940864658029 -157.94229819999998 87.1318212864658 -17.317298199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4271375082145370896.post-60684523504384748072024-03-15T03:30:00.270-04:002024-03-15T03:30:00.137-04:00Sleep Tight - History of the Bed<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDiLgRjQBbcMcP_spB1peP7Bs1BARrNQpW7WISukq55CrXSPhmj-uPzFcD_oGOkXSb2NpM1cpuhi_cyOPkdEpTkH6h4eSoFK8Y7sYplD177hnGcxdA5HZcMnrw1A207nktdiME4NsfbmAvfMZbJ79d_2djrwEmNTjg-WRd26Y_qfJa5YlbKIyM-fr9kOs/s1227/logo%20Transparency__File%20(3).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="552" data-original-width="1227" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDiLgRjQBbcMcP_spB1peP7Bs1BARrNQpW7WISukq55CrXSPhmj-uPzFcD_oGOkXSb2NpM1cpuhi_cyOPkdEpTkH6h4eSoFK8Y7sYplD177hnGcxdA5HZcMnrw1A207nktdiME4NsfbmAvfMZbJ79d_2djrwEmNTjg-WRd26Y_qfJa5YlbKIyM-fr9kOs/s320/logo%20Transparency__File%20(3).png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhObZveKNnUhchrfumlhX05ugn-Tp7O4bcRt64oX3aqx3dJgih926Xm_YamBmJwusJJ5-geiszEMAyQ7pRkHDI7t6Z4PZ9DROpjmZgylLkRGjj5GMuhhy8LvwKVNhr5CvRkXJXdPcxsssQxBA6ag-jGLuKVgE88DI2YnArecQx-f4XCzftBClAQdiNruYs/s1200/2008-04-12_Freilichtmuseum_Detmold_(11).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><img border="0" data-original-height="875" data-original-width="1200" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhObZveKNnUhchrfumlhX05ugn-Tp7O4bcRt64oX3aqx3dJgih926Xm_YamBmJwusJJ5-geiszEMAyQ7pRkHDI7t6Z4PZ9DROpjmZgylLkRGjj5GMuhhy8LvwKVNhr5CvRkXJXdPcxsssQxBA6ag-jGLuKVgE88DI2YnArecQx-f4XCzftBClAQdiNruYs/s320/2008-04-12_Freilichtmuseum_Detmold_(11).jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">Photo by </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:R-E-AL" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">R-E-AL</a><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"> (</span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:R-E-AL" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">talk</a><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"> | </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/R-E-AL" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">contribs</a><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"> | </span><a href="http://toolserver.org/~daniel/WikiSense/Gallery.php?wikifam=commons.wikimedia.org&wikilang=en&order=-img_timestamp&img_user_text=R-E-AL&max=100&ofs=0&max=250" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">Gallery</a><br style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;" /><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">This file is licensed under the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Creative_Commons" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">Creative Commons</a><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported</a><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"> license.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">When I think of a bed, my thoughts go to a soft memory foam that I can sink into as I lay down, covering myself with warm blankets. Today, rich or poor, most of us sleep on a mattress and foundation of some kind. But that wasn't always the case. Where you lived on the planet and your station in life all played a part in how comfy, dry, bug, rodent and snake free your bed was. Let's take a look back at some of the early beds and how they evolved.</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a cairo_museum="" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8sVymmvMmrqe757hoeq5c4EH90pdk1rRSb_0HT5Oj43IounOFgJBmxQHeKrkdftjUMqGTgANyQJ-aYYWpGvGpekASaZMChVkfeGgWPkyC-myDC9DTcR5yaQ21zcAPMebHJqXfmqVq83FuY12talZDqlpng7XXWg_PGbjSsPluw_xfuW1iJbGNZvI2pEI/s1001/Tutankhamun" jpg="" s_bed_="" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><img border="0" cairo_museum="" jpg="" s_bed_="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8sVymmvMmrqe757hoeq5c4EH90pdk1rRSb_0HT5Oj43IounOFgJBmxQHeKrkdftjUMqGTgANyQJ-aYYWpGvGpekASaZMChVkfeGgWPkyC-myDC9DTcR5yaQ21zcAPMebHJqXfmqVq83FuY12talZDqlpng7XXWg_PGbjSsPluw_xfuW1iJbGNZvI2pEI/s320/Tutankhamun" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>'s gilded bed from the 14th century BC,<br />photo by <a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/menesje/">Hans Ollermann</a><br />This file is licensed under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Creative_Commons">Creative Commons</a> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en">Attribution 2.0 Generic</a> license.<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;">Well before Christ, over 1000 BC, the Egyptians were already hard at work with their inventions. They designed a solid wood bed that was raised off the floor with legs. Imagine a cot, only wood. On top of that would be a woolen mattress and if you were wealthy, sheets and a stone pillow. You might be asking yourself how can this be an improvement. It was, because it made it a little harder for all the creepy crawly things of the night to crawl across your body. You have to remember houses weren't nearly as bug and snake proof as they are today. The wealthier you were the more elaborate your bed might be.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">If you lived in Rome around 500 BC and you were upper class, you might sleep on a weaved bed. Think of some of the lounge chairs of today. The ones with woven metal strips that hold a cloth covered foam cushion. Just imagine it flat. The woven metal held up feather stuffed or straw stuffed mattresses. Once again, this bed was cot size. We were able to see one of these when we went to the Vatican Museum. Now if you were a middle-class citizen, you couldn't afford the metal bed so yours might still be raised and off the floor, but it would be wooden legs and the woven metal would be woolen strings to hold up the mattress. And like every society there is the poor. If you were poor, you got to sleep on the floor with your mat and all the little creepy crawlies.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Now, contrast that with beds found in Northern Scotland in a small village dating back to possibly 2200 BC. These too were raised beds, and if you lived in Scotland at this time, you'd find yourself sleeping on a raised bed of stone. But on an up-side, it was topped with something comfy...they think. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Or contrast it with Africa in 3600 BC. If you lived then, you'd find yourself sleeping in a cave with flowering grass topped with more grass, topped with big shrub leaves. Nothing like inviting those creepy crawlies!</span></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" s_house_bedroom.jpg="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipbNk0J17-AxnW-jrJe8hR0775cuOffHYcoWhoN7ECxFaFpTpqnclnIxVNe_HcOxnCZgOMF7qyFPocI52LDTJwnf-ywiSZ5HB73WiE_LB_Q82PLbDOkpw0NEKL3PmX6pBp-zIFO2qQV4AUNBjUUcFqHl3PytRn9Tt_XTjeJxv8bd66LmmYrMr4bpOlFxc/s320/Southampton_Medieval_Merchant" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">Photo by </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Hchc2009&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">Hchc2009</a><br style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;" /><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">This file is licensed under the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Creative_Commons" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">Creative Commons</a><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported</a><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;"> license.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Enough of ancient beds. Let's move to medieval times. My hero in book 2 is a baron and has inherited a pretty nice castle. He sleeps well at night. So, if you were born of that rank or above, or even a wealthy merchant in medieval times, you'd sleep pretty well at night. The above bed is one of a merchant. If you scroll to the top of the page, you will see a picture of a bed that could be similar to a lord's bed in medieval time. Very massive, as the beds of that time were frequently massive and carved ornately of wood. It might even be tall enough that it required steps. The tall posters came into vogue at this time. Curtains were often hung around the bed for privacy and to keep insects at bay. You'd have linen sheets and a feathery down mattress and pillows. To stay warm you'd have a woolen blanket. </span></div><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">However, if you were a peasant, and you had about a 90% chance that you'd be in born into that class, your sleeping arrangements wouldn't be quite so grand. You likely would sleep on leaves mounded on the ground and covered in animal fur, or if you were lucky, you had a mattress stuffed with hay that laid on the floor. To stay warm, you too get a woolen blanket but not the fine wool of the rich, you get the itchy rough wool. But look on the bright side, on those real cold nights you and your whole family can snuggle together to stay warm because you all just may share the same bed.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWh7VTWQcgZC1TPNVEDN8K57rnjOVJ5A2tKCfEDRGUapBWaqr1bZmNHAhic3VNh92dy7aE3S1hidMtzJp8-uOn2QOgN3YrZgoZ1MLfuJZcHxYeS6tsYT4ZSRex99kOh2rdVXpbMeYaYbLjkUX4gqKykzZiLMarr7bIWLTT3O0F75VVvWlgwoIEr08RwOI/s2560/Dietenheim_-_Museum_Kastenbett.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1920" data-original-width="2560" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWh7VTWQcgZC1TPNVEDN8K57rnjOVJ5A2tKCfEDRGUapBWaqr1bZmNHAhic3VNh92dy7aE3S1hidMtzJp8-uOn2QOgN3YrZgoZ1MLfuJZcHxYeS6tsYT4ZSRex99kOh2rdVXpbMeYaYbLjkUX4gqKykzZiLMarr7bIWLTT3O0F75VVvWlgwoIEr08RwOI/s320/Dietenheim_-_Museum_Kastenbett.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo by Wolfgang Sauber license</span></div><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dietenheim_-_Museum_Kastenbett.jpg">Dietenheim - Museum Kastenbett.jpg - Wikimedia Commons</a></div></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana;">To end on a fun note, I have to mention the unusual box-bed aka closed-bed. It was just that a bed in a box. It looked much like a large cabinet and was often the shining star of the home. This type of bed was used from medieval times all the way through the 20th century, depending on where you lived. It was used for a large variety of reasons, again, depending on where you lived. The box kept body heat in and so the box-bed was used for warmth. It was also used so a bedroom wasn't needed. The box gave the privacy that you needed. If you lived in a home where you brought your livestock inside for safety, the box will keep your family from being trampled. And if you have kids, you can get a double decker. No yelling to tell you kids to stop messing around, you can just whisper it. </span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Well, that's about it for beds. Makes me appreciate what I'll be sleeping in tonight. Thanks for stopping by our history blog and be sure to come back tomorrow to learn another tid-bit of history.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNHGLfQ9ogbirRbhhW5luUbZBxPbIV5CBxfZiwhCqnLcA4FXfuJnQc5xNOLQ5IO812g4SsrmjDzRruo5cEQlP6g5V-uRcimUL1UIbwZ3IJbXwlZjKCB6zmOwV8tMdjYD2ehW_-pqEDBrwpuTFNJlMqDL452gfJZLKyjvXWDO_BrwyUCpMxn6UZYhyphenhyphennQ5g/s2500/SwordOfTrust_2500.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2500" data-original-width="1667" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNHGLfQ9ogbirRbhhW5luUbZBxPbIV5CBxfZiwhCqnLcA4FXfuJnQc5xNOLQ5IO812g4SsrmjDzRruo5cEQlP6g5V-uRcimUL1UIbwZ3IJbXwlZjKCB6zmOwV8tMdjYD2ehW_-pqEDBrwpuTFNJlMqDL452gfJZLKyjvXWDO_BrwyUCpMxn6UZYhyphenhyphennQ5g/s320/SwordOfTrust_2500.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Deirdre Mackenzie has spent her life hiding from her father and hating the English. However, when she is caught stealing from an English laird, his unexpected kindness begins to melt away her hatred and strums lonely heartstrings longing for love. Bryce Warwick discovers the “boy” caught with his livestock is actually a young woman. After several attempts to lure the truth from her, he determines she is as deceitful as his late fiancée who nearly cost him his life. But the woman is the least of his worries with the turbulence brought on by threats of another border war and by King Richard's distrust of the nobles. <br /><br />With old wounds in need of healing and adversaries who would ruin their chances at true love, both must learn to trust in a way they never knew possible.<br /><br />The stakes are high, secrets prevail, and treason is just a kiss away.<br /><br /></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNTcKDmU37h4tKgSDHpHO_3AG5V6g7C5afrnIg6YCHW6dZ4t0TJM6kQheOqo6LIhpgvbvI8VcX15VseY4ulRD0mZGt6W4pXUkW8v3Qn-RPFFW1LoYHVnulJC3yLev2sLoPz_qoyepKqVrRMzvU0Rf52t8VhSID2MRRRX0-KzGgrY_sEY-hgMaIhd6Qc8M/s2048/20160301-IMG_2003-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNTcKDmU37h4tKgSDHpHO_3AG5V6g7C5afrnIg6YCHW6dZ4t0TJM6kQheOqo6LIhpgvbvI8VcX15VseY4ulRD0mZGt6W4pXUkW8v3Qn-RPFFW1LoYHVnulJC3yLev2sLoPz_qoyepKqVrRMzvU0Rf52t8VhSID2MRRRX0-KzGgrY_sEY-hgMaIhd6Qc8M/s320/20160301-IMG_2003-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Debbie Lynne Costello is the author of Sword of Forgiveness, Amazon's #1 seller for Historical Christian Romance. She has enjoyed writing stories since she was eight years old. She raised her family and then embarked on her own career of writing the stories that had been begging to be told. She writes in the medieval/renaissance period as well as 19th century. She and her husband have four children and live in upstate South Carolina with their 4 dogs, 4 horses, miniature donkey, and 12 ducks. Life is good!</span><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Debbie Lynne Costellohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16381517812227326616noreply@blogger.com2Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.62979821.9944632529753434 -157.94229819999998 81.761763947024662 -17.317298199999996tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4271375082145370896.post-57801256344073127942024-03-14T04:30:00.050-04:002024-03-14T04:30:00.133-04:00 Happy Birthday to…An Astronaut & Nobel Prize Winners<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrJFTZ2eXza5q9evoA32sGKmEKriJMDsYzex5x_QOYdk2Xto6yHDyM0GphJkKGPb1R1l-nqWnClnz1rO7ZAv9oY-JHyOJ7m3YZainTLX24uqQRDl0mQS4EbN7dGimOLo294sYmcPtNZJBUBiIVuyw79gb_j-rZB08JmlPXi6ifo9j7EcOrj1zBxKYQYrfd/s1366/HHH%20Post%20Header%202023.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="1366" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrJFTZ2eXza5q9evoA32sGKmEKriJMDsYzex5x_QOYdk2Xto6yHDyM0GphJkKGPb1R1l-nqWnClnz1rO7ZAv9oY-JHyOJ7m3YZainTLX24uqQRDl0mQS4EbN7dGimOLo294sYmcPtNZJBUBiIVuyw79gb_j-rZB08JmlPXi6ifo9j7EcOrj1zBxKYQYrfd/w640-h140/HHH%20Post%20Header%202023.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4sgQO4rJVrmnUf5YjsOicBpIGk9Db0cCoyPyf2MNG67ZyrWGw17vlSBiXvoPtE59yzy6C2BbfA2XMiefWJpXTCXq45yMhOPoAtJOZUNPVNNRQCGhotCup4xSj4HJiUChWP4rDXDmMgCa-XZelqik3V8rMV_gzaR0Yj30yb49WabGA2hGBZNynSjXlSdTO/s1500/Happy%20March%20Birthday.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1500" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4sgQO4rJVrmnUf5YjsOicBpIGk9Db0cCoyPyf2MNG67ZyrWGw17vlSBiXvoPtE59yzy6C2BbfA2XMiefWJpXTCXq45yMhOPoAtJOZUNPVNNRQCGhotCup4xSj4HJiUChWP4rDXDmMgCa-XZelqik3V8rMV_gzaR0Yj30yb49WabGA2hGBZNynSjXlSdTO/w640-h214/Happy%20March%20Birthday.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> </span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Happy 96<sup>th</sup> Birthday to Frank Borman II</span></b><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NASA Astronaut ~ Apollo 8 Mission<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix-44pG8XRNYdvCPhBjyKXz51Cu8BCCltfv80hpUEWgucmurs2CIwqvf01YVmjT43uMLSZPKbrgjxSMDMMY2KlQr8U8WYAO3PPFU8NuqRvJ_TLF2kBT7Y66Dl00K0CiwTrjlO5nJHHN6z0SgY4Y-4bAOoBaGKuuxw015HVijLsjz25hG_aaRBVz0xbK7KC/s940/Frank%20Borman%20II.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="940" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix-44pG8XRNYdvCPhBjyKXz51Cu8BCCltfv80hpUEWgucmurs2CIwqvf01YVmjT43uMLSZPKbrgjxSMDMMY2KlQr8U8WYAO3PPFU8NuqRvJ_TLF2kBT7Y66Dl00K0CiwTrjlO5nJHHN6z0SgY4Y-4bAOoBaGKuuxw015HVijLsjz25hG_aaRBVz0xbK7KC/s320/Frank%20Borman%20II.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Born: March 14, 1928<o:p></o:p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Birthplace: Gary, Indiana<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Died: November 7, 2023 (95 years old)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />Frank Borman’s historic trip into space occurred in December 1968. He joined astronauts James Lovell, renown for his heroic command of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, and William Anders on Apollo 8. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The men were the first to leave what’s known as low Earth orbit and the first to photograph the far side of the moon. Their Saturn V rocket was also the first crewed spaceflight from Florida’s Kennedy Space Center.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Commander Borman was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1982.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Happy 145<sup>th</sup> Birthday to Albert Einstein<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Physicist ~ Nobel Prize Winner<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Born: March 14, 1879<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Birthplace: Ulm, Germany<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Died: April 18, 1955 (76 years old)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI_1kke476Od_TPdYh32GhXJeDZnMjfVecnX2wuktJ8CtZa1QUB8DXJCezYCwWDjqk4ZYog41M9RK-s-5GjOaPfoWNGvbKOXTOf8DPzkbBgUdNBkysDyKcNsr8iLcp4tyqluTGprhSB_qJlrEh1M8VR65nUYRz6OJ3_qJYLxI8v3i7MvH3Xc42Xhdht-P1/s940/Albert%20Einstein.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="940" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI_1kke476Od_TPdYh32GhXJeDZnMjfVecnX2wuktJ8CtZa1QUB8DXJCezYCwWDjqk4ZYog41M9RK-s-5GjOaPfoWNGvbKOXTOf8DPzkbBgUdNBkysDyKcNsr8iLcp4tyqluTGprhSB_qJlrEh1M8VR65nUYRz6OJ3_qJYLxI8v3i7MvH3Xc42Xhdht-P1/s320/Albert%20Einstein.png" width="320" /></a></div>E=MC<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Who else memorized this famous equation in junior high? Off the top of my head, I only know that it means </span><i style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">energy</i><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> equals </span><i style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">matter</i><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> times whatever the C stands for and that the numerical value of C needs to be squared. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I confess that this is an equation I’ve never needed to know, but then again, I’m not a physicist.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Albert Einstein, the genius known as the Father of Modern Physics, “discovered” the equation along with other groundbreaking theories. He was ranked the greatest physicist of all time by other leading physicists (<i>Physics World</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Happy 170<sup>th</sup> Birthday to Paul Ehrlich</span></b><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Scientist ~ Nobel Prize Winner<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiigtLMdZn_Lje3LffIPnIQcFmTvUeduEwT-qIuhbTZ4xwRRgpMUUQazmfIlD3p75zSL1_QsLJSWr5gEwap42FegnyoiWbfoUehBPecBTFGxTD_R0nt1AMAOU70nl9YIzHNQcpt-QA00je0TuUIXnYca68NsL2cC-V-LER08D6zjvTKlJTf4N9VeOzeprPj/s940/Paul%20Ehrlich.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="940" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiigtLMdZn_Lje3LffIPnIQcFmTvUeduEwT-qIuhbTZ4xwRRgpMUUQazmfIlD3p75zSL1_QsLJSWr5gEwap42FegnyoiWbfoUehBPecBTFGxTD_R0nt1AMAOU70nl9YIzHNQcpt-QA00je0TuUIXnYca68NsL2cC-V-LER08D6zjvTKlJTf4N9VeOzeprPj/s320/Paul%20Ehrlich.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Born: March 14, 1854<o:p></o:p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Birthplace: Strzelin, Poland<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Died: August 20, 1915 (61 years old)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br />The “Father of Immunology,” Paul Ehrlich, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine in 1908. His contributions to the field include an antiserum to combat diphtheria and the standardization of therapeutic serums. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Perhaps you’re familiar with the scientific concept of a “magic bullet”—a “reference to an old German myth about a bullet that cannot miss its target” (Wiki). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ehrlich coined the phrase, which is <i>Zauberkugel</i> in German, for an agent that kills specific, disease-causing microbes but doesn’t harm the body.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Other claims to fame:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">He founded a German research institution for vaccines and biomedicines that is now known as the Paul Ehrlich Institute.</span></li><li><i style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ehrlichia</span></i><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> is a bacteria named for him that causes diseases in livestock.</span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Happy birthday to all of our March "babies"!</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTZnK61DhZv3v53QASvQpjoIBRdpKJ6rXXUYXO9sipmP3FQQnH_dUz7Q7KVRSzjStPsLOT91vlNwX0kRZ5d_KelCwrJ8x7YGH600Y7DoSQN35SkcQPhJxEYbY_Nn793r6h0F0LvB8zL2N632FLNs_P7WAA4Cku0rbCka3YGErKjTeb2HA6tddOukO7w_mt/s940/WTH%20Review%20Snippets.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="940" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTZnK61DhZv3v53QASvQpjoIBRdpKJ6rXXUYXO9sipmP3FQQnH_dUz7Q7KVRSzjStPsLOT91vlNwX0kRZ5d_KelCwrJ8x7YGH600Y7DoSQN35SkcQPhJxEYbY_Nn793r6h0F0LvB8zL2N632FLNs_P7WAA4Cku0rbCka3YGErKjTeb2HA6tddOukO7w_mt/s320/WTH%20Review%20Snippets.png" width="320" /></a></div>Johnnie writes award-winning stories in multiple genres. A fan of classic movies, stacks of books, and road trips, she shares a life of quiet adventure with Griff, her happy-go-lucky collie, and Rugby, her raccoon-treeing papillon. Visit her at <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://bit.ly/JAWriter"><span style="color: black;">johnnie-alexander.com</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Photos </span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">~ all photos in public domain & modified with Canva.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Frank Borman ~ “Borman prepares for Apollo 8 on launch day.” NASA—Apollo Image Gallery. File:</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Frank Borman suiting up on launch day.jpg</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Albert Einstein ~ “Einstein’s official portrait after receiving the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics; possibly Herman Mishkin.” File: Albert Einstein (Nobel).png.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Paul Ehrlich ~ “Harris & Ewing—This image is available from the United States Library of Congress’s Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID hec.04709.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sources </span></b><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">~ both sources accessed 6 March 2024.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><i><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Physics World</span></i><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">. <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/physics-past-present-future/">“Physics: past, present future.”</a> 6 December 1999. Retrieved 1 August 2023 for Wikipedia article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#cite_note-11">Albert Einstein</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wiki ~ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich article</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style>Johnnie Alexanderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05579456085122829964noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4271375082145370896.post-63860853185384849262024-03-13T03:00:00.135-04:002024-03-13T03:00:00.135-04:00Virginia Apgar—Scoring Newborns<div class="separator"><br /></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhPBqqxDVCFH-jDWjNDLGYvYTtAIlFcjw5CWyg4IPeBg5eQM-kQDJX457SEAH7KH5g8mm0XmrNW6_BBOjbIfVOV-X2PZyEVJ-EppEjo9TCUw7ndyGrarf14fedviHZclTC2LeuNMrJbYr6_mawG11TwmeFYXDHNhz5SDYg4Hg6yl-n_3fgvGkQPqbd9kil/s913/logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="663" data-original-width="913" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhPBqqxDVCFH-jDWjNDLGYvYTtAIlFcjw5CWyg4IPeBg5eQM-kQDJX457SEAH7KH5g8mm0XmrNW6_BBOjbIfVOV-X2PZyEVJ-EppEjo9TCUw7ndyGrarf14fedviHZclTC2LeuNMrJbYr6_mawG11TwmeFYXDHNhz5SDYg4Hg6yl-n_3fgvGkQPqbd9kil/s320/logo.png" width="320" /></a></div>Parents are generally aware of the Apgar Score used to evaluate newborns, but did you know the name comes from the woman who developed the procedure?<br /><br />Dr. Virginia Apgar (1909-1974) was a groundbreaker in several areas—studying medicine when few women did, raising the level of anesthesiologists in the medical community, and promoting and improving the health of expectant mothers and babies. She also founded a subspecialty field, perinatology, which is concerned with fetal health and complicated pregnancies. <br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinTWx7UEuxNWHdZBbc2U9ySb9V84BInaD0RCDQMgXDz4z0zWH1bqYbAsXm60CC3kN7vcu05fLF4ts2NP5wLY0n-YPzf41HLXv0S9HajJZi4BbC92lMLYhpkGHbNZa0bwOPXRm_ytRNgM0ko0vO4GTxyer7RBOHvwbQlKzFcErMi0VVi5TvevTpaZbbtUFs/s240/Apgar%20at%2020%201929%20Mt%20Holyoke%20College.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="174" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinTWx7UEuxNWHdZBbc2U9ySb9V84BInaD0RCDQMgXDz4z0zWH1bqYbAsXm60CC3kN7vcu05fLF4ts2NP5wLY0n-YPzf41HLXv0S9HajJZi4BbC92lMLYhpkGHbNZa0bwOPXRm_ytRNgM0ko0vO4GTxyer7RBOHvwbQlKzFcErMi0VVi5TvevTpaZbbtUFs/s1600/Apgar%20at%2020%201929%20Mt%20Holyoke%20College.jpeg" width="174" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Virginia Apgar at 20, 1929</span></td></tr></tbody></table>But her name is most familiar as a result of the method she developed for evaluating infants immediately after birth.<br /><br />One of only nine women in a class of ninety at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons, she graduated in 1933 and went on to specialize in anesthesiolgy. Initially, Apgar wanted to pursue surgery, but a mentor advised her the economic prospects for women surgeons would be poor, especially during the Depression. So she chose anesthesiology instead.<br /><br />At the time, anesthesia was mostly administered by nurses and was not widely accepted as a specialty for physicians. She spent a year as a resident in anesthesiology at the University of Wisconsin and at Bellevue Hospital in New York. Then, at the age of 29, she became director of a new Division of Anesthesia within the Department of Surgery at Presbyterian Hospital {now New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center). Not only did she develop the new division, but she was the first woman to head a division at Presbyterian. During her eleven years there, she transformed anesthesia service from being staffed by nurses to being performed by physicians. Over time, this transition raised the status and pay of anesthesiologists.<br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga8FeNvbmZbG7IgZdv6vT-AyOC2jhaD18_-PAh6gIyUKPUDoD8QXnzHCOYltG2lxBIiENwB20oVGV8iFhwjLpMjEhfILSKxGAwIPzQIXK97wadQX6SjKpB-IG2KA4CDhUWZkdukJnzUluRON6TC6FUCbCNKPIoIGiGK7sz5v-ABzvbEYib1RBeha-Xwuue/s320/Virginia%20Apgar%201966-LOC-NYWorldTelegram&Sun.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="268" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga8FeNvbmZbG7IgZdv6vT-AyOC2jhaD18_-PAh6gIyUKPUDoD8QXnzHCOYltG2lxBIiENwB20oVGV8iFhwjLpMjEhfILSKxGAwIPzQIXK97wadQX6SjKpB-IG2KA4CDhUWZkdukJnzUluRON6TC6FUCbCNKPIoIGiGK7sz5v-ABzvbEYib1RBeha-Xwuue/s1600/Virginia%20Apgar%201966-LOC-NYWorldTelegram&Sun.jpg" width="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dr. Virginia Apgar examining an infant</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br />In addition to teaching, she conducted research, taking a special interest in the effects of maternal anesthesia on newborns. When a student asked her how to tell if an infant might need resuscitation, she responded by pointing out five factors—pulse, respiration, muscle tone, color and reflexes. Over the next several years, she refined the test and tracked its use. By 1952, she introduced the method to the broader medical community, and its use expanded. It’s now standard practice worldwide and gets credit for decreasing the mortality of infants in the first 24 hours.<br /><br />Perhaps the reason most people assume the scale is simply an acronym and not named for a real person is that a medical resident developed a mnemonic device to help remember the five points:<br /><br />A- Appearance (Color)<br /><br />P- Pulse (Heart rate)<br /><br />G- Grimace (Reflex irritability)<br /><br />A- Activity (Muscle tone)<br /><br />R- Respiration<br /><br />A baby is assigned a score from 0 to 2 on each of the five criteria, and infants scoring 3 or less almost always need resuscitation. While the last four items can be measured objectively, Apgar herself admitted that appearance was too subjective to be useful in all cases, especially for babies of color. Some obstetricians have recommended eliminating that criteria and changing it to an 8-point scale.<br /><br />Apgar initially recommended taking the score at 60 seconds after birth. Others suggested waiting as long as five minutes, but ultimately the standard became scoring the baby both at 60 seconds and five minutes. <br /><br />In the course of refining the scoring method, Apgar developed an interest in birth defects, their relation to the use of anesthesia during delivery, and the correlation to the Apgar Score.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>She took a leave of absence in 1958 to obtain a master’s degree in public health. In 1959, she joined the medical executive staff of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NF), better known as March of Dimes. Over the next fifteen years, she promoted the need for more research and funding for birth defects. She co-authored a book, <i>Is My Baby Alright?</i>, and appeared on The Phil Donahue Show and other TV and radio programs, as well as publishing scores of scientific articles and essays.<br /><br />Because of her many accomplishments, Apgar received the following awards:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Distinguished Service Award from American Society of Anesthesiologists</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Elizabeth Blackwell Medal from American Medical Women's Association</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Alumni Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement from P & S Alumni Association</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Named Woman of the Year in Science by Ladies Home Journal</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ralph Waters Award from American Society of Anesthesiologists</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Honored on commemorative U.S. postage stamp in 1994</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Inducted into National Women's Hall of Fame in 1995</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">At least three honorary doctorate degrees</span></li></ul></span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; font-family: verdana; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifcALZyn18Rn7fbSBq6EHuAKMs2Bv_zuS2a3PN2daAGWvN9_hOzf2tORxbJ7C1hAKSzRpRy0RwdC3MAsYOIppDayn_-CQIjGGwja1-MUtfdEcvLmMTwQQ6XGhslYF44Vw9vTPuGT7blEaps06qebGEySbDPdzhzw0ApULR9PY6wvrzHHNodetHT9aZ4rY1/s240/Apgar%20with%20viola%20ca1958%20MtHolyokeCollege.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="197" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifcALZyn18Rn7fbSBq6EHuAKMs2Bv_zuS2a3PN2daAGWvN9_hOzf2tORxbJ7C1hAKSzRpRy0RwdC3MAsYOIppDayn_-CQIjGGwja1-MUtfdEcvLmMTwQQ6XGhslYF44Vw9vTPuGT7blEaps06qebGEySbDPdzhzw0ApULR9PY6wvrzHHNodetHT9aZ4rY1/w177-h216/Apgar%20with%20viola%20ca1958%20MtHolyokeCollege.jpeg" width="177" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Apgar with a viola<br />she made<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">In addition to her work, Apgar pursued many other interests. She played violin and built two violins, a viola, and a cello. She was an avid gardener, and was delighted when Harold Patterson, a New Jersey orchid cultivator, named a new orchid in her honor. She enjoyed fly-fishing, golfing, stamp collecting and, in her fifties, took flying lessons. <br /><br />She never retired, and she continued to teach during her years with the NF. Apgar always carried basic resuscitation equipment wherever she went, saying, "Nobody, but nobody, is going to stop breathing on me!"<br /><br />Even seventy-five years after developing the scorecard, Virginia Apgar's legacy lives every time a baby is born.<br /><br /><b>Sources</b>:<br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><a href="https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_12.html" target="_blank">Changing the Face of Medicine | VirginiaApgar (nih.gov)</a><br /><a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/apgar_hi.html" target="_blank">Who Made America? | Innovators | Virginia Apgar (pbs.org)</a><br /><a href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/cp" target="_blank">About this Collection | Virginia Apgar - Profiles in Science (nih.gov)</a><br /><a href="https://www.statnews.com/2024/01/23/apgar-score-skin-color-race-newborn-health/" target="_blank">Update the Apgar Score to remove skin color - STAT (statnews.com)</a></span></span><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photos from Mount Holyoke College. Archives and Special Collections</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbZoUxp-pjIKQOJXdg7zMqCVk-Tqw2R8nwRQII1BvFPD_OGbNuocB4TN1g5U8levKqibapoDmMxz9G_vB2mLA2L0JK9jODtS2sjyv2twNOliNyiE2z7GgkEG1cUN35-_Z3SHyQ0hRcpwWrIEdAtn54mQAuOSRx-HTTeEt1QxMnXjOpZxaK4WhI9pudA2F-/s2998/Marie-Wells-Coutu-HR-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2998" data-original-width="2001" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbZoUxp-pjIKQOJXdg7zMqCVk-Tqw2R8nwRQII1BvFPD_OGbNuocB4TN1g5U8levKqibapoDmMxz9G_vB2mLA2L0JK9jODtS2sjyv2twNOliNyiE2z7GgkEG1cUN35-_Z3SHyQ0hRcpwWrIEdAtn54mQAuOSRx-HTTeEt1QxMnXjOpZxaK4WhI9pudA2F-/w166-h247/Marie-Wells-Coutu-HR-1.jpg" width="166" /></a></div>Multi-award-winning author Marie Wells Coutu finds beauty in surprising places, like undiscovered treasures, old houses, and gnarly trees. After a career writing for newspapers, magazines, state and local governments, and the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, she returned to her first love—writing fiction—in her fifties. All three books in her Mended Vessels series, contemporary stories based on the lives of biblical women, have won awards in multiple contests. She is currently working on historical romances set in her native western Kentucky in the 1930s and ‘40s. Her historical short story, “All That Glitters,” was included in the 2023 Saturday Evening Post Great American Fiction collection.</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVZ-Xyk4Pckl-muuUmMUMjhDBVUlsoI_Jis4HH5g42P5cRGf0r7D0Y6F7DURqtlv8p5T2JW_OcoESu86EJI8z6tTtGu5dQkO0pbmm3IKYo6Re6uwNCghsMAz6N_RWjDPwMfWsLiOtyS2Vq8Rrwb0n33OZK4190PqkT-zD_FfSMjCKBqoY9eOpJIG0PQIE8/s2250/A%20Song%20or%20Annie%20cover%20v2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2250" data-original-width="1410" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVZ-Xyk4Pckl-muuUmMUMjhDBVUlsoI_Jis4HH5g42P5cRGf0r7D0Y6F7DURqtlv8p5T2JW_OcoESu86EJI8z6tTtGu5dQkO0pbmm3IKYo6Re6uwNCghsMAz6N_RWjDPwMfWsLiOtyS2Vq8Rrwb0n33OZK4190PqkT-zD_FfSMjCKBqoY9eOpJIG0PQIE8/s320/A%20Song%20or%20Annie%20cover%20v2.png" width="201" /></a></div>Another historical short story tells of a cafe waitress who waits for the love of her life to come back to her after the war. “A Song for Annie” is available free when you sign up for Marie's newsletter at <a href="http://www.MarieWellsCoutu.com">www.MarieWellsCoutu.com</a>. In her newsletter, she shares about her writing, historical tidbits, recommended books, and sometimes recipes.</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div></span></div>Marie Wells Coutuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06302057012213909972noreply@blogger.com2Chicago, IL, USA41.8781136 -87.629798213.567879763821153 -122.7860482 70.188347436178844 -52.473548199999996