<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132</id><updated>2024-11-08T12:16:39.860-03:00</updated><category term="Aeronáutica recolhe objeto que caiu do céu no Maranhão e descarta radioatividade; origem será investigada"/><category term="Cientistas descobrem novo planeta composto por água em sua maior parte"/><category term="Cientistas identificam agente celular cuja perda promove metástase"/><category term="Nova espécie de lagarto iridescente é encontrada no Camboja"/><category term="Saiba onde ficarão ônibus espaciais após a aposentadoria em 2011"/><category term="Técnica que comprova existência de vida na Terra ajudará a pesquisar outros planetas"/><title type='text'>Cientista Daniel</title><subtitle type='html'>Aqui falaremos sobre as matérias exatas, jogos envolvendo matemática e outra coisas </subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>64</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-5318897896635843204</id><published>2013-08-18T17:51:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2013-08-18T17:51:25.317-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Função Exponencial</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;função exponencial natural é a função exp:RR+, definida como a inversa da função logarítmo natural, isto é:&lt;/h5&gt;
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Ln[exp(x)]=x, exp[Ln(x)]=x&lt;/div&gt;
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O gráfico da função exponencial é obtido pela reflexão do gráfico da função Logaritmo natural em relação à identidade dada pela reta y=x.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Função Exponencial&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;224&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/funcao-exponencial/imagens/funcao-exponencial-1.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Função Exponencial&quot; width=&quot;244&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Como o domínio da função Logaritmo natural é o conjunto dos números reais positivos, então a imagem da função exp é o conjunto dos números reais positivos e como a imagem de Ln é o conjunto R de todos os números reais, então o domínio de exp também é o conjunto R de todos os números reais.&lt;/div&gt;
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Observação: Através do gráfico de f(x)=exp(x), observamos que:&lt;/h5&gt;
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1. exp(x)&amp;gt;0 se x é real)&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;2. 0&amp;lt;exp(x)&amp;lt;1 se x&amp;lt;0&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;3. exp(x)=1 se x=0&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;4. exp(x)&amp;gt;1 se x&amp;gt;0&lt;/div&gt;
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No Ensino Médio, a função exponencial é definida a partir da função logarítmica e ciclicamente define-se a função logarítmica em função da exponencial como:&lt;/h5&gt;
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f(x)=exp(x), se e somente se, x=Ln(y)&lt;/div&gt;
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Exemplos:&lt;/div&gt;
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Ln[exp(5)]=5&lt;/div&gt;
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exp[ln(5)]=5&lt;/div&gt;
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Ln[exp(x+1)1/2]=(x+1)1/2&lt;/div&gt;
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exp[Ln((x+1)1/2]=(x+1)1/2&lt;/div&gt;
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exp[3.Ln(x)]=exp(Ln(x³)]=x³&lt;/div&gt;
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exp[k.Ln(x)]=exp[Ln(xk)]=xk&lt;/div&gt;
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exp[(7(Ln(3)-Ln(4)]=exp[7(Ln(3/4))]=exp[(Ln(3/4)]7)=(3/4)7&lt;/div&gt;
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A Constante e de Euler&lt;/h2&gt;
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Existe uma importantíssima constante matemática definida por&lt;/div&gt;
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e = exp(1)&lt;/div&gt;
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O número e é um número irracional e positivo e em função da definição da função exponencial, temos que:&lt;/div&gt;
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Ln(e)=1&lt;/div&gt;
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Este número é denotado por e em homenagem ao matemático suíço Leonhard Euler (1707-1783), um dos primeiros a estudar as propriedades desse número.&lt;/div&gt;
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O valor deste número expresso com 40 dígitos decimais, é:&lt;/div&gt;
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e=2,718281828459045235360287471352662497757&lt;/div&gt;
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Conexão entre o número e e a função exponencial&lt;/h2&gt;
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Se x é um número real, a função exponencial exp(.) pode ser escrita como a potência de base e com expoente x, isto é:&lt;/div&gt;
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ex = exp(x)&lt;/div&gt;
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Significado geométrico de e&lt;/h2&gt;
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Tomando um ponto v do eixo OX, com v&amp;gt;1 tal que a área da região do primeiro quadrante localizada sob a curva y=1/x e entre as retas x=1 e x=v seja unitária, então o valor de v será igual a e.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Função Exponencial&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;150&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/funcao-exponencial/imagens/funcao-exponencial-2.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Função Exponencial&quot; width=&quot;218&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Propriedades básicas da função exponencial&lt;/h2&gt;
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Se x e y são números reais e k é um número racional, então:&lt;/div&gt;
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y=exp(x) se, e somente se, x=Ln(y).&lt;/div&gt;
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exp[Ln(y)]=y para todo y&amp;gt;0.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ln[exp(x)]=x para todo x real.&lt;/div&gt;
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exp(x+y)=exp(x) exp(y)&lt;/div&gt;
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exp(x-y)=exp(x)/exp(y)&lt;/div&gt;
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exp(x.k)=[exp(x)]k&lt;/div&gt;
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Simplificações matemáticas&lt;/h2&gt;
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Podemos simplificar algumas expressões matemáticas com as propriedades das funções exponenciais e logaritmos:&lt;/div&gt;
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exp[Ln(3)]=3.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ln[exp(20x)]=20x.&lt;/div&gt;
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exp[5.Ln(2)]=exp[Ln(25)]=25=32.&lt;/div&gt;
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exp[2+5.ln(2)]=exp(2)exp(5.Ln(2))=32e².&lt;/div&gt;
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Outras funções exponenciais&lt;/h2&gt;
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Podemos definir outras funções exponenciais como g(x)=ax, onde a é um número real positivo diferente de 1 e de x. Primeiro, consideremos o caso onde o expoente é um número racional r.&lt;/div&gt;
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Tomando x=ar na equação x=exp[Ln(x)], obtemos:&lt;/h5&gt;
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ar=exp[Ln(ar)]&lt;/div&gt;
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Como Ln[ar]=r.Ln(a), a relação acima fica na forma:&lt;/h5&gt;
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ar = exp[r.Ln(a)]&lt;/div&gt;
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Esta última expressão, juntamente com a informação que todo número real pode ser escrito como limite de uma sequência de números racionais, justifica a definição para g(x)=ax, onde x é um número real:&lt;/div&gt;
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ax=exp[x.Ln(a)]&lt;/div&gt;
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Leis dos expoentes&lt;/h2&gt;
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Se x e y são números reais, a e b são números reais positivos, então:&lt;/h5&gt;
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axay=ax+y&lt;/div&gt;
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ax/ay=ax-y&lt;/div&gt;
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(ax) y=ax.y&lt;/div&gt;
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(a b)x=axbx&lt;/div&gt;
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(a/b)x=ax/bx&lt;/div&gt;
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a-x=1/ax&lt;/div&gt;
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Relação de Euler&lt;/h2&gt;
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Se i é a unidade imaginária e x é um número real, então vale a relação:&lt;/div&gt;
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eix = exp(ix) = cos(x) + i sen(x)&lt;/div&gt;
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Algumas Aplicações&lt;/h2&gt;
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Funções exponenciais desempenham papéis fundamentais na Matemática e nas ciências envolvidas com ela, como: Física, Química, Engenharia, Astronomia, Economia, Biologia, Psicologia e outras. Vamos apresentar alguns exemplos com aplicações destas funções.&lt;/div&gt;
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Lei do resfriamento dos corpos: Um indivíduo foi encontrado morto em uma sala com temperatura ambiente constante. O legista tomou a temperatura do corpo às 21:00 h e constatou que a mesma era de 32 graus Celsius. Uma hora depois voltou ao local e tomou novamente a temperatura do corpo e constatou que a mesma estava a 30 graus Celsius. Aproximadamente a que horas morreu o indivíduo, sabendo-se que a temperatura média de um corpo humano normal é de 37 graus Celsius?&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Função Exponencial&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;158&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/funcao-exponencial/imagens/funcao-exponencial-3.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Função Exponencial&quot; width=&quot;247&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Partindo de estudos matemáticos pode-se construir uma função exponencial decrescente que passa pelos pontos (21,32) e (22,30) onde abscissas representam o tempo e as ordenadas a temperatura do corpo.&lt;/div&gt;
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A curva que descreve este fenômeno é uma função exponencial da forma:&lt;/h5&gt;
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f(t) = C eA t&lt;/div&gt;
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então obtemos que:&lt;/h5&gt;
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A = Ln(30)-Ln(32)&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;C = 32/ (30/32)21&lt;/div&gt;
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A função exponencial que rege este fenômeno de resfriamento deste corpo é dada por:&lt;/h5&gt;
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f(t) = 124,09468 e-0,0645385t&lt;/div&gt;
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e quando f(t) = 37 temos que:&lt;/div&gt;
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t = 18,7504... = 18 horas + 45 minutos&lt;/div&gt;
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que pode ser observado através do gráfico.&lt;/div&gt;
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Observação: Neste exemplo, usamos a construção de um gráfico e as propriedades operatórias das funções exponenciais e logarítmicas.&lt;/div&gt;
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Curvas de aprendizagem: Devido ao seu uso por psicólogos e educadores na descrição do processo de aprendizagem, as curvas exponenciais realizam um papel importante.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Função Exponencial&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;143&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/funcao-exponencial/imagens/funcao-exponencial-4.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Função Exponencial&quot; width=&quot;219&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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A curva básica para este tipo de estudo é da forma:&lt;/h5&gt;
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f(x) = c - a e-k.x&lt;/div&gt;
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onde c, a e k são constantes positivas. Considerando o caso especial em que c=a temos uma das equações básicas para descrever a relação entre a consolidação da aprendizagem y=f(x) e o número de reforços x.&lt;/div&gt;
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A função:&lt;/h5&gt;
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f(x) = c - a e-k.x&lt;/div&gt;
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cresce rapidamente no começo, nivela-se e então aproxima-se de sua assíntota y=c.&lt;/div&gt;
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Estas curvas também são estudadas em Economia, na representação de várias funções de custo e produção.&lt;/div&gt;
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Crescimento populacional: Em 1798, Thomas Malthus, no trabalho &quot;An Essay on the Principle of Population&quot; formulou um modelo para descrever a população presente em um ambiente em função do tempo. Considerou N=N(t) o número de indivíduos em certa população no instante t. Tomou as hipóteses que os nascimentos e mortes naquele ambiente eram proporcionais à população presente e a variação do tempo conhecida entre os dois períodos. Chegou à seguinte equação para descrever a população presente em um instante t:&lt;/div&gt;
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N(t)=No ert&lt;/h2&gt;
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onde No é a população presente no instante inicial t=0 e r é uma constante que varia com a espécie de população.&lt;/div&gt;
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O gráfico correto desta função depende dos valores de No e de r. Mas sendo uma função exponencial, a forma do gráfico será semelhante ao da função y=Kex.&lt;/div&gt;
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Este modelo supõe que o meio ambiente tenha pouca ou nenhuma influência sobre a população.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Função Exponencial&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;143&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/funcao-exponencial/imagens/funcao-exponencial-5.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Função Exponencial&quot; width=&quot;219&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Desse modo, ele é mais um indicador do potencial de sobrevivência e de crescimento de cada espécie de população do que um modelo que mostre o que realmente ocorre.&lt;/div&gt;
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Consideremos por exemplo uma população de bactérias em um certo ambiente. De acordo com esta equação se esta população duplicar a cada 20 minutos, dentro de dois dias, estaria formando uma camada em volta da terra de 30 cm de espessura. Assim, enquanto os efeitos do meio ambiente são nulos, a população obedece ao modelo N=Noert. Na realidade, se N=N(t) aumenta, o meio ambiente oferece resistência ao seu crescimento e tende a mantê-lo sobre controle. Exemplos destes fatores são, a quantidade disponível de alimentos, acidentes, guerras, epidemias,...&lt;/div&gt;
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Como aplicação numérica, consideremos uma colônia de bactérias se reproduzindo normalmente. Se num certo instante havia 200 bactérias na colônia, passadas 12 horas havia 600 bactérias. Quantas bactérias haverá na colônia após 36 horas da última contagem?&lt;/div&gt;
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No instante inicial havia 200 bactérias, então No=200, após 12 horas havia 600 bactérias, então&lt;/h5&gt;
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N(12)=600=200 er12&lt;/div&gt;
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logo&lt;/div&gt;
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e12r=600/200=3&lt;/div&gt;
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assim&lt;/div&gt;
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ln(e12r)=ln(3)&lt;/div&gt;
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Como Ln e exp são funções inversas uma da outra, segue que 12r=ln(3), assim:&lt;/div&gt;
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r=ln(3)/12=0,0915510&lt;/div&gt;
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Finalmente:&lt;/h5&gt;
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N(48) = 200 e48.(0,0915510) = 16200 bactérias&lt;/div&gt;
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Então, após 36 horas da útima contagem ou seja, 48 horas do início da contagem, haverá 16200 bactérias.&lt;/div&gt;
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Desintegração radioativa: Os fundamentos do estudo da radioatividade ocorrerram no início do século por Rutherford e outros. Alguns átomos são naturalmente instáveis, de tal modo que após algum tempo, sem qualquer influência externa sofrem transições para um átomo de um novo elemento químico e durante esta transição eles emitem radiações. Rutherford formulou um modelo para descrever o modo no qual a radioatividade decai. Se N=N(t) representa o número de átomos da substância radioativa no instante t, No o número de átomos no instante t=0 e k é uma constante positiva chamada de constante de decaimento, então:&lt;/div&gt;
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N(t) = No e-k.t&lt;/h2&gt;
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esta constante de decaimento k, tem valores diferentes para substâncias diferentes, constantes que são obtidas experimentalmente.&lt;/div&gt;
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Na prática usamos uma outra constante T, denominada meia-vida do elemento químico, que é o tempo necessário para que a quantidade de átomos da substância decaia pela metade.&lt;/div&gt;
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Se N=No/2 para t=T, temos&lt;/div&gt;
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No/2 = No e-k.T&lt;/div&gt;
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assim&lt;/div&gt;
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T=Ln(2)/k&lt;/div&gt;
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Na tabela, apresentamos indicadores de meia-vida de alguns elementos químicos:&lt;/h5&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Função Exponencial&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;162&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/funcao-exponencial/imagens/funcao-exponencial-6.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Função Exponencial&quot; width=&quot;204&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Para o Carbono 14, a constante de decaimento é:&lt;/div&gt;
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k = Ln(2)/T = Ln(2)/5568 = 12,3386 por ano&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;fonte&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Fonte:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;pessoal.sercomtel.com.br&lt;/div&gt;
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Seja a equação racional inteira a0.x n + a1.x n-1 + a2.x n-2 + ... + an = 0, ordenada segundo as potências decrescentes de x , com a0 , a1 , ... , an números reais sendo a0 ¹ 0 e n inteiro positivo.&lt;/div&gt;
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Diz-se que esta equação é recíproca se e somente se os termos eqüidistantes dos extremos, forem iguais ou simétricos. Sendo iguais, teremos uma equação recíproca de 1ª espécie e, sendo opostos, teremos uma equação recíproca de 2ª espécie.&lt;/div&gt;
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Exemplos:&lt;/h2&gt;
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2x5 + 3x4 - 5x3 - 5x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 - equação recíproca de 1ª espécie&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;2x5 - 3x4 - 5x3 + 5x2 + 3x - 2 = 0 - equação recíproca de 2ª espécie.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ao se deparar com uma equação recíproca, deve-se sempre verificar imediatamente se 1 ou -1 são raízes da equação, pois isto permitirá abaixar o grau da equação, através de uma divisão do primeiro membro da equação, por x ± 1, o que facilitará sobremaneira a resolução da mesma.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Seja resolver a equação recíproca 2x5 - 3x4 - 5x3 + 5x2 + 3x - 2 = 0 .&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Trata-se de uma equação recíproca de 2ª espécie.&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Observe que 1 é raiz da equação pois: 2.15 - 3.14 - 5.13 + 5.12 + 3.1 - 2 = 0 .&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Vamos dividir o primeiro membro da equação dada por x - 1, de modo a abaixar o grau da equação.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Utilizaremos o método de Briot-Ruffini:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
2 -3 -5 5 3 -2&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;1 2 -1 -6 -1 2 0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Briot - matemático inglês - 1817/1882 e Ruffini - matemático italiano - 1765/1822.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
A equação dada pode então ser escrita na forma fatorada, como:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(x - 1). (2x4 - x3 - 6 x2 - x + 2) = 0&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Logo, 2x4 - x3 - 6 x2 - x + 2 = 0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Dividindo ambos os membros por x2 , vem:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
2x2 - x - 6 - 1/x + 2/x2 = 0&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;2x2 + 2/x2 - x - 1/x - 6 = 0&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;2(x2 + 1/x2) - (x + 1/x) - 6 = 0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Observe agora, que:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(x + 1/x)2 = x2 + 2.x.(1/x) + 1/x2 =x2 + 1/x2 + 2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Portanto,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
x2 + 1/x2 = (x + 1/x)2 - 2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Substituindo na equação em negrito acima, fica:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
2[(x + 1/x)2 - 2] - (x + 1/x) - 6 = 0&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;2(x + 1/x)2 - 4 - (x + 1/x) - 6 = 0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Fazendo x + 1/x = y , vem:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
2y2 - 4 - y - 6 = 0&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;2y2 - y - 10 = 0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Resolvendo esta equação do 2º grau, vem: y = 5/2 ou y = -2 .&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Substituindo em x + 1/x = y, vem:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
x + 1/x = 5/2 \ 2x2 - 5x + 2 = 0 \ x = 2 ou x = 1/2.&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;x + 1/x = -2 \ x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 \ (x + 1)2 = 0 \ x = -1 ou x = -1.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Portanto, o conjunto verdade ou conjunto solução da equação recíproca proposta será:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
S = {1, -1, -1, 2, 5/2} = {-1, 1, 2, 5/2}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Observe que -1 é uma raiz de ordem de multiplicidade 2 ou seja, -1 é uma raiz dupla.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fonte&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 30px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Fonte: www.terra.com.br&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/1743211981342078095/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/equacoes-reciprocas.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/1743211981342078095'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/1743211981342078095'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/equacoes-reciprocas.html' title='EQUAÇÕES RECÍPROCAS'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-8525098803272077538</id><published>2013-08-18T17:39:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2013-08-18T17:39:39.108-03:00</updated><title type='text'>DETERMINANTES</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Determinante de uma matriz quadrada&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Se A é uma matriz quadrada A de ordem 2, dada por:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DETERMINANTES&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;54&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/determinantes/imagens/determinantes-1.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DETERMINANTES&quot; width=&quot;71&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
definimos o determinante de A, denotado por det(A), como:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
det(A) = a11 a22 - a21 a12&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Se A é uma matriz quadrada A de ordem 3, dada por:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DETERMINANTES&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;92&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/determinantes/imagens/determinantes-2.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DETERMINANTES&quot; width=&quot;111&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
definimos o determinante de A, como:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
det(A) = a11a22a33 + a21a32a13 + a31a12a23&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;- a11a32a23 - a21a12a33 - a31a22a13&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Regra prática de Sarrus&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Dada a matriz A de ordem 3:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Repetimos as duas primeiras colunas após a terceira coluna, de forma a montar uma matriz com 3 linhas mas com 5 colunas.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DETERMINANTES&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;92&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/determinantes/imagens/determinantes-4.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DETERMINANTES&quot; width=&quot;142&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Marcamos 3 diagonais que descem, de acordo com algumas cores. Os produtos obtidos nas diagonais que descem devem ter o sinal positivo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DETERMINANTES&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;79&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/determinantes/imagens/determinantes-5.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DETERMINANTES&quot; width=&quot;334&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Marcamos agora 3 diagonais que sobem, de acordo com outras cores. Os produtos obtidos nas diagonais que sobem devem ter o sinal negativo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DETERMINANTES&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;80&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/determinantes/imagens/determinantes-6.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DETERMINANTES&quot; width=&quot;314&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O determinante da matriz A é a soma dos seis produtos, conservados os sinais:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
det(A) = a11a22a33 + a21a32a13 + a31a12a23 - a11a32a23 - a21a12a33 - a31a22a13&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Observamos que esta regra não funciona para matrizes de ordem diferente que 3.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Propriedades dos determinantes&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Em todas as situações abaixo, consideraremos matrizes quadradas de ordem n&amp;gt;2.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Se In é a matriz identidade, então:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
det(In) = 1&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Se N é uma matriz nula, então:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
det(N) = 0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Se uma linha (ou coluna) da matriz A for nula, então:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
det(A) = 0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A matriz A bem como a sua transposta At, possuem o mesmo determinante de A, isto é:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
det(At) = det(A)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Se B é a matriz obtida pela multiplicação de uma linha (ou coluna) da matriz A por um escalar k, então:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
det(B) = k det(A)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Se B=kA, onde k é um escalar, então:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
det(B) = kn det(A)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Se B é a matriz obtida pela troca de duas linhas (ou colunas) de A, então:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
det(B) = - det(A)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Se A tem duas linhas (ou colunas) iguais, então:&lt;/div&gt;
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det(A) = 0&lt;/div&gt;
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Se a diferença entre os elementos de duas linhas (ou colunas) de uma matriz A é uma mesma constante, então:&lt;/div&gt;
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det(A) = 0&lt;/div&gt;
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Se uma linha (ou coluna) de A for múltipla de uma outra linha (ou coluna) de A, então:&lt;/div&gt;
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det(A) = 0&lt;/div&gt;
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Ao fixar todas as linhas (ou colunas) de uma matriz exceto uma delas, o determinante de A será uma função linear da linha (ou coluna) não fixada da matriz.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ao multiplicar (ou dividir) uma linha (ou coluna) de uma matriz por um número real k, o determinante da matriz será multiplicado (ou dividido) por k.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fonte&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 30px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Fonte: pessoal.sercomtel.com.br&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/8525098803272077538/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/determinantes.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/8525098803272077538'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/8525098803272077538'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/determinantes.html' title='DETERMINANTES'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-1363177940635196369</id><published>2013-08-18T17:38:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2013-08-18T17:38:12.906-03:00</updated><title type='text'>DESIGUALDADES REAIS</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
O sistema ordenado dos números reais&lt;/h2&gt;
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Trabalhar com desigualdades é muito importante em Matemática, mas são necessários alguns conceitos de ordem sobre o conjunto R dos números reais para dar sentido ao estudo de desigualdades. Nosso trabalho admite que você já sabe o que é um número real e que também já conhece as principais propriedades dos reais.&lt;/div&gt;
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O conjunto R dos números reais pode ser construído a partir dos 11 postulados (afirmações aceitas sem demonstração) listados abaixo:&lt;/div&gt;
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1. Fecho aditivo: Para quaisquer a&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R e b&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, a soma de a e b, indicada por a+b, também é um elemento de R.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
2. Associatividade aditiva: Para quaisquer a&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, b&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R e c&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, tem-se que (a+b)+c=a+(b+c).&lt;/div&gt;
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3. Comutatividade aditiva: Para quaisquer a&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R e b&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, tem-se que a+b=b+a.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
4. Elemento neutro aditivo: Existe 0&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, denominado zero, tal que 0+a=a, para todo a&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
5. Elemento oposto: Para cada a&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, existe -a&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R tal que a+(-a)=0.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
6. Fecho multiplicativo: Para quaisquer a&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R e b&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, o produto (ou multiplicação) de a e b, indicado por a×b, por a.b ou simplesmente por ab, também é um elemento de R.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
7. Associatividade multiplicativa: Para quaisquer a&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, b&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R e c&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, tem-se que (a.b).c=a.(b.c).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
8. Comutatividade multiplicativa: Para quaisquer a&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R e b&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, tem-se que a.b=b.a.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
9. Elemento neutro multiplicativo: Existe 1&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, denominado um, tal que 1.a=a, qualquer que seja a&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
10. Elemento inverso: Para cada a&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, sendo a diferente de zero, existe a-1&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R tal que a.a-1=1. É bastante comum usar a-1=1/a&lt;/div&gt;
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11. Distributividade: Quaisquer que sejam a&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, b&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R e c&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R, tem-se que a.(b+c)=a.b+a.c&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
A reta numerada&lt;/h2&gt;
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Geometricamente, a reta real pode ser vista como uma linha reta horizontal tendo a origem em um ponto O. Ao marcar um outro ponto U, determinamos um segmento de reta OU e assim o sentido de O para U é tomado como positivo e o sentido contrário como negativo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
___________O__________U___________&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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A origem O recebe o valor zero, que é o elemento neutro da adição. O segmento OU deve medir uma unidade, indicada por 1, que é o elemento neutro da multiplicação.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
___________0__________1___________&lt;/div&gt;
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Uma relação de ordem sobre R&lt;/h2&gt;
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Construiremos agora uma relação de ordem. Para dois números reais a e b, escrevemos a&amp;lt;b para entender que &quot;a é menor do que b&quot;. Esta mesma relação pode ser escrita na forma b&amp;gt;a para significar que &quot;b é maior do que a&quot;. Esta situação ocorre quando o número a está localizado à esquerda do número b na reta numerada.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
___________a__________b___________&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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Dizemos que c é positivo se c&amp;gt;0. Do ponto de vista geométrico, c deve ser marcado à direita de 0.&lt;/div&gt;
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___________0__________c___________&lt;/div&gt;
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Esta relação de ordem satisfaz a uma série de axiomas (objetos matemáticos que são aceitos sem demonstração), conhecidos como axiomas de ordem:&lt;/div&gt;
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1. Tricotomia: Para quaisquer números reais a e b, somente pode valer uma das três situações abaixo:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
a&amp;lt;b, ou a=b, ou a&amp;gt;b&lt;/h2&gt;
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2. Translação: Se a&amp;lt;b então a+c&amp;lt;b+c para todo c em R.&lt;/div&gt;
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______a______b______a+c____b+c______&lt;/div&gt;
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3. Positividade: Se a&amp;lt;b e c&amp;gt;0 então a.c&amp;lt;b.c.&lt;/div&gt;
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______a______b______a.c____b.c______&lt;/div&gt;
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4. Transitividade: Se a&amp;lt;b e b&amp;lt;c, então a&amp;lt;c.&lt;/div&gt;
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______a______b______c________&lt;/div&gt;
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Módulo de um número real&lt;/h2&gt;
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O módulo (ou valor absoluto) de um número real a é definido como o valor máximo entre a e -a, denotado por:&lt;/div&gt;
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|a|=max{a,-a}&lt;/div&gt;
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Exemplo:&lt;/div&gt;
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1. |0|=0, |-7|=|7|=7, |-a|=|a|, |a²|=a²&lt;/div&gt;
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2. |a+b|&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/conjuntos-9.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;|a|+|b|&lt;/div&gt;
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3. |a-b|&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/conjuntos-9.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;|a|-|b|&lt;/div&gt;
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4. |a+b|²&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/conjuntos-9.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;12&quot; /&gt;|a|²+|b|²+2|a||b|&lt;/div&gt;
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Desigualdades reais&lt;/h2&gt;
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Uma desigualdade em uma variável real x é uma relação matemática de uma das formas abaixo:&lt;/div&gt;
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f(x)&amp;lt;0, f(x)&amp;gt;0, f(x)&amp;lt;0, f(x)&amp;gt;0&lt;/div&gt;
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onde f=f(x) é uma função real de variável real. As duas primeiras desigualdades são estritas e as duas últimas são não-estritas.&lt;/div&gt;
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A desigualdade do tipo f(x)&amp;lt;0 é não-estrita e equivale a duas relações: uma desigualdade estrita f(x)&amp;lt;0 e uma igualdade f(x)=0.&lt;/div&gt;
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Exemplos: Dos quatro tipos acima citados.&lt;/div&gt;
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2x+3&amp;lt;0, 2x+3&amp;gt;0, 2x+3&amp;lt;0, 2x+3&amp;gt;0&lt;/div&gt;
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Produto de uma desigualdade por um real&lt;/h2&gt;
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Ao multiplicar uma desigualdade por um número real positivo, obtemos outra desigualdade equivalente com o mesmo sinal que a primeira, mas se multiplicarmos a desigualdade por um número real negativo, a nova desigualdade terá o sinal de&amp;lt;trocado por &amp;gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot; summary=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;white&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; summary=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Desigualdade&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Sinal&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Produto&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;f(x)&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a.f(x)&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;f(x)&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a.f(x)&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;f(x)&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a.f(x)&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;f(x)&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a.f(x)&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;white&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; summary=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Desigualdade&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Sinal&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Produto&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;f(x)&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a.f(x)&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;f(x)&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a.f(x)&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;f(x)&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a.f(x)&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;f(x)&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a.f(x)&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
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Conjunto solução de uma desigualdade&lt;/h2&gt;
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Em uma desigualdade, o que interessa é obtermos o conjunto solução, que é o conjunto de todos os números reais para os quais vale a desigualdade. Para a desigualdade f(x)&amp;lt;0, o conjunto solução será dado por&lt;/div&gt;
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S = {x&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R: f(x)&amp;lt;0 }&lt;/h2&gt;
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As outras três formas são semelhantes.&lt;/div&gt;
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Desigualdades equivalentes&lt;/div&gt;
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Duas desigualdades são equivalentes se os seus conjuntos soluções são iguais.&lt;/div&gt;
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Exemplo: São equivalentes as desigualdades:&lt;/h5&gt;
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2x-4&amp;lt;0 e 2-x&amp;gt;0&lt;/div&gt;
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pois seus conjuntos soluções coincidem, isto é:&lt;/h5&gt;
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S = {x&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R: x&amp;lt;2} = (-&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,2]&lt;/div&gt;
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Observação: Para construir o conjunto solução de uma desigualdade da forma f(x)&amp;lt;0, devemos garantir que os valores de x só podem pertencer ao conjunto solução se estiverem no domínio de definição da função f=f(x).&lt;/div&gt;
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Exemplo: Consideremos a desigualdade (x-2)/x&amp;lt;0, que aparece nos livros na forma:&lt;/h5&gt;
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x-2&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;-----&amp;lt;0&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;x&lt;/div&gt;
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Se cometermos o erro de multiplicar a desigualdade acima por x (sem analisar o sinal de x), obteremos x-2&amp;lt;0 e chegaremos ao conjunto&lt;/div&gt;
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S = {x&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;R: x&amp;lt;2} = (-&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,2]&lt;/div&gt;
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pois nesse caso, x=0 pertence ao conjunto S mas não pertence ao domínio da função real f(x)=(x-2)/x.&lt;/div&gt;
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Devemos então assumir que x=0 não pertence ao conjunto solução desta desigualdade. Na sequência, mostraremos como resolver corretamente esta desigualdade.&lt;/div&gt;
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Sistema de desigualdades&lt;/h2&gt;
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Em sistemas matemáticos aplicados (por exemplo, na área de otimização), é comum a ocorrência de sistemas formados por várias desigualdades e nesse caso, torna-se importante obter o conjunto solução do sistema e não somente de uma das desigualdades do sistema.&lt;/div&gt;
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Exemplo: O conjunto solução que satisfaz às desigualdades&lt;/div&gt;
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2x-8&amp;gt;0 e x&amp;gt;20&lt;/div&gt;
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é S={x&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;R:x&amp;gt;20}=(20&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,), que é a interseção dos conjuntos soluções das duas desigualdades.&lt;/div&gt;
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Desigualdades importantes&lt;/h2&gt;
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Desigualdades triangulares: Para quaisquer números reais a e b, tem-se que:&lt;/h2&gt;
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|a+b|&amp;lt;|a|+|b|&lt;/div&gt;
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|a-b|&amp;lt;|a|+|b|&lt;/div&gt;
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|a|-|b|&amp;lt;|a-b|&lt;/div&gt;
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||a|-|b||&amp;lt;|a-b|&lt;/div&gt;
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Desigualdades entre médias: Para quaisquer números reais positivos a e b, tem-se que:&lt;/h5&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;57&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/conjuntos-9.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;232&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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sendo que o termo à esquerda é a média harmônica, o termo do meio é a média geométrica e o termo à direita é a média aritmética entre a e b.&lt;/div&gt;
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Para aprender mais sobre médias e desigualdades, veja nossos links sobre Máximos e mínimos nesta Página Matemática Essencial.&lt;/div&gt;
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Principais tipos de desigualdades&lt;/h2&gt;
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Existem alguns tipos mais comuns de desigualdades com números reais. Na sequência, apresentaremos as formas possíveis e os seus respectivos conjuntos soluções para os seguintes tipos: Linear, Quadrática, Fração linear, Produto de fatores, Produto e quociente de fatores, uma forma alternativa de Fração linear, Irracional, Modular e Exponencial&lt;/div&gt;
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Desigualdade Linear&lt;/h2&gt;
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O nome linear provém do fato que a equação da reta no plano, quase sempre pode ser escrita na forma y=ax+b. Existem 8 tipos básicos de desigualdades lineares&lt;/div&gt;
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ax+b&amp;lt;0, ax+b&amp;gt;0, ax+b&amp;lt;0, ax+b&amp;gt;0&lt;/div&gt;
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cujos conjuntos soluções dependem fortemente da solução (raiz) de ax+b=0.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;white&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot; summary=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Desigualdade&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Sinal&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Conjunto solução&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;ax+b&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;S=(-&lt;img alt=&quot;inf&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,-b/a)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;ax+b&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;S=(-b/a,&lt;img alt=&quot;inf&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;ax+b&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;S=(-&lt;img alt=&quot;inf&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,-b/a]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;ax+b&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;S=[-b/a,&lt;img alt=&quot;inf&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;white&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;&quot; summary=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Desigualdade&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Sinal&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Conjunto solução&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;ax+b&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;S=(-b/a,&lt;img alt=&quot;inf&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;ax+b&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;S=(-&lt;img alt=&quot;inf&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,-b/a)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;ax+b&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;S=[-b/a,&lt;img alt=&quot;inf&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;ax+b&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;S=(-&lt;img alt=&quot;inf&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,-b/a]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Desigualdade quadrática&lt;/h2&gt;
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Dependendo dos valores dos coeficientes a, b e c de uma equação quadrática ax2+bx+c=0, poderemos ter duas raízes reais diferentes, apenas uma raiz real dupla ou nenhuma raiz real. Este fato influencia fortemente na obtenção do conjunto solução de uma desigualdade quadrática. O símbolo&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;significa infinito e U é o símbolo de reunião de conjuntos. Existem 24 tipos básicos distribuídos em 6 tabelas, quando ax²+bx+c=0&lt;/div&gt;
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1. possui raízes reais r e s com r&amp;lt;s&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Desigualdade&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Sinal&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Conjunto solução&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;ax²+bx+c&amp;lt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;S=(r,s)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;ax²+bx+c&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;S=(-&lt;img alt=&quot;inf&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,r)U(s,&lt;img alt=&quot;inf&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;ax²+bx+c&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;S=[r,s]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;ax²+bx+c&lt;u style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/u&gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&amp;gt;0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;S=(-&lt;img alt=&quot;inf&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,r]U[s,&lt;img alt=&quot;inf&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
2.possui somente a raiz real dupla r&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;103&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;245&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
3. não possui raízes reais&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;103&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-2.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;245&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
4. possui raízes reais r e s com r&amp;lt;s&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;103&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-3.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;245&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
5. possui somente a raiz real dupla r&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;103&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-4.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;245&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
6. não possui raízes reais&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;103&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-5.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;245&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Desigualdade com fração linear (I)&lt;/h2&gt;
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Uma desigualdade tem a forma de fração linear se pode ser escrita em um dos quatro tipos básicos&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;54&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-6.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;262&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Se c=0 e d0, estas frações se tornam casos particulares de desigualdades lineares, razão pela qual tomaremos c0. Para obter o conjunto solução, devemos eliminar a fração.&lt;/div&gt;
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Estudaremos apenas a primeira desigualdade, pois as outras são semelhantes. Consideremos&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;46&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-7.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;57&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Sabemos que cx+d&amp;gt;0 ou cx+d&amp;lt;0 ou cx+d=0. Se cx+d=0 então x=-d/c não pertence ao conjunto solução. Para os valores de x tal que cx+d é diferente de zero, temos que (cx+d)²&amp;gt;0. Ao multiplicar a fração linear por (cx+d)²&amp;gt;0, eliminaremos a fração e passaremos a ter&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(cx+d)(ax+b)&amp;lt;p(cx+d)²&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Passando as expressões algébricas para o primeiro membro, obteremos&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(cx+d)[(ax+b)-p(cx+d)]&amp;lt;0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
que ainda pode ser escrita na forma&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(cx+d)(mx+n)&amp;lt;0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
onde m=a-pc e n=b-pd. Após as simplificações possíveis, obtemos uma desigualdade linear ou quadrática, como o produto de dois fatores lineares.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Desigualdade com produto de fatores lineares&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Se uma desigualdade possui um produto de fatores lineares, existe o método dos intervalos que facilita a obtenção do conjunto solução. Iremos mostrar com um exemplo como funciona este método.&lt;/div&gt;
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Exemplo: Seja a desigualdade&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
2(x+3)(x-5)(x-7) &amp;gt; 0&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Decompomos a desigualdade acima em três desigualdades lineares, obter a raiz da expressão algébrica de cada desigualdade linear, analisar o sinal de cada uma delas separadamente e realizar o &quot;produto dos sinais&quot;. As raízes das equações associadas às desigualdades lineares são r=-3, s=5 e t=7. A reta R será decomposta em 4 intervalos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;101&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-8.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;255&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Como o produto dos fatores deve ser positivo, o conjunto solução é S=(-3,5)U(7&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Desigualdade com produto e quociente de fatores lineares&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Quando uma desigualdade possui produtos, divisões de fatores lineares, ou ambos, o método dos intervalos facilita a obtenção do conjunto solução. Mostraremos de novo com um exemplo&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Exemplo: Seja a desigualdade&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;58&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-9.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;91&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
De novo, decompomos esta desigualdade em três desigualdades lineares, obtemos a raiz de cada expressão algébrica da desigualdade linear, analisamos cada uma delas separadamente e realizamos as operações de produto de sinais ou divisão de sinais ou ambos&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;102&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-10.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;268&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O conjunto solução é S=(-3,5)U(7&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Desigualdade com Fração linear (II)&lt;/h2&gt;
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Seja uma desigualdade que é uma fração linear, como por exemplo&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;56&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-11.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;64&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
que pode ser escrita na forma&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(cx+d)(mx+n)&amp;lt;0&lt;/div&gt;
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onde m=a-pc e n=b-pd. Os zeros da função&lt;/div&gt;
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f(x) = (cx+d)(mx+n) = c.m.(x+d/c)(x+n/m)&lt;/div&gt;
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são r=-d/c e s=-n/m. Admitindo que r&amp;lt;s e analisando cada desigualdade separadamente e na sequência realizando o &quot;produto dos sinais&quot;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;81&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-12.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;211&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Se c.m&amp;gt;0 o conjunto solução será S=(r,s), mas se c.m&amp;lt;0 o conjunto solução deverá ser S=(-&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,r)U(s,&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Exemplo: Seja a desigualdade&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;61&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-13.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;64&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Multiplicando a desigualdade acima por (3x+11)², obtemos:&lt;/h5&gt;
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(2x+7)(3x+11)&amp;lt;2(3x+11)²&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
isto é&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(3x+11)[(2x+7)-2(3x+11)]&amp;lt;0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
ou seja&lt;/h5&gt;
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(3x+11)(-4x-15)&amp;lt;0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Pondo os números 3 e 4 em evidência, obtemos&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
-12(x+11/3)(x+15/4)&amp;lt;0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Multiplicando esta última desigualdade por -1/12, obtemos&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(x+11/3)(x+15/4) &amp;gt; 0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A função f(x)=(x+11/3)(x+15/4) se anula para r=-11/3 e s=-15/4.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;81&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-14.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;305&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O conjunto solução é S=(-&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;,-15/4)U(-11/3,&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Desigualdade Irracional&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
É um tipo de desigualdade que contém expressões algébricas sob um ou mais radicais. Existem muitas situações possíveis, mas só usaremos o sinal&amp;lt;para apresentar alguns casos&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;80&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-15.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;540&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A raiz quadrada de um número real z&amp;gt;0, será indicada por R[z], para reduzir a inserção de gráficos na página.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Exemplo: O conjunto solução da desigualdade R[2x+3]+R[x-3]&amp;lt;1 depende de trabalharmos um pouco com os radicais. Passamos um dos radicais para o segundo membro&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
R[2x+3] &amp;lt; 1-R[x-3]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Elevando ambos os membros ao quadrado, obtemos&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
2x+3 &amp;lt; 1+(x-3)-2R[x-3]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Simplificando, obtemos&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
x+5 &amp;lt; -2R[x-3]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Elevamos de novo ao quadrado para obter uma desigualdade quadrática (ou linear)&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(x+5)² &amp;lt; 4(x-3)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Não continuaremos a análise deste exemplo, pois este tipo já foi tratado antes.&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Exemplo: O conjunto solução da desigualdade&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;50&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-16.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;64&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
deve ser obtido com cuidado. Não basta multiplicar por x-2 e elevar ao quadrado, mas devemos eliminar a fração, multiplicando toda a desigualdade por (x-2)²&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(x-2) R[x+6] &amp;lt; 3 (x-2)²&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Elevando os membros ao quadrado, obtemos&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(x-2)²(x+6) &amp;lt; 9 (x-2)4&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Passando todas as expressões para o primeiro membro, obtemos&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(x-2)²[(x+6)- 9(x-2)²] &amp;lt; 0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
que pode escrito como&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(x-2)²(9x² +37x -30) &amp;lt; 0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Também não obteremos o conjunto solução, pois já tratamos desse caso antes.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Desigualdade Modular&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
É uma desigualdade com uma ou mais expressões algébricas dentro de módulos. Também aqui existe uma infinidade de situações possíveis, mas só usaremos o sinal &amp;lt; para apresentar alguns casos&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
|f(x)|&amp;lt;k, |f(x)| ± |g(x)|&amp;lt;k, |f(x)| ± g(x)&amp;lt;k&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Exemplo: Obteremos o conjunto solução da desigualdade&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;50&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/tabela-desigualdades-reais-17.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;64&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
pela eliminação da fração ao multiplicar a desigualdade por (x-2)²&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(x-2)|x+6|&amp;lt;3 (x-2)²&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Elevando ambos os membros ao quadrado, obtemos&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(x-2)²(x+6)²&amp;lt;9 (x-2)4&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Passando todas as expressões algébricas para o primeiro membro, obtemos&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(x-2)²[(x+6)²- 9(x-2)²]&amp;lt;0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
que pode escrito como&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(-x)(x-2)²(x-6)&amp;lt;0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Não mostraremos como obter o conjunto solução.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Desigualdade Exponencial&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
São desigualdades onde aparecem funções nos expoentes e as bases das potências devem ser números positivos diferentes de 1, condição importante, pois só podemos definir logaritmos reais com as bases tendo tais valores. Existe uma infinidade de casos, mas apenas apresentaremos dois casos com o sinal &amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
ax&amp;gt;b, af(x)&amp;gt;b&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Exemplo: Podemos obter o conjunto solução da desigualdade&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
24x-3&amp;lt;8&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
primeiro pela simplificação à forma&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
24x-3&amp;lt;2³&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A função f(x)=log2(x), (logaritmo de x na base 2) é crescente para todo x positivo e a sua aplicação a ambos os membros da desigualdade, nos garante que&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
4x-3&amp;lt;3&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
que é equivalente a&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
x &amp;lt; 3/2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Assim, o conjunto solução é&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
S = {x&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;em R: x&amp;lt;3/2 }&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Exemplo: Obtemos o conjunto solução da desigualdade&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
2(x-3)(x-4) &amp;gt; 1&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
pela aplicação da função logaritmo de base 2 a ambos os membros da desigualdade. Dessa forma&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(x-3)(x-4) &amp;gt; 0&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O conjunto solução é S={x&lt;img alt=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/desigualdades-reais/imagens/simbolo-infinito.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;DESIGUALDADES REAIS &quot; width=&quot;22&quot; /&gt;R: x&amp;lt;3 ou x&amp;gt;4}.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fonte&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 30px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Fonte:pessoal.sercomtel.com.br&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/1363177940635196369/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/desigualdades-reais.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/1363177940635196369'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/1363177940635196369'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/desigualdades-reais.html' title='DESIGUALDADES REAIS'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-785786341966276124</id><published>2013-08-18T17:31:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2013-08-18T17:34:23.900-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Conjuntos Numéricos, Parte 4</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;239&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-15.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;406&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O conceito de número foi evoluindo ao longo dos tempos, tendo-se criado novos números para responder a problemas entretanto surgidos.&lt;/div&gt;
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NATURAIS&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
INTEIROS&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
RACIONAIS&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
REAIS&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
NÚMEROS NATURAIS&lt;/div&gt;
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Estes números foram criados pela necessidade prática de contar as coisas da natureza, por isso são chamados de números naturais.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;97&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-19.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;97&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-17.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;97&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-18.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;97&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-19.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
NÚMEROS INTEIROS&lt;/h2&gt;
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A representação matemática deste conjunto é:&lt;br /&gt;
Z = {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
NÚMEROS RACIONAIS&lt;/h2&gt;
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Entretanto...surgiu outro tipo de problema:&lt;/div&gt;
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&quot; Como dividir 3 vacas por 2 herdeiros? &quot;&lt;/div&gt;
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Para resolver este tipo de problemas foram criados os números fraccionários. Estes números juntamente com os números inteiros formam os racionais.&lt;/div&gt;
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A representação matemática deste conjunto é:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Q = Z ? { números fraccionários }&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
NÚMEROS REAIS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Os pitagóricos ao aplicarem o Teorema de Pitágoras para determinar a medida do comprimento da diagonal de um quadrado de lado unitário, não conseguiram encontrar um número racional para essa medida.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A representação matemática deste conjunto é:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
R = Q ? { números irracionais }&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold; line-height: 30px;&quot;&gt;Fonte: www.proformar.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/785786341966276124/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/conjuntos-numericos-parte-4.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/785786341966276124'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/785786341966276124'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/conjuntos-numericos-parte-4.html' title='Conjuntos Numéricos, Parte 4'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-467488213695868796</id><published>2013-08-18T17:28:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2013-08-18T17:35:24.243-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Conjuntos Numéricos, Parte 3</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
1- Naturais (IN)&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
N = {0,1,2,3,4,5...}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Convém destacar um subconjunto: N* = N - {0} = {1,2,3,4,5...}&lt;/div&gt;
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É importante lembrar que sempre é possível efetuar a adição e a multiplicação, isto é, a soma e o produto de dois números naturais sempre terá como resultado um número natural, já a subtração entre dois números naturais nem sempre é um número natural, como por exemplo 2 - 5, não pertence aos N, temos então o surgimento do conjunto dos números inteiros.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
2- Inteiros (Z)&lt;/h2&gt;
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Z = {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3...}&lt;/div&gt;
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No conjunto dos inteiros destacamos os seguintes subconjuntos:&lt;/div&gt;
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Z* = Z - {0} = {...-3,-2,-1,1,2,3...}&lt;/div&gt;
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Z+ = {0,1,2,3,4...} (inteiros não negativos)&lt;/div&gt;
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Z - = {0,-1,-2,-3,-4...} (inteiros não positivos)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Z*+ = {1,2,3,4...} (inteiros positivos)&lt;/div&gt;
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Z*- = {-1,-2,-3,-4...} (inteiros não negativos)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Neste conjunto sempre é possível efetuar a adição, a multiplicação e a subtração entre números inteiros, isto é, sempre estas operações resultam em um número inteiro. Já a divisão nem sempre resulta em um número inteiro, como por exemplo, 7 : 2 ,não pertence aos inteiros surgindo assim o conjunto dos racionais.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
3-Racionais (Q)&lt;/h2&gt;
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Q = {x tal que x = a/b (a sobre b) onde aÎ (pertence) Z a b E Z* (Z menos o zero)}.&lt;/div&gt;
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O conjunto dos números racionais Q é a união do conjunto dos números naturais (N), inteiros (Z) e as frações positivas e negativas, como por exemplo:&lt;/div&gt;
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Q = -5 ; - 4/3 ; - 1; 0; 0,25 ; 1/2 ; 3/4 ; 1; 6/5 ; 2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Obs: Um número racional pode aparecer em forma de dízima periódica, isto é, um numeral decimal, com a parte decimal formada por infinitos algarismos que se repetem periodicamente, como por exemplo: 4,5555 (período 5) , 10,878787 (período 87) e 9,8545454... (período 54, parte não periódica 8)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Exemplo: transformar em frações irredutíveis os números:&lt;/div&gt;
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a) 0,1111....&lt;/div&gt;
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x=0,111...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
10x=1,111...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
daí,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
10x-x=1&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
x=1/9&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
portanto, 0,111...=1/9&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
b) 2,1343434...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
x=2,1343434...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
10x=21,3434...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
1000x=2134,3434....&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
daí,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
1000x-10x=2113&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
x=2113/990&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
portanto, 2,1343434...=2113/990&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
4-Irracionais (I) - É todo número decimal não-exato e não periódico, bem como toda raiz não-exata.&lt;/h2&gt;
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- raiz quadrada de dois = 1,414...;&lt;br /&gt;
- raiz quadrada de três = 1,73...;&lt;br /&gt;
- dízimas não periódicas;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
5-Reais (IR)&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-14.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;269&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fonte&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 30px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Fonte: www.ficharionline.com&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/467488213695868796/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/conjuntos-numericos-parte-3.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/467488213695868796'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/467488213695868796'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/conjuntos-numericos-parte-3.html' title='Conjuntos Numéricos, Parte 3'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-5309026125002586023</id><published>2013-08-18T17:26:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2013-08-18T17:26:13.876-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Conjuntos numéricos, Parte 2</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Conjuntos Numéricos&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;I) Números Naturais&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;N = { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... }&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
II) Números Inteiros&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Z = { ... , -2 , -1 , 0 , 1 , 2, ... }&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#F6F6F6&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; bordercolordark=&quot;white&quot; bordercolorlight=&quot;silver&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; width: 80%px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot; width=&quot;416&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px;&quot;&gt;
Todo número natural é inteiro, isto é, N é um&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;subconjunto de Z&lt;o style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
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III) Números Racionais&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
- São aqueles que podem ser expressos na forma a/b, onde a e b são inteiros quaisquer, com b diferente de 0.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#F6F6F6&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; bordercolordark=&quot;white&quot; bordercolorlight=&quot;silver&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; width: 80%px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tabela&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot; width=&quot;416&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px;&quot;&gt;
Q ={x/x = a/b com a e b pertencentes a Z&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;com b diferente de 0 }&lt;o style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Assim como exemplo podemos citar o -1/2 , 1 , 2,5 ,...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
-Números decimais exatos são racionais&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pois 0,1 = 1/10&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
2,3 = 23/10 ...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
- Números decimais periódicos são racionais.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
0,1111... = 1/9&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
0,3232 ...= 32/99&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
2,3333 ...= 21/9&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
0,2111 ...= 19/90&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
-Toda dízima periódica 0,9999 ... 9 ... é uma outra representação do número 1.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
IV) Números Irracionais&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
- São aqueles que não podem ser expressos na forma a/b, com a e b inteiros e b diferente de 0.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
-São compostos por dízimas infinitas não periódicas.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Exs:&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;49&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-14.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;133&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
V) Números Reais&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
- É a reunião do conjunto dos números irracionais com o dos racionais.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Resumindo:&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;195&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;210&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Intervalos :&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Sendo a e b dois números reais, com a &amp;lt; b, temos os seguintes subconjuntos de R chamados intervalos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Intervalo fechado nos extremos a e b:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;23&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-2.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;164&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Intervalo fechado em a e aberto em b:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;23&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-5.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;167&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Intervalo aberto em a e fechado em b:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;31&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-13.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;170&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Intervalo aberto em a e b:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;29&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-12.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;172&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Temos também:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;67&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-numericos-8.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;171&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fonte&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 30px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Fonte: www.exatas.hpg.ig.com.br&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/5309026125002586023/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/conjuntos-numericos-parte-2.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/5309026125002586023'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/5309026125002586023'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/conjuntos-numericos-parte-2.html' title='Conjuntos numéricos, Parte 2'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-6121368777448048544</id><published>2013-08-18T17:22:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2013-08-18T17:22:13.282-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Conjuntos numéricos, Parte 1</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Alguns conceitos primitivos&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Conjunto&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O conjunto de todos os brasileiros.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;O conjunto de todos os números naturais.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;O conjunto dos números reais tal que x2-4=0.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Em geral, um conjunto é denotado por uma letra maiúscula do alfabeto: A, B, C, ..., Z.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Elemento&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
José da Silva é um elemento do conjunto dos brasileiros.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;1 é um elemento do conjunto dos números naturais.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
-2 é um elemento do conjunto dos números reais que satisfaz à equação x2-4=0.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Em geral, um elemento de um conjunto, é denotado por uma letra minúscula do alfabeto: a, b, c, ..., z.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Pertinência&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
José da Silva pertence ao conjunto dos brasileiros.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
1 pertence ao conjunto dos números naturais.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
-2 pertence ao conjunto de números reais que satisfaz à equação x2-4=0.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Se um elemento pertence a um conjunto utilizamos o símbolo&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;, que se lê: &quot;pertence&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Para afirmar que 1 é um número natural, escrevemos:&lt;/h5&gt;
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1&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;N&lt;/div&gt;
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Para afirmar que 0 não é um número natural, escrevemos:&lt;/div&gt;
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0&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;N&lt;/div&gt;
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Um símbolo matemático para a negação é a barra /.&lt;/div&gt;
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Algumas notações para conjuntos&lt;/h2&gt;
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Muitas vezes, um conjunto é representado com os seus elementos dentro de duas chaves { e } através de duas formas básicas e de uma terceira forma geométrica:&lt;/div&gt;
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Apresentação: Os elementos do conjunto estão dentro de duas chaves { e }.&lt;/div&gt;
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A = { a, e, i, o, u }&lt;/div&gt;
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N = { 1, 2, 3, 4, ... }&lt;/div&gt;
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M = { João, Maria, José }&lt;/div&gt;
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Descrição: O conjunto é descrito por uma ou mais propriedades.&lt;/div&gt;
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A = { x : x é uma vogal}&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;N = { x : x é um número natural}&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;M = { x : x é uma pessoa da família de Maria}&lt;/div&gt;
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Diagrama de Venn-Euler (lê-se: &quot;Ven-óiler&quot;): Os conjuntos são mostrados graficamente&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;119&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;486&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Subconjuntos&lt;/h2&gt;
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Dados os conjuntos A e B, diz-se que A está contido em B, denotado por A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-c.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; /&gt;B, se todos os elementos de A também estão em B. Algumas vezes diremos que um conjunto A está propriamente contido em B, quando o conjunto B, além de conter os elementos de A, contém também outros elementos. O conjunto A é denominado subconjunto de B e o conjunto B é o superconjunto que contém A.&lt;/div&gt;
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Alguns conjuntos especiais&lt;/h2&gt;
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Conjunto vazio: É um conjunto que não possui elementos. É representado por { } ou por Ø. O conjunto vazio está contido em todos os conjuntos.&lt;/div&gt;
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Conjunto universo: É um conjunto que contém todos os elementos do contexto no qual estamos trabalhando e também contém todos os conjuntos desse contexto. O conjunto universo é representado por uma letra U. Na sequência não mais usaremos o conjunto universo.&lt;/div&gt;
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Reunião de conjuntos&lt;/h2&gt;
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A reunião dos conjuntos A e B é o conjunto de todos os elementos que pertencem ao conjunto A ou ao conjunto B.&lt;/div&gt;
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A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;B = { x: a&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;A ou x&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;B }&lt;/div&gt;
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Interseção de conjuntos&lt;/h2&gt;
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A interseção dos conjuntos A e B é o conjunto de todos os elementos que pertencem ao conjunto A e ao conjunto B.&lt;/div&gt;
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A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B = { x: a&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;A e x&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;B }&lt;/div&gt;
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Quando a interseção de dois conjuntos A e B é o conjunto vazio, dizemos que estes conjuntos são disjuntos.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;100&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-3.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Propriedades dos conjuntos&lt;/h2&gt;
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Fechamento: Quaisquer que sejam os conjuntos A e B, a reunião de A e B, denotada por A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B e a interseção de A e B, denotada por A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B, ainda são conjuntos no universo.&lt;/div&gt;
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Reflexiva: Qualquer que seja o conjunto A, tem-se que:&lt;/div&gt;
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A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;A = A e A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;A = A&lt;/div&gt;
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1. Inclusão: Quaisquer que sejam os conjuntos A e B, tem-se que:&lt;/div&gt;
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A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B, B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B, A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-c.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; /&gt;B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-c.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; /&gt;A, A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-c.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; /&gt;B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-c.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; /&gt;B&lt;/div&gt;
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2. Inclusão relacionada: Quaisquer que sejam os conjuntos A e B, tem-se que:&lt;/div&gt;
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A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B equivale a A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B = B&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B equivale a A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B = A&lt;/div&gt;
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3. Associativa: Quaisquer que sejam os conjuntos A, B e C, tem-se que:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;(B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;C) = (A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B)&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;C&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;(B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;C) = (A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B)&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;C&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
4. Comutativa: Quaisquer que sejam os conjuntos A e B, tem-se que:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B = B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;A&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B = B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;A&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
5. Elemento neutro para a reunião: O conjunto vazio Ø é o elemento neutro para a reunião de conjuntos, tal que para todo conjunto A, se tem:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;Ø = A&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
6. Elemento &quot;nulo&quot; para a interseção: A interseção do conjunto vazio Ø com qualquer outro conjunto A, fornece o próprio conjunto vazio.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;Ø = Ø&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
7. Elemento neutro para a interseção: O conjunto universo U é o elemento neutro para a interseção de conjuntos, tal que para todo conjunto A, se tem:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;U = A&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
8. Distributiva: Quaisquer que sejam os conjuntos A, B e C, tem-se que:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;( B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;C ) = ( A&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B )&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;( A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;C )&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;( B&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;C ) = ( A&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B )&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;(A&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;C )&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Os gráficos abaixo mostram a distributividade.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;226&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-5.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;457&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Diferença de conjuntos&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A diferença entre os conjuntos A e B é o conjunto de todos os elementos que pertencem ao conjunto A e não pertencem ao conjunto B.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A-B = { x: a&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e-cortado.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;17&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;e x&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e-cortado.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;17&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;B&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Do ponto de vista gráfico, a diferença pode ser vista como:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;138&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-6.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;228&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Complemento de um conjunto&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O complemento do conjunto B contido no conjunto A, denotado por C BA, é a diferença entre os conjuntos A e B, ou seja, é o conjunto de todos os elementos que pertencem ao conjunto A e não pertencem ao conjunto B.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
C BA = A-B = { x: x&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;A e x&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e-cortado.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;17&quot; /&gt;B }&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h5 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Graficamente, o complemento do conjunto B no conjunto A, é dado por:&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;90&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-7.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;205&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Quando não existe dúvida sobre o universo U em que trabalhamos, simplesmente utilizamos a letra c posta como um expoente no conjunto, para indicar o complemento deste conjunto. Exemplos especiais são: Øc=U e Uc=Ø.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Leis de Augustus De Morgan&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O complementar da reunião de dois conjuntos é a interseção dos complementares desses conjuntos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B)c = Ac&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;Bc&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
O complementar da reunião de uma coleção finita de conjuntos é a interseção dos complementares desses conjuntos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
(A1&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;A2&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;...&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;An)c = A1&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;c A2c&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;...&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;Anc&lt;/div&gt;
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O complementar da interseção de dois conjuntos é a reunião dos complementares desses conjuntos.&lt;/div&gt;
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(A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B)c = Ac&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;Bc&lt;/div&gt;
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Diferença simétrica&lt;/h2&gt;
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A diferença simétrica entre os conjuntos A e B é o conjunto de todos os elementos que pertencem à reunião dos conjuntos A e B e não pertencem à interseção dos conjuntos A e B.&lt;/div&gt;
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A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B = { x: x&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;14&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-e.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B e x&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B }&lt;/div&gt;
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A situação gráfica para a diferença simétrica é:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;138&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/conjuntos-8.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;228&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Exercício: Dados os conjuntos A, B e C, mostrar que:&lt;/div&gt;
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1. A=Ø se, e somente se, B=A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/delta.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;B.&lt;/div&gt;
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2. O conjunto vazio é o elemento neutro para a operação de diferença simétrica. Usar o ítem anterior.&lt;/div&gt;
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3. A diferença simétrica é comutativa.&lt;/div&gt;
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4. A diferença simétrica é associativa.&lt;/div&gt;
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5. A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/delta.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;A=Ø (conjunto vazio).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
6. A interseção entre A e B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/delta.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;C é distributiva, isto é:&lt;/div&gt;
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A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/delta.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;(B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/delta.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;C) = (A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;B)&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/delta.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;(A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-intersecao.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;C)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
7. A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/delta.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;B está contida na reunião de A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/delta.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;C e de B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/delta.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;C, mas esta inclusão é própria, isto é:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-c.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; /&gt;B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;13&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-c.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;(A&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/delta.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;C)&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/simbolo-u.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; /&gt;(B&lt;img alt=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/conjuntos-numericos/imagens/delta.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;CONJUNTOS numéricos&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; /&gt;C)&lt;/div&gt;
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conjuntos numéricos&lt;/div&gt;
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I) Números Naturais&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;N = { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... }&lt;/div&gt;
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II) Números Inteiros&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Z = { ... , -2 , -1 , 0 , 1 , 2, ... }&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;fonte&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 30px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Fonte: pessoal.sercomtel.com.br&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/6121368777448048544/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/conjuntos-numericos-parte-1.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/6121368777448048544'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/6121368777448048544'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/conjuntos-numericos-parte-1.html' title='Conjuntos numéricos, Parte 1'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-747023993248171500</id><published>2013-08-18T17:13:00.004-03:00</published><updated>2013-08-18T17:16:07.988-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Análise Combinatória, parte 2</title><content type='html'>&lt;h4 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Análise Combinatória - Princípio Fundamental da Contagem&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Em uma carteira escolar temos quatro livros de diferentes matérias, empilhados de cima para baixo nesta exata ordem:&lt;/strong&gt;Português, matemática, história e geografia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Incluindo a ordem atual, de quantas maneiras no total podemos empilhar tais livros nesta carteira?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Vamos pensar sobre o problema.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Na escolha do primeiro livro a ser colocado na carteira temos 4 possibilidades, pois ainda não colocamos nenhum livro nela, temos então quatro livros a escolher:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Português, matemática, história e geografia.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Se começarmos a pilha com o livro de português, na escolha do próximo livro a ser colocado sobre ele, temos 3 possibilidades:&lt;/strong&gt;matemática, história e geografia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Se escolhermos o livro de história como o segundo livro da pilha, para o terceiro livro temos 2 possibilidades apenas:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;matemática e geografia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Se colocarmos na pilha o livro de geografia, para o último livro temos obviamente 1 possibilidade:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;matemática.&lt;/div&gt;
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Veja pela figura ao lado que as 4 possibilidades do primeiro livro podem ser combinadas com cada uma das 3 possibilidades do segundo livro, que podem ser combinadas com cada uma das 2 possibilidades do terceiro livro, que podem finalmente ser combinadas com 1 possibilidade do quarto livro.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Matematicamente o número total de possibilidades seria:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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4&amp;nbsp;.&amp;nbsp;3&amp;nbsp;.&amp;nbsp;2&amp;nbsp;.&amp;nbsp;1&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;24&lt;/div&gt;
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Neste cálculo utilizamos o&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;princípio fundamental da contagem&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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Princípio Fundamental da Contagem&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;O princípio fundamental da contagem diz que um evento que ocorre em n situações independentes e sucessivas, tendo a primeira situação ocorrendo de m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;maneiras, a segunda situação ocorrendo de m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;maneiras e assim sucessivamente até a n-ésima situação ocorrendo de m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;maneiras, temos que o número total de ocorrências será dado pelo produto:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; height=&quot;31&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/analise-combinatoria/imagens/Analis6.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; width=&quot;143&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplos&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Quantos são os números naturais de dois algarismos que são múltiplos de 5?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Como o zero à esquerda de um número não é significativo, para que tenhamos um número natural com dois algarismos ele deve começar com um dígito de 1 a 9, temos portanto 9 possibilidades.&lt;/div&gt;
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Para que o número seja um múltiplo de 5, o mesmo deve terminar em 0 ou 5, portanto temos apenas 2 possibilidades.&lt;/div&gt;
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A multiplicação de 9 por 2 nos dará o resultado desejado.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Logo:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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São 18 os números naturais de dois algarismos que são múltiplos de 5.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Eu possuo 4 pares de sapatos e 10 pares de meias. De quantas maneiras poderei me calçar utilizando um par de meias e um de sapatos?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Pelo princípio fundamental da contagem temos que multiplicar 4, que é o número de elementos do primeiro conjunto, por 10 que corresponde ao número de elementos do segundo conjunto.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Portanto:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Poderei me calçar de 40 maneiras diferentes.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;De quantas formas podemos dispor as letras da palavra FLUOR de sorte que a última letra seja sempre a letra R?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Para a última letra, segundo o enunciado temos apenas uma possibilidade que é a letra R.&lt;/div&gt;
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Para a primeira, segunda, terceira e quarta letras temos respectivamente 4, 3, 2 e 1 possibilidades.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Assim temos:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: large; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; src=&quot;http://www.matematicadidatica.com.br/MEx.ashx?NFxxdWFkXGNkb3RccXVhZDNccXVhZFxjZG90XHF1YWQyXHF1YWRcY2RvdFxxdWFkMVxxdWFkXGNkb3RccXVhZDFccXVhZD1ccXVhZDI0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Note que este exemplo é semelhante ao caso dos livros, explicado no início da página, só que neste caso teríamos mais um livro, digamos de ciências, que sempre seria colocado na pilha por último.&lt;/div&gt;
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Podemos dispor as letras da palavra FLUOR de 24 formas diferentes, tal que a última letra seja sempre a letra R.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Quantos números naturais com 3 algarismos podemos formar que não comecem com 16, nem com 17?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Neste exemplo iremos fazer o cálculo em duas partes. Primeiro iremos calcular quantos são os números com três algarismos.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Como neste caso na primeira posição não podemos ter o dígito zero, o número de possibilidades para cada posição é respectivamente:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;9, 10 e 10.&lt;/div&gt;
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Portanto temos 900 números naturais com três dígitos.&lt;/div&gt;
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Agora vamos calcular quantos deles começam com 16 ou 17.&lt;/div&gt;
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Para a primeira posição temos apenas uma possibilidade, o dígito 1. Para a segunda temos 2, pois servem tanto o dígito 6, quanto o 7.&lt;/div&gt;
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Para a terceira e última posição temos todos os dígitos possíveis, ou seja, 10 possibilidades.&lt;/div&gt;
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Multiplicando tudo temos 20.&lt;/div&gt;
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Logo, subtraindo 20 de 900 obtemos 880.&lt;/div&gt;
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Existem 880 números naturais nestas condições.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;São quantos os números ímpares com três algarismos, que não possuem dígitos repetidos e que de trás para frente também são ímpares?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Os números devem ser ímpares, temos então 5 possibilidades para o último algarismo.&lt;/div&gt;
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A história do &quot;de trás para frente&quot;, em outras palavras quer dizer que o primeiro algarismo também é ímpar. Como um dígito ímpar já foi utilizado na última posição, temos então apenas 4 disponíveis para a primeira posição.&lt;/div&gt;
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Para o dígito central temos apenas 8 possibilidades, pois dois dígitos ímpares já foram utilizados.&lt;/div&gt;
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Multiplicando 4 por 8 e por 5 obtemos 160.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Assim sendo:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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São 160 os números ímpares que satisfazem a todas estas condições.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;fonte&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Fonte:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;www.matematicadidatica.com.br&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/747023993248171500/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/analise-combinatoria-parte-2.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/747023993248171500'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/747023993248171500'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/analise-combinatoria-parte-2.html' title='Análise Combinatória, parte 2'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-7491190316805318062</id><published>2013-08-18T17:13:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2013-08-18T17:15:06.087-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Análise Combinatória, parte 1</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Análise Combinatória&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;é um conjunto de procedimentos que possibilita a construção de grupos diferentes formados por um número finito de elementos de um conjunto sob certas circunstâncias.&lt;/div&gt;
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Na maior parte das vezes, tomaremos conjuntos Z com m elementos e os grupos formados com elementos de Z terão p elementos, isto é, p será a taxa do agrupamento, com p&amp;lt;m.&lt;/div&gt;
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Arranjos, Permutações ou Combinações, são os três tipos principais de agrupamentos, sendo que eles podem ser simples, com repetição ou circulares. Apresentaremos alguns detalhes de tais agrupamentos.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Observação:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;É muito frequente encontrarmos na literatura sobre os termos:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;arranjar, combinar ou permutar, mas todo o cuidado é pouco com os mesmos, que às vezes são utilizados em concursos em uma forma dúbia!&lt;/div&gt;
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Notações comuns neste trabalho&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 75%px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;Expressão geral&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;Exemplo numérico&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;Sinal de divisão&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;/&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;n! = 1.2.3...n&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;6!=1.2.3.4.5.6=720&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;C(n,p)=n!/[p!(n-p)!]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;C(6,2)=6!/[2!4!]=15&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;A(n,p)=n!/(n-p)!&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;A(6,4)=6!/4!=30&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;
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Arranjos&lt;/h4&gt;
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São agrupamentos formados com p elementos, (p&amp;lt;m) de forma que os p elementos sejam distintos entre sí pela ordem ou pela espécie. Os arranjos podem ser simples ou com repetição.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Arranjo simples:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Não ocorre a repetição de qualquer elemento em cada grupo de p elementos.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Fórmula:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;As(m,p) = m!/(m-p)!&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cálculo para o exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;As(4,2) = 4!/2!=24/2=12&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Seja Z={A,B,C,D}, m=4 e p=2. Os arranjos simples desses 4 elementos tomados 2 a 2 são 12 grupos que não podem ter a repetição de qualquer elemento mas que podem aparecer na ordem trocada.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Todos os agrupamentos estão no conjunto:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;={AB,AC,AD,BA,BC,BD,CA,CB,CD,DA,DB,DC}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Arranjo com repetição:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Todos os elementos podem aparecer repetidos em cada grupo de p elementos.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Fórmula:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Ar(m,p) = mp&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cálculo para o exemplo:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Ar(4,2) = 42=16&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Seja C={A,B,C,D}, m=4 e p=2. Os arranjos com repetição desses 4 elementos tomados 2 a 2 são 16 grupos que onde aparecem elementos repetidos em cada grupo.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Todos os agrupamentos estão no conjunto:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;={AA,AB,AC,AD,BA,BB,BC,BD,CA,CB,CC,CD,DA,DB,DC,DD}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Arranjo condicional:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Todos os elementos aparecem em cada grupo de p elementos, mas existe uma condição que deve ser satisfeita acerca de alguns elementos.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Fórmula:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;N=A(m1,p1).A(m-m1,p-p1)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cálculo para o exemplo:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;N=A(3,2).A(7-3,4-2)=A(3,2).A(4,2)=6×12=72&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Quantos arranjos com 4 elementos do conjunto {A,B,C,D,E,F,G}, começam com duas letras escolhidas no subconjunto {A,B,C}?&lt;/div&gt;
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Aqui temos um total de m=7 letras, a taxa é p=4, o subconjunto escolhido tem m1=3 elementos e a taxa que este subconjunto será formado é p1=2.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Com as letras A,B e C, tomadas 2 a 2, temos 6 grupos que estão no conjunto:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;ABC&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= {AB,BA,AC,&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;CA&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;,BC,CB}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Com as letras D,E,F e G tomadas 2 a 2, temos 12 grupos que estão no conjunto:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;DEFG&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= {DE,DF,DG,ED,EF,EG,FD,FE,&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;FG&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;,GD,GE,GF}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Usando a regra do produto, teremos 72 possibilidades obtidas pela junção de um elemento do conjunto PABC com um elemento do conjunto PDEFG. Um típico arranjo para esta situação é CAFG.&lt;/div&gt;
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Permutações&lt;/h4&gt;
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Quando formamos agrupamentos com m elementos, de forma que os m elementos sejam distintos entre sí pela ordem. As permutações podem ser simples, com repetição ou circulares.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Permutação simples:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;São agrupamentos com todos os m elementos distintos.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Fórmula:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;P&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;(m) = m!.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cálculo para o exemplo:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;P&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;(3) = 3!=6.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Seja C={A,B,C} e m=3. As permutações simples desses 3 elementos são 6 agrupamentos que não podem ter a repetição de qualquer elemento em cada grupo mas podem aparecer na ordem trocada.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Todos os agrupamentos estão no conjunto:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;={ABC,ACB,BAC,BCA,CAB,CBA}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Permutação com repetição:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Dentre os m elementos do conjunto C={x&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,x&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,x&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;,...,x&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;}, faremos a suposição que existem m&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;iguais a x&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, m&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;iguais a x&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, m&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;iguais a x&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;... , m&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;iguais a x&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;, de modo que m&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;+m&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;+m&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;+...+m&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;=m.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Fórmula:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Se m=m&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;+m&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;+m&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;+...+m&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;, então&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(m)=C(m,m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;).C(m-m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;,m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;).C(m-m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;-m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;,m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;) ... C(m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;,m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Anagrama:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Um anagrama é uma (outra) palavra construída com as mesmas letras da palavra original trocadas de posição.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cálculo para o exemplo: m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=4, m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=2, m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=1, m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=1 e m=6, logo:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(6)=C(6,4).C(6-4,2).C(6-4-1,1)=C(6,4).C(2,2).C(1,1)=15.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Quantos anagramas podemos formar com as 6 letras da palavra ARARAT. A letra A ocorre 3 vezes, a letra R ocorre 2 vezes e a letra T ocorre 1 vez.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
As permutações com repetição desses 3 elementos do conjunto C={A,R,T} em agrupamentos de 6 elementos são 15 grupos que contêm a repetição de todos os elementos de C aparecendo também na ordem trocada.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Todos os agrupamentos estão no conjunto:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;={AAARRT,AAATRR,AAARTR,AARRTA,AARTTA,&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;AATRRA,AARRTA,ARAART,ARARAT,ARARTA,&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;ARAATR,ARAART,ARAATR,ATAARA,ATARAR}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Permutação circular:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Ocorre quando obtemos grupos com m elementos distintos formando uma circunferência de círculo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Fórmula:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;P&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;(m)=(m-1)!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cálculo para o exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;P(4)=3!=6&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Seja um conjunto com 4 pessoas K={A,B,C,D}. De quantos modos distintos estas pessoas poderão sentar-se junto a uma mesa circular (pode ser retangular) para realizar o jantar sem que haja repetição das posições?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Se considerássemos todas as permutações simples possíveis com estas 4 pessoas, teriamos 24 grupos, apresentados no conjunto:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;={ABCD,ABDC,ACBD,ACDB,ADBC,ADCB,BACD,BADC,&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;BCAD,BCDA,BDAC,BDCA,CABD,CADB,CBAD,CBDA,&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;CDAB,CDBA, DABC,DACB,DBAC,DBCA,DCAB,DCBA}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Acontece que junto a uma mesa &quot;circular&quot; temos que:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;ABCD=BCDA=CDAB=DABC&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;ABDC=BDCA=DCAB=CABD&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;ACBD=CBDA=BDAC=DACB&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;ACDB=CDBA=DBAC=BACD&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;ADBC=DBCA=BCAD=CADB&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;ADCB=DCBA=CBAD=BADC&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;o que significa existem somente 6 grupos distintos, dados por:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;={ABCD,ABDC,ACBD,ACDB,ADBC,ADCB}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Combinações&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Quando formamos agrupamentos com p elementos, (p&amp;lt;m) de forma que os p elementos sejam distintos entre sí apenas pela espécie.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Combinação simples:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Não ocorre a repetição de qualquer elemento em cada grupo de p elementos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Combinação simples:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;C(m,p) = m!/[(m-p)! p!]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cálculo para o exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;C(4,2)=4!/[2!2!]=24/4=6&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Seja C={A,B,C,D}, m=4 e p=2. As combinações simples desses 4 elementos tomados 2 a 2 são 6 grupos que não podem ter a repetição de qualquer elemento nem podem aparecer na ordem trocada.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Todos os agrupamentos estão no conjunto:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;={AB,AC,AD,BC,BD,CD}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Combinação com repetição:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Todos os elementos podem aparecer repetidos em cada grupo até p vezes.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Fórmula:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;C&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/sub&gt;(m,p)=C(m+p-1,p)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cálculo para o exemplo:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;C&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/sub&gt;(4,2)=C(4+2-1,2)=C(5,2)=5!/[2!3!]=10&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Seja C={A,B,C,D}, m=4 e p=2. As combinações com repetição desses 4 elementos tomados 2 a 2 são 10 grupos que têm todas as repetições possíveis de elementos em grupos de 2 elementos não podendo aparecer o mesmo grupo com a ordem trocada.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;De um modo geral neste caso, todos os agrupamentos com 2 elementos formam um conjunto com 16 elementos:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;={AA,AB,AC,AD,BA,BB,BC,BD,CA,CB,CC,CD,DA,DB,DC,DD}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;mas para obter as combinações com repetição, deveremos excluir deste conjunto os 6 grupos que já apareceram antes, pois AB=BA, AC=CA, AD=DA, BC=CB, BD=DB e CD=DC, assim as combinações com repetição dos elementos de C tomados 2 a 2, são:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Cr={AA,AB,AC,AD,BB,BC,BD,CC,CD,DD}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Regras gerais sobre a Análise Combinatória&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Problemas de Análise Combinatória normalmente são muito difíceis mas eles podem ser resolvidos através de duas regras básicas:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;a regra da soma e a regra do produto.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Regra da soma&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A regra da soma nos diz que se um elemento pode ser escolhido de m formas e um outro elemento pode ser escolhido de n formas, então a escolha de um ou outro elemento se realizará de m+n formas, desde que tais escolhas sejam independentes, isto é, nenhuma das escolhas de um elemento pode coincidir com uma escolha do outro.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Regra do Produto&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A regra do produto diz que se um elemento H pode ser escolhido de m formas diferentes e se depois de cada uma dessas escolhas, um outro elemento M pode ser escolhido de n formas diferentes, a escolha do par (H,M) nesta ordem poderá ser realizada de m.n formas.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Exemplo&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Consideremos duas retas paralelas ou concorrentes sem que os pontos sob análise estejam em ambas, sendo que a primeira r contem m pontos distintos marcados por r&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, r&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, r&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, ..., rm e a segunda s contem n outros pontos distintos marcados por s&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, s&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, s&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, ..., sn.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;De quantas maneiras podemos traçar segmentos de retas com uma extremidade numa reta e a outra extremidade na outra reta?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; height=&quot;189&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/analise-combinatoria/imagens/analise-combinatoria-1.gif&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; width=&quot;236&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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É fácil ver isto ligando r1 a todos os pontos de s e assim teremos n segmentos, depois ligando r2 a todos os pontos de s e assim teremos n segmentos, e continuamos até o último ponto para obter também n segmentos.&lt;/div&gt;
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Como existem m pontos em r e n pontos em s, teremos m.n segmentos possíveis.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Número de Arranjos simples&lt;/h4&gt;
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Seja C um conjunto com m elementos. De quantas maneiras diferentes poderemos escolher p elementos (p&amp;lt;m) deste conjunto? Cada uma dessas escolhas será chamada um arranjo de m elementos tomados p a p.&lt;/div&gt;
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Construiremos uma sequência com os m elementos de C.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;, c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;, c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;, c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;, c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;, ..., c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m-2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;, c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m-1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;, c&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Para escolher o segundo elemento, devemos observar o que sobrou no conjunto e constatamos que agora existem apenas m-1 elementos. Suponhamos que tenha sido retirado o último elemento dentre os que sobraram no conjunto C. O elemento retirado na segunda fase é o (m-1)-ésimo.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, c&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, c&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, c&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, c&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, ..., c&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m-2&lt;/sub&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m-1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Após a segunda retirada, sobraram m-2 possibilidades para a próxima retirada.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Do que sobrou, se retirarmos o terceiro elemento como sendo o de ordem (m-2), teremos algo que pode ser visualizado como:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, c&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, c&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, c&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, c&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, ...,&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m-2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m-1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Se continuarmos o processo de retirada, cada vez teremos 1 elemento a menos do que na fase anterior. Para retirar o p-ésimo elemento, restarão m-p+1 possibilidades de escolha.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Para saber o número total de arranjos possíveis de m elementos tomados p a p, basta multiplicar os números que aparecem na segunda coluna da tabela abaixo:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;center style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 75%px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Retirada&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Número de possibilidades&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;m-1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;m-2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;m-p+1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFF00&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;No.de arranjos&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFF00&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;m(m-1)(m-2)...(m-p+1)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Denotaremos o número de arranjos de m elementos tomados p a p, por A(m,p) e a expressão para seu cálculo será dada por:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A(m,p) = m(m-1)(m-2)...(m-p+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Consideremos as 5 vogais de nosso alfabeto. Quais e quantas são as possibilidades de dispor estas 5 vogais em grupos de 2 elementos diferentes?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;O conjunto solução é:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;{AE,AI,AO,AU,EA,EI,EO,EU,IA,IE,&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;IO,IU,OA,OE,OI,OU,UA,UE,UI,UO}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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A solução numérica é A(5,2)=5×4=20.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Consideremos as 5 vogais de nosso alfabeto. Quais e quantas são as possibilidades de dispor estas 5 vogais em grupos de 2 elementos (não necessariamente diferentes)?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Sugestão:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Colocar uma reta com as 5 vogais e outra reta paralela à anterior com as 5 vogais, usar a regra do produto para concluir que existem 5x5=25 possibilidades.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;O conjunto solução é:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;{AA,AE,AI,AO,AU,EA,EE,EI,EO,EU,IA,IE,II,&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;IO,IU,OA,OE,OI,OO,OU,UA,UE,UI,UO,UU}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Quantas placas de carros podem existir no atual sistema brasileiro de trânsito que permite 3 letras iniciais e 4 algarismos no final?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;XYZ-1234&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Sugestão:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Considere que existem 26 letras em nosso alfabeto que podem ser dispostas 3 a 3 e 10 algarismos que podem ser dispostos 4 a 4 e em seguida utilize a regra do produto.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Número de Permutações simples&lt;/h4&gt;
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Este é um caso particular de arranjo em que p=m. Para obter o número de permutações com m elementos distintos de um conjunto C, basta escolher os m elementos em uma determinada ordem.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A tabela de arranjos com todas as linhas até a ordem p=m, permitirá obter o número de permutações de m elementos:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;center style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 75%px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Retirada&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Número de possibilidades&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;m-1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;m-p+1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;...&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;m-2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;m-1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFF00&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;No.de permutações&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FFFF00&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;m(m-1)(m-2)...(m-p+1)...4.3.2.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Denotaremos o número de permutações de m elementos, por P(m) e a expressão para seu cálculo será dada por:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P(m) = m(m-1)(m-2) ... (m-p+1) ... 3 . 2 . 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Em função da forma como construímos o processo, podemos escrever:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A(m,m) = P(m)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Como o uso de permutações é muito intenso em Matemática e nas ciências em geral, costuma-se simplificar a permutação de m elementos e escrever simplesmente:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P(m) = m!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Este símbolo de exclamação posto junto ao número m é lido como o fatorial de m, onde m é um número natural.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Embora zero não seja um número natural no sentido que tenha tido origem nas coisas da natureza, procura-se dar sentido para a definição de fatorial de m de uma forma mais ampla, incluindo m=0 e para isto podemos escrever:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;0!=1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Em contextos mais avançados, existe a função gama que generaliza o conceito de fatorial de um número real, excluindo os inteiros negativos e com estas informações pode-se demonstrar que 0!=1.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;O fatorial de um número inteiro não negativo pode ser definido de uma forma recursiva através da função P=P(m) ou com o uso do sinal de exclamação:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(m+1)! = (m+1).m!, &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;0! = 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;De quantas formas podemos colocar juntos 3 livros A, B e C diferentes em uma estante?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;O número de arranjos é P(3) = 6 e o conjunto solução é:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P={ABC,ACB,BAC,BCA,CAB,CBA}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Quantos anagramas são possíveis com as letras da palavra AMOR?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;O número de arranjos é P(4) = 24 e o conjunto solução é:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P={AMOR,AMRO,AROM,ARMO,AORM,AOMR,MARO,MAOR,&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;MROA,MRAO,MORA,MOAR,OAMR,OARM,ORMA,ORAM,&lt;br style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;OMAR,OMRA,RAMO,RAOM,RMOA,RMAO,ROAM,ROMA}&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Número de Combinações simples&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Seja C um conjunto com m elementos distintos. No estudo de arranjos, já vimos antes que é possível escolher p elementos de A, mas quando realizamos tais escolhas pode acontecer que duas coleções com p elementos tenham os mesmos elementos em ordens trocadas. Uma situação típica é a escolha de um casal (H,M). Quando se fala casal, não tem importância a ordem da posição (H,M) ou (M,H), assim não há a necessidade de escolher duas vezes as mesmas pessoas para formar o referido casal. Para evitar a repetição de elementos em grupos com a mesma quantidade p de elementos, introduziremos o conceito de combinação.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Diremos que uma coleção de p elementos de um conjunto C com m elementos é uma combinação de m elementos tomados p a p, se as coleções com p elementos não tem os mesmos elementos que já apareceram em outras coleções com o mesmo número p de elementos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Aqui temos outra situação particular de arranjo, mas não pode acontecer a repetição do mesmo grupo de elementos em uma ordem diferente.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Isto significa que dentre todos os A(m,p) arranjos com p elementos, existem p! desses arranjos com os mesmos elementos, assim, para obter a combinação de m elementos tomados p a p, deveremos dividir o número A(m,p) por m! para obter apenas o número de arranjos que contem conjuntos distintos, ou seja:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;C(m,p) = A(m,p) / p!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Como:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;A(m,p) = m.(m-1).(m-2)...(m-p+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;então:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;C(m,p) = [ m.(m-1).(m-2). ... .(m-p+1)] / p!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
que pode ser reescrito&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;C(m,p)=[m.(m-1).(m-2)...(m-p+1)]/[(1.2.3.4....(p-1)p]&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Multiplicando o numerador e o denominador desta fração por&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; color: black; font-size: medium; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(m-p)(m-p-1)(m-p-2)...3.2.1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;que é o mesmo que multiplicar por (m-p)!, o numerador da fração ficará:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m.(m-1).(m-2).....(m-p+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(m-p)(m-p-1)...3.2.1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= m!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;e o denominador ficará:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;p! (m-p)!&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Assim, a expressão simplificada para a combinação de n elementos tomados p a p, será:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; height=&quot;68&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/analise-combinatoria/imagens/Analis2.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; width=&quot;355&quot; /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Número de arranjos com repetição&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Seja C um conjunto com m elementos distintos e considere p elementos escolhidos neste conjunto em uma ordem determinada. Cada uma de tais escolhas é denominada um arranjo com repetição de m elementos tomados p a p. Acontece que existem m possibilidades para a colocação de cada elemento, logo, o número total de arranjos com repetição de m elementos escolhidos p a p é dado por mp.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Indicamos isto por:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
A&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;rep&lt;/sub&gt;(m,p) = m&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 50px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
Número de permutações com repetição&lt;/h4&gt;
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Consideremos 3 bolas vermelhas, 2 bolas azuis e 5 bolas amarelas. Coloque estas bolas em uma ordem determinada. Iremos obter o número de permutações com repetição dessas bolas. Tomemos 10 compartimentos numerados onde serão colocadas as bolas. Primeiro coloque as 3 bolas vermelhas em 3 compartimentos, o que dá C(10,3) possibilidades. Agora coloque as 2 bolas azuis nos compartimentos restantes para obter C(10-3,2) possibilidades e finalmente coloque as 5 bolas amarelas. As possibilidades são C(10-3-2,5).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;O número total de possibilidades pode ser calculado como:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; height=&quot;69&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/analise-combinatoria/imagens/Analis3.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; width=&quot;554&quot; /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Tal metodologia pode ser generalizada.&lt;/div&gt;
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Número de combinações com repetição&lt;/h4&gt;
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Considere m elementos distintos e ordenados. Escolha p elementos um após o outro e ordene estes elementos na mesma ordem que os elementos dados. O resultado é chamado uma combinação com repetição de m elementos tomados p a p. Denotamos o número destas combinações por Crep(m,p). Aqui a taxa p poderá ser maior do que o número m de elementos.&lt;/div&gt;
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Consideremos o conjunto A = (a,b,c,d,e) e p = 6. As coleções (a,a,b,d,d,d); (b,b,b,c,d,e); (c,c,c,c,c,c) são exemplos de combinações com repetição de 5 elementos escolhidos 6 a 6.&lt;/div&gt;
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Podemos representar tais combinações por meio de símbolos com pontos ¤ e vazios Ø onde cada ponto ¤ é repetido (e colocado junto) tantas vezes quantas vezes aparece uma escolha do mesmo tipo, enquanto o vazio Ø serve para separar os objetos em função das suas diferenças&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;center style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;pre style=&quot;border: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(a,a,b,d,d,d) equivale a ##Ø#ØØ###Ø
(b,b,b,c,d,e) equivale a Ø###Ø#Ø#Ø#
(c,c,c,c,c,c) equivale a ØØ######ØØ&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
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Cada símbolo possui 10 lugares com exatamente 6 ¤ e 4 Ø. Para cada combinação existe uma correspondência biunívoca com um símbolo e reciprocamente.&lt;/div&gt;
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Podemos construir um símbolo pondo exatamente 6 pontos em 10 lugares. Após isto, os espaços vazios são prenchidos com barras. Isto pode ser feito de C(10,6) modos.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Assim:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;rep&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(5,6) = C(5+6-1,6)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Generalizando isto, podemos mostrar que:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;rep&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(m,p) = C(m+p-1,p)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Propriedades das combinações&lt;/h4&gt;
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O segundo número, indicado logo acima por p é conhecido como a taxa que define a quantidade de elementos de cada escolha.&lt;/div&gt;
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Taxas complementares&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;C(m,p)=C(m,m-p)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;C(12,10) = C(12,2)=66.&lt;/div&gt;
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Relação do triângulo de Pascal&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;C(m,p)=C(m-1,p)+C(m-1,p-1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;C(12,10) = C(11,10)+C(11,9)=11×55=605&lt;/div&gt;
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Número Binomial&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;O número de combinações de m elementos tomados p a p, indicado antes por C(m,p) é chamado Coeficiente Binomial ou número binomial, denotado na literatura científica como:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; height=&quot;70&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/analise-combinatoria/imagens/Analis4.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; width=&quot;356&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Exemplo:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;C(8,2)=28.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Extensão:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Existe uma importante extensão do conceito de número binomial ao conjunto dos números reais e podemos calcular o número binomial de um número real r qualquer tomado a uma taxa inteira p, somente que, neste caso, não podemos mais indicar como sendo a combinação C(r,p). Como Pi=3,1415926535...,&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;então:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; height=&quot;68&quot; src=&quot;http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/analise-combinatoria/imagens/Analis5.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;Análise Combinatória&quot; width=&quot;412&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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A função envolvida com este contexto é a função gama. Tais cálculos são úteis em Probabilidade e Estatística.&lt;/div&gt;
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Teorema Binomial&lt;/h4&gt;
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Se m é um número natural, para simplificar um pouco as notações, escreveremos C(m,p) =mp.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Então:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(a+b)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m-1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b+m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m-2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m-3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+...+m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Alguns casos particulares com m=2, 3, 4 e 5, são:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(a+b)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ 2ab + b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(a+b)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ 3 a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b + 3 ab&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;l&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(a+b)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ 4 a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b + 6 a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ 4 ab&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;l&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(a+b)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ 5 a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b + 10 a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ 10 a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ 5 ab&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
A demonstração segue pelo Princípio da Indução Matemática.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Iremos considerar a Proposição P(m) de ordem m, dada por:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P(m): (a+b)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m-1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b+m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m-2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m-3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+...+m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
P(1) é verdadeira pois (a+b)&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;= a + b&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Vamos considerar verdadeira a proposição P(k), com k&amp;gt;1:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;P(k): (a+b)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b+k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+...+k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
para provar a propriedade P(k+1).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Para que a proposição P(k+1) seja verdadeira, deveremos chegar à conclusão que:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(a+b)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k+1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k+1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+(k+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b+(k+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+...+(k+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;(k+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;b&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k+1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;imagem&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;center style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 500px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;(a+b)&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k+1&lt;/sup&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;(a + b).(a + b)&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;(a + b).[a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b + k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ ... + k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a.[a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b + k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ ... + k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;] +&lt;br /&gt;
b.[a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b + k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ ... + k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k+1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b + k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ ... + k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+&lt;br /&gt;
a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;b + k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ ... + k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k+1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k+1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ [k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;+1] a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b + [k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;+k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;] a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ [k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;+k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;] a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ [k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;+k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;] a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ ... + [k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sub&gt;+k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-2&lt;/sub&gt;] a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ [k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;+k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sub&gt;] a b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k+1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 4px;&quot;&gt;a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k+1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ [k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;+k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;] a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b + [k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;+k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;] a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ [k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;+k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;] a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ [k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;+k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;] a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ ... + [k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sub&gt;+k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-2&lt;/sub&gt;] a&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ [k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;+k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/sub&gt;] a b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+ k&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;nbsp;b&lt;sup style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k+1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Pelas propriedades das combinações, temos:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=C(k,1)+C(k,0)=C(k+1,1)=(k+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=C(k,2)+C(k,1)=C(k+1,2)=(k+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=C(k,3)+C(k,2)=C(k+1,3)=(k+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=C(k,4)+C(k,3)=C(k+1,4)=(k+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;.....................&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=C(k,k-1)+C(k,k-2)=C(k+1,k-1)=(k+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;+k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k-1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;=C(k,k)+C(k,k-1)=C(k+1,k)=(k+1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;sub style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;k&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;E assim podemos escrever:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; padding: 6px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;center style=&quot;background-color: #efeee9; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;strong style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;que é o resultado desejado.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;fonte&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Fonte:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;pessoal.sercomtel.com.br&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/7491190316805318062/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/analise-combinatoria.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/7491190316805318062'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/7491190316805318062'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/analise-combinatoria.html' title='Análise Combinatória, parte 1'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-274928042901171683</id><published>2013-08-17T23:17:00.004-03:00</published><updated>2013-08-17T23:17:41.698-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Planeta KOI 102,72</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &#39;Lucida Grande&#39;, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.796875px;&quot;&gt;KOI 172,02&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &#39;Lucida Grande&#39;, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.796875px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;é um exoplaneta descoberto em 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;size-full wp-image-72200&quot; height=&quot;226&quot; src=&quot;http://www.infoescola.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/terra-koi-17202.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;terra koi 102,72&quot; width=&quot;322&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;xmaclr&gt;Comparação&amp;nbsp;entre KOI 102,72 (esquerda) e Terra. A imagem é uma concepção artística do planeta, e não uma fotografia.&lt;/xmaclr&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Em março de 2009, foi lançada a sonda espacial&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Kepler&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;xmaclr&gt;&amp;nbsp; com o&amp;nbsp;objetivo&amp;nbsp;de observar as 100 mil estrelas mais brilhantes do céu durante quatro anos. O observatório estrelar foi construído pela Nasa e vaga pelo espaço em busca de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/xmaclr&gt;exoplanetas&lt;xmaclr&gt;&amp;nbsp; que se assemelhem à Terra. O observatório coleta uma foto a cada três segundos e seu&amp;nbsp;desenvolvimento&amp;nbsp;custou cerca de 470 milhões de dólares. Atualmente, a sonda está em operação no espaço e começou a fornecer seus primeiros registros em janeiro de 2010, revelando importantes descobertas astronômicas.&lt;/xmaclr&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Até o momento, a missão Kepler já relatou 1.235 estrelas candidatas a planetas, 288 super-Terras, 54 exo-Terras orbitando em zonas habitáveis ao redor de suas estrelas com possibilidade de existência de água em suas superfícies e cinco planetas do mesmo tamanho que a Terra orbitando em zonas habitáveis.&lt;/div&gt;
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O&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Planeta KOI 172,02&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;é uma das mais importantes descobertas da missão Kepler. A Nasa divulgou no dia sete de janeiro de 2013 a descoberta de um exoplaneta que se enquadra na categoria de super-Terra, já que seu diâmetro é bem maior que o da&amp;nbsp;Terra. Foram feitos apenas registros iniciais de sua existência, mas acredita-se que esse exoplaneta esteja em uma região habitável e que possua água em estado líquido. De qualquer forma, é uma das descobertas mais importantes da astronomia nos últimos anos.&lt;/div&gt;
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No entanto, o&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Planeta KOI 172,02&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;xmaclr&gt;&amp;nbsp; não é o&amp;nbsp;único&amp;nbsp;que pode apresentar condições para vida semelhantes à Terra, mas se tornou emblemático ao revelar uma nova realidade que considera nossa existência no espaço. A partir de sua descoberta e dos resultados que já foram auferidos com a missão de observação estrelar da sonda Kepler, calcula-se que exista aproximadamente 17 bilhões de planetas semelhantes ao nosso no universo.&lt;/xmaclr&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Ainda há muito que pesquisar sobre a condição de vida desses planetas. As descobertas da sonda Kepler apenas relataram a ocorrência de muitos planetas que podem abrigar condições de vida adequadas. Mais três planetas foram identificados como KOI 102,02, simbolizando um tipo de planeta com água em estado líquido. Entre todos os planetas em zonas habitáveis, o KOI 102,72 é aquele que mais se aproxima das condições de vida que temos na Terra e por isso ganhou tanta repercussão e importância no mundo científico.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;em&gt;Fontes:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://noticias.uol.com.br/ciencia/ultimas-noticias/bbc/2013/01/08/galaxia-pode-ter-17-bilhoes-de-terras-diz-estudo.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: #398671;&quot;&gt;http://noticias.uol.com.br/ciencia/ultimas-noticias/bbc/2013/01/08/galaxia-pode-ter-17-bilhoes-de-terras-diz-estudo.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/jan/HQ_13-008_KEPLER_New_Planets.html&quot; style=&quot;color: #398671;&quot;&gt;http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/jan/HQ_13-008_KEPLER_New_Planets.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.space.com/19201-most-earth-like-alien-planet.html&quot; style=&quot;color: #398671;&quot;&gt;http://www.space.com/19201-most-earth-like-alien-planet.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ilustração:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOI-172.02&quot; style=&quot;color: #398671;&quot;&gt;http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOI-172.02&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/274928042901171683/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/planeta-koi-10272.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/274928042901171683'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/274928042901171683'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/planeta-koi-10272.html' title='Planeta KOI 102,72'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-5124243877786180248</id><published>2013-08-17T23:15:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2013-08-17T23:15:21.515-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Missões Canceladas: Apollo 18, 19 e 20</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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O&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Programa Apollo&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;foi criado pela&amp;nbsp;Nasa&lt;cpgte&gt;, agência responsável pelos&amp;nbsp;programas&amp;nbsp;especiais dos Estados Unidos, com o objetivo de levar o homem à Lua. O programa de viagens espaciais se desenvolveu no contexto da&amp;nbsp;&lt;/cpgte&gt;Guerra Fria&lt;cpgte&gt;, no qual&amp;nbsp;Estados&amp;nbsp;Unidos e&amp;nbsp;&lt;/cpgte&gt;União Soviética&lt;cpgte&gt;&amp;nbsp; competiam intensamente em uma disputa ideológica. Os estadunidenses polarizavam o&amp;nbsp;mundo&amp;nbsp;em defesa do capitalismo, enquanto os soviéticos faziam o contraponto em defesa do socialismo. O confronto em nível ideológico colocava tudo em disputa, os dois lados queriam mostrar que eram mais poderosos em todos os aspectos. Nesse contexto, a corrida espacial foi um dos fatores mais marcantes do conflito. A União Soviética saiu na frente ao enviar o primeiro ser vivo ao espaço, forçando os Estados Unidos a dar uma resposta equivalente.&lt;/cpgte&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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A partir de 1961, os Estados Unidos investiram alto para&amp;nbsp;cravar sua bandeira na Lua. A chegada ao satélite natural da Terra tinha grande valor simbólico em uma disputa que se travava no plano ideológico contra a União Soviética. A Nasa coordenou o programa espacial e, inicialmente, lançou sete missões que não foram tripuladas. Essas missões forneceram o conhecimento científico necessário que os Estados Unidos necessitavam para enviar o homem cada vez mais longe no espaço. A partir da missão Apollo 8, as viagens começaram a ser tripuladas e se aproximavam do objetivo final que era a&amp;nbsp;Lua. O auge desse programa espacial estadunidense aconteceu no ano de 1969, quando, no dia 20 de julho, a missão espacial Apollo 11 pisou na Lua. Foi a primeira vez na história que o homem chegou tão longe, o que repercutiu intensamente no contexto de disputa ideológica do período.&lt;/div&gt;
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Depois da Apollo 11, outras missões espaciais ocorreram com o objetivo de explorar o território lunar. A missão Apollo 17, em 1972, foi a última do Programa Apollo para exploração da Lua. Naquele ano, o governo estadunidense cortou as verbas, o congresso retirou o apoio e a opinião pública já mostrava desinteresse pelo assunto. Em função do corte orçamentário, algumas missões previstas para integrar o Programa Apollo foram readaptadas com o nome de Programa Skylab. A nave espacial da Apollo continuou sendo usada até 1975. O&amp;nbsp;Projeto Apollo 18&amp;nbsp;estava previsto para ser lançado em 1972 e era composta por três integrantes. Foi uma missão inédita realizada em conjunto com o programa espacial soviético Soyuz. Por isso, a missão recebeu também o nome de Apollo-Soyuz.&lt;/div&gt;
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A missão&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Apollo 18&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;foi ao espaço, mas não voltou da maneira adequada. Há, contudo, muitos mistérios em torno do que foi feito e visto na Lua. Supostamente, seus tripulantes teriam feito contato com formas de vida alienígena em um encontro hostil que matou dois dos três integrantes da missão. A Nasa nunca se pronunciou sobre o caso. Somente em 2011, quando foi lançado um filme com o nome da missão contando o que supostamente teria ocorrido no espaço, que a agência especial estadunidense declarou ser tudo ficção. Ainda assim, as mortes dos tripulantes da missão não foram explicadas.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infoescola.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/ufo-lua.jpg&quot; style=&quot;color: #398671;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;size-medium wp-image-72392&quot; height=&quot;224&quot; src=&quot;http://www.infoescola.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/ufo-lua-300x224.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;ufo lua&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;&quot;&gt;
Suposta nave alienígena na superfície oculta da lua. O comprimento do objeto seria de 3,3 Km.&lt;/div&gt;
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O&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Projeto Apollo 19&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;estava programado para pousar na Lua em sua região mais oculta, onde, supostamente, integrantes da missão Apollo 15 teriam fotografado destroços de uma nave alienígena. A missão Apollo 19 seria composta por três integrantes e, segundo a Nasa, sairia em julho de 1972. A missão foi cancelada, de acordo com declarações oficiais. Mas há relatos de que a missão realmente existiu, explorou o lado oculto da Lua e fez contato com muitos artefatos alienígenas. Inclusive com corpos desses seres. Durante a missão Apollo 19, todos os equipamentos teriam falhado inexplicavelmente. A Nasa exibe no Texas o Módulo de Comando e Serviço, o módulo lunar e o foguete saturno V que seriam utilizados na missão e nunca foram concluídos. Mas a Nasa também nunca se pronunciou sobre as declarações acerca da viagem e do contato com artefatos alienígenas.&lt;/div&gt;
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O&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Projeto Apollo 20&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;estava previsto para ser lançado em dezembro de 1972 e tinha como objetivo a exploração do lado oculto da Lua. Dois anos antes, a Nasa declarou a suspensão da missão em função da restrição orçamentária imposta na época. Há pessoas que alegam que a missão existiu secretamente e foi impactante. O Projeto Apollo 20 teria pousado no lado oculto da Lua e explorado o local onde alienígenas teriam habitado há muitos anos. O retorno ao satélite natural da Terra seria em função das supostas fotos de naves alienígenas tiradas durante a missão tripulada Apollo 15. Com o retorno, os astronautas teriam explorado com mais calma o local e encontrado diversos artefatos alienígenas que foram recolhidos e analisados na Terra e também o corpo de uma fêmea alienígena que se encontrava em ótimas condições de preservação, a qual se deu o nome de Monalisa. Há vários depoimentos afirmando que muitas ruínas de cidades alienígenas foram encontradas e também formas de escrita jamais vistas antes.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &#39;Lucida Grande&#39;, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.796875px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Fontes:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.discovery.com/space/the-lost-apollo-missions-110902.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: #398671;&quot;&gt;http://news.discovery.com/space/the-lost-apollo-missions-110902.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ufo.com.br/noticias/apollo-18-provoca-resposta-da-nasa-sobre-sua-autenticidade&quot; style=&quot;color: #398671;&quot;&gt;http://www.ufo.com.br/noticias/apollo-18-provoca-resposta-da-nasa-sobre-sua-autenticidade&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ufo.com.br/noticias/missao-apollo-20-nunca-existiu-na-realidade&quot; style=&quot;color: #398671;&quot;&gt;http://www.ufo.com.br/noticias/missao-apollo-20-nunca-existiu-na-realidade&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mundogump.com.br/a-fraude-da-apollo-20-e-o-ovni-caido-na-lua/&quot; style=&quot;color: #398671;&quot;&gt;http://www.mundogump.com.br/a-fraude-da-apollo-20-e-o-ovni-caido-na-lua/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ufosfacts.com/2012/04/os-misterios-da-missao-apollo-20.html#.UTXu0VeJnYU&quot; style=&quot;color: #398671;&quot;&gt;http://www.ufosfacts.com/2012/04/os-misterios-da-missao-apollo-20.html#.UTXu0VeJnYU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://news.discovery.com/space/history-of-space/apollos-after-17-121220.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: #398671;&quot;&gt;http://news.discovery.com/space/history-of-space/apollos-after-17-121220.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/5124243877786180248/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/missoes-canceladas-apollo-18-19-e-20.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/5124243877786180248'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/5124243877786180248'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/missoes-canceladas-apollo-18-19-e-20.html' title='Missões Canceladas: Apollo 18, 19 e 20'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-8871382483440307494</id><published>2013-08-17T22:25:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2013-08-17T23:15:40.174-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Água fora do sistema solar</title><content type='html'>Em 2011, um grupo de cientistas representantes de diversas instituições e nacionalidades encontraram, por meio de análise de imagens obtidas por telescópio, a presença de vapor d’água na atmosfera de um exoplaneta situado há cerca de 60 anos-luz da Terra. O termo exoplaneta refere-se a um planeta que está fora ao sistema solar.
Desde que as pesquisas a respeito de exoplanetas foram iniciadas, os cientistas já suspeitavam da existência de água nesses planetas. O estudo foi chefiado por Giovanna Tinetti, integrante da  Agência Espacial Européia , e publicado na revista Nature. A pesquisa também teve a participação de estudiosos da Universidade de Harvard, EUA, e de países França, Taiwan e Reino Unido.

Por meio desse estudo, foi a primeira vez que se detectou vapor de água num exoplaneta em grande quantidade. As imagens foram recolhidas pelo telescópio espacial infravermelho Spitzer.

Além de vestígios de águas, há moléculas de água dominante na atmosfera. Esse exoplaneta é conhecido como HD 189733b, é um corpo que possui uma inclinação em sua órbita e brilha pouco perante sua estrela por transitar em frente à mesma.

Nesse estudo, os cientistas utilizaram uma técnica particular, realizaram suas observações quando o planeta transitava diante da estrela e não por meio de a ocultação do planeta por parte da estrela para estudar a emissão na região infra-vermelha do espectro. A diferença de tamanho que o planeta expõe ao telescópio corresponde a um grau de maior ou menor absorção por parte da molécula de água.

Tradicionalmente, a possibilidade de existência de vida inteligente e biológica fora do planeta Terra sempre esteve atrelada à existência de água em outros planetas, tendo como similaridade a existência de vida idêntica à humana. Em nosso sistema solar, apesar de Marte apresentar determinada quantidade de água congelada  e em forma de vapor, não há a presença de vida, portanto, a existência de água num determinado planeta pode não significar a existência de vida.

Em Marte, a presença de água sólida e gasosa numa superfície 150 vezes menor do que na Terra, sugere que já houve vida biológica no planeta num passado remoto. O meteorito ALH84001 que veio de Marte, apresenta restos de minerais que os cientistas ainda não conseguiram identificar se seriam restos de nanobactérias, compostos orgânicos simples ou elementos da própria Terra que contaminaram o material encontrado.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fontes:&lt;br /&gt;
http://noticias.terra.com.br/ciencia/interna/0,,OI1751332-EI302,00.html
http://astro.if.ufrgs.br/vida/index.htm
http://noticias.bol.uol.com.br/ciencia/2011/09/12/novo-planeta-semelhante-a-terra-tem-potencial-para-vida.jhtm</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/8871382483440307494/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/agua-fora-do-sistema-solar.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/8871382483440307494'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/8871382483440307494'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/08/agua-fora-do-sistema-solar.html' title='Água fora do sistema solar'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-3446091818926336558</id><published>2013-05-31T16:34:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2013-05-31T16:34:10.272-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Microorganismos podem habitar planetas fora do sistema solar</title><content type='html'>&lt;div id=&quot;HOTWordsTxt&quot; name=&quot;HOTWordsTxt&quot;&gt;

                            &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;SÃO PAULO&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;(Agência USP) &lt;/em&gt;-
 A possibilidade de sobrevivência de seres vivos em planetas que não 
orbitam o Sol foi estudada no Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e 
Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG) da USP. Os chamados extremófilos, 
micro-organismos que vivem sob condições físicas excepcionais, como 
temperatura, pressão, radiação e pH, foram o objeto da pesquisa 
desenvolvida por Luander Bernardes. Por intermédio do estudo reforçou-se
 a teoria da panspermia, já que se comprovou a possibilidade destes 
seres transitarem em uma grande zona fora e dentro do sistema solar. A 
panspermia defende a ideia de que a vida chegou à Terra externamente, 
trazida por fragmentos de massa planetária, poeira interestelar, 
meteoritos ou até mesmo por cometas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O físico Luander Bernardes deu enfoque aos planetas que orbitam outras &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oreporter.com/Microorganismos-podem-habitar-planetas-fora-do-sistema-solar,10133898970.htm#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: dotted 1px; color: #28bcd2; cursor: hand; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;estrelas&lt;/a&gt;,
 que não o Sol, chamados exoplanetas. A Zona Habitável destes outros 
sistemas é atualmente definida como a coroa esférica, a partir da 
estrela central, em que as condições físicas permitem a existência de 
água líquida. Porém, como os extremófilos podem habitar lugares em 
outras condições, não só as semelhantes à Terra, Bernardes sentiu 
necessidade de considerar em sua pesquisa uma ampliação do conceito de 
Zona Habitável — a Zona Extremófila. “Analisar a possibilidade de 
sobrevivência além do limite imposto pela definição usual de 
habitabilidade, ou seja, entender como a vida pode eventualmente se 
desenvolver na Zona Extremófila foi desafiador”, afirma o físico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Simulando
 a atmosfera primordial da Terra — constituída por nitrogênio, água e 
dióxido de carbono — e baseando-se nas leis físicas conhecidas, foi 
inferida a temperatura média e a pressão parcial do dióxido de carbono 
na superfície de alguns dos quase mil exoplanetas conhecidos atualmente.
 O &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oreporter.com/Microorganismos-podem-habitar-planetas-fora-do-sistema-solar,10133898970.htm#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: dotted 1px; color: #28bcd2; cursor: hand; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;acesso&lt;/a&gt;
 às informações foi feito pela Exoplanet Encyclopedia Database, catálogo
 que registra informações sobre estes planetas. Além disso, foi 
investigada a possibilidade de haver satélites naturais (as exoluas) 
orbitando os exoplanetas gigantes. Ao modelo atmosférico reproduzido foi
 adicionada uma simulação da localidade na qual uma exolua poderia se 
estabilizar, em torno da órbita do planeta hospedeiro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por
 meio das simulações, Bernardes concluiu que as Zonas Habitáveis e 
Extremófilas dos sistemas extrasolares têm condições para abrigar 
planetas e luas. Porém, se exoplanetas semelhantes à Terra (com relação à
 massa e à composição atmosférica) estivessem na posição orbital dos 
gigantes estudados, eles somente teriam água líquida em sua superfície 
se apresentassem altas concentrações de dióxido de carbono em sua 
atmosfera. Bernardes explica que “assim, o modelo utilizado funcionou 
como um ‘filtro’ na busca de posições orbitais onde exoplanetas podem 
ser potencialmente habitáveis”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Outro resultado indica 
que, no caso de planetas do tipo Super Terra, com massa entre duas e dez
 massas terrestres, orbitando estrelas de baixa massa, estes só poderiam
 abrigar exoluas massivas o suficiente para manterem atividade geológica
 e reterem atmosfera por bilhões de anos, se estivessem localizados no 
limite exterior ou além da Zona Extremófila. Planetas Gigantes Gasosos 
são os melhores candidatos a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oreporter.com/Microorganismos-podem-habitar-planetas-fora-do-sistema-solar,10133898970.htm#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: dotted 1px; color: #28bcd2; cursor: hand; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;hospedar&lt;/a&gt;
 exoluas com ampla variedade de massa dentro das Zonas Habitável e 
Extremófila. Mesmo além da Zona Extremófila, algumas exoluas poderiam 
abrigar extremófilos, pois podem adquirir energia para a sobrevivência 
dos micro-organismos de outras fontes que não o calor estelar, como a 
força de maré, por exemplo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Panspermia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A
 conclusão geral da pesquisa diz respeito ao modo de transporte dos 
extremófilos. Se há uma chamada Zona Extremófila, estes seres vivos 
devem estar se movimentando dentro dela, ou seja, pelos sistemas solar e
 extrassolares. Bernardes ressalta que “o conceito de Zona Extremófila é
 mais um argumento posto em favor da ratificação da hipótese de que 
materiais orgânicos e até mesmo micro-organismos podem ter atingido a 
superfície da Terra, de exoplanetas e exoluas — hipótese da panspermia”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Outro
 resultado que reforça esta teoria é a diversidade de condições em que 
os extremófilos podem viver, principalmente quando comparadas às 
bactérias mesófilas. Estas últimas, importantes em aplicações médicas, 
veterinárias e agrárias, têm uma faixa de temperatura específica em que 
vivem (entre aproximadamente 15 e 50 graus celsius), ou seja, a faixa de
 temperatura mais comum na superfície da Terra. As extremófilas, por 
outro lado, se adaptam a diversas variedades de ambientes, o que pode 
indicar a existência delas em diversos cenários distintos dos conhecidos
 na Terra.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A pesquisa, iniciada em 2010, foi defendida em novembro de 2012 pelo &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oreporter.com/Microorganismos-podem-habitar-planetas-fora-do-sistema-solar,10133898970.htm#&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px dotted; color: #28bcd2; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Programa&lt;/a&gt;
 de Pós Graduação em Astronomia e orientada pelo professor Eduardo 
Janot-Pacheco do IAG. Ela deu origem à dissertação de mestrado 
Exoplanetas, extremófilos e habitabilidade.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/3446091818926336558/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/05/microorganismos-podem-habitar-planetas.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/3446091818926336558'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/3446091818926336558'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/05/microorganismos-podem-habitar-planetas.html' title='Microorganismos podem habitar planetas fora do sistema solar'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-5936928217200374271</id><published>2013-05-31T16:29:00.004-03:00</published><updated>2013-05-31T16:29:38.096-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Marte é atingido anualmente por mais de 200 pequenos asteroides e fragmentos de cometas</title><content type='html'>Cientistas estimam que Marte é atingido, anualmente, por mais de 200 
pequenos asteroides e fragmentos de cometas, que formam crateras com 
pelo menos quase quatro metros de diâmetro, informou hoje a NASA em 
comunicado.&lt;br /&gt;
Dada a sua pequena dimensão, estes asteroides (corpos 
rochosos e metálicos que orbitam o Sol) e fragmentos de cometas nunca 
poderiam criam crateras no solo terrestre, lembra a agência espacial 
norte-americana.&lt;br /&gt;
Segundo a NASA, os cálculos relativos a Marte 
baseiam-se em imagens recolhidas a partir da sonda MRO, que examina o 
&quot;planeta vermelho&quot; há sete anos.&lt;br /&gt;
Os investigadores identificaram, 
na última década, 248 novas crateras na superfície marciana, usando as 
imagens da sonda para determinar quando é que as crateras apareceram.&lt;br /&gt;
A
 média anual estimada de crateras baseia-se na frequência com que novas 
crateras, com pelo menos 3,9 metros de diâmetro, foram escavadas na 
superfície de Marte. A frequência foi estudada a partir da avaliação 
sistemática de uma parte do planeta.&lt;br /&gt;
Uma câmara da MRO captou 
imagens em alta resolução de crateras recentes em zonas onde outras 
imagens foram registadas por outras câmaras, antes e depois de os 
impactos ocorrerem.&lt;br /&gt;
A combinação da informação obtida irá de 
futuro, de acordo com a NASA, ajudar os cientistas a calcularem melhor a
 idade de recentes fenómenos em Marte, sendo que alguns deles poderão 
ter sido uma consequência das alterações climáticas.&lt;br /&gt;
Os asteroides
 e os fragmentos de cometas que atingem Marte não têm mais do que um ou 
dois metros de diâmetro e, por isso, são demasiado pequenos para criar 
crateras no solo terrestre, sublinha a NASA.&lt;br /&gt;
Contudo, o seu 
impacto no &quot;planeta vermelho&quot; acaba por ser maior, porque Marte tem uma 
atmosfera mais fina, quando comparada com a da Terra.&lt;br /&gt;
Estimativas 
anteriores, baseadas em estudos das crateras da Lua e das idades das 
rochas lunares recolhidas nas missões Apollo da NASA nas décadas de 60 e
 70, elevaram três a dez vezes o número médio anual de crateras em 
Marte.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/5936928217200374271/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/05/marte-e-atingido-anualmente-por-mais-de.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/5936928217200374271'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/5936928217200374271'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/05/marte-e-atingido-anualmente-por-mais-de.html' title='Marte é atingido anualmente por mais de 200 pequenos asteroides e fragmentos de cometas'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-2397406417828504869</id><published>2013-05-31T16:06:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2013-05-31T16:31:07.268-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Asteroide passa &quot;perto&quot; da Terra nesta sexta</title><content type='html'>Um asteroide cinco vezes maior que um navio transatlântico vai passar nesta sexta-feira, 31, a 5,8 milhões de quilômetros da Terra, uma distância curta em termos astronômicos, informou a agência espacial norte-americana (Nasa).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chamado 1998 QE2, ele será observado por meio de telescópios e radar pelos cientistas, que esperam obter &quot;imagens de alta resolução que poderão revelar muita coisa sobre as suas características&quot;, disse o astrônomo Lance Benner.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seguindo a trajetória atual, o 1998 QE2 atingirá às 21h59 (hora de Lisboa, 1h59 no Brasil) de amanhã o ponto mais próximo da Terra e só voltará a aproximar-se dentro de cerca de 200 anos.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
O asteroide, que mede cerca de 2,7 quilômetros de diâmetro, não poderá ser observado a olho nu ou com binóculos: sua baixa luminosidade só o torna visível aos telescópios mais potentes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
O interesse público nos objetos celestes que passam perto da Terra reacendeu-se depois da queda do meteorito de Chelyabinsk, na Rússia, em fevereiro passado.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Além da Nasa, a Casa Branca seguirá com atenção o trajeto do asteroide, uma vez que a administração norte-americana aposta em convencer o Congresso a liberar mais verbas para vigiar os objetos que se aproximam da Terra.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Temos que encontrar os asteroides antes que eles nos encontrem&quot;, disse o assessor de Política Espacial da Casa Branca, Phil Larson.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
O programa espacial dos Estados Unidos prevê o envio de astronautas que &quot;capturem&quot; um asteróide até o ano 2020.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/2397406417828504869/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/05/asteroide-passa-perto-da-terra-nesta.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/2397406417828504869'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/2397406417828504869'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/05/asteroide-passa-perto-da-terra-nesta.html' title='Asteroide passa &quot;perto&quot; da Terra nesta sexta'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-41051154654207467</id><published>2013-05-14T22:55:00.004-03:00</published><updated>2013-05-14T22:55:51.236-03:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;titulo&quot;&gt;1º Passo: Solução da cruz na face amarela.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                      &lt;br /&gt;
O primeiro passo do Método Básico é solucionar uma cruz com as peças brancas ao redor do centro amarelo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Para realizar este passo não é necessário nenhum tipo de formula. Eu 
aconselho que você se dedique bastante para que consiga sem muitas dicas
 solucionar a cruz branca ao redor do centro amarelo. Como você pode ver
 na imagem a seguir, as únicas peças que importam no momento são as que 
estão com cor, ou seja, ignore todo o restante do cubo não importando o 
caso que você encontre. Se dedique apenas para colocar as quatro peças 
brancas ao redor do centro amarelo, que deve ser o oposto do centro 
branco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;

  
    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 590px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;282&quot;&gt;Seu objetivo para este passo é este:&lt;br /&gt;
      Cruz branca solucionada no centro amarelo.&lt;br /&gt;
        &lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;135&quot; src=&quot;http://www.cubovelocidade.com.br/imagens/metodo-3x3x3-213.jpg&quot; width=&quot;125&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;282&quot;&gt;Exemplo geral com a cruz branca solucionada ao redor do centro amarelo:
    &lt;br /&gt;
      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;135&quot; src=&quot;http://www.cubovelocidade.com.br/imagens/metodo-3x3x3-216.jpg&quot; width=&quot;125&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/41051154654207467/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/05/1-passo-solucao-da-cruz-na-face-amarela.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/41051154654207467'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/41051154654207467'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/05/1-passo-solucao-da-cruz-na-face-amarela.html' title=''/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-4983513848960557884</id><published>2013-05-14T22:48:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2013-05-14T22:48:48.210-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Matemática- operações fundamentais</title><content type='html'>Em matemática, uma operação é qualquer tipo de procedimento que é realizado sobre certa quantidade de elementos, e que obedece sempre a uma mesma lógica (regra). Conforme o número de termos necessários em uma operação, esta pode ser classificada como operação unária, operação binária, operação ternária e assim por diante.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uma operação binária genérica normalmente é representada como:&lt;br /&gt;X * Y&lt;br /&gt;que se lê: (xis asterisco ipsilon)&lt;br /&gt;onde &quot;*&quot; é o operador binário, &quot;X&quot; e &quot;Y&quot; são os operandos (ou termos da operação), &quot;X&quot; é o primeiro termo e &quot;Y&quot; é o segundo termo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os dois exemplos de operações binárias mais clássicos são:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; X + Y: &quot;+&quot; é o símbolo do operador adição, o resultado da operação é soma e os termos são as parcelas.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; X . Y: &quot;.&quot; é o símbolo do operador multiplicação, o resultado da operação é o produto de X por Y e os termos são os fatores.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adição&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adição é uma das operações básicas da álgebra. Na sua forma mais simples, adição combina dois números (termos, somandos ou parcelas), em um único número, a soma ou total. Adicionar mais números corresponde a repetir a operação. Por extensão a adição de 0, um ou um número infinito de números pode ser definida, veja abaixo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para uma definição da adição no âmbito dos números artificiais&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pode também ser uma operação geométrica - a partir de dois segmentos de recta dados determinar um outro cujo comprimento seja igual à soma dos dois iniciais.&lt;br /&gt;Multiplicação&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em matemática, a multiplicação é uma operação binária. Na sua forma mais simples a multiplicação é uma forma simples de se adicionar uma quantidade finita de números iguais. O resultado da multiplicação de dois números é chamado produto. Os números sendo multiplicados são chamados de coeficientes ou operandos, e individualmente de multiplicando e multiplicador .&lt;br /&gt;Divisão&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Divisão é a operação matemática inversa da multiplicação. O ato de dividir por um elemento de um conjunto só faz sentido quando a multiplicação por aquele elemento for uma função bijetora.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No anel dos números inteiros a hipótese da bijetividade não é satisfeita para o zero, assim, não se define divisão por zero.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Fração&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fração é um modo de expressar uma quantidade a partir de um valor que é dividido por um determinado número de partes iguais entre si. A palavra vem do latim fractus e significa &quot;partido&quot;, &quot;quebrado&quot; (do verbo frangere: &quot;quebrar&quot;).&lt;br /&gt;Subtração&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Subtração é uma operação matemática que indica quanto é um valor numérico (minuendo) se dele for removido outro valor numérico (subtraendo).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uma subtração é representada por:&lt;br /&gt;a - b = c&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a é o minuendo,b é o subtraendo e c é a diferença ou resto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A subtração é o mesmo que a adição por um número de sinal inverso. É, portanto, a operação inversa da adição.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/4983513848960557884/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/05/matematica-operacoes-fundamentais.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/4983513848960557884'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/4983513848960557884'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/05/matematica-operacoes-fundamentais.html' title='Matemática- operações fundamentais'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-3317349736359871647</id><published>2013-05-14T22:35:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2013-05-14T22:35:36.964-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Termoquímica</title><content type='html'>Termoquímica estuda a liberação ou absorção de calor em reações químicas ou em transformações de substâncias como dissolução, mudanças de estado físico,... &lt;br /&gt;As transformações termoquímicas podem ser: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Transformações endotérmicas:&lt;/b&gt; absorvem energia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Transformações exotérmicas:&lt;/b&gt; liberam energia. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A energia transferida entre dois corpos (ou entre diferentes partes de um mesmo corpo), que têm temperaturas diferentes é denominada CALOR. A unidade para medir energia é a caloria (cal), que equivale à quantidade de calor necessária para elevar em 1°C a temperatura de 1 g de água.&lt;br /&gt;1 cal&amp;nbsp; = 4,18 J&lt;br /&gt;
aparelho utilizado – calorímetros&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;Entalpia (H)&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; É o total de energia liberada ou absorvida em uma transformação de um dado sistema, a pressão constante. &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Transformação exotérmica:&lt;/b&gt; libera calor para o meio ambiente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A + B→ C + D + calor &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hi&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hf&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ∆H&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sendo que:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Hf &amp;lt; Hi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ∆ H = Hf - Hi &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ∆ H &amp;lt; 0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Transformação endotérmica:&lt;/b&gt; absorve (retira) calor do meio ambiente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A + B + calor → C + D&lt;br /&gt;Hi&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ∆H&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hf&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;Sendo que:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Hf &amp;gt; Hi&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;∆ H = Hf - Hi&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;∆ H &amp;gt; 0&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Casos particulares de entalpias:&lt;/b&gt; Entalpia de formação corresponde à variação de entalpia envolvida na formação de um mol de substância, a partir de substâncias simples, no estado padrão.&lt;br /&gt;Ex. da reação da síntese (formação) e da variação de entalpia, para um mol de metano:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt;grafite&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; + &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;2 &lt;b&gt;H&lt;/b&gt;2 (g)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;→ &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;CH&lt;/b&gt;4 (g) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ∆H = - 74,8 kJ/mol&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/3317349736359871647/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/05/termoquimica.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/3317349736359871647'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/3317349736359871647'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/05/termoquimica.html' title='Termoquímica'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-2547519375226002304</id><published>2013-04-28T17:44:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2013-04-28T17:44:08.742-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Dicas Do cubo magico</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;Cubo Mágico quebrado: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                        &lt;br /&gt;
                        Atenção! Esta é uma situação muito comum que provavelmente já aconteceu ou ainda vai acontecer com você.&lt;br /&gt;
                        - Seu cubo quebra, no sentido de sair todas ou 
algumas peças e você o re-monta  de qualquer forma e, chegando nos 
últimos passos da solução acontece algo que está fora dos padrões do 
cubo. Fique avisado que nenhuma fórmula sera capaz de solucionar 
qualquer outro caso que não esteja aqui no site.&lt;br /&gt;
                        &lt;br /&gt;
                        Aconselhamos que você retire todas as peças e 
monte o cubo novamente com cada peça em seu lugar; ou então continue a 
solução normalmente, caso você se deparar com uma situação impossível, 
apenas inverta uma das peças que aparentemente esteja errada.&lt;br /&gt;
                        &lt;br /&gt;
                        &lt;strong&gt;Movimentos: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                        &lt;br /&gt;
                        Antes de tentar solucionar o cubo aplicando as 
fórmulas, decore qual face do cubo cada letra representa. &lt;br /&gt;
                        &lt;br /&gt;
                        A pior parte para quem está iniciando é diferenciar os movimentos horários dos anti-horários. &lt;br /&gt;
                        Para não errar, use a dica do relógio! Para cada
 movimento imite um relógio com seu dedo, fazendo um circulo horário ou 
anti-horário na face do cubo. Assim você vai ter certeza de que está 
girando no sentido certo.&lt;br /&gt;
                        &lt;br /&gt;
                        &lt;strong&gt;Como decorar as fórmulas: &lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
                        &lt;br /&gt;
                        Este é um assunto que assusta quem está apenas 
iniciando ou quem está aprendendo o Método Avançado; mas fique 
tranquilo, não é algo difícil e muito menos impossível. Segue as dicas:&lt;br /&gt;
                        &lt;br /&gt;
             - Método Básico: Procure antes de tudo, entender as 
fórmulas; preste muita atenção nos movimentos que cada uma faz e os 
resultados que acontecem em seu cubo. Feito isso com muita calma, tente 
passo a passo solucionar o cubo sem nenhum tipo de leitura da fórmula; 
use apenas o que você aprendeu ao entender as fórmulas. Na teoria, você 
estará com todas em sua memória; é algo natural e difícil de esquecer se
 for feito da maneira certa.&lt;br /&gt;
             &lt;br /&gt;
             - Método Avançado: 
                    119 casos diferentes realmente assusta, mas tenha 
muita paciência. Inicie aprendendo o F2L pois é um passo mais intuitívo e
 fácil de entender. Depois aprenda os 7 casos de OLL com a cruz amarela 
pronta, decore então os 21 casos de PLL e por fim, os 50 restantes do 
OLL. Procure não apenas decorar os movimentos, mas sim entender; fica 
mais fácil e o resultado é melhor!&lt;br /&gt;
                    &lt;br /&gt;
                    &lt;strong&gt;Peças do Cubo Mágico: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                    &lt;br /&gt;
                    Parece até mesmo obvio, mas vale a dica aos 
iniciantes: Nunca uma peça do meio vai ocupar o lugar de uma peça da 
quina. Lembre-se
             que os meios possuem 2 cores, e as quinas 3 cores.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/2547519375226002304/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/04/dicas-do-cubo-magico.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/2547519375226002304'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/2547519375226002304'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/04/dicas-do-cubo-magico.html' title='Dicas Do cubo magico'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-9122083218690447752</id><published>2013-04-28T17:43:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2013-04-28T17:43:14.567-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Conhecendo o Cubo Mágico</title><content type='html'>Antes de iniciar qualquer método ou tentar aplicar alguma
 fórmula,  você precisa conhecer as peças e as partes que formam o Cubo 
Mágico. Estarei demonstrando em um cubo 3x3x3 que serve como padrão para
 os demais.&lt;br /&gt;
               &lt;br /&gt;
               O Cubo Mágico contem 3 tipos de peças: Centros, meios e quinas:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
             &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 590px;&quot;&gt;
               &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
                 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;184&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Centros&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                   &lt;br /&gt;
                   &lt;img height=&quot;198&quot; src=&quot;http://www.cubovelocidade.com.br/imagens/conhecendo-centros.jpg&quot; width=&quot;184&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
                 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;184&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Meios&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                   &lt;br /&gt;
                   &lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;198&quot; src=&quot;http://www.cubovelocidade.com.br/imagens/conhecendo-meios.jpg&quot; width=&quot;184&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
                 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;184&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quinas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                   &lt;br /&gt;
                   &lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;198&quot; src=&quot;http://www.cubovelocidade.com.br/imagens/conhecendo-quinas.jpg&quot; width=&quot;184&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
               &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
             Também deve-se saber a diferença entre &quot;face&quot; e &quot;camada&quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
             &lt;br /&gt;
             
               
                 &lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 590px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;282&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Face resolvida&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                          &lt;br /&gt;
                          &lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;216&quot; src=&quot;http://www.cubovelocidade.com.br/imagens/conhecendo-face.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
                 &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;282&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Camada resolvida&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                          &lt;br /&gt;
                          &lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;216&quot; src=&quot;http://www.cubovelocidade.com.br/imagens/conhecendo-camada.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/9122083218690447752/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/04/conhecendo-o-cubo-magico.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/9122083218690447752'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/9122083218690447752'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/04/conhecendo-o-cubo-magico.html' title='Conhecendo o Cubo Mágico'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-3884739971268991533</id><published>2013-04-28T17:39:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2013-04-28T17:39:29.200-03:00</updated><title type='text'>LOGICA- Validade de um argumento: Verifcação por tabela verdade</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2000762835883849132&quot; name=&quot;tabela&quot;&gt;VALIDADE DE UM
ARGUMENTO: VERIFICAÇÃO POR TABELA VERDADE.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Com o uso das tabelas verdade é suficiente verificar se a fórmula&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;A&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt;
A&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt;A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt;...
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt; A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; é&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000099;&quot;&gt; tautologia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Exemplo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: O argumento &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p, q&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
r, &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt; r, &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt; q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; é
válido pois a fórmula&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt; (q &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
r) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù~&lt;/span&gt; r ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;
q &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;é uma &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000099;&quot;&gt;tautologia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
O que verificamos nas linhas onde as premissas são verdadeiras que a conclusão
também é verdadeira&lt;br /&gt;
(tabela verdade abaixo, linha 4).
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;width: 397px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;q &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
      r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;
      r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;
      q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;F&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;V&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: Comic Sans MS;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2000762835883849132&quot; name=&quot;demonstracao&quot;&gt;VALIDADE DE
UM ARGUMENTO: DEMONSTRAÇÃO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
Podemos verificar a validade de um argumento através de métodos de
demonstração :
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;1. DEMONSTRAÇÃO DIRETA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;2. DEMONSTRAÇÃO INDIRETA - CONDICIONAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;3. DEMONSTRAÇÃO INDIRETA - POR ABSURDO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pucsp.br/%7Elogica/Arvore.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #009900;&quot;&gt;4. DEMONSTRAÇÃO INDIRETA –
ÁRVORE DE REFUTAÇÃO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;1. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2000762835883849132&quot; name=&quot;direta&quot;&gt;DEMONSTRAÇÃO DIRETA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Consiste em &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;demonstrar&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; ou &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;deduzir &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;a conclusão &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
a partir das premissas &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;A&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; , A&lt;span&gt;2
&lt;/span&gt;, A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;,... , A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; ,
aplicando as &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pucsp.br/%7Elogica/Proposicional2.htm#equivalencias&quot;&gt;EQUIVALÊNCIAS
TAUTOLÓGICAS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; e as &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pucsp.br/%7Elogica/Proposicional2.htm#regras&quot;&gt;REGRAS
DE INFERÊNCIA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; .
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Exemplo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; : Demonstrar a validade do argumento &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p,
q &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; r , &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt; r , &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;
q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Demonstração :&lt;br /&gt;
1. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
premissa&lt;br /&gt;
2. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;q &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
premissa&lt;br /&gt;
3.&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
premissa&lt;br /&gt;
4. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Conclusão (2 e 3 : &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Modus Tollens&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Exemplo &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;:Demonstrar a validade do argumento &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; q , q &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®~&lt;/span&gt; r , r &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt;
s , &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt; s &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Demonstração :&lt;br /&gt;
1. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
q&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;premissa&lt;br /&gt;
2. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;q &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;
r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; premissa&lt;br /&gt;
3. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;r &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt; s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
premissa&lt;br /&gt;
4. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®~&lt;/span&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
1.2. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Silogismo Hipotético&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
5. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;r &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 3. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Def. de
implicação&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
6. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 4.5. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Silogismo
Hipotético&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
7.&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;s &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®~~&lt;/span&gt;p
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;6. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Contraposição&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
8. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;s &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Conclusão 7. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Negação&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2000762835883849132&quot; name=&quot;condicional&quot;&gt;DEMONSTRAÇÃO INDIRETA -
CONDICIONAL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
Para demonstrar a validade de argumentos cuja conclusão é uma fórmula
condicional do tipo &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;B &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
, considera-se o &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;antecedente&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;,
como uma &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #3333ff;&quot;&gt;premissa adicional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; e o &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;conseqüente&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
será a conclusão a ser demonstrada.&lt;br /&gt;
De fato, sendo:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; A&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; , A&lt;span&gt;2
&lt;/span&gt;, A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;,... , A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; , B ,
C&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;válido então&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; A&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; , A&lt;span&gt;2
&lt;/span&gt;, A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;,... , A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; , B |&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;¾&lt;/span&gt;
C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; isto é,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;3. ((A&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt;
A&lt;span&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt;A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt;...
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt; A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt;
B ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; é tautologia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; (A&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt;
A&lt;span&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt;A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt;...
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt; A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
(B &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; C)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; é tautologia &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Importação
e Exportação) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;e portanto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp; A&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; , A&lt;span&gt;2
&lt;/span&gt;, A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;,... , A&lt;span&gt;n&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;¾&lt;/span&gt;
B &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; C &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;ou ainda,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;6.&amp;nbsp; A&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; , A&lt;span&gt;2
&lt;/span&gt;, A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;,... , A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;, B &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
C &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;é válido&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Exemplo &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: Demonstrar a validade do argumento &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;p
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; q , q &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®~&lt;/span&gt; r , r &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt;
s , &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt; s &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Demonstração :&lt;br /&gt;
1. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; premissa&lt;br /&gt;
2. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;q &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;
r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; premissa&lt;br /&gt;
3. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;r &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt; s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
premissa&lt;br /&gt;
4. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;s&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #3333ff;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
premissa adicional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
5. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;r&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;3.4. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Silogismo Disjuntivo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
6. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®~&lt;/span&gt;
r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; 1.2. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Silogismo Hipotético&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
7. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;r &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
6. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Contraposição&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
8. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Conclusão 5.7. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Modus Ponens&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2000762835883849132&quot; name=&quot;absurdo&quot;&gt;DEMONSTRAÇÃO INDIRETA - POR
ABSURDO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
Para demonstrar, por absurdo, um argumento &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;A&lt;span&gt;1
&lt;/span&gt;, A&lt;span&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;, A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;,..., A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;,
B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; considera-se a negação da conclusão&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
como &lt;span style=&quot;color: #3333ff;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;premissa adicional&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;e conclui-se uma
fórmula &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;F &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;(fórmula falsa do tipo &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #3333ff;&quot;&gt;a
Ù~a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
De fato, sendo:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;1.A&lt;span&gt;1 &lt;/span&gt;, A&lt;span&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;,
A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;,..., A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; , &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;
B |&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;¾&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;F &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;válido,
temos&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;2.A&lt;span&gt;1 &lt;/span&gt;, A&lt;span&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;,
A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;,..., A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;¾~&lt;/span&gt;
B &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
isto é,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;3.A&lt;span&gt;1 &lt;/span&gt;, A&lt;span&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;,
A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;,..., A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;¾~~&lt;/span&gt;
B &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Def.
implicação&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;4.A&lt;span&gt;1 &lt;/span&gt;, A&lt;span&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;,
A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;,..., A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;¾&lt;/span&gt;
B &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Negação&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;5.A&lt;span&gt;1 &lt;/span&gt;, A&lt;span&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;,
A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;,..., A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;¾&lt;/span&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
(&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Propriedade de F&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;) ou ainda,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;6.A&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; , A&lt;span&gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;,
A&lt;span&gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;,... , A&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt; , B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; é
válido.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Exemplo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; : Demonstrar, &lt;b&gt;por absurdo&lt;/b&gt;, a validade do
argumento&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
q , q &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®~&lt;/span&gt; r , r &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt; s , &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;
s &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1.&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
q&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;premissa&lt;br /&gt;
2. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;q &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;
r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
premissa&lt;br /&gt;
3. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;r &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt; s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
premissa&lt;br /&gt;
4. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;
s &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; p)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #3333ff;&quot;&gt;premissa
adicional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
5.&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®~&lt;/span&gt;
r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
1.2. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Silogismo Hipotético&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
6. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;r &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
3. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Def. de implicação&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
7. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
5.6. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Silogismo Hipotético&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
8. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;s &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
7. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Contraposição&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
9. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;
s &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; p) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;
s &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; p)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; 4. 8. &lt;i&gt;Conjunção&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
10. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;F&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/3884739971268991533/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/04/logica-validade-de-um-argumento.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/3884739971268991533'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/3884739971268991533'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/04/logica-validade-de-um-argumento.html' title='LOGICA- Validade de um argumento: Verifcação por tabela verdade'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-7312277846256444649</id><published>2013-04-28T17:37:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2013-04-28T17:37:49.162-03:00</updated><title type='text'>LOGÍCA- Tabela Verdades</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2000762835883849132&quot; name=&quot;tabela&quot;&gt;AS TABELAS VERDADE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A lógica clássica é governada por três princípios (entre outros) que
podem ser formulados como segue:
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Princípio da
Identidade&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Todo objeto é idêntico a si mesmo.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Princípio da
Contradição&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; Dadas duas proposições contraditórias (uma é
negação da outra), uma delas é falsa.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Princípio do
Terceiro Excluído&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Dadas duas proposições contraditórias, uma
delas é verdadeira.
&lt;br /&gt;
Com base nesses princípios as proposições simples são ou verdadeiras ou
falsas - sendo mutuamente exclusivos os dois casos; daí dizer que a lógica
clássica é bivalente.
&lt;br /&gt;
Para determinar o valor (verdade ou falsidade) das proposições compostas (moleculares),
conhecidos os valores das proposições simples (atômicas) que as compõem
usaremos tabelas-verdade :
&lt;br /&gt;
1.Tabela verdade da &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&quot;negação&quot; &lt;/span&gt;: &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;~p&lt;/span&gt;
é verdadeira (falsa) se e somente se &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt; é falsa (verdadeira).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;width: 75px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;~p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;
2. Tabela verdade da &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&quot;conjunção&quot;&lt;/span&gt; : a
conjunção é verdadeira se e somente os conjunctos são verdadeiros.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;width: 126px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt;
      q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;
3. Tabela verdade da &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&quot;disjunção&quot;&lt;/span&gt; : a
disjunção é falsa se, e somente, os disjunctos são falsos.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;width: 134px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt;
      q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;
4. Tabela verdade da &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&quot;implicação&quot;:&lt;/span&gt; a
implicação é falsa se, e somente se, o antecedente é verdadeiro e o
conseqüente é falso.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;width: 124px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
      q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;
5. Tabela verdade da &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&quot;bi-implicação&quot;: &lt;/span&gt;a
bi-implicação é verdadeira se, e somente se seus componentes são ou ambos
verdadeiros ou ambos falsos&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;width: 122px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;
      q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;26%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Exemplo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: Construir a tabela verdade da fórmula : &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;((p
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt; q) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; ~p) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;
(q &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt; p)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;width: 322px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;83%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
      ((p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt; q) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; ~p) &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
      (q &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt; p)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;27%&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;11%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;12%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;27%&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;11%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;12%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;27%&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;11%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;12%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;27%&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;
      &lt;div align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;
        &lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;
      &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;11%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;12%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;NÚMERO DE LINHAS DE UMA
TABELA-VERDADE&lt;/span&gt;: Cada proposição simples (atômica) tem dois valores V
ou F, que se excluem. Para &lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt; atômicas distintas, há tantas
possibilidades quantos são os arranjos com repetição de 2 (V e F) elementos &lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;
a &lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;. Segue-se que o número de linhas da tabela verdade é 2&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.
Assim, para duas proposições são 2&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
= 4 linhas; para 3 proposições são 2&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
= 8; etc.
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Exemplo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: a tabela - verdade da fórmula &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;((p
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt; q) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; r)&lt;/span&gt; terá 8
linhas como segue :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;table bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFFF&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;width: 217px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;12%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;14%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;17%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;57%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;((p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt;
      q) &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; r )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;13%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;13%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;18%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;57%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
      &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;13%&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;
&lt;span&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;NOTA:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&quot;OU EXCLUSIVO&quot;&lt;/span&gt; É importante
observar que &quot;ou&quot; pode ter dois sentidos na linguagem habitual: &lt;b&gt;inclusivo&lt;/b&gt;
(disjunção) &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0000;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
(&quot;vel&quot;)&amp;nbsp; e &lt;b&gt;exclusivo &lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
( &quot;aut&quot;) onde &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;p &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;q&lt;/span&gt;
significa &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;((p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ú&lt;/span&gt; q) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù~&lt;/span&gt;
(p &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;Ù&lt;/span&gt; q))&lt;/span&gt;.

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      V&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;V&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;V&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
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    &lt;td valign=&quot;TOP&quot; width=&quot;77%&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
      F&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;F &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;V&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
      F&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/7312277846256444649/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/04/logica-tabela-verdades.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/7312277846256444649'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/7312277846256444649'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2013/04/logica-tabela-verdades.html' title='LOGÍCA- Tabela Verdades'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-2147394224670402843</id><published>2012-12-28T14:51:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-12-28T14:56:48.455-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Cubo Magico</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
O cubo de Rubik, também conhecido
como cubo mágico, é um quebra-cabeça tridimensional, inventado pelo húngaro
Ernő Rubik em 1974. Originalmente foi chamado o &quot;cubo Mágico&quot; pelo
seu inventor, mas o nome foi alterado pela Ideal Toys para &quot;cubo de
Rubik&quot;. Nesse mesmo ano, ganhou o prémio alemão do &quot;Jogo do Ano&quot;
(Spiel des Jahres). Ernő Rubik demorou um mês para resolver o cubo pela
primeira vez. O cubo de Rubik tornou-se um ícone da década de 1980, década em
que foi mais difundido.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
O Cubo de Rubik é um cubo
geralmente confeccionado em plástico e possui várias versões, sendo a versão
3x3x3 a mais comum, composta por 6 faces de 6 cores diferentes, com arestas de
aproximadamente 5,5 cm. Outras versões menos conhecidas são a 2x2x2, 4x4x4 e a
5x5x5.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
É considerado um dos brinquedos
mais populares do mundo, atingindo um total de 900 milhões de unidades
vendidas, bem como suas diferentes imitações.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=&quot;Cubo de Rubik&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rubiks_cube_by_keqs.jpg/200px-Rubiks_cube_by_keqs.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Descri.C3.A7.C3.A3o&quot;&gt;Descrição&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
O invento, descendente dum protótipo 2x2x2, criado por &lt;a class=&quot;new&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Nichols&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Larry Nichols (página não existe)&quot;&gt;Larry Nichols&lt;/a&gt; (Lavourensis Plenus) em Março de &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970&quot; title=&quot;1970&quot;&gt;1970&lt;/a&gt;, é um &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebra-cabe%C3%A7a&quot; title=&quot;Quebra-cabeça&quot;&gt;quebra-cabeça&lt;/a&gt; que consiste num &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo&quot; title=&quot;Cubo&quot;&gt;cubo&lt;/a&gt;.
 Cada uma das suas seis faces está dividida em nove partes, 3x3, num 
total de 26 peças que se articulam entre si devido ao mecanismo da peça 
interior central fixa, oculta dentro do cubo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Hist.C3.B3ria&quot;&gt;História&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
O primeiro protótipo do cubo foi fabricado em &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974&quot; title=&quot;1974&quot;&gt;1974&lt;/a&gt; quando Ernő Rubik era &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor&quot; title=&quot;Professor&quot;&gt;professor&lt;/a&gt; do Departamento de Desenho de Interiores da Academia de Artes e Trabalhos Manuais Aplicados de &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapeste&quot; title=&quot;Budapeste&quot;&gt;Budapeste&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungria&quot; title=&quot;Hungria&quot;&gt;Hungria&lt;/a&gt;). Quando Rubik criou este &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebra-cabe%C3%A7a&quot; title=&quot;Quebra-cabeça&quot;&gt;quebra-cabeça&lt;/a&gt;, a sua intenção era criar uma peça que fosse perfeita, no que se refere à &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometria&quot; title=&quot;Geometria&quot;&gt;geometria&lt;/a&gt;, para ajudar a ilustrar o conceito da &lt;a class=&quot;new&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terceira_dimens%C3%A3o&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Terceira dimensão (página não existe)&quot;&gt;terceira dimensão&lt;/a&gt; aos seus alunos de &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura&quot; title=&quot;Arquitetura&quot;&gt;arquitetura&lt;/a&gt;. A primeira peça que realizou foi em &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira&quot; title=&quot;Madeira&quot;&gt;madeira&lt;/a&gt; e pintou os seus seis lados com seis &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor&quot; title=&quot;Cor&quot;&gt;cores&lt;/a&gt; distintas, para que, quando alguém girasse as faces do cubo, tivesse uma melhor visualização dos movimentos realizados.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;N.C3.BAmero_de_combina.C3.A7.C3.B5es_poss.C3.ADveis_no_cubo_de_Rubik&quot;&gt;Número de combinações possíveis no cubo de Rubik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width: 202px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Rubik%27s_cube.svg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; height=&quot;208&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Rubik%27s_cube.svg/200px-Rubik%27s_cube.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Rubik%27s_cube.svg&quot; title=&quot;Ampliar&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Rotação de uma das partes do cubo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Por uma parte podemos combinar entre si, de qualquer forma, todos os vértices, o que dá lugar a &lt;img alt=&quot;8!\,\!&quot; class=&quot;tex&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/6/a/d/6ad6c7b9d4678b414f04cf7e6ccffddd.png&quot; /&gt; possibilidades.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Também temos as combinações dos cubos das arestas que são 12, existindo assim &lt;img alt=&quot;12!\,\!&quot; class=&quot;tex&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/e/c/0ec9358753ba53f6e969634880c3e9cc.png&quot; /&gt; possibilidades.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Entretando, apenas &lt;b&gt;metade&lt;/b&gt; dessas possibilidades são 
verdadeiras, uma vez que não é possível trocar duas arestas de lugar sem
 trocar também a posição de dois vértices, ou vice-versa.&lt;br /&gt;
Além disso, podemos girar todos os vértices, salvo um, sem mudar nada
 mais no cubo. A orientação do último vértice será determinada pela que 
orientação dos outros sete, e isto cria &lt;img alt=&quot;3^7\,\!&quot; class=&quot;tex&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/c/6/3c6e92e41c0edbf8c1a8a335aaae5577.png&quot; /&gt; possibilidades. O mesmo deve ocorrer com as arestas, pois aparecem mais &lt;img alt=&quot;2^{11}\,\!&quot; class=&quot;tex&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/c/f/3cf249a86dabd962c76b10a82baad027.png&quot; /&gt; possibilidades.&lt;br /&gt;
No total, o número de combinações possíveis no Cubo de Rubik é:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;{8! \cdot 12! \cdot 3^7 \cdot 2^{11}} \over 2&quot; class=&quot;tex&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/7/8/2/78291fcbba446ee26d71f4c62167ca6a.png&quot; /&gt; = &lt;b&gt;43.252.003.274.489.856.000&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-3&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo_de_Rubik#cite_note-3&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Se alguém pudesse realizar todas as combinações possíveis a uma velocidade de 1 movimento por &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo&quot; title=&quot;Segundo&quot;&gt;segundo&lt;/a&gt;, demoraria &lt;b&gt;1400&lt;/b&gt; trilhões de anos, supondo que nunca repetisse a mesma combinação.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Teorias_sobre_a_Resolu.C3.A7.C3.A3o&quot;&gt;Teorias sobre a Resolução&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
O cubo de Rubik é um teste básico para problemas de busca e 
enumeração.&quot; diz Gene Cooperman . &quot;Busca e enumeração é uma enorme área 
de pesquisas, abrangendo muitos pesquisadores trabalhando em diferentes 
disciplinas - da inteligência artificial às operações. O cubo de Rubik 
permite que os pesquisadores de diferentes disciplinas comparem seus 
métodos em um problema único e bem conhecido.&lt;br /&gt;
Os movimentos executados para resolver o cubo, na realidade são &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comutador_%28matem%C3%A1tica%29&quot; title=&quot;Comutador (matemática)&quot;&gt;comutadores&lt;/a&gt;, definidos pela fórmula:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;code&gt;[a,b] = a * b * a ^ (-1) * b ^ (-1)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Solu.C3.A7.C3.A3o_.C3.B3tima&quot;&gt;Solução ótima&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
Utilizando a teoria dos grupos, Gene Cooperman e Daniel Kunkle 
testaram não apenas movimentos individuais, mas também grupos de 
movimentos, de forma a otimizar a solução. Foram &lt;b&gt;100 milhões de movimentos por segundo&lt;/b&gt;, até chegar ao resultado final.&lt;br /&gt;
E parece haver espaço para melhorias nos cálculos. Em 1997, o 
professor de ciência da computação Richard Korf afirmou que a solução 
ótima para o cubo de Rubik é de &lt;i&gt;18 movimentos&lt;/i&gt;. Até então, o 
melhor método, chamado de método Fridrich, elaborado por Jessica 
Fridrich, possibilitava a resolução do cubo em menos de 1 minuto.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Algoritmo_de_Deus&quot;&gt;Algoritmo de Deus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
Um algoritmo que conseguisse resolver qualquer cubo de Rubik no menor
 número de movimentos possíveis é designado por &quot;algoritmo de Deus&quot;. Em 
2005, o menor número de movimentos para resolver o cubo era de 28. Em 
2007, passou a 26.&amp;nbsp; Em 2010, foi provado que o número exato é 20. Para chegar a esse cálculo, alguns &lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tico&quot; title=&quot;Matemático&quot;&gt;matemáticos&lt;/a&gt;, um engenheiro do &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google&quot; title=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;Google&lt;/a&gt; e um &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programador&quot; title=&quot;Programador&quot;&gt;programador&lt;/a&gt;
 dividiram o problema em 2.217.093.120 partes. A partir daí, os 
pesquisadores usaram a infraestrutura da companhia americana para 
processar os dados, chegando à conclusão.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Permuta.C3.A7.C3.B5es.2C_grupos_e_as_Configura.C3.A7.C3.B5es_do_Cubo&quot;&gt;Permutações, grupos e as Configurações do Cubo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
Uma &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permuta%C3%A7%C3%A3o&quot; title=&quot;Permutação&quot;&gt;permutação&lt;/a&gt;
 é um rearranjo de um conjunto de objetos. Matrizes são convenientes 
para descrever permutações. Mas há um modo mais simples: a notação de 
ciclos. Um ciclo pode ser pensado como uma série de transições de estado
 que acaba por retornar ao estado inicial.&lt;br /&gt;
S1 → S2 →…→ Sn → S1 Os movimentos R; L; F; B; U; D permutam o 
conjunto das facetas. Um fato importante surge quando usamos a notação 
de ciclos: toda permutação se decompõe como &quot;produto&quot; de ciclos 
disjuntos.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Comutacao.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Comutacao.png&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Comutacao.png/300px-Comutacao.png&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Aplica.C3.A7.C3.A3o_Pr.C3.A1tica&quot;&gt;Aplicação Prática&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Uma das possíveis aplicações práticas desse algoritmo é, por exemplo, na &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptografia&quot; title=&quot;Criptografia&quot;&gt;Criptografia de Dados&lt;/a&gt; através da Permutação.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Recorde&quot;&gt;Recorde&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
O &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorde_mundial&quot; title=&quot;Recorde mundial&quot;&gt;recorde mundial&lt;/a&gt; de menor tempo para solucionar o &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma&quot; title=&quot;Enigma&quot;&gt;enigma&lt;/a&gt; do cubo mágico é de 5.66s conseguido pelo &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia&quot; title=&quot;Austrália&quot;&gt;australiano&lt;/a&gt; Feliks Zemdegs em janeiro de 2011.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Variantes&quot;&gt;Variantes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
Algumas variantes do cubo de Rubik:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;gallery&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;gallerybox&quot; style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb&quot; style=&quot;width: 150px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 15px auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Pocket_cube_solved.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;120&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pocket_cube_solved.jpg/120px-Pocket_cube_solved.jpg&quot; width=&quot;120&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;gallerytext&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
Pocket Cube&lt;br /&gt;
(2×2×2)&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;gallerybox&quot; style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb&quot; style=&quot;width: 150px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 15px auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Rubiks_cube_solved.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;120&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rubiks_cube_solved.jpg/120px-Rubiks_cube_solved.jpg&quot; width=&quot;120&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;gallerytext&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Cubo de Rubik original&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(3×3×3)&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;gallerybox&quot; style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb&quot; style=&quot;width: 150px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 15px auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Rubiks_revenge_scrambled.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;120&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rubiks_revenge_scrambled.jpg/120px-Rubiks_revenge_scrambled.jpg&quot; width=&quot;120&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;gallerytext&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
A vingança de Rubik&lt;br /&gt;
(4×4×4)&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;gallerybox&quot; style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb&quot; style=&quot;width: 150px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 15px auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Professors_cube.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;120&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Professors_cube.jpg/120px-Professors_cube.jpg&quot; width=&quot;120&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;gallerytext&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
O cubo do Professor&lt;br /&gt;
(5×5×5)&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Foram também criados versões 6×6×6 e 7×7×7, foram inventados por &lt;b&gt;Panagiotis Verdes&lt;/b&gt; e são hoje vendidos pela V-Cubes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Outras_variantes&quot;&gt;Outras variantes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
Outras das variantes consistem em interligar o &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliedro&quot; title=&quot;Poliedro&quot;&gt;poliedro&lt;/a&gt; utilizado. Na maioria foram inventadas por Uwe Mèffert:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;gallery&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;gallerybox&quot; style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb&quot; style=&quot;width: 150px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 15px auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Pyraminx_solved.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;120&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pyraminx_solved.jpg/114px-Pyraminx_solved.jpg&quot; width=&quot;114&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;gallerytext&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
Pyraminx&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;gallerybox&quot; style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb&quot; style=&quot;width: 150px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 15px auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Skewb.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;120&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Skewb.jpg/120px-Skewb.jpg&quot; width=&quot;120&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;gallerytext&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
Skewb&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;gallerybox&quot; style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb&quot; style=&quot;width: 150px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 15px auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Megaminx12.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;120&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Megaminx12.jpg/118px-Megaminx12.jpg&quot; width=&quot;118&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;gallerytext&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
MegaMinx&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;gallerybox&quot; style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width: 155px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb&quot; style=&quot;width: 150px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 15px auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;image&quot; href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Skewbdiamond-2.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;120&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Skewbdiamond-2.jpg/116px-Skewbdiamond-2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;116&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;gallerytext&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
Skewb Diamond (Diamante)&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
Fonte: Wikipédia &lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/2147394224670402843/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2012/12/cubo-magico.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/2147394224670402843'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/2147394224670402843'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2012/12/cubo-magico.html' title='Cubo Magico'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2000762835883849132.post-1146125542697388910</id><published>2012-08-28T19:47:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2012-08-28T19:47:28.397-03:00</updated><title type='text'>ASTRONOMIA: Família de estrelas e galáxias (Parte 1)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Na &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia&quot;&gt;astronomia&lt;/a&gt; moderna, uma constelação é uma área internacionalmente definida da &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfera_celeste&quot;&gt;esfera celeste&lt;/a&gt;. Essas áreas são agrupadas em torno de&lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterismo&quot;&gt;asterismos&lt;/a&gt;, padrões formados por estrelas importantes, aparentemente próximas umas das outras no céu noturno terrestre. &lt;p&gt;Há &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Lista_de_constela%C3%A7%C3%B5es&quot;&gt;88 constelações&lt;/a&gt; reconhecidas pela &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Astron%C3%B4mica_Internacional&quot;&gt;União Astronômica Internacional&lt;/a&gt;(UAI) desde 1922. A maioria delas inclui-se nas 48 constelações definidas por &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolomeu&quot;&gt;Ptolomeu&lt;/a&gt; em seu &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagesto&quot;&gt;Almagesto&lt;/a&gt;, no século II; as outras foram definidas nos séculos XVII e XVIII, sendo que as mais recentes se encontram no céu meridional, definidas por &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Louis_de_Lacaille&quot;&gt;Nicolas Louis de Lacaille&lt;/a&gt; em Coelum australe stelliferum (1763). &lt;p&gt;Existem também numerosas constelações históricas não reconhecidas pela UAI, bem como constelações reconhecidas em tradições regionais da astronomia ou &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologia&quot;&gt;astrologia&lt;/a&gt;, como a &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_chinesas&quot;&gt;chinesa&lt;/a&gt;, a hindu ou a aborígine australiana. &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;AGLOMERADOS ESTELARES&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Aglomerados estelares ou nuvens estelares são grupos de &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela&quot;&gt;estrelas&lt;/a&gt;, dos quais se definem dois tipos: &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglomerado_globular&quot;&gt;aglomerados globulares&lt;/a&gt; são grupos concentrados de centenas ou milhares de estrelas muito velhas que são &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravidade&quot;&gt;gravitacionalmente&lt;/a&gt; ligadas, enquanto&lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglomerado_estelar_aberto&quot;&gt;aglomerados abertos&lt;/a&gt; são grupos mais dispersos de estrelas, geralmente contendo menos que algumas centenas de membros, normalmente muito jovens. Aglomerados abertos são rompidos com o tempo pela influência gravitacional de &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuvem_molecular&quot;&gt;nuvens moleculares gigantes&lt;/a&gt;, à medida que se movem pela &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1xia&quot;&gt;galáxia&lt;/a&gt;, mas os membros do aglomerado continuam a mover-se aproximadamente na mesma direção, mesmo sem estarem mais gravitacionalmente ligados; eles então são conhecidos como associações estelares e, às vezes, de grupos em movimento. &lt;p&gt;Exemplos de aglomerados estelares visíveis a olho nu são as &lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%AAiades_(aglomerado_de_estrelas)&quot;&gt;Plêiades&lt;/a&gt;, Híades e Praesepe (&lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_44&quot;&gt;Messier 44&lt;/a&gt;).   </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/feeds/1146125542697388910/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2012/08/astronomia-familia-de-estrelas-e.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/1146125542697388910'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2000762835883849132/posts/default/1146125542697388910'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cientistadaniel.blogspot.com/2012/08/astronomia-familia-de-estrelas-e.html' title='ASTRONOMIA: Família de estrelas e galáxias (Parte 1)'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>