civilplanner

Online Examination System Savitribai Phule Pune University

2021-04-05T10:13:00.005+05:30

Instructions

Link to mock exam instructions

Link to user manual for online examination

Link to online examination demo video

Students will be able to login only after receiving SMS/EMAIL from SPPU

Requirements for online examination:

1. Android phone, desktop, laptop (Windows/Linux/Mac) with working front camera as webcam.

2. Please use an updated version of Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox only.

3. Please ensure a reliable internet connection.

4. Please ensure your mobile or laptop is fully charged.

5. Please keep required stationery handy with you (pencil, pen, rough sheet etc.)

DEMO VIDEO OF MOCK TEST

SPPU MOCK TEST

2021-04-05T09:55:00.003+05:30

Dear student....

Important instructions ....

From tomorrow mock test will begin

Mock test - 5 th april to 9 th april

Time 10 to 3 pm daily

Student to follow /remember following instruction

1. This is Proctered type test and face recognition

2. Hall ticket and time table will be available in your registered email

3. You will receive 4 digit password and login id in your e mail

4. You have to keep your PRN No with you which will be hour LOGIN id

5. the test is available for only 2 hours as per schedule time and date disclosed by SPPU

6. If you are unable to login you can registered complaint from your profile , for complaint access is given .

7. You can registered complaint with screenshot of profile

8. Your chrome or Firefox browser should be updated

9. Ensure that you will get good connectivity during examination

10. You have the liberty to register invalidity of question by pressing the button invalid

11. You can bookmark the question and solved latter but before 60 minutes

12 . Before submission of test you will ask to ensure the submission, if you say 'yes ' and submitted ,then you can not change your response.

13. Take screenshot after submission of paper

14 . Within 48 hrs you will receive the result ,if not then your screen shot to be submit as complaint from your login

15 . All your active test will be seen in your profile box as per timetable schedule

16 you can use pen pencil white paper calculator during examination for rough work

Best of luck students

WRITING A DETAILED REPORT ON LEGAL ASPECTS ABOUT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT RULE 2016

2021-04-03T10:11:00.003+05:30

INTRODUCTION

Solid wastes are being produced since the beginning of civilization. Over the years, there has been a continuous migration of people from rural and semi-urban areas to towns and cities. The proportion of population residing in urban areas has increased from 10.84℅ in 1901 to 25.70℅ in 1991. The uncontrolled growth urban areas has left many Indian cities deficient in infrastructural services such as water supply, sewerage and municipal solid wastemanagement. Solid Waste Management is a part of public health and sanitation. Solid Waste Management is one of the most neglected aspects of India’s environment. The management activity being of a local nature, the Urban Local Body undertakes the task of solid waste service delivery, with its own staff, equipment and funds. Satisfactory performance of any public utility depends on institutional infrastructure with required manpower and equipment, adequate financial inputs, legislative powers and publicresponse.

Municipal Solid Waste Management Rule 2016

· The union ministry of environment forests and climate change recently notified the new solid waste management rule 2016. These wil replace the municipal solid waste ( management and handling ) 2000,which have been in place for the past 16 years.

· These rules are 6 category of waste management rule brought out by the ministry as it has earlier notified plastic,e-wastagae, biomedical hazardous and construction and demolition waste management rule the have not pushed for decentralised management waste but have encouraged centralized statement such as waste to angry the present state of which is not good in the country. Also the informal sector has been considerably neglected in the new rules.

· According to union minister of state for environmental forests and claimant change 62 millions Tonnes is plastic waste 0.17 million tonnes is biomedical waste hazardous waste generation is 7.90 million tonnes per annum 15 lakh tonnes is e waste and only about 75-80% of the municipal waste gets collected and only 22-28% of this waste process and the treated.

Salient features of Solid waste management

· The new rules have mandated the source segregation of waste in order to channelize the waste to wealth by recovery reuse and recycle. Waste generators would now have to segregated waste into three stream biodegradable ,dry and domestic hazardous waste before handling it over to the collector .

· The source segregation of waste has been mandated to channelize the waste to wealth by recovery, reuse and recycle.

· Responsible of generators have been introduced to segregate waste in to three stream,wet (biodegradable),dry ( plastic,paper,metal, wood,etc) and domestic hazardous waste.

· Integration of waste pickers/ ragpickers and waste dealers/ kabadiwalas in the the formal system should be done by state Government and self help Group, or any other group to be formal.

· No person should throw ,burn or bury the solid waste generated by him on street open public space outside his premises or in the drain or water bodies.

· Generator will have to pay user fee to waste collector and for spot fine for littering and non segregation.

· Used sanitary waste like diapers sanitary pads should be wrapped securely in provide by manufacturer or brand owners of these products or in a suitable wrapping material and shall place the same in the bin meant for dry waste non biodegradable waste.

· The concept of partnership in swachh bharat has been introduced. Bulk and institutional generators market association event organizer and restaurants have been made directly responsible for segregation and sorting the waste and manage in partnership with local bodies.

· All hostels and restaurants should segregate biodegradable waste and set up a system of collection or follow the system of collection set up by local body to ensure that such food waste is utilzed for composting biomethanation.

· All residents welfare and market association gated communities and institution with an area 5000 sq.m should segregate waste at source in to valuable dry waste like plastic,tin,glass,paper,etc. And handover recyclable materials to either the authorised waste pickers or the authrized recyclers or to the urban local body.

· The biodegradable waste should be processed treated and disposal of through composting or bio methanation within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste collector or agency as directed by the local authority.

· New townships and group housing societies have been made responsible to develop in house waste handling and processing arrangements for biodegradable waste.

· Every street vendor should keep suitable containers for storage of waste generated during the course of his activities such food waste disposable plates, cup, cans, wrappers, coconut shells, leftovers food, vegetables, fruits, etc. Deposit such waste at storage depot or containers or vehicals as notified by the local authority.

· The developer of special economic zone, industrial park to earmark at least 5% of the total area of the plot or minimum 5 plot shed for recovery and recycling facilities.

· All manufacturer of disposal products such as tin, glass, plastic, etc.Or brand owners who inteoduce such products in the market shall provide necessary financial assistance to local authorities for the establishment of waste management system.

· All such brand owners who sale or market their products in such packaging materials which are non biodegradable should put in place a system to collect back the packaging waste generated due to their production.

· Manufacturer or brand owners or marketing companies of sanitary napkins and diapers should explore the possibility of using all recyclable materials in their products or they shall provide a pouch or wrapper for disposal of napkins or diapers along with the packet of Their sanitary products.

· All such manufacturer brand owners or marketing companies should educate the masses for wrapping and disposal of Their products.

· All industrial units using fuel and located within 100km from a solid waste based RDF plant shall make arrangements within six months from the date of notification of these rule to replace at least 5% of their fuel requiby RDF so produced.

· Non recyclable waste having calorific value of 1500 k/cal/kg or more shall not be disposed of on landfill and shall only be utilised for generating energy either or through refuse derived fuel or by giving away as feed stock for preparing refuse derived fuel.

· High calorific waste shall be used for co processing in cement or thermal power plants.

· Construction and demolition waste should be stored separate disposal off as per the construction and demolition waste management rules 2016.

· Horticulture waste and garden waste generated form his premises should be disposed as per the direction of local authority.

· In case of non availability of such land effort shall be made to set up regional sanitary landfill for the inert residual waste.

REFERANCES

www.techknowledgebooks.com

www.wekipedia.org/wastemanagement

www.academia.education

PREPARE REPORT ON RULES AND REGULATION OF STRUCTURAL AUDIT AND BUDGET ESTIMATION AS RECOMMONDED BY CONTENT AUTHORITY SUCH AS PWD

2021-04-03T10:05:00.001+05:30

Introduction

In India there are many old buildings which have reduced strength in due course of time. If further use of such deteriorated structure is continued it may endanger the lives of the occupants and surrounding habitation. Appropriate actions should then be implemented to improve the performance of structures and restore the desired function of structures. Thus, it is utmost important to perform structural audit of existing buildings and to implement maintenance/ repair work timely which will lead to prolonged life of the building and safety of the occupant. To act more responsible and preemptive towards the dilapidated buildings, the municipal corporation must issue notices to the buildings and co-operative societies which are more than 30 years old to carry out mandatory structural audit and submit the audit report. Structural audit should highlight and investigate all critical areas and recommend immediate remedial and preventive measures. It should cover the structural analysis of existing frame and find critical elements for all types of loadings. It also helps in delivering a strong building structure with cost effective solutions and appropriate maintenance program. This paper deals with study of different parameter of structural audit including visual inspection, non-destructive testing, core sampling and testing. It also emphasizes on different repairs and retrofitting measures to be used for buildings after structural audit.

Structural Audit :-

What is Structural Audit?

Structural Audit is an overall health and performance checkup of a building like a doctor examines a patient. It ensures that the building and its premises are safe and have no risk. It analyses and suggests appropriate repairs and retrofitting measures required for the buildings to perform better in its service life. Structural audit is done by an experienced and licensed structural consultant.

Purpose of Structural Audit

· To save human life and buildings

· To understand the condition of building

· To find critical areas to repair immediately

· To comply with statutory requirements

· To enhance life cycle of building by suggesting preventive and corrective measures like repairs and retrofitting Structural Audit of Buildings

Bye-Laws

As per clause No.77 of revised Bye-Laws of Cooperative Housing Societies: “The Society shall cause the ‘Structural Audit’ of the building as follows:

· For building aging between 15 to 30 years once in 5 years

· For building aging above 30 years Once in 3 years

Stages in Carrying Out Structural Audit

1 Study of architectural and structural drawings, design criteria, design calculations, structural stability certificate of existing structures

2 If architectural and structural drawings are not available, as built drawings can be prepared by an engineer

3 Visual Inspection

3.1 Need of visual inspection

· to recognize the types of structural defects

· to identify any signs of material deterioration

· to identify any signs of structural distress and deformation

· to identify any alteration and addition in the structure, misuse which may result in overloading

Scope of visual inspection

The inspection report should reveal the following listings along with photographs and sketches.

General information of the building

· Name and address of the building

· Number of stories in each block of building

· Description of main usage of building viz. Residential, commercial, institutional

· Maintenance history of the building

Structural System of the building

· Sub structure: Settlement of columns or foundations, Settlement of walls and floors, Deflection and cracks in Retaining wall, Soil bearing capacity through trial pits or from adjacent soil data

· Super structure: Materials used and framing system of structure, identification of the critical structural members like floating columns, transfer beams, slender members, rusting of exposed steel and its extent.

· Mention the status of all building elements like beams, slabs, columns, balconies, canopy, false ceiling, chajja, parapet and railings with respect to parameters deflection, cracks, leakages and spalling of concrete. A.B. Mahadik & M.H. Jaiswal

· Likewise, verify the status of water tank, staircase, lift and lift machine room.

Addition or Alterations in the building

· Identification of change of occupancy

· Alteration or addition of partition walls

· Alteration or addition in loadings- stacking

· Alteration or addition of toilets, water tank

· Alteration or addition of balcony

Dampness and leakages

· Detect the dampness in walls

· Identify the leakages in Terrace, toilets, plumbing lines, drainage lines and overhead tanks.

Non Destructive and Destructive Testing

In addition to visual inspection, the real strength and quality of a concrete structure need to be checked with non-destructive tests. A number of non-destructive tests (NDT) for concrete members are available to determine present strength and quality of concrete. Some of these tests are very useful in assessment of damage to RCC structures subjected to corrosion, chemical attack, fire and due to other reasons. These tests have been put under four categories depending on the purpose of test as under.

Concrete Strength

· Rebound Hammer Test: To measure surface hardness of concrete

· Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test: To assess homogeneity of concrete, to assess strength of concrete qualitatively, to determine structural integrity

· Core Sampling and Testing: To measure strength, permeability, density of concrete.

Chemical Attack

· Carbonation Test: To assess depth of carbonation and pH of concrete

· Chloride Test: To assess total water/acid soluble chloride contents

· Sulphate Test: To assess total water/water soluble sulphate contents of concrete

Corrosion Potential Assessment

· Cover Meter: To measure cover of reinforcement, diameter of reinforcement and spacing of reinforcement

· Half Cell Method: To assess probability of corrosion in the embedded steel

· Permeability Test: To assess permeability of concrete due to water and air Structural Audit of Buildings

Homogeneity and integrity Assessment

· Ultrasonic pulse velocity for determination of cracks and discontinuities

Core Testing

This is direct method of assessing strength of concrete. In this method cylindrical core samples are taken from existing structures. The cores are visually inspected and tested in laboratory to check its compressive strength.

Pushover Analysis

Generally Push over analysis is used to understand the existing capacity of structure for seismic and gravity loading which will show different occupancy levels like immediate occupancy, life safety and collapse prevention. The seismic evaluation of existing buildings compares their capacity against earthquake demand at specific site and concerns the potential earthquake-caused risk to building systems and elements that are closely related to human life safety.

Identification of critical areas in building

Based on the above inspection, analysis and test results, the report should conclude the critical areas that need immediate repairs and retrofitting. For example: number of columns requiring immediate repair and strengthening, repair of critical slab and beams, water proofing of terrace, toilet blocks, cracks in walls or structural elements etc.

Post Structural Audit

Repairs

Based on the audit findings and recommendations different measures of repairs and strengthening are carried out. According to ACI 546R-04, to repair is to replace or correct deteriorated, damaged, or faulty materials, components, or elements of a structural system. From this point of view, repair may be divided into structural repair and serviceability repair. The former refers to the restoration of lost sectional or monolithic properties of damaged members, while the later refers to the restoration of structural surfaces to a satisfactory operational standard.

Obviously, poor design, poor construction, poor maintenance, incorrect usage, new environmental influences or an intended increase of the loading or extension of the structure’s lifespan can make repair and/or strengthening necessary.

Excluding technical considerations, the ultimate choice of method of repair and strengthening of a concrete structure may also be influenced by factors like overall quality of repairs and the size of individual repairs, access for repair, relative cost, ease of application, available labor skills and equipment and client requirements including future maintenance and economic considerations

Strengthening and Retrofitting

Strengthening is the process of restoring the capacity of damaged components of structural concrete to its original design capacity, or increasing the strength of structural concrete. Strengthening of a concrete structure may be required due to several reasons:

· Change of usage which may cause over-stress in the structural member.

· Serious materials and structural deteriorations which cause structural members to be no longer able to carry the imposed loads with an adequate factor of safety

· To increase the capacity for seismic resistance if the building is not designed for it or the structure does not fulfill current design requirement corresponding to seismic zones, R factor or so.

Strengthening of structural members can be achieved by replacing poor quality or defective material with better quality material, by attaching additional load-bearing material, such as high quality concrete, additional steel, thin steel plates, various types of fiber reinforced polymer sheets, and so on, and by the redistribution of the load such as by adding a steel supporting system. The purpose of strengthening is to increase the load-carrying capacity or stability of a structure with respect to its previous condition.

Preparation of Budget

1. Circulation of format and orders by Director (Finance), CPWD to field formations,

2. Divisional heads fill the format online and submit to Circle office

3. Circle office scrutinize and take the approval of Chief Engineer and forwards the same to Director (Finance),

4. Director (Finance) finalizes the Budget in consultation with Financial Advisor, Mohua and submits to Mohua for inclusion in total demands of Mohua.

Addition of New Instruments of Services/ Works in the mid of Financial Year

1. Circulation of format and orders by Director (Finance), CPWD to field formations for demand of NS/ NIS/ New Works for inclusion in the PINK BOOK,

2. Concern Chief Engineer prepares the item and forwards the same to Director (Finance) with fund requirement plan,

3. Director (Finance) finalizes the item in consultation with Financial Advisor, Mohua and submits to MoHUA for inclusion of item in work annexure and fund demands of Mohua. This may require to get supplementary demands approved by the Parliament

Submission of PE/ RE for grant of A/A and E/S for Capital Works of GPRA/ GPOA Scheme funded through Mohua Grant

1. PE is prepared by Division and submitted to DDG (Works)/ ADG (TD), CPWD in prescribed format.

2. After technical scrutiny it is forwarded to Director (Finance), CPWD for Financial Scrutiny and observations on all technical matters which have financial implications or as per guidelines of the Ministry.

3. If estimate is below Rs. 5.0 Cr concurrence of Director (Fin) and approval of DG, CPWD is sufficient,

4. If estimate is above Rs. 5.0 cr and below Rs. 20.0 Cr concurrence of IFD, Mohua through Director (Fin) would be obtained and approval of DG, CPWD is sufficient,

5. If estimate is above Rs. 20.0 cr concurrence of IFD, Mohua through Director (Fin) would be necessary and approval of competent authority i.e. Secretary (HUA)/ Honourable Minister HUA/ EFC/ SFC/ DIB would be required.

Re-appropriation proposal in CPWD under Rules prescribed in DFPR

1. Demands of additional budget or NIS/ NS is submitted by Chief Engineer to Director (Finance), CPWD,

2. Director Finance will examine the demands, if it can be funded directly or need Re-appropriation.

3. Director Finance will examine the demand if it can be funded by re-appropriation within Ministry or it needs Mof approval or it needs to be converted into Supplementary Demands,

4. As per requirement Re-appropriation/ supplementary demands are prepared by Director (Finance) and submitted to DG, CPWD for approval and onward submission to Mohua.

5. Financial Advisor, Mohua finalizes the demands and with the approval of Secretary HUA it is submitted to Mof for inclusion in total demands of Mohua.

6. After approval of Re-appropriation or supplementary funds will be provided to the field formation by Director (Finance).

Conclusion

The structural diagnosis is vast, important and highly responsible job which is connected with lives of human beings. It is mandatory and advisable to carry out the periodical structural audit of the buildings by professional experts and act immediately through recommendations provided in audit report. The success of repairs and restoration is always based on thorough knowledge, correct diagnosis and in-depth studies of problems in building, proper repair practices and finally socio-economic considerations. The effective implementation of auditing enhances the life span of structure, prevents deterioration of building leading to sustainability.

References

[1] M. J. Monteiro and N. J. Pathak (2011), Article in International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, ISSN 0974-5904,

[2] Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp. 677-680.

[3] J. J. Shah (2008), Article in The Indian Concrete Journal, pp. 17-26.

[4] Indian Standard: 13311:1992 (Part 1) NDT methods of Test- Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity.

[5] Indian Standard: 13311:1992 (Part 2) NDT methods of Test- Rebound Hammer.

[6] ACI 546R-04 – Concrete repair guide.

[7] ACI 562-12 - Code Requirements for Evaluation, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings.

[8] Indian Standard: 456: 2000- Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice (Fourth Revision).

[9] Indian Standard: 516: 1959- Method of test for strength of concrete.

PREPARE THE CHART SHOWING DIFFERENT TYPE SAFETY RULE AND REGULATIONS IN SITE

2021-04-03T10:01:00.005+05:30

INTRODUCTION

Workplace safety is very important for each and every employee in the industry because all the workers desire to work in a safe and protected atmosphere. Health and safety is the key factor for all the industries in order to promote the wellness of both employees and employers. It is a duty and moral responsibility of the company to look after the employee’s protection.

Each and every person who leaves his home for his work in the morning should come back to his home in evening in good health. Have you ever imagined that your loved one will never be returning home? Or you get a call that he/she is in the hospital due to some incident occurred? These thoughts only get us goose bumps. This is the only reason that why it is important to create a safe working environment.

These days, workplace health and safety procedures are important for the well-being of both employees and employers because human loss is immeasurable and intolerable. As, such loss or injuries can employ major loss to the families.

All the industries do have safety risks but the management should devote their time to think and strategize the things that what safety precautions are required in their company to make sure that their workers are safe enough for all the time. Also, the management should confirm with all the workers related to their daily work and comfort. So, that the management can take the same step according to the desired aspects of workers. This helps them in improving the productivity and quality of the products and lot more.

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY RULES

ALL OF OUR SAFETY RULES MUST BE OBEYED. FAILURE TO DO SO WILL RESULT IN STRICT DISCIPLINARY ACTION BEING TAKEN.

1. Keep your mind on your work at all times. No horseplay on the job. Injury or termination or both can be the result.

2. Personal safety equipment must be worn as prescribed for each job, such as: safety glasses for eye protection, hard hats at all times within the confines of the construction area where there is a potential for falling materials or tools, gloves when handling materials, and safety shoes are necessary for protection against foot injuries.

3. Precautions are necessary to prevent sunburn and to protect against burns from hot materials.

4. If any part of your body should come in contact with an acid or caustic substance, rush to the nearest water available and flush the affected part. Secure medical aid immediately.

5. Watch where you are walking. Don't run.

6. The use of illegal drugs or alcohol or being under the influence of the same on the project shall be cause for termination. Inform your supervisor if taking strong prescription drugs that warn against driving or using machinery.

7. Do not distract the attention of fellow workers. Do no engage in any act which would endanger another employee.

8. Sanitation facilities have been or will be provided for your use. Defacing or damaging these facilities is forbidden.

9. A good job is a clean job, and a clean job is the start of a safe job. So keep your working area free from rubbish and debris.

10. Do not use a compressor to blow dust or dirt from your clothes, hair, or hands.

11. Never work aloft if you are afraid to do so, if you are subject to dizzy spells, or if you are apt to be nervous or sick.

12. Never move an injured person unless it is absolutely necessary. Further injury may result. Keep the injured as comfortable as possible and utilize job site first-aid equipment until an ambulance arrives.

13. Know where firefighting equipment is located and be trained on how to use it.

14. Lift correctly - with legs, not the back. If the load is too heavy GET HELP. Stay fit. Control your weight. Do stretching exercises. Approximately twenty percent of all construction related injuries result from lifting materials.

15. Nobody but operator shall be allowed to ride on equipment unless proper seating is provided.

16. Do not use power tools and equipment until you have been properly instructed in the safe work methods and become authorized to use them.

17. Be sure that all guards are in place. Do not remove, displace, damage, or destroy any safety device or safeguard furnished or provided for use on the job, nor interfere with the use thereof.

18. Do not enter an area which has been barricaded.

19. If you must work around power shovels, trucks, and dozers, make sure operators can always see you. Barricades are required for cranes.

20. Never oil, lubricate, or fuel equipment while it is running or in motion.

21. Before servicing, repairing, or adjusting any powered tool or piece of equipment, disconnect it, lock out the source of power, and tag it out.

22. Barricade danger areas. Guard rails or perimeter cables may be required.

23. Trenches over five feet deep must be shored or sloped as required. Keep out of trenches or cuts that have not been properly shored or sloped. Excavated or other material shall not be stored nearer than two feet from the edge of the excavation. Excavations less than 5 ft may also require cave in protection in some instances.

24. Use the "four and one" rule when using a ladder. One foot of base for every four feet of height.

25. Portable ladders in use shall be equipped with safety feet unless ladder is tied, blocked or otherwise secured. Step ladders shall not be used as a straight ladder.

26. Ladders must extend three feet above landing on roof for proper use.

27. Defective ladders must be properly tagged and removed from service.

28. Keep ladder bases free of debris, hoses, wires, materials, etc.

29. Build scaffolds according to manufacturers' recommendations and MIOSHA Construction Safety Standard Part 12 - Scaffolding.

30. Scaffold planks shall be properly lapped, cleated or otherwise secured to prevent shifting.

31. Use only extension cords of the three-prong type. Use ground fault circuit interrupters at all times and when using tools in wet atmosphere (e.g. outdoors) or with any temporary power supply. Check the electrical grounding system daily.

32. The use of harnesses with safety lines when working from unprotected high places is mandatory. Always keep your line as tight as possible.

33. Never throw anything "overboard." Someone passing below may be seriously injured.

34. Open fires are prohibited.

35. Know what emergency procedures have been established for your job site. (location of emergency phone, first aid kit, stretcher location, fire extinguisher locations, evacuation plan, etc.)

36. Never enter a manhole, well, shaft, tunnel or other confined space which could possibly have a non respirable atmosphere because of lack of oxygen, or presence of toxic or flammable gas, or has a possibility of engulfment by solids or liquids. Make certain a qualified person tests the confined area with an appropriate detector before entry, that the necessary safety equipment is worn. Standby person may be required to be stationed at the entrance.

CONCLUSION

1. Aware about the surroundings: There are many employees who doesn’t bother about their surrounding hazards. But, it is important to observe your co-employees working circumstances. Once you get to know about the particular hazards that occur at your workplace, then it will help you in reducing the risk and allow you to take the precautionary steps.

2. Reduce workplace stress: Most of the employees are not fit and healthy because of their busy schedule, which includes long working hours, work-pressure and conflicts occur with co-workers or with the boss of the organization. And, all these can lead to some illness or depression to the employees. Also, this not only affects their professional life but also creates the nuisance in their personal lives too. So, instead of waiting to get unfit, it is better that you start take care of your health, by taking regular breaks, sit in an appropriate posture with appropriate diet.

3. Use tools appropriately: Take appropriate precautions while using machinery or any other tool, instead of taking any shortcuts. Taking shortcuts is one of the biggest reason behind workplace loss. It’s a biggest safety risk to use scaffolding as a ladder or one tool instead of another for a particular job. So, it is always recommended to use the correct tools and reduce the opportunity of workplace injury.

4. Keep crisis exits which are easily accessible: In case there is an emergency, you will need quick access to the exits. It is also advised to keep clear usage of equipment shutoffs which might stop you from performing at emergency.

5. Update Your Supervisor about the unsafe conditions: It is important that you keep updating your supervisor about the hazards or risks occur at workplace. They should be legally obligated to ensure that their employees are working a safe environment or not. And, in case, if the employees are not working in safe conditions, then it is the responsibility of the supervisor to listen and understand their condition and create safe working environment for employees.

6. Use mechanical assistance: Whenever, you want to carry or lift up some heavy equipment’s then you should use a conveyor belt, crank or forklift. There are lot of risks involved, if you try to lift something which is heavier, it can affect your weighing capability and can lead to some muscle displacement. So, make sure that use the appropriate tools for not harming yourself.

7. Stay Alert: There are many employees who usually compromise or ignore the alerts of advance warning and due to this, a number of workplace injuries or fatalities occur.

REFERANCES

· www.google.com

REFER THE DIFFERENT WEBSITES RELATING TO E-TENDER AND PREPARE REPORT ON IT

2021-04-03T09:59:00.002+05:30

INTRODUCTION

Tender: The tender is defined as an offer in writing for execution of certain specified work or supply of specified material subject to certain term and conditions such as rates ,time limit etc.

E-Tendering:

An e-Tendering System (or Electronic Tendering System) facilitates the complete tendering process from the advertising of the requirement through to the placing of the contract. This includes the exchange of all relevant documents in electronic format.

E-tendering is simply where the procurement process is conducted online. So to complete an e-tender you create a user name and password, log on to the relevant portal for your buyer, and from there you can:

Find tender opportunity
Submit an expression of interest (EOI)
Complete and submit a PQQ (pre-qualification questionnaire)
Complete and submit an e tender
Download all relevant bid and tender documents
Ask and receive responses for questions pertaining to your PQQ and Tender
Track the progress of your PQQ and tender
Receive notifications of any changes to the specification of the PQQ or tender
Keep all you PQQ and Tenders in one place (for that buyer)
Upload any relevant documents.

MAIN BODY

v Benefits of e-tenders:

Ø E-tendering is useful because it guides you through a very structured process. Unlike conventional tendering, e-tendering takes you step by step through the tender and sometimes you even have to complete one part before you can progress to the next. Even if that is not the case, the e-tender system will be divided into discrete sections and usually, it will have very prescriptive questions so it will be easier to give the client the response they are looking for.

Ø With the layout and the questions clearly stated you do not have to worry about format or form and no one can benefit from any design or creative advantages.

Ø We believe that e-tendering goes some way to levelling the playing field, everyone is answering the same questions and often within a set word limit so it should be much easier for the evaluator to reach an objective decision with an e-tender than a conventional tender.

Ø An e-tender usually has some fool proofing to it. So you cannot submit an e-tender unless you have completed mandatory sections or at the very least it will warn you that you have not attached the documents. This means it is almost impossible to submit a non-compliant bid.

Ø Using an e-tendering portal (e-portal) also means that it is much easier to pick up where you left off, some e-tendering portals even have a percentage telling you much you have completed and how much of your bid is outstanding, which is handy for project management and keeping your tender on track.

v Disadvantages of e-tendering

Ø The downside of this type of tendering is that there can be a lot of questions. It can seem like a marathon and often the questions do not seem to link through to one another.

Ø This makes e-tendering difficult to do for long spells. The questions can be disjointed and badly worded and it breaks up the flow. Sometimes the e-tenders are very dense and confusing, difficult to navigate and even more difficult to access in the first place – especially the portals used to host the process.

Ø E-tendering can be quite prescriptive and as such it does not leave as much room for innovation. It can be done but it is much harder as generally you are not allowed design, individuality or many supporting documents.

Ø Whatever you do when you are completing a tender opportunity via an e-tendering system, save your work regularly and leave yourself plenty of time. The e-portals can become slow and unresponsive when a lot of bidders are accessing the site, typically this happens close to the submission deadline so try to log-on and submit your e-tender much earlier.

v Tenders documents may include:

· Notice Inviting Tender (NIT)

· Form B1.

· Form B2.

· Schedule B.

· General Technical Specifications.

· Drawings.

· Bill of Quantities (BoQ)

· Special Conditions related to the project.

Ø Detailed procedure of filling E- tender:

· Open Internet Explorer browser on your computer and type the website name http://it. maharashtra.etenders.com

· Type your User Id in the field in the Login section and click on Go button

· Below screen will be displayed prompting you to enter the password. Enter the Password and click on Login button

· Choose the criteria ‘Tender Search’ from the list for searching the tender you want to work on and click on Go button.

· Below screen will be displayed. Now, click on Search button.

· Below screen will be displayed. You can see the Tender No., NIT No., Short Description of Work, N.I.T. Date and Tender Status of the various tenders in the list. If your tender is not available in the list of the first page, try other pages at the bottom of the Screen. Click on the Tender No. for which you like to prepare the bid

· Below screen will be displayed showing the detail tender notice information related to the Respective Tender.(Part A)

· You can see also see the Name of the Work along with Key Dates of tasks to be Performed by Department Users (i.e. the stages appearing under IT Stage column) as Well as Contractors (i.e. the stages appearing under Contractor Stage column) along With the start date and time and end date and time for each task. (Part – C)

· Below screen will be displayed.

· Below screen with the message “Bid Submission Click On Proceed To Continue” Will be displayed. Click on Proceed button.

· Click on GO Button For EMD Payment

· Below screen will be displayed.

· Select EMD Mode in Drop Down List.

· Click on Make Payment Button

· Below screen will be displayed.

· Fill EMD Payment Details and then Click on Save Button.

· Click on Select Tick Mark for view EMD Payment Details.

· Below screen will be displayed.

· Click on Validate Payment Button for Check EMD Payment.

· Click on Done Button

· Now, click on ‘Go’ button to continue

· Now, the current envelope is ‘T1 (Technical Envelope)’ i.e. Envelope T1. You can see the forms to be filled up. Now, select the first form (e.g. ‘Check List for Bidders’) by clicking on Red Check mark under ‘Submit’ column

· The below screen will be displayed. Press ‘Decrypt’ button to decrypt the details

· The ‘Certificate Selection’ window will be displayed. Select the proper certificate and Press ‘OK’ button

· The details will be decrypted. You can verify the decrypted details but cannot change it in anyway.

· Now, click on ‘Encrypt’ button to encrypt the details of checklist for Bidders. Note: This encryption will be done by the Department User’s Public Key who had Uploaded this tender. The Public Key of the concerned official is attached to this tender While Releasing it.

· A message will be displayed ‘Submission of Form No.1 Successful.

· Now, select the third form from the link given (as seen in picture) i. e. Form No. 2 (‘Details for Bidder for Envelope T1’).

· The below screen will be displayed. Press ‘Decrypt’ button to decrypt the details

· The ‘Certificate Selection’ window will be displayed. Select the proper certificate and Press ‘OK’ button

· The details will be decrypted. You can verify the decrypted details but cannot change it in Anyway.

· Now, click on ‘Encrypt’ button to encrypt the details of checklist for Bidders Note: This encryption will be done by the Department User’s Public Key who had Uploaded this tender. The Public Key of the concerned official is attached to this tender while releasing it.

· Click on Submit Button

· A message will be displayed ‘Submission of Form No.2 Successful.

· Now, select the third form from the link given (as seen in picture) i. e. Form No. 3 (‘Documents Attach for Bidder’s eligibility and Qualification for Envelope T1’).

· Form no. 3 will be displayed. You have to upload here some documents like Scan copy of EMD, License of products etc Note: The documents should be the same documents for which the hashes were Generated during the bid preparation stage (without any changes or even opening the File)

· Now, click on ‘Select Doc’ button to add the document.

· Below screen will be displayed. Now, click on ‘Red’ check mark to select the same document that you had selected during hash generation. The Sent Document Hash is displayed in the ‘Sent Document Hash’ field.

· Below Screen will be displayed. The hash of the selected document will be generated and will be displayed in the ‘Selected Document Hash’ field

· You will see a message ‘Selected Document Hash MATCHED with sent document Hash for ………………’. Click on ‘OK’ button. Note: Please upload same document for which you have generated and sent the hash at the time of hash generation and upload only when hash MATCHED. Do not upload any document whose hash does NOT MATCH. Also, do not upload documents for which you have not generated hash

· Now, click on ‘Save Doc’ button to save the document.

· A message will be displayed ‘File Uploaded successfull’

· After uploading all the documents, now, click on ‘Submit’ button to submit the form with all the documents. A message will be displayed ‘Submission Of Form No: 3 Successful’.

· Now, select the Fourth form from the link given (as seen in picture) i. e. Form No. 4 (‘Turn Over of the Company for Envelope T1’).

· The below screen will be displayed. Press ‘Decrypt’ button to decrypt the details

· The ‘Certificate Selection’ window will be displayed. Select the proper certificate and press ‘OK’ button.

· The details will be decrypted. You can verify the decrypted details but cannot change it in anyway

· Now, click on ‘Encrypt’ button to encrypt the Turn over the company. Note: This encryption will be done by the Department User’s Public Key who had Uploaded this tender. The Public Key of the concerned official is attached to this tender while releasing it.

· Click on Submit Button

· A message will be displayed ‘Submission of Form No.4 Successful.

· Below screen will be displayed All Forms status change to Submitted

· Select Next Envelope Commercial Envelope There is no Forms

· Now, select the next action ‘Submit Work data’ from the ‘Actions’ drop down box. Press ‘Go’ button.

· The below screen will be displayed. The status message of the material in the column ‘Is Submitted’ is displayed as ‘Not Submitted’. Click the Red check mark under ‘Select’ column.

· The below screen will be displayed. Press ‘Decrypt’ button to decrypt the details

· The ‘Certificate Selection’ window will be displayed. Select the proper certificate and press ‘OK’ button.

· The details will be decrypted and displayed in ‘Base Rate’ field. This is your offer for the tender.

· Now, press ‘Encrypt’ button. The details will be encrypted. Press ‘Submit’ button to submit the details. 1. A message will be displayed ‘item Details Submitted successfully!’

· Now, select the next action ‘Submit Item BOQ’ from the ‘Actions’ drop down box. Press ‘Go’ button.

· There Is Not Applicable BOQ Data For this Tender

· Now, select the next action ‘Upload Additional Documents’ from the ‘Actions’ drop down box. Press ‘Go’ button.

· Click on Add Doc Button to Upload Additional Documents

· Click on Browse button.

· Select your Document.

· Click on Upload Button.

· Message Displayed Document has been Uploaded

· Now, Select the next action ‘Submit Work Forms’ from the ‘Actions’ drop down box. And Press ‘Go’ button.

· You will come to the below screen. The current envelope is T1 (Technical Envelope). Click on Red check mark under ‘Select’ column.

· The below screen will be displayed. The status message of the work in the column ‘Is Submitted’ is displayed as ‘Not Submitted’. Click the Red check mark under ‘Select’ column.

· The below screen will be displayed. Press ‘Decrypt’ button to decrypt the details

· The ‘Certificate Selection’ window will be displayed. Select the proper certificate and press ‘OK’ button.

· The details will be decrypted. You can verify the decrypted details but cannot change it in Anyway.

· Now, click on ‘Encrypt’ button to encrypt the details of Technical Specification Form. Note: This encryption will be done by the Department User’s Public Key who had uploaded this tender. The Public Key of the concerned official is attached to this tender While releasing it. .

· Below Screen will be displayed with the message Submission of Form No. 2 Successful

· Select the next envelope code ‘C1’ i.e. ‘Price Bid Envelope’ or Envelope B details.

· The below screen will be displayed. The status message of the work in the column ‘Is Submitted’ is displayed as ‘Not Submitted’. Click the Red check mark under ‘Select’ column.

· The below screen will be displayed. Press ‘Decrypt’ button to decrypt the details

· The ‘Certificate Selection’ window will be displayed. Select the proper certificate and press ‘OK’ button.

· The details will be decrypted. You can verify the decrypted details but cannot change it in anyway.

· Now, click on ‘Encrypt’ button to encrypt the details of Commercial Bid. Note: This encryption will be done by the Department User’s Public Key who had uploaded this tender. The Public Key of the concerned official is attached to this tender while releasing it.

· Click on submit button

· Below Screen will be displayed with the message Submission of Form No. 1 Successful

· Now click on “Done” button to finish the stage. . Below screen will be displayed with the status of the stage “Submit Bids Online” as Completed. Now click on Logout button.

CONCLUSION

E-Tendering system has a better approach compared to the manual process of tender. The document flow speed was increased by 58.5% which suggests a more efficient process.

REFERANCES

· Tender Document

· Contract and accounts book

COLLECT THE INFORMATION ABOUT ADVANCED LEVELLING INSTRUMENTS AT CONSTRUCTION

2021-04-03T09:56:00.000+05:30

INTRODUCTION

Advanced instruments plays very vital role in investigating their basic technical parameters to improve the engineering, surveying measurements Total station is a combination of an electronic theodolite and electronic distance meter makes it possible to determine the coordinates of a reflector by aligning the instrument cross hair on the reflector and simultaneously measuring the vertical and horizontal angles and slope distance a micro processor in the instrument takes care of recording reading, and the necessary computations. The data is easily transferred to a computer where it can be used to generate a map. The GPS concept is based on time. The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are synchronized to each other and ground clocks. GPS satellites continuously transmit their current time and position. GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. GIS is more than a tool for map preparation or for generating presentation graphics that allows a user to bring together spatial data and databases containing attribute and other types of data (e.g., images or graphs). This provides users the opportunity to realize greater benefits from their data because most data include a significant geographic component. Aerial survey is recognized for aero photogrammetry, part of photogrammetry using aero planes, helicopters, UAVs, balloons or other aerial methods, where the camera is placed in the air. Drones are very popular in travelling sectors as mass media networks patronize its functionality and efficiency when capturing videos and images. Measurements on aerial images are provided by photogrammetric technologies and methods. In the present study, Surveying of total Shraddha Park college, Nagpur campus was done to check the accuracy of these advanced instruments and to determine most accurate positioning of college campus as well as developing the map using the surveying coordinates in Auto Cad Software. The decisions based on essential characteristics of engineering that are accuracy in measurement, actual positioning, and economy.

DEFINITION OF SURVEYING

In general, surveying is performed to determine the relative location or positioning of points on or near the earth's surface. More specifically, surveying is the science of making measurements, relative to known or assumed datum’s and standards, and applying the principles of mathematics to such measurements to determine existing or future horizontal and vertical position, from area, magnitude, boundaries, and extent of land parcels and topographical features.

Surveying encompasses the following categories:

1. Geodetic Surveys - Surveys, which establish control networks on a mathematical datum so that measurements will reflect the curved (ellipsoidal) shape of the earth.

2. Land Surveys - Surveys which include retracement of existing land ownership boundaries or the creation of new boundaries.

3. Engineering Surveys - Surveys performed for the location, design, construction, maintenance and operation of engineering projects.

4. Construction Surveys - Surveys which establish stakes in the ground, and other like reference points, at known horizontal and vertical positions to define location and size of each component of the facility to be constructed, enable inspection of contract items, and serve as a basis of payment for work.

5. Cartographic Surveys - Map making from original surveys.

IMPORTANCE OF SURVEYING

1. The Basic Engineering Discipline - Surveying is basic to all civil engineering works. In transportation engineering, surveying provides the foundation and continuity for route location, design, land acquisition, and all other preliminary engineering. Surveys also set a basic "framework" of stakes, which is used by contractors and engineers in building and inspecting transportation projects.

2. The Thread of Continuity - Surveying is the single engineering function which links all the phases of a project including conception, planning design, land acquisition, construction and final monumentation.

3. Basis for Efficiency - To a great degree, the acceptability and cost-effectiveness of planning, land acquisition, design, and construction are dependent upon properly performed surveys.

1] STUDY OF THEODOLITE

· Objective: To study different parts of Theodolite and temporary adjustments.

· Equipment: Theodolite.

SKETCH:

Figure 1: Transit theodolite (optical theodolite)

VERTICAL AXIS: It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a horizontal plane.

HORIZONTAL AXIS: It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a vertical plane.

LINE OF COLLINATION: It is the imaginary line joining the intersection of the cross hairs of the diaphragm to the optical center of the object glass and its continuation.

AXIS OF THE TELESCOPE: It is the line joining the optical center of the object glass to the center of the eye-piece.

AXIS OF THE LEVEL TUBE: It is the straight line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the level tube at the center of the tube.

CENTERING: The process of setting the theodolite exactly over the station mark.

· Equipment Description:

TELESCOPE: It consists of eye-piece, object glass and focusing screw and it is used to sight the object.

VERTICAL CIRCLE: It is used to measure vertical angles.

LEVELLING HEAD: It consists of two parallel triangular plates called tribrach plates. Its uses are:

1) To support the main part of the instrument,

2) To attach the theodolite to the tripod.

LOWER PLATE: It consists of lower clamp screw and tangent screw.

UPPER PLATE: The upper plate is attached to the inner axis and it carries two verniers. It consists of an upper clamp screw and tangent screws. These screws are used to fix upper plate with lower plate accurately.

FOOT SCREWS: These are used to level the instrument.

PLUMB BOB: It is used to center theodolite exactly over the ground station mark.

SWINGING THE TELESCOPE: It means turning the telescope about its vertical axis in the horizontal plane. A swing is called right or left according as the telescope is rotated clockwise or counter clockwise.

FACE LEFT: If face of the vertical circle is to the left side of the observer, then the observation of the angles taken is known as face left observation.

FACE RIGHT: If the face of the vertical circle is to the right side of the observation, then the observation of the angles taken is known as face right observation.

CHANGING FACE: It is an operation of bringing the face of the telescope from left to right and vice-versa.

2] STUDY OF TOTAL STATION

· Objective: study of total station

· Equipments: Total station (Leica TS02 Total Station)

SKETCH:

· Instrument Setup Procedure (Leica TS02 Total Station):

TRIPOD:

1. Set up the tripod at the appropriate height.

2. Visually check that the tripod is level and centered over the ground point.

3. Press the tripod legs into the ground to guarantee a firm foothold.

4. Attach the instrument to the tripod and “center” the foot screws.

PLUMB:

5. Turn on the instrument. The laser plummet will be activated automatically, and the Level/Plummet screen appears. If this screen does not appear, press user key 1.

6. IF NECESSARY Move the position of the tripod legs to make large adjustments to center the plummet over the ground point.

7. Use the foot screws to make small adjustments to center the plummet over the ground point.

ROUGH LEVELING:

8. Adjust the height of the tripod legs to level the circular level bubble. Note: Do not move the legs from their position just lengthen or shorten them, one at a time, as necessary to bring the bubble into center.

FINE PLUMB & LEVEL:

9. At this time your instrument should be very close to level and very close to the ground point, check the plummet & circular level bubble to verify this. If this is not the case you must repeat the Plumb & Rough Leveling steps above, otherwise, continue on to the next step.

10. Turn the instrument until it is parallel to two footscrews.

11. Center the electronic level of the first axis by turning the two footscrews. Arrows show the direction of rotation required. When the electronic level is centered the arrows are replaced by checkmarks.

12. Center the electronic level for the second axis by turning the last footscrew. An arrow shows the direction of rotation required. When the electronic level is centered the arrow is replaced by a checkmark.

13. When the electronic level is centered and three checkmarks are shown, the instrument has been perfectly leveled up.

14. IF REQUIRED, Center the instrument precisely over the ground point. Loosen the instrument from the tripod (loosen only) and slide the instrument over the point while sighting.

3] SURVEY OF AN AREA BY CHAIN SURVEY (CLOSED TRAVERSE)

· Objective:

To survey an open field by chain survey in order to calculate the area of the open field.

· Equipments:

Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods, Arrows, Cross Staff.

SKETCH:

· Procedure for surveying the given open field (Closed Traverse):

Note: This procedure is general procedure only. This procedure varies with the experiment given to students. Therefore students are required to write the procedure according to the experiment given to them.

Example:

1. ABCDEF is the required closed traverse open field to be surveyed for calculating the area as shown in Fig

2. From the station A the length of all the opposite corners such as AC, AD and AE are measured with a chain and the longest distance is considered for laying off the main chain line. In this case AD is the longest and a chain line running from A to D is laid.

3. Offsets to corner points B, C, E and F are now laid from the chain line AD either by tape or cross-staff and their foot of offsets are G, I, J, H respectively.

4. All the offset lengths GB, HF, IC and JE are measured either by chain or tape depending on the length of offsets.

5. The distances between all the points AG, GH, HI, IJ and JD are also measured along the chain line.

6. Area Calculations: (Note: Areas of all triangles and trapeziums are calculated and added together to calculate the total area of open field (Closed Traverse) as described in class).

FORMULA:

Area of the triangle Δ = √ s (s-a) (s-b) (s-c)

Where S = (a + b+ c) / 2

a, b, c, are the sides of the triangle.

4] CHAINING ACROSS OBSTACLES

· Objective:

To survey an area by chain survey across obstacles and to calculate the obstructed lengths by using different methods.

· Equipments: Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods, Arrows, Cross Staff.

SKETCH:

· Obstacles to Chaining:

During measurements, it is impossible to set out all the chain lines in a straightforward method because of a variety of obstacles to chaining and ranging in the field.

1) Obstacles to measurement: The obstacles which do not obstruct the ranging (view) like ponds, rivers are known as Obstacles to Measurement.

2) Obstacles to alignment: The obstacles which we cannot see across, i.e. both the chaining and ranging are obstructed, e.g. houses, stacks, etc. are known as Obstacles to Alignment.

· Procedures to find out Obstructed Length:

1) Obstacles to measurement:

A) First Method:

Let ABCD be a chain line obstructed by a pond (Fig 1). Let BC be the obstructed length. Two offsets BE and CF of equal lengths are made at B and C and chaining is done along EF to measure the distance EF.

Now the required obstructed length BC is equal to the measured distance EF.

Therefore, BC = EF

B) Second Method:

Let AB be the obstructed length across the river AC is laid off, of any convenient length, perpendicular to the required distance AB.

Now a perpendicular is laid off from C such that it meets the extended line of AB at D.

Triangles ABC and ADC are similar triangles.

From the principle of similar triangles,

AB / AC = AC / AD

Therefore, obstructed length AB = AC2 / AD

C) Third Method:

Let AB be a chain line obstructed by a river (Fig 3). A point I is assumed anywhere in line with the required distance AB. A point H is taken in such a way that HJ = HI and HK = HB.

Now a point L is established in line AH and at the same time in the line JK produced.

Triangles KHL and ABH are similar triangles and their corresponding sides are equal to each other as the points K, B and I, J are equidistant either side from H.

Therefore, the obstructed length AB = KL

5] STUDY OF LEVEL AND LEVELLING STAFF

· Objective:

Study of components of dumpy level and leveling staff.

· Equipments:

Level, Leveling staff, Tripod, Staff bubble.

1. Levels A level is basically a telescope attached to an accurate leveling device, set upon a tripod so that it can rotate horizontally through 360°. The following figure shows the level and its components.

Figure 1: Level

2. Tripod The tripod consists of three legs and a head where the level instrument is mounted. The tripod could be of aluminum or wood material. When leveling the level instrument, the tripod head must be set approximately level beforehand by adjusting the tripod legs.

3. Leveling staff The leveling staff is a box section of aluminum or wood, which will extend to 3 or 5 m in height by telescoping, hinging or addition of sections. One face has a graduated scale attached for reading with the cross-hairs of the level telescope.

4. Staff bubbles These are generally a small circular bubble on an angle plate which is held against one corner of the staff to ensure that the staff is held in a vertical position. If the staff is not held vertical, the reading will be too large and may be significantly in error.

SETTING UP OF THE DUMPY LEVEL:

1. Release the clamp screw of the instrument

2. Hold the instrument in the right hand and fix it on the tripod by turning round only the lower part with the left hand.

3. Screw the instrument firmly and bring all the foot screws to the center of its run.

4. Spread the tripod legs well apart and fix any two legs firmly into the ground by pressing them with the hand.

5. Move the third leg to up or down until the main bubble is approximately in the center.

6. Then move the third leg in or out until the bubbles of the cross-level is approximately in the center.

7. Fix the third leg firmly when the bubbles are approximately in the centers of their run.

LEVELLING UP:

1. Place the telescope parallel to a pair of foot screws.

2. Bring the bubble to the center of its run by turning the foot screws equally either both inwards and both outwards.

3. Turn the telescope through 90º, so that it lies over the third foot screw.

4. Turn this third foot screw so that the bubble comes to the center of its run.

5. Turn the telescope through and check whether the bubble remains central.

ELIMINATION OF PARALLAX:

1. Remove the lid from the object glass.

2. Hold a sheet of white paper in front of the object glass.

3. Move the eyepiece right or left until the cross hairs are distinctly visible.

4. Direct the telescope towards the staff.

5. Turn the focusing screw until a clear and sharp image is formed in the plane of the cross hairs.

Conclusion

we know how to determine the final bearing by using suitable method. Then, we have a knowledge of all the equipment required to carry out. And then, we know the advantages of bearing and their use in various survey works.

After done the practical, we understand how to understand and describe closed traverse survey. Example of tool station, tripod, prism, prismatic

We are to be familiar with the checks and errors in a closed travers and solve them. We are also to be familiar with various types and methods of traverse surveying for detailing and we are know well about the traverse computation and be fluent in it. We also be able to read After that, we also be able carry out and reduce a closed traverse. And then,

we get the basic principles of traversing and experiences of the field works procedure, so that we are able to establish the control points by surveying approach with minimize errors and practicable. Furthermore, we obtained develop skill in using total station thus could be explored more function that assist on the instrument. Finally, we get to know or understand collimation error and how it can be corrected

REFERANCES

WWW.Surveyingmanual.com

Civil Engineering Tips – Points to Remember for Civil Site Engineer

2020-05-25T18:49:00.001+05:30

Civil Engineering Tips – Points to Remember for Civil Site Engineer

Civil engineer does many activities at construction site and there are certain works which are repetitive in nature. So, some points, tips and tricks which a civil engineer should remember for faster calculations as well as quick solutions to construction site problems.
Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm.
Chair spacing maximum spacing is 1.00 m (or) 1 No per 1m2.
For dowels rod minimum of 12 mm diameter should be used.
Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.
Longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross C/S.
Minimum bars for square column is 4 No’s and 6 No’s for circular column.
Main bars in the slabs shall not be less than 8 mm (HYSD) or 10 mm (Plain bars) and the distributors not less than 8 mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.
Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm.
Dimension tolerance for cubes + 2 mm.
Free fall of concrete is allowed maximum to 1.50m.
Lap slices not be used for bar larger than 36 mm.
Water absorption of bricks should not be more than 15 %.
PH value of the water should not be less than 6.
Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N / mm2.
In steel reinforcement binding wire required is 8 kg per MT.
In soil filling as per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for core cutting test for every 100m2.
Density of Materials
Material Density
Bricks 1600 – 1920 kg/m3
Concrete block 1920 kg/ m3
Reinforced concrete 2310 – 2700 kg/ m3
Curing time of RCC Members for different types of cement
Super Sulphate cement: 7 days
Ordinary Portland cement OPC: 10 days
Minerals & Admixture added cement: 14 days
De-Shuttering time of different RCC Members
RCC Member De-shuttering time
For columns, walls, vertical form works 16-24 hrs.
Soffit formwork to slabs 3 days (props to be refixed after removal)
Soffit to beams props 7 days (props to refixed after removal)
Beams spanning upto 4.5m 7 days
Beams spanning over 4.5m 14 days
Arches spanning up to 6m 14 days
Arches spanning over 6m 21 days
Cube samples required for different quantity of concrete
Quantity of Concrete No. of cubes required
1 – 5 m3 1 No’s
6 0 15 m3 2 No’s
16 – 30 m3 3 No’s
31 – 50 m3 4 No’s
Above 50 m3 4 + 1 No’s of addition of each 50 m3

Buy Autocad and Rivet plans

2020-05-20T17:22:00.001+05:30

Create AutoCad and Rivet plans

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*Due to the nature of rendering projects. Price might be modified according to project's requirements and deliverables.

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ENGINEERING COLLAGE LIST IN INDIA

2020-05-19T08:12:00.002+05:30

ENGINEERING COLLAGE LIST IN INDIA

Selecting the 'right' engineering college is a big decision, both for you and your family. It is these four years that will help decide what you will do in life. It is best to make this decision when you are in senior school, and not at the last moment. There is no 'right' college as such, but there may be colleges that are 'right' for you. Below are some guidelines you can follow to help streamline colleges and choose the right engineering institute

ENGINEERING COLLAGE LIST IN INDIA

Collect the information of various type of connection used in actual practice

2020-05-06T11:03:00.001+05:30

Collect the information of various type of connection used in actual practice

INTRODUCTION

Solid wastes are being produced since the beginning of civilization. Over the years, there has been a continuous migration of people from rural and semi-urban areas to towns and cities. The proportion of population residing in urban areas has increased from 10.84℅ in 1901 to 25.70℅ in 1991. The uncontrolled growth urban areas has left many Indian cities deficient in infrastructural services such as water supply, sewerage and municipal solid waste management. Solid Waste Management is a part of public health and sanitation. Solid Waste Management is one of the most neglected aspects of India’s environment. The management activity being of a local nature, the Urban Local Body undertakes the task of solid waste service delivery, with its ownstaff, equipment and funds. Satisfactory performance of any public utility depends on institutional infrastructure with required manpower and equipment, adequate financial inputs, legislative powers and public response.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid Waste Management systems adopted in Indian cities are highly inefficient, outdated and lacking public participation. Overall public apathy is observed in the matter of handling and disposal of Municipal waste. A system of throwing garbage on the streets by citizens and local bodies collecting the waste from the streets and disposing it of in the most unhygienic manner is in vogue. These systems can be corrected by taking concerted measures involving the public at large through their active participation in the process, and by the process, and by the local bodies performing their duties effectively. According to the Indian constitution, public health and sanitation falls within the preview of the State laws. Collection and disposal of Solid Waste is of local nature and is entrusted to local civic authorities. The Municipal laws lay down detailed list of obligatory and discretionary duties. Public health and sanitation is listed among obligatory duties and hence the civic authorities are required to make adequate provision.

Local laws also need to provide for punishment on the spot to those who do not adhere to the directions given for maintaining appropriate. Solid Waste Management systems in the urban areas, giving adequate power to the local authorities to punish the offenders. Most of the Municipal byelaws deal with administrative aspects and the processing and disposal aspects are seldom dealt with. Local civic authorities in Indian States like U.P, Punjab, Bihar, Tamil-nadu, West Bengal, are governed by old Statutes passed in 1920,1922 & 1932 respectively which deal with collection and carting away of the waste. Developments taking place in other areas as well as urban complexes do not get reflected in the laws to satisfy modern urban living conditions. Similar situation exists in many other developing countries.

GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE LAW

The law should specify and define the terms used. The law should also specify the categories of wastes which should be collected and carted away by civic authorities and those for which the producer should be responsible. The manner in necessary for it should be clearly specified. Detailed provisions should made regarding the industries and the types of wastes which can be accepted by civic authorities and the manner of its collection and processing laid down. The laws should also lay down charges to be levied and recovered from individual households, industries market places, etc. The penalties to be imposed in case of violations of the regulations and the method of recovery of such dues should also be laid down.

ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid Waste Management is a part of public health and sanitation and according to the Indian construction falls within the purview of the state list. Since this activity is nonexclusive, unrivalled & essential the responsibility for providing the services lies within public domain. The activity being of local nature is entrusted to the municipal government. Public attention to solid waste and recycling has increased dramatically over the past decade.

To carry out this essential activity an annual provision for the recurring and capital expenditure is made in the municipal budget. The municipal budget is based on the total income from Central and State Government. The provision of funds for solid waste management is commonly observed to be made on adhoc basis and is not related to the requirement. Solid Waste Management receives a comparatively inadequate share out of the total municipal budget as the municipal agencies assign low priority to this work resulting in poor services.

The solid Waste Management activities would be governed by the norms of Public Finance – namely the Principles of Maximum Social Advantage. In principle the burden of tax for financing Solid Waste Management should fall the least on the lower income groups and progressively on the middle and higher income classes. It does not required a justification in terms of “positive returns on investment” or “minimum profits”. An investment however needs to be justified on the grounds of being “the least cost technologically feasible option” for achieving the required degree of efficiency.

Economists have developed models to help policy makers choose the efficient mix of policy levels to regulate Solid Waste & recycling. Economists have also employed different kinds of data to estimate the factors that contribute to the generation of Solid Waste, recycling and to estimate the effectiveness of many of the policy options employed. Economists have also estimated the relationship between education and household garbage totals. Educated households could be more aware of recycling opportunities. It was found that increase in the size of ousehold decreases the per-capita quantity of garbage disposed.

Having understood the enormous potential of economic value associated with recycling and reuse of Solid Waste, the question arises as to why so much of Solid Waste are generated and land-filled. From the stand point of environmental economics, like other environmental resources, waste treatment is frequently subject to market failures, and hence making corrective economic.

Instruments necessary for the mentioned reasons. First, the consumption waste treatment at appropriate levels creates positive benefits to other people. Second, waste treatment is to a large extent a public good because of non-exclusivity in consumption. Finally, the high infrastructure requirements imply that the fixed cost are high, which discourages participation by many suppliers. As Solid Waste become a more important issue to policy makers, intellectual attention from economist increased. Many economic papers are devoted to Solid Waste Management. But the other option is devoted to prescribing the efficient policy approach. Most models support the use of some form of a “deposit-refund” system. The deposit or advanced disposal fee could be applied at either the point of production or at purchase level. The refund or subsidy to recycling could be given to households that recycle or to firms that purchase recycled materials. Other economic models support a tax on virgin material or a direct tax on the households disposal choices. Advanced disposal fees exits only for some products in some countries. Deposit-refund systems have been implemented only for beverage containers. Many jurisdictions already have implicit deposit refund systems on all goods, to the extent that they impose a general sales tax on all purchase and use some of the money to pay for free curb side-recycling collection .The economic analysis of solid waste management points out that there will be overproduction of waste in a market system if external costs from the waste is not reflected in the prices of the products initially produced and consumed in the market. The market fails to allocate resources efficiently because prices fail to reflect full social cost. That is, the proper costs of landfill, incineration and composting are not reflected in end-product prices in the market place. This results in a further bias against most reuse and recycling activities.

Several different types of economic instruments specifically designed in order to correct market failures in the management of Solid Waste. All of these instruments can be grouped into three main categories: revenue raising, revenue providing and non-revenue instruments. These instruments are summarized below.

PRESENT FINANCIAL PROVISION

Municipal agencies have to manage various civic services. The number of activities managed by these agencies increase with the size of city. It is observed that smaller towns where the main activity is Solid Waste Management spend up to 70℅ of their budget on solid waste management. Metropolitan cities on other hand, due to wider resources base and responsibility of provision of larger number of services spend only around 10℅ of their budget on Solid Waste Management. A majority of urban centers however spend 5-40℅ of their budget on the same This is approximately Rs.50-250 per capita per year. A large proportion of this expenditure is incurred on salaries and only a limited amount is spent on Operation & Maintenance (O&M) and development works. Presently a large proportion of the total expenditure is incurred on collection, a bit lesser on transportation & a meager amount on disposal. In Municipal Corporation of Delhi 70-85 ℅ of the total expenditure on solid waste management is spent on collection,26.45℅ on transportation and only 2.7℅ on disposal. When the system is properly designed, the proportion will be 75℅ of the total expenditure on collection, 21.4℅ on transfer & transportation and 7.6℅ on disposal. In absolute terms the present cost/per tone in Delhi are Rs. 642/tone for collection, RS,240/tone for transportation and Rs.24.5/tone for disposal. The figures for another metropolitan city i.e Greater Bombay, in 1992-93 are Rs. 632/tone,Rs.211/tone and Rs.73.2/tone for collection, transportation and disposal respectively.

MANAGERIAL ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:

It is observed that in the flow of materials in our society, we do not consume materials, we merely use them and ultimately return them often in an altered state to the environment. The production of useful goods for eventual use by those people called consumers requires an input of materials. These materials originate from one of three sources: raw materials, Scrap materials and materials recovered after the product has been used. The resulting processed goods are sold to the users of the products, who, in turn, have three options after use: to dispose of this material, to collect the material for energy production or recycle it back in to the industrial sector or to reuse the material for the same or a different purpose without remanufacture. A high rate of raw material extraction can eventually lead to a problem in the depletion of natural resources.

The Solid Waste Managerial principles for achieving reduced material use and waste generation are known as the four’s:

Reduction:

Waste reduction can be achieved in three basic ways: (1) reducing the amount of material used per product without sacrificing the utility of that product,(2) increasing the lifetime of a product, and/or (3) eliminating the need for the product.

Reuse:

Reuse is an integral part of society. Many of our products are reused without much thought given to ethical considerations. For example, paper bags obtained in the supermarket are often used to pack refuse for transport from the house to the trash can or to haul recyclables to the curb for pickup.

Recycling:

The process of recycling requires that the owner of the waste material first separate out the useful fraction so that it can be collected separately from the rest of the solid waste. Many of the components of Municipal solid waste can be recycled for manufacturing and subsequent use, the most important being paper, steel, aluminum, plastic, glass, and yard waste. Taking into accounts transportation and processing charges, it still appears that the economics for curbside recycling and materials recovery facilities in metropolitan areas are quite favorable.

Recovery:

Recovery is defined as the process in which the refuse is collected without prior separation, and the desired materials are separated at a central facility. The recovery of materials, although it seems attractive, is still a marginal option. The most difficult problem faced by engineers designing such facilities is the availability of firm markets for recovered product. Occasionally, the markets are quite volatile, and secondary material prices can fluctuate widely.

REPORT ON RULES AND REGULATION OF STRUCTURAL AUDIT AND BUDGET ESTIMATION AS RECOMMONDED BY CONTENT AUTHORITY SUCH AS PWD

2020-05-06T10:58:00.001+05:30

REPORT ON RULES AND REGULATION OF STRUCTURAL AUDIT AND BUDGET ESTIMATION AS RECOMMONDED BY CONTENT AUTHORITY SUCH AS PWD

Introduction

Structural Audit :-