<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6221053617627324191</id><updated>2024-10-25T02:01:24.228-07:00</updated><category term="Scratch"/><title type='text'>Clase de Proyecto Integrado y Tecnogen</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6221053617627324191/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04944005390265210599</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>4</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6221053617627324191.post-3521481643161367621</id><published>2011-06-18T04:45:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-18T04:48:28.524-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Scratch (programming language)</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; font-family: sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;h1 id=&quot;firstHeading&quot; class=&quot;firstHeading&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Scratch (programming language)&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Scratch&lt;/b&gt; is an &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_programming_language&quot; title=&quot;Educational programming language&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;educational programming language&lt;/a&gt; that allows people of any experience, background and age to experiment with the concepts of fully versatile computer programming by snapping together visual programming blocks to control images, music and sound.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-0&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-1&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; It is developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten group at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab&quot; title=&quot;MIT Media Lab&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;MIT Media Lab&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-2&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-2&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; by a team led by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchel_Resnick&quot; title=&quot;Mitchel Resnick&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Mitchel Resnick&lt;/a&gt; and first appeared in the summer of 2007.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-3&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-3&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;4&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Scratch can be installed and freely redistributed on any &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows&quot; title=&quot;Microsoft Windows&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Windows&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X&quot; title=&quot;Mac OS X&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Mac OS X&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux&quot; title=&quot;Linux&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Linux&lt;/a&gt; computer. The source code is made available under a license that allows modifications for non-commercial uses.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-4&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-4&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;5&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;The name Scratch is derived from the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism&quot; title=&quot;Turntablism&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;turntablist&lt;/a&gt; technique of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratching&quot; title=&quot;Scratching&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;scratching&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-5&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-5&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and refers to both the language and its implementation. The similarity to musical &quot;scratching” is the easy reusability of pieces: in Scratch all the objects, graphics, sounds, and scripts can be easily imported to a new program and combined in new ways allowing beginners to get quick results and be motivated to try further.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px; &quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px; &quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Languages and environments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; &quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Scratch is used worldwide in many different settings: schools, museums,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-6&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-6&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;7&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; community centers, and homes. It is intended especially for 6- to 16-year-olds, but people of all ages have used Scratch. For example, younger children can create projects with their parents or older siblings, and college students use Scratch in some introductory computer science classes.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-7&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-7&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-8&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-8&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;9&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;In designing the language, the creators&#39; main priority was to make the language and development environment intuitive and easily learned by children who had no previous programming experience. There is a strong contrast between the powerful multimedia functions and multi-threaded programming style and the rather limited scope of the Scratch programming language.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tleft&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; float: left; clear: left; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-left: 0px; &quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 322px; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scratch_1.4_Initial_Screen.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Scratch_1.4_Initial_Screen.png/320px-Scratch_1.4_Initial_Screen.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; height=&quot;196&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); &quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; &quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scratch_1.4_Initial_Screen.png&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; &quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; &quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Screenshot of Scratch 1.4&#39;s development environment at startup (running on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.&quot; title=&quot;Apple Inc.&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Apple Inc.&lt;/a&gt;&#39;s &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X&quot; title=&quot;Mac OS X&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Mac OS X&lt;/a&gt; Snow Leopard)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;The user interface for the Scratch development environment divides the screen into several panes: on the left is the blocks palette, in the middle the current sprite info and scripts area, and on the right the stage and sprite list. The blocks palette has code fragments (called &quot;blocks&quot;) that can be dragged onto the scripts area to make programs. To keep the palette from being too big, it is organized into 8 groups of blocks: movement, looks, sound, pen, control, sensing, operators, and variables. In versions 1.3.1 and lower, &lt;i&gt;operators&lt;/i&gt; was named &lt;i&gt;numbers&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Empirical studies were made of various features—those that interfered with intuitive learning were discarded, while those that encouraged beginners and made it easy for them to explore and learn were kept. Some of the results are surprising, making Scratch quite different from other teaching languages (such as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC&quot; title=&quot;BASIC&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;BASIC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)&quot; title=&quot;Logo (programming language)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Logo&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(software)&quot; title=&quot;Alice (software)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Alice&lt;/a&gt;). For example, multi-threaded code with message passing is fundamental to Scratch, but it has no procedures or file &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/Output&quot; title=&quot;Input/Output&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Input/Output&lt;/a&gt;(I/O) and only supports one-dimensional &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_data_structure&quot; title=&quot;Array data structure&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;arrays&lt;/a&gt;, known as Lists. Floating point &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(computing)&quot; title=&quot;Scalar (computing)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;scalars&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computer_science)&quot; title=&quot;String (computer science)&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;strings&lt;/a&gt; are supported as of version 1.4, but with limited string manipulation capability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;editsection&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; &quot;&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scratch_(programming_language)&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=2&quot; title=&quot;Edit section: Online community&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Online_community&quot;&gt;Online community&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;The Scratch online community&#39;s slogan &quot;Imagine, Program, Share&quot; puts an emphasis on sharing and the social aspects of creativity as important parts of the philosophy behind Scratch.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-9&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-9&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;10&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Scratch projects are not seen as black boxes but as objects for remixing to make new projects. Projects can be uploaded directly from the development environment to the Scratch website and any member of the community can download their full source code to study or to remix into new projects.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-10&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-10&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;11&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-11&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-11&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;12&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Members can also comment, tag, favorite and &quot;love&quot; others&#39; projects and share ideas. All projects on the website are shared under a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons&quot; title=&quot;Creative Commons&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Creative Commons&lt;/a&gt; attribution and share-alike license and can be played in any web browser (using a&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet&quot; title=&quot;Java applet&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Java applet&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Player&quot; title=&quot;Flash Player&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Flash Player&lt;/a&gt;). The website receives close to 10 million page views per month&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-12&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-12&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;13&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and as of late 2010 it had more than 800,000 registered members and over 1,800,000 projects (every minute more than one project gets uploaded).&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-13&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-13&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The website frequently establishes &quot;Scratch Design Studio&quot; challenges to encourage creation and sharing by providing users with a basic design concept. There are custom home pages for &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico&quot; title=&quot;Mexico&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Mexico&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel&quot; title=&quot;Israel&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Israel&lt;/a&gt; that display local content in some sections of the home page. There are also local independent Scratch websites in countries such as Portugal&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-14&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-14&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;15&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and the United Arab Emirates.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-15&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-15&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;. In 2008, the Scratch online community platform (named &quot;ScratchR&quot;) received an honorary mention in the Ars Electronica Prix.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-16&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-16&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;17&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; There is also an online community for educators, called ScratchEd.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-17&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)#cite_note-17&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;18&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Users on Scratch can add other users as friends.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;editsection&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; &quot;&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scratch_(programming_language)&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=3&quot; title=&quot;Edit section: Derivatives&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Derivatives&quot;&gt;Derivatives&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;A number of &lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.scratch.mit.edu/wiki/Scratch_Modification&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; &quot;&gt;Scratch derivatives&lt;/a&gt; called Scratch Modifications have been created using the source code of Scratch version 1.4. These programs are a variation of Scratch that normally include a few extra &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wiki.scratch.mit.edu/wiki/Blocks&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; &quot;&gt;blocks&lt;/a&gt;&quot; or changes to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI&quot; title=&quot;GUI&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;GUI&lt;/a&gt;. One of them, &lt;a href=&quot;http://byob.berkeley.edu/&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; &quot;&gt;BYOB&lt;/a&gt; (Build Your Own Blocks, developed by Jens Mönig), which allows users to create their own blocks, has been used to teach computer science at &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California&quot; title=&quot;Berkeley, California&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Berkeley&lt;/a&gt;. The source-code of Scratch and its derivatives are based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeak&quot; title=&quot;Squeak&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Squeak&lt;/a&gt;, which is based on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk-80&quot; title=&quot;Smalltalk-80&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Smalltalk-80&lt;/a&gt;. Scratch is open-source and can be downloaded from their &lt;a href=&quot;http://info.scratch.mit.edu/Source_Code&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; &quot;&gt;Info Website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;editsection&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; &quot;&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scratch_(programming_language)&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=4&quot; title=&quot;Edit section: See also&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;See_also&quot;&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;The following youth computing projects also originated in the MIT Lifelong Kindergarten Group:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAYAAABhPKSIAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAACtJREFUeF7NjbEJAAAIw7zRu/w5ouBUBEeHDM2QGiA8kObBULuFcJbSXN8T78SqnpKltAIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Clubhouse&quot; title=&quot;Computer Clubhouse&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Computer Clubhouse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Mindstorms&quot; title=&quot;Lego Mindstorms&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Lego Mindstorms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Cricket&quot; title=&quot;Programmable Cricket&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Programmable Cricket&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/feeds/3521481643161367621/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/2011/06/scratch-programming-language.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6221053617627324191/posts/default/3521481643161367621'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6221053617627324191/posts/default/3521481643161367621'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/2011/06/scratch-programming-language.html' title='Scratch (programming language)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04944005390265210599</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6221053617627324191.post-5846401003410454384</id><published>2011-04-09T07:25:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-09T07:27:04.730-07:00</updated><title type='text'>NEUMÁTICA</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); line-height: 24px; &quot;&gt;&lt;h1 id=&quot;firstHeading&quot; class=&quot;firstHeading&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Neumática&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;bodyContent&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; width: 788px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;contentSub&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; &quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; &quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 352px; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Table_of_Pneumaticks,_Cyclopaedia,_Volume_2.jpg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Table_of_Pneumaticks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg/350px-Table_of_Pneumaticks%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_Volume_2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;538&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); &quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; &quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot; style=&quot;float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Table_of_Pneumaticks,_Cyclopaedia,_Volume_2.jpg&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Aumentar&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; &quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; &quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Tabla de neumática, 1728 &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopaedia&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Cyclopaedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;La &lt;b&gt;neumática&lt;/b&gt; (del &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_griego&quot; title=&quot;Idioma griego&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;griego&lt;/a&gt; πνεῦμα &quot;aire&quot;) es la tecnología que emplea el &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_comprimido&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;aire comprimido&lt;/a&gt; como modo de transmisión de la &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;energía&lt;/a&gt;necesaria para mover y hacer funcionar &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanismo&quot; title=&quot;Mecanismo&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;mecanismos&lt;/a&gt;. El aire es un material elástico y, por tanto, al aplicarle una fuerza se comprime, mantiene esta compresión y devuelve la energía acumulada cuando se le permite expandirse, según dicta la &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_los_gases_ideales&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;ley de los gases ideales&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table id=&quot;toc&quot; class=&quot;toc&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12px; color: black; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; &quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;toctitle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-size: 12px; display: inline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;Contenido&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;toctoggle&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11px; &quot;&gt;[&lt;a id=&quot;togglelink&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum%C3%A1tica#&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;ocultar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; &quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;toclevel-1 tocsection-1&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum%C3%A1tica#Mandos_neum.C3.A1ticos&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;tocnumber&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;toctext&quot;&gt;Mandos neumáticos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;toclevel-1 tocsection-2&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum%C3%A1tica#Comparaci.C3.B3n_con_otros_medios&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;tocnumber&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;toctext&quot;&gt;Comparación con otros medios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;toclevel-1 tocsection-3&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum%C3%A1tica#Circuitos_neum.C3.A1ticos&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;tocnumber&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;toctext&quot;&gt;Circuitos neumáticos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;toclevel-1 tocsection-4&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum%C3%A1tica#Bibliograf.C3.ADa&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;tocnumber&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;toctext&quot;&gt;Bibliografía&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;toclevel-1 tocsection-5&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neum%C3%A1tica#V.C3.A9ase_tambi.C3.A9n&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;tocnumber&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;toctext&quot;&gt;Véase también&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;editsection&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; &quot;&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neum%C3%A1tica&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=1&quot; title=&quot;Editar sección: Mandos neumáticos&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Mandos_neum.C3.A1ticos&quot;&gt;Mandos neumáticos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Los mandos neumáticos están constituidos por elementos de señalización, elementos de mando y un aporte de trabajo. Los elementos de señalización y mando modulan las fases de trabajo de los elementos de trabajo y se denominan &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lvula&quot; title=&quot;Válvula&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;válvulas&lt;/a&gt;. Los sistemas neumáticos e hidráulicos están constituidos por:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAYAAABhPKSIAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAACtJREFUeF7NjbEJAAAIw7zRu/w5ouBUBEeHDM2QGiA8kObBULuFcJbSXN8T78SqnpKltAIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Elementos de información.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Órganos de mando.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Elementos de trabajo&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Para el tratamiento de la información de mando es preciso emplear aparatos que controlen y dirijan el &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluido&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;fluido&lt;/a&gt; de forma prestablecida, lo que obliga a disponer de una serie de elementos que efectúen las funciones deseadas relativas al control y dirección del flujo del aire comprimido.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;En los principios de la automatización, los elementos rediseñados se mandan manual o mecánicamente. Cuando por necesidades de trabajo se precisaba efectuar el mando a distancia, se utilizan elementos de comando por símbolo neumático (cuervo).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Actualmente, además de los mandos manuales para la actuación de estos elementos, se emplean para el comando procedimientos servo-neumáticos, electro-neumáticos y automáticos que efectúan en su totalidad el tratamiento de la información y de la amplificación de señales.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;La gran evolución de la neumática y la hidráulica han hecho, a su vez, evolucionar los procesos para el tratamiento y amplificación de señales, y por tanto, hoy en día se dispone de una gama muy extensa de válvulas y distribuidores que nos permiten elegir el sistema que mejor se adapte a las necesidades.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Hay veces que el comando se realiza manualmente, y otras nos obliga a recurrir a la electricidad (para automatizar) por razones diversas, sobre todo cuando las distancias son importantes y no existen circunstancias adversas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Las válvulas en términos generales, tienen las siguientes misiones:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAYAAABhPKSIAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAACtJREFUeF7NjbEJAAAIw7zRu/w5ouBUBEeHDM2QGiA8kObBULuFcJbSXN8T78SqnpKltAIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Distribuir el fluido&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Regular caudal&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Regular presión&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Las válvulas son elementos que mandan o regulan la puesta en marcha, el paro y la dirección, así como la presión o el caudal del fluido enviado por el compresor o almacenado en un depósito. Ésta es la definición de la norma DIN/ISO 1219 conforme a una recomendación del CETOP (Comité Européen des Transmissions Oléohydrauliques et Pneumatiques).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Según su función las válvulas se subdividen en 5 grupos:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Válvulas de vías o distribuidoras&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Válvulas de bloqueo&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Válvulas de presión&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Válvulas de caudal&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Válvulas de cierre&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;editsection&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; &quot;&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neum%C3%A1tica&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=2&quot; title=&quot;Editar sección: Comparación con otros medios&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Comparaci.C3.B3n_con_otros_medios&quot;&gt;Comparación con otros medios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Tanto la lógica neumática como la realización de acciones con neumática tiene ventajas y desventajas sobre otros métodos (hidráulica, eléctrica, electrónica). Algunos criterios a seguir para tomar una elección son:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAYAAABhPKSIAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAACtJREFUeF7NjbEJAAAIw7zRu/w5ouBUBEeHDM2QGiA8kObBULuFcJbSXN8T78SqnpKltAIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;El medio ambiente. Si el medio es inflamable no se recomienda el empleo de equipos eléctricos y tanto la neumática como la hidráulica son una buena opción.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;La precisión requerida. La lógica neumática es de todo o nada, por lo que el control es limitado. Si la aplicación requiere gran precisión son mejores otras alternativas electrónicas.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Por otro lado, hay que considerar algunos aspectos particulares de la neumática:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAYAAABhPKSIAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAACtJREFUeF7NjbEJAAAIw7zRu/w5ouBUBEeHDM2QGiA8kObBULuFcJbSXN8T78SqnpKltAIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Requiere una fuente de aire comprimido, por lo que se ha de emplear un compresor.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Es una aplicación que no contamina por si misma al medio ambiente (caso hidráulica).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Al ser un fluido compresible absorbe parte de la energía, mucha más que la hidráulica.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;La energía neumática se puede almacenar, pudiendo emplearse en caso de fallo eléctrico.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;editsection&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; &quot;&gt;[&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neum%C3%A1tica&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=3&quot; title=&quot;Editar sección: Circuitos neumáticos&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; &quot;&gt;editar&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Circuitos_neum.C3.A1ticos&quot;&gt;Circuitos neumáticos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Hay dos tipos de circuitos neumáticos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Circuito de anillo cerrado: Aquel cuyo final de circuito vuelve al origen evitando brincos por fluctuaciones y ofrecen mayor velocidad de recuperación ante las fugas, ya que el flujo llega por dos lados.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Circuito de anillo abierto: Aquel cuya distribución se forma por ramificaciones las cuales no retornan al origen, es más económica esta instalación pero hace trabajar más a los compresores cuando hay mucha demanda o fugas en el sistema.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;Estos circuitos a su vez se pueden dividir en cuatro tipos de sub-sistemas neumáticos:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; &quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Sistema manual&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Sistemas semiautomáticos&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.1em; &quot;&gt;Sistemas automáticos&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/feeds/5846401003410454384/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/2011/04/neumatica.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6221053617627324191/posts/default/5846401003410454384'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6221053617627324191/posts/default/5846401003410454384'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/2011/04/neumatica.html' title='NEUMÁTICA'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04944005390265210599</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6221053617627324191.post-6167578525739869323</id><published>2011-03-19T06:34:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-03-20T17:59:31.349-07:00</updated><title type='text'>NANOTECNOLOGÍA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;color:#FF0000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:large;&quot;&gt;LA NANOTECNOLOGÍA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8B94hHItagHI-9_qQKHeFO19BeZkf-A7W46evNLU4A89XbvBpT0p5cDoahfmtAvZDA_fpB7L1gbonGyKwQ23GtFfE8ZgbGaRCh7e3PsxtjO6IzBMBGoCiS0b7NHofy19eOd-js2yiNXlY/s1600/nanotecnologia.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 224px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8B94hHItagHI-9_qQKHeFO19BeZkf-A7W46evNLU4A89XbvBpT0p5cDoahfmtAvZDA_fpB7L1gbonGyKwQ23GtFfE8ZgbGaRCh7e3PsxtjO6IzBMBGoCiS0b7NHofy19eOd-js2yiNXlY/s320/nanotecnologia.jpg&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5586328287574856130&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Es un campo de las &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_aplicada&quot; title=&quot;Ciencia aplicada&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none&quot;&gt;ciencias aplicadas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; dedicado al control y manipulación de la &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;materia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; a una escala menor que un &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micr%C3%B3metro_(unidad_de_longitud)&quot; title=&quot;Micrómetro (unidad de longitud)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;micrómetro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, es decir, a nivel de &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo&quot; title=&quot;Átomo&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;átomos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; y &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula&quot; title=&quot;Molécula&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;moléculas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomateriales&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;nanomateriales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;). Lo más habitual es que tal manipulación se produzca en un rango de entre uno y cien &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan%C3%B3metro&quot; title=&quot;Nanómetro&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;nanómetros&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Se tiene una idea de lo pequeño que puede ser un &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanobot&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;nanobot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; sabiendo que un nanobot de unos 50 &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan%C3%B3metros&quot; title=&quot;Nanómetros&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;nm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; tiene el tamaño de 5 capas de &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9culas&quot; title=&quot;Moléculas&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;moléculas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; o &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomos&quot; title=&quot;Átomos&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;átomos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; -depende de qué esté hecho el nanobot-.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_(prefijo)&quot; title=&quot;Nano (prefijo)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Nano&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; es un &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefijo&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;prefijo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; griego que indica una medida, no un objeto; de manera que la nanotecnología se caracteriza por ser un campo esencialmente multidisciplinar, y cohesionado exclusivamente por la escala de la materia con la que trabaja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style=&quot;mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Definición&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;La nanotecnología es el estudio, diseño, creación, síntesis, manipulación y aplicación de materiales, aparatos y sistemas funcionales a través del control de la materia a nano escala, y la explotación de fenómenos y propiedades de la materia a nano escala.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Cuando se manipula la materia a la escala tan minúscula de átomos y moléculas, demuestra fenómenos y propiedades totalmente nuevas. Por lo tanto, científicos utilizan la nanotecnología para crear materiales, aparatos y sistemas novedosos y poco costosos con propiedades únicas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;La nanotecnología promete soluciones vanguardistas y más eficientes para los problemas ambientales, así como muchos otros enfrentados por la &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_humano&quot; title=&quot;Ser humano&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;humanidad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, desde nuevas aplicaciones médicas o más eficientes a soluciones de problemas &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_ambiente&quot; title=&quot;Medio ambiente&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;ambientales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; y muchos otros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style=&quot;mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Historia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;El ganador del &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;premio Nobel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; de &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Física&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (1965), &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Richard Feynman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; fue el primero en hacer referencia a las posibilidades de la nanociencia y la nanotecnología en el célebre discurso que dio en el &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech&quot; title=&quot;Caltech&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Caltech&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(Instituto Tecnológico de California) el &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/29_de_diciembre&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;29 de diciembre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; de &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;1959&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; titulado &lt;i&gt;En el fondo hay espacio de sobra&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There%27s_Plenty_of_Room_at_the_Bottom&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;There&#39;s Plenty of Room at the Bottom (aún no redactado)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;There&#39;s Plenty of Room at the Bottom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Otras personas de esta área fueron &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Rosalind Franklin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewey_Watson&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;James Dewey Watson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; y &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Francis Crick&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; quienes propusieron que el &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico&quot; title=&quot;Ácido desoxirribonucleico&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;ADN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; era la molécula principal que jugaba un papel clave en la regulación de todos los procesos del organismo y de aquí se tomó la importancia de las moléculas como &lt;b&gt;determinantes en los procesos de la vida&lt;/b&gt;. Aquella podría usarse para solucionar muchos de los problemas de la humanidad, pero también podría generar armas muy potentes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Pero estos conocimientos fueron más allá ya que con esto se pudo modificar la estructura de las moléculas como es el caso de los polímeros o plásticos que hoy en día encontramos en nuestros hogares. Pero hay que decir que a este tipo de moléculas se les puede considerar “grandes”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Con todos estos avances el hombre tuvo una gran fascinación por seguir investigando más acerca de estas moléculas, ya no en el ámbito de materiales inertes, sino en la búsqueda de moléculas orgánicas en nuestro organismo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Hoy en día la medicina tiene más interés en la investigación en el mundo microscópico ya que en él se encuentran posiblemente las alteraciones estructurales que provocan la enfermedad, y no hay que decir de las ramas de la medicina que han salido mas beneficiadas como es la microbiología, inmunología, fisiología; en fin, casi todas las ramas de la medicina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Con todos estos avances han surgido nuevas ciencias, por ejemplo, la Ingeniería Genética que hoy en día es discutida debido a repercusiones como la clonación o la mejora de especies.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style=&quot;mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Inversión&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Algunos países en vías de desarrollo ya destinan importantes recursos a la investigación en nanotecnología. La &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicina&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;nanomedicina&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; es una de las áreas que más puede contribuir al avance sostenible del&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercer_Mundo&quot; title=&quot;Tercer Mundo&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Tercer Mundo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, proporcionando nuevos métodos de diagnóstico y cribaje de enfermedades, mejores sistemas para la administración de fármacos y herramientas para la monitorización de algunos parámetros biológicos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Actualmente, alrededor de 40 &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratorio&quot; title=&quot;Laboratorio&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none&quot;&gt;laboratorios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; en todo el mundo canalizan grandes cantidades de dinero para la investigación en nanotecnología. Unas 300 empresas tienen el término &lt;i&gt;“nano”&lt;/i&gt; en su nombre, aunque todavía hay muy pocos productos en el mercado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Algunos gigantes del mundo informático como &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;IBM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Hewlett-Packard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (&#39;&lt;i&gt;HP&lt;/i&gt;)&#39; &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation&quot; title=&quot;NEC Corporation&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;NEC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; e &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel&quot; title=&quot;Intel&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Intel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; están invirtiendo millones de &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3lar&quot; title=&quot;Dólar&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline: none&quot;&gt;dólares&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; al año en el tema. Los gobiernos del llamado Primer Mundo también se han tomado el tema muy en serio, con el claro liderazgo del gobierno estadounidense, que para este año ha destinado 570 millones de dólares a su &lt;i&gt;National Nanotechnology Initiative&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;En &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;España&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, los científicos hablan de &lt;i&gt;“nanopresupuestos”&lt;/i&gt;. Pero el interés crece, ya que ha habido algunos congresos sobre el tema: en &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Sevilla&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, en la &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundaci%C3%B3n_San_Telmo&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Fundación San Telmo (aún no redactado)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Fundación San Telmo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, sobre oportunidades de inversión, y en &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Madrid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, con una reunión entre responsables de centros de nanotecnología de &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Francia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Alemania&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; y &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Reino Unido&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; en la &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Madrid&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Universidad Autónoma de Madrid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Las empresas tradicionales podrán beneficiarse de la nanotecnologia para mejorar su competitividad en sectores habituales, como textil, alimentación, calzado, automoción, construcción y salud. Lo que se pretende es que las empresas pertenecientes a sectores tradicionales incorporen y apliquen la nanotectologia en sus procesos con el fin de contribuir a la sostenibilidad del empleo. Actualmente la cifra en uso cotidiano es del 0,1 %. Con la ayuda de programas de acceso a la nanotecnologia se prevé que en 2014 sea del 15 % en el uso y la producción manufacturera.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style=&quot;mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Ensamblaje interdisciplinario&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;La característica fundamental de nanotecnología es que constituye un ensamblaje interdisciplinar de varios campos de las &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencias_naturales&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;ciencias naturales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; que están altamente especializados. Por tanto, los físicos juegan un importante rol no sólo en la construcción del microscopio usado para investigar tales fenómenos sino también sobre todas las &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_cient%C3%ADfica&quot; title=&quot;Ley científica&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;leyes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; de la &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;mecánica cuántica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Alcanzar la &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;estructura&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; del material deseado y las configuraciones de ciertos átomos hacen jugar a la química un papel importante. En medicina, el desarrollo específico dirigido a nanopartículas promete ayuda al tratamiento de ciertas enfermedades. Aquí, la &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;ciencia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; ha alcanzado un punto en el que las fronteras que separan las diferentes disciplinas han empezado a diluirse, y es precisamente por esa razón por la que la nanotecnología también se refiere a ser una tecnología convergente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Una posible lista de ciencias involucradas sería la siguiente:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Química&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (Moleculares y computacional)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioqu%C3%ADmica&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Bioquímica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ADa_molecular&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Biología molecular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Física&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Electrónica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inform%C3%A1tica&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Informática&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Matemáticas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Medicina&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style=&quot;mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Nanotecnología avanzada&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;La nanotecnología avanzada, a veces también llamada &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabricaci%C3%B3n_molecular&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Fabricación molecular (aún no redactado)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;fabricación molecular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, es un término dado al concepto de &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;ingeniería&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; de nanosistemas (máquinas a escala nanométrica) operando a escala molecular. Se basa en que los productos manufacturados se realizan a partir de átomos. Las propiedades de estos productos dependen de cómo estén esos átomos dispuestos. Así por ejemplo, si reubicamos los &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tomo&quot; title=&quot;Átomo&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;átomos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; del &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafito&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;grafito&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (compuesto por carbono, principalmente) de la mina del &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1piz&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;lápiz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; podemos hacer &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamante&quot; title=&quot;Diamante&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;diamantes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (carbono puro cristalizado). Si reubicamos los átomos de la arena (compuesta básicamente por &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADlice&quot; title=&quot;Sílice&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;sílice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) y agregamos algunos elementos extras se hacen los &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip&quot; title=&quot;Chip&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;chips&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; de un &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordenador&quot; title=&quot;Ordenador&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;ordenador&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;A partir de los incontables ejemplos encontrados en la &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ADa&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;biología&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; se sabe que miles de millones de años de retroalimentación evolucionada puede producir máquinas biológicas sofisticadas y&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoc%C3%A1stico&quot; title=&quot;Estocástico&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;estocásticamente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; optimizadas. Se tiene la esperanza que los desarrollos en nanotecnología harán posible su construcción a través de algunos significados más cortos, quizás usando principios&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomim%C3%A9tica&quot; title=&quot;Biomimética&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none; text-underline:none&quot;&gt;biomiméticos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Sin embargo, K. Eric Drexler y otros investigadores han propuesto que la nanotecnología avanzada, aunque quizá inicialmente implementada a través de principios miméticos, finalmente podría estar basada en los principios de la &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa_mec%C3%A1nica&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;ingeniería mecánica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Determinar un conjunto de caminos a seguir para el desarrollo de la nanotecnología molecular es un objetivo para el proyecto sobre el mapa de la tecnología liderado por &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instituto_Memorial_Battelle&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Instituto Memorial Battelle (aún no redactado)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Instituto Memorial Battelle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (el jefe de varios laboratorios nacionales de EEUU) y del &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foresigth_Institute&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Foresigth Institute (aún no redactado)&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Foresigth Institute&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Ese mapa debería estar completado a finales de &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style=&quot;mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Futuras aplicaciones&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Según un informe de un grupo de investigadores de la Universidad de &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Toronto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, en &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Canadá&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, las quince aplicaciones más prometedoras de la nanotecnología son:&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilidad&quot; title=&quot;Wikipedia:Verificabilidad&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;cita requerida&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Almacenamiento, producción y conversión de &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;energía&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Armamento y sistemas de defensa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Producción &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura&quot; title=&quot;Agricultura&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;agrícola&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Tratamiento y remediación de aguas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Diagnóstico y cribaje de enfermedades.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Sistemas de administración de &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1rmaco&quot; title=&quot;Fármaco&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;fármacos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Procesamiento de alimentos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Remediación de la &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n_atmosf%C3%A9rica&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;contaminación atmosférica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Construcción.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Monitorización de la salud.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Detección y control de &lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaga&quot; title=&quot;Plaga&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;plagas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Control de desnutrición en lugares pobres.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Informática.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Alimentos transgénicos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:1.2pt; margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list 36.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore&quot;&gt;§&lt;span style=&quot;font:7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Cambios térmicos moleculares (&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotermolog%C3%ADa&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;Nanotermología&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style=&quot;mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:7.2pt;line-height:14.25pt;mso-outline-level: 2;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 2.0pt 0cm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Aplicaciones actuales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Nanotecnologia aplicada al envasado de alimentos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;. Una de las aplicaciones de la nanotecnología en el campo de envases para alimentación es la aplicación de materiales aditivados con nanoarcillas, que mejoren las propiedades mecánicas, térmicas, barrera a los gases, entre otras; de los materiales de envasado. En el caso de mejora de la barrera a los gases, las nanoarcillas crean un recorrido tortuoso para la difusión de las moléculas gaseosas, lo cual permite conseguir una barrera similar con espesores inferiores, reduciendo así los costes asociados a los materiales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;Los procesos de incorporación de las nanopartículas se pueden realizar mediante extrusión o por recubrimiento, y los parámetros a controlar en el proceso de aditivación de los materiales son: la dispersión nanopartículas, la interacción de las nanopartículas con la matriz, las agregaciones que puedan tener lugar entre las nanopartículas y la cantidad de nanopartículas incorporada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:0cm;line-height:18.0pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;En &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ainia.es/web/acerca-de-ainia/tecnologias/nanotecnologia/-/articulos/Nzx3/content/la-apuesta-por-la-nanotecnologia-en-ainia&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none&quot;&gt;ainia centro tecnológico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; están desarrollando y caracterizando nuevos nanocomposites basados en polímeros y mezclas poliméricas para aplicaciones industriales, funcionalización de envases de PET con nanoarcillas, una metodología de diseño de envases para sistematizar la incorporación de aspectos diferenciales clave para el éxito del producto: nanocompuestos para la mejora de las propiedades barrera de materiales de envase y una sistemática de diseño de envases considerando las exigencias del consumidor, desarrollando y evaluando materiales funcionalizados con nanoarcillas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;color:black;mso-fareast-language:ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;line-height: 19px; font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot; ;font-size:13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; &quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 240px; height: 240px;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;  line-height: 15px; font-family:sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:medium;&quot;&gt;Representación animada de un &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotubo&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:medium;&quot;&gt;nanotubo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:medium;&quot;&gt; de carbono.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/feeds/6167578525739869323/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/2011/03/nanotecnologia.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6221053617627324191/posts/default/6167578525739869323'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6221053617627324191/posts/default/6167578525739869323'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/2011/03/nanotecnologia.html' title='NANOTECNOLOGÍA'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04944005390265210599</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8B94hHItagHI-9_qQKHeFO19BeZkf-A7W46evNLU4A89XbvBpT0p5cDoahfmtAvZDA_fpB7L1gbonGyKwQ23GtFfE8ZgbGaRCh7e3PsxtjO6IzBMBGoCiS0b7NHofy19eOd-js2yiNXlY/s72-c/nanotecnologia.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6221053617627324191.post-3979572741939191501</id><published>2010-11-18T00:21:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-11-18T00:27:10.607-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Scratch"/><title type='text'>Scratch</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt;Scratch es una aplicación informática destinada principalmente a los niños y les permite explorar y experimentar con los conceptos de programación de ordenadores mediante el uso de una sencilla interfaz gráfica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt; Es desarrollado por el &quot;the Lifelong Kindergarten group&quot; en el Media Lab del MIT por un equipo dirigido por Mitchel Resnick&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt; y apareció por primera vez en el verano de 2007.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:arial;&quot;&gt; Scratch se puede instalar y redistribuir libremente en cualquier ordenador con Windows , Mac OS X o Linux .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQgYrw1Be1rHRIrceL6GfAXORFh95vscDeJLpkIh7iLzyKu77q2iK1O3HfYmG8r7r1KXFjFjC4SQqCV021ZjgXejo_srNmHv2lT3qcS7iLoLbKobAow6LAyhgl1I9uwUHu-jtns0suxPdk/s1600/entorno.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 230px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQgYrw1Be1rHRIrceL6GfAXORFh95vscDeJLpkIh7iLzyKu77q2iK1O3HfYmG8r7r1KXFjFjC4SQqCV021ZjgXejo_srNmHv2lT3qcS7iLoLbKobAow6LAyhgl1I9uwUHu-jtns0suxPdk/s320/entorno.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540803182313891826&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;El nombre de Scratch se deriva de la técnica de scratching usada en el [Turntablism](arte del DJ para usar los tornamesas), y se refiere tanto a la lengua y su aplicación. La similitud con el &quot;scratching&quot; musical es la fácil reutilización de piezas: en Scratch todos los objetos, gráficos, sonidos y secuencias de comandos pueden ser fácilmente importados a un nuevo programa y combinados en maneras permitiendo a los principiantes a conseguir resultados rápidos y estar motivados para intentar más.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;-Lenguaje y entorno&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Scratch se utiliza en todo el mundo en muchos entornos diferentes: las escuelas, museos, centros comunitarios y hogares. Está destinado especialmente para 6 - a 16-años de edad, pero la gente de todas las edades han utilizado Scratch. Por ejemplo, los niños más pequeños pueden crear proyectos con sus padres o hermanos mayores, estudiantes universitarios y de uso Scratch en alguna ciencia clases de computación introductoria. En el diseño, la principal prioridad era hacer que el lenguaje y entorno de desarrollo intuitivo y fácil de aprender por los niños que no tenían experiencia previa en programación. Hay un fuerte contraste entre las potentes funciones multimedia y de estilo de programación multi-hilo y el alcance bastante limitado del lenguaje de programación Scratch. La interfaz de usuario para el entorno de desarrollo de Scratch divide la pantalla en varios paneles: a la izquierda es la paleta de bloques, en medio de la información sprite actual y el área de scripts, ya la derecha del escenario y la lista de sprites (tipo gráficos de computadora).&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/feeds/3979572741939191501/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/2010/11/scratch.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6221053617627324191/posts/default/3979572741939191501'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6221053617627324191/posts/default/3979572741939191501'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://wwwgonzalotr16.blogspot.com/2010/11/scratch.html' title='Scratch'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04944005390265210599</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQgYrw1Be1rHRIrceL6GfAXORFh95vscDeJLpkIh7iLzyKu77q2iK1O3HfYmG8r7r1KXFjFjC4SQqCV021ZjgXejo_srNmHv2lT3qcS7iLoLbKobAow6LAyhgl1I9uwUHu-jtns0suxPdk/s72-c/entorno.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>