class iv

Main engine safety trip which trips the main engine when no corrective action is taken to the alarm and in certain cases the main engine is triped manual .

Manual tripping of main engine is done in chance of the collosion or grounding of the ship when sailing in conjusted water and in navigation of the ship in restricted visibility .

So when any main engine trips are activated the Main engine stops and again it should be started with the help of starting air after correcting the faults .

SOME OF THE MAIN ENGINE TRIPS ARE :

1. Over Speed Trip

2. Low Lube oil pressure Trip

3. Cam shaft Lube oil low pressure Trip

4. Jacket cooling water low pressure Trip

5. Piston cooling water low pressure Trip

6. Thrust Bearing High pressure Trip

7. Main Bearing high pressure and temperature Trip.

8. Oil Mist Detector

9. Spring air pressure Low Trip

10. Emergency Manual Trip.

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M❤K

some notes links to download

2012-01-03T21:14:00.000-08:00

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M❤K

mmd question papers,MET,MEP,MEK,SSEP,SCS

2012-01-03T00:25:00.000-08:00

Tags: Marine Electrotechnology MET Question Paper mmd,Marine Engineering Practice MEP question papers october 2011 MMD India,MEK general question paper,MEK motor question paper,Ship Construction and stability mmd question paper,Ship safety and environment protection mmd question papers,MET,MEP,MEK,SSEP,SCS

class iv mmd marine electrotechnology question paper

2012-01-01T22:03:00.000-08:00

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M❤K

list of Nationalised Banks in India

2011-12-26T19:48:00.001-08:00

Nationalised Banks in India

List of Public Sector Banks in India is as follows:

Allahabad Bank

Andhra Bank

Bank of Baroda

Bank of India

Bank of Maharashtra

Canara Bank

Central Bank of India

Corporation Bank

Dena Bank

Indian Bank

Indian Overseas Bank

Oriental Bank of Commerce

Punjab and Sind Bank

Punjab National Bank

State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur

State Bank of Hyderabad

State Bank of India (SBI)

State Bank of Indore

State Bank of Mysore

State Bank of Patiala

State Bank of Saurashtra

State Bank of Travancore

Syndicate Bank

UCO Bank

Union Bank of India

United Bank of India

Vijaya Bank

IDBI Bank

Banking in India

Central bank :: Reserve Bank of India ·

Nationalised banks ::

Allahabad Bank · Andhra Bank · Bank of Baroda · Bank of India · Bank of Maharashtra · Canara Bank · Central Bank of India · Corporation Bank · Dena Bank · IDBI Bank · Indian Bank · Indian Overseas Bank · Oriental Bank of Commerce · Punjab & Sind Bank · Punjab National Bank · Syndicate Bank · UCO Bank · Union Bank of India · United Bank of India · Vijaya Bank · State Bank of India · State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur · State Bank of Hyderabad · State Bank of Indore · State Bank of Mysore · State Bank of Patiala · State Bank of Travancore · State Bank of Saurashtra

Private banks ::

Axis Bank · Bank of Rajasthan · Catholic Syrian Bank · Dhanalakshmi Bank · South Indian Bank · City Union Bank · Federal Bank · HDFC Bank · ICICI Bank · IndusInd Bank · ING Vysya Bank · Jammu & Kashmir Bank · Karnataka Bank Limited · Karur Vysya Bank · Kotak Mahindra Bank · Lakshmi Vilas Bank · Nainital Bank · Ratnakar Bank · Saraswat Bank · Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited · Yes Bank · Development Credit Bank

Foreign banks ::

ABN AMRO · Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank · Antwerp Diamond Bank · Arab Bangladesh Bank · Bank International Indonesia · Bank of America · Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait · Bank of Ceylon · Bank of Nova Scotia · The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ · Barclays Bank · Citibank India · Credit Suisse · HSBC · Standard Chartered · Deutsche Bank · Royal Bank of Scotland

Regional Rural banks ::

North Malabar Gramin Bank · South Malabar Gramin Bank · Pragathi Gramin Bank · Shreyas Gramin Bank

Financial Services ::

Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) · National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) · Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS) · CashTree · Cashnet · Automated Teller Machine (ATM) · De-Materialisation (DEMAT) · Foreign Exchange (FOREX)

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M❤K

MEO Class IV grade of examination.

2011-12-23T20:19:00.001-08:00

Following needs to be complied with regard to appearing for the oral function of the MEO Class IV grade of examination.

.1 Candidates must have completed their modular courses and be in compliance with the requirements towards eligibility for the grade of examination.

.2 Assessment and booking of Class IV part 'B' grade of examination (both for written and oral functions) will only be at the main assessment centers i.e., the MMDs at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Cochin and Visakhapatnam.

.3 The schedule for assessment and booking will be released by these main assessment centers, as necessary.

.4 All those candidates who are eligible for examination and have appeared for written examination once and are desirous of appearing for oral examination at the MMD of their choice can do so, provided; (a) the said MMD has an approved engineering examiner for MEO Class IV grade of examination; & (b) the applicable main assessment centre is approached in person or by e-mail / speed post around seven days before the candidate intends to appear for the orals for forwarding his / her application to the respective examination centre. E-mail ID and addresses of all MMDs are annexed.

.5 The list of MMDs which have been declared now as additional examination centers is listed at paragraph 5 below and the same will be updated from time to time:

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M❤K

Be aware of all this kind of spam mails and fishing mails.

2011-12-23T20:13:00.000-08:00

VACANCY! VACANCY! VACANCY

Recruitment is currently going on in SEAL OIL LTD; we required application from suitable and qualified Candidate to fill in this vacant position in our establishment:

If you are looking for an opportunity to upgrade yourself and improve your professional skills, we offer numerous opportunities for motivated and interested Individuals in one of the leading OILFIELD and is a well established and rapidly growing Oil company with wide network of branches around the world. We require talented, resourceful and exceptional team players to take up vacant spaces in our various departments in our organization. Below are listed work categories and salary basis per month.

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
    Chief Engineer,
    Electrical Engineer
    Engineering - Electrical
    Engineering - Electromechanical
    Engineering - Electronics
    Engineering - Facilities
    Engineering - Maintenance
    Engineering - Manufacturing/Fab
    Engineering - Materials
    Engineering - Mechanical
    Environment - Environmental Engineer

    TECHNICIAN
Technician - Electrical
    Technician - Electronic
    Technician - Fabrication
    Technician - HVAC
    Technician - Hydraulic
    Technician - Installation
    Technician - Insulation
    Technician - Laboratory
    Technician - Maintenance
    Technician - Manufacturing
    Technician - Mechanical
    Technician - Metering
    Technician - Pipe fitting
    Technician - Piping
    Technician - Pressure Testing
    Technician - Process
    Technician - Production
    Technician - Rope Access
    Technician - Service
    Computer Technician

ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT
Administration - Contracts
    Administration - Customer Service
    Administration - Data management
    Administration - Document Control
    Administration - General Assistant
    Administration - Planning
    Administration - Project Control
    Administration - Receptionist
    Administration - Scheduler
    Administration - Secretary

    Administration - Technical Assistant
    Commercial/Financial/Legal
    Commercial/Financial/Legal
    Commercial/Financial/Legal

FIRST AIDS DEPARTMENT
Health & Safety - Emergency Response
    Health & Safety - Fire Fighting
    Health & Safety - Fire Protection
    Health & Safety - H2S
    Health & Safety - Health & Safety
    Health & Safety - HSE
    Health & Safety - Occupational Health and Safety
    Health & Safety - Risk Management

HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT

    Personnel/Training - Human Resources
    HR/Personnel/Training - Instructor/Trainer
    HR/Personnel/Training - Recruitment

I.T DEPARTMENT

IT/Communications - Administrator
    IT/Communications - Civil works
    IT/Communications - Communications
    IT/Communications - Data Management
    IT/Communications - Database Administration
    IT/Communications - Developer - Database
    IT/Communications - Developer - Software
    IT/Communications - Developer - Web
    IT/Communications - GIS/Remote Sensing
    IT/Communications - Installation engineering
    IT/Communications - Internet
    IT/Communications - Networking
    IT/Communications - Project Management

JOB LOCATIONS - United Kingdom

METHOD OF APPLICATION - All interested candidates should reply via email with an updated Resume (CV) - Only short-listed candidates will be contacted - Only

Applicants who possess the required qualifications will be Short-listed for Appointment, but we will also give space to those who have little knowledge about oil field

Management experience that may be special candidates. All Resumes information should be updated and to be forwarded to this Email: sealoil_limited@hotmail.co.uk

All candidate should note that if you are luckily selected, you are mandate to bear your 3yrs work permit visa procurement fee yourself in the appointed designation in candidates country of origin while the company will be responsible for your Air ticket and free accommodation in the company estate on your arrival here in UK.

MEASURES, WEIGHTS

2011-12-23T02:35:00.001-08:00

MEASURES, WEIGHTS, &c. USED IN THIS WORK.

Temperature is measured by degrees of Fahrenheit's scale, of which the freezing point is

32, and the boiling point 212.

Heat is commonly measured by the number of degrees it would increase the temperature of

a given quantity of water at 60, with the barometer at 30 inches. 1

Mechanical power is measured by the elementary horse power, as settled by Watt. A

horse power is = 33,000 ffis. raised one foot high per minute, or = 550 Ibs. raised one

foot high per second ; and a day's work of a horse is this power acting 8 hours.

This horse power is, in French measures, 4661 kilogrammes raised one metre high per

minute.

The pound is the avoirdupois pound, = 7000 troy grains, = '4535 French kilogrammes.

The foot is = -3048 French metre.

( 30 inches 1 , An atmosphere is =

| .^62 metre j

of mercury.

= 14*70 Tbs. per square inch.

= 11 '55 circular

1 It is more properly measured by the volume of water at 60, which it would raise exactly one degree ; this measurement

being strictly proportional to the absolute quantity of heat. ED.

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M❤K

BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF ELECTRICITY

2011-12-23T02:27:00.001-08:00

BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF ELECTRICITY

Electric Circuit-a network of paths designed for electric current to carry out a

specified function.

Circuit Breaker - one form of switch providing ON/OFF function and

automatic tripping of the electric circuit in the event of short

circuit or circuit overload. The point at which the breaker

trips depends on the rating of the circuit. The breaker can be

reset to operate again after the fault has been cleared.

Fuse - a conductor, usually in the form of a wire or a cartridge, of low melting

point material placed in the electrical supply circuit and forms part of

the circuit. It serves to protect the electric circuit from short circuiting

or overloading. It melts to interrupt the electricity supply because the

excess current produces a large amount of heat. Unlike the circuit

b r e a k e r, it must be replaced with a new unit after blowing.

Earth Line - a conductor or wire which electrically connects the boiler metal

casing with the earth terminal provided by the electricity supply

c o m p a n y. This line plays a very vital role in the prevention of

electric shock.

Electric Shock - this is a phenomenon whereby the human body has become a

path for electric current. The human body may suffer burns

and heart difficulties which can result in death.

When an electric wire of high potential becomes loose or exposed and is in

contact with the metal casing of the boiler, the casing will also be at a high

potential relative to the earth. If the earth line is also defective, the casing will

be maintained at a high potential. There may not be any indication of the high

potential but when a person is in contact with the casing and he is also in

contact with the earth, an electric path for current is established through the

human body. Potential differences above 50V, A.C. or D.C., are able to drive

electric current through the body. This is what is termed an electric shock.

Alternating current has a more serious effect in that it can cause the victim to

become paralysed while still holding firmly onto the faulty electric part. The

normal mains supply in Hong Kong is nominally 220V A.C. which is well

above the threshold voltage of 50V. However, it should be noted that,

depending on the physical conditions of a person, potential difference less than

this threshold voltage has been known to cause serious injuries.

I M P O RTANT NOTE:- Never try to repair any faulty electric circuit. The

repair should be carried out by a registered.

electrical worker only.

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M❤K

BLOWING OF WATER LEVEL GAUGE of a Boiler,Procedure of blowing through a gauge glass.

2011-12-23T02:23:00.000-08:00

A Typical Water Level Gauge

It is a very common design to have all the FIVE cock handles pointing

downwards while the water gauge is in use.

Procedure of blowing:-

When the boiler is in operation, the steam cocks A, D and water cocks B, E are

open and drain cock C is shut.

(a) First shut both steam and water cocks A, D, B and E. Open drain

cock C to prove that all the gauge cocks are in order. Then, with the

drain cock C still open, cocks B and E should be opened. If water

blows out freely from cock C, cocks B and E are clear.

(b) Shut off cocks B and E and open cocks A and D with the drain cock

C still open. If steam blows out freely from cock C, cocks A and D

are clear.

blows out from cock C, then E, A and the water-column are in order.

(d) Close cocks E and A, leaving D, B and C open. If steam blows out

from cock C, then D, B and the water-column are in order.

When any of the cocks are found to be clogged, shutdown the boiler and

overhaul the water level gauge.

Possible causes of gauge glass indicating incorrect level

(a) If cocks A and D or steam passage is shut or choked, boiler pressure

will press the water level in the glass higher than the real water level

of the boiler. The water level indication in glass will, therefore, be

i n c o r r e c t .

(b) If cocks B and E or water passage is shut or choked, steam will

condense on upper column of glass and accumulate. The apparent

water level shown can be higher than the actual water level, causing

false reading.

Water gauge glass should be tested daily at l e a s t at every change of attendant.

The safety of boiler operation relies greatly on proper functioning of the water

gauge glass.

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M❤K

Water Tube Boiler with superheater and reheater

2011-12-23T02:20:00.000-08:00

Water Tube Boiler with superheater and reheater

..............
M❤K

Basic Water Tube Boiler

2011-12-23T02:17:00.000-08:00

Basic Water Tube Boiler

..............
M❤K

Feed Water System of a Boiler

2011-12-23T02:16:00.001-08:00

Feed Water System of a Boiler
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M❤K

Fire Tube Boiler details.

2011-12-23T02:13:00.000-08:00

Fire Tube Boiler details.
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M❤K

Provision of Fire Extinguishers in case of uptake fires in a boiler

2011-12-23T02:10:00.000-08:00

Provision of Fire Extinguishers

The owner must provide one set each of the following types of fire

extinguishers near the entrance to the boiler room:-

(a) at least one 9 litres (2 gallons) foam extinguisher for oil fire;

a n d

(b) at least one dry powder extinguisher or carbon dioxide

extinguisher for electrical fire.

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M❤K

uptake fires in a boiler on board or ships

2011-12-23T02:09:00.000-08:00

Soot and unburnt carbon can deposit on the walls of the boiler uptake

(chimney). They form, in effect, another fuel and can catch fire in

the uptake. Although uptake fires do not often occur, they can be

very difficult to extinguish and the hazard builds up quietly and

usually undetected. The fire is caused by smouldering of the deposits

accumulated in the uptake. It usually occurs during boiler shutdown

or under light load condition. There is evidence that under normal

loads the flue gas "cools" the soot and the carbon deposits so that a

smouldering fire does not occur. In the absence of flue gas or if the

flue gas flow is insufficient to cool the deposits, they can catch fire.

When an uptake fire occurs, it results in very high exhaust

temperatures and excessive thick black smoke, mixed with sparks,

coming out of the uptake. The boiler must be shutdown immediately

and the blower switched off or the damper closed to stop any air

supply to the uptake. The fire service must be called. If the uptake is

common for several boilers, all the boilers must be shut down. The

key point is to stop the boiler air supply. No attempt should be made

to extinguish the fire by water unless the water supply is plentiful. A

steam fire may result if the water supply is not plentiful. The fire

should be allowed to die out. The fire must be contained by

restricting and removing any combustibles in the near vicinity.

To prevent an uptake fire, the operator must clean the uptake

periodically to eliminate accumulation of soot and unburnt carbon.

He should also exercise care in the daily operation of the boiler and

maintain the correct air/fuel ratio to ensure complete combustion of

fuel and minimize production of soot or unburnt carbon.

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M❤K

Startup from Cold of a Boiler,The following procedures should be followed when starting a fossilfuel boiler from cold condition

2011-12-22T09:05:00.001-08:00

Startup from Cold

The following procedures should be followed when starting a fossilfuel

boiler from cold condition:-

(a) Read and be fully conversant with the detailed operating

instruction for the boiler and its auxiliaries.

( b) Check the Certificate of Fitness (CF) for the boiler to ensure

that it has not expired and that the approved maximum

permissible working pressure (MPWP) is indicated on the

pressure gauge by a red line.

valve.

(d) Open the air vent.

(e) Set the water level gauge valves/cocks to the normal operating

positions (see Appendix III for reference).

(f) Feed water into the boiler as appropriate until the water level

is just below the half-gauge level.

(g) Check that the fuel supply is securely connected and there is

no visual loose connection or fuel leakage.

(h) Set the heating at low firing rate.

(i) Switch on the blower to purge the furnace for the period

recommended by the maker or for at least 15 minutes. The

operator should observe the uptake flap to ensure that a

draught for purging, has been established in the furnace. If

such flap is not provided, the operator should make use of the

particular boiler design to ensure that draught has been

e s t a b l i s h e d .

(j) Switch on the oil fuel pump or the main gas supply and see

that fuel pressure is built up and the oil fuel is circulating (no

circulation is necessary for gas fuel). Confirm that there is no

fuel leakage. If there is any leakage, shut down the boiler and

arrange the repair before proceeding.

(k) Now the boiler ignition system may be switched to establish a

flame inside the furnace, for raising steam at a low firing rate.

The operator may choose to a use continuous firing method or

intermittent firing method depending on the design and the

past operating experience of the boiler. Intermittent firing is

safer but takes a longer time to raise steam. In many practices,

intermittent firing is typically 10 minutes fire in every 20

minutes, until steam is generated.

(l) If the ignition fails, repeat from step (i). However, if it fails to

ignite for several times, stop the fuel supply and purge the

furnace for the period recommended by the maker or for at

least 10 minutes. Examine the burner, the flame detector and

the fuel system such as fuel quality (e.g. is there water

contamination in the oil fuel). When everything is found in

o r d e r, repeat from step (i).

(m) The boiler should be heated gradually to raise steam. After

steam has been coming out from the air vent for 3-5 minutes,

shut the air vent. This waiting period is to ensure that all air

trapped inside the boiler has been driven out.

(n) The boiler may now be switched to high firing rate to bring the

steam pressure to the working pressure which shall be less

than the MPWP.

(o) Blow the water level gauge (see Appendix III for blowing

procedures) to see that the gauge is in proper working order.

(p) When the steam pressure has reached the working pressure,

open the steam outlet stop valve gradually and cautiously. If

hammering or any abnormal noise is heard along the steam

pipeline, do not open the stop valve any further. Instead, the

stop valve should be closed to a 'cracked open' position (about

1/2 turn open) to warm the pipeline. If possible, the pipeline

should be drained during this procedure. After warming the

pipeline for a few minutes, the stop valve can be opened

gradually and cautiously again until fully opened.

(q) The steam outlet stop valve should be fully open at all times

during operation. Do not throttle the stop valve.

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M❤K

Fuel Burning Installation in a boiler, Flame Detection

2011-12-22T09:00:00.000-08:00

Fuel Burning Installation

The fuel burning installation consists of an air blower, a burner

and fuel supply. The air blower supplies air for combustion and

p u rging before and after any combustion. The burner atomizes the

oil fuel for ease of ignition and good combustion. The burner, or

more exactly nozzle, in a gas fired boiler does not atomize the gas

but provides a cone of flame of the designed length and angle for

optimum combustion.

Flame Detection

A burner-control system must incorporate means of assuring the

presence or absence of flame on each individual burner regardless

of the type of fuel being burned. Ultraviolet (UV) flame detectors

have been successfully applied for all types of fuels. Flame

monitoring devices in current use are designed for on-off type of

operation based on the presence or absence of the flame. Some

plants today are using closed-circuit television to provide a means

of continuous furnace observation by the control room, and more

applications are expected in future.

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M❤K

Types of Boilers, Fire Tube Boilers and Water Tube Boilers, and there features

2011-12-22T08:58:00.000-08:00

The demand for steam for power generation as well as industrial

processes is continuously increasing. Steam boilers now cover a

wide range - from those required to run a laundry to the very

l a rge ones used in electric power generation. Some of the recent

boilers installed in Hong Kong deliver approximately 2,000

tonnes of steam per hour and consume 1.90 million tonnes of

coal per year per unit. Steam pressures and temperatures can be as

high as 163 kg/cm2 (2,400 psi) and 538ºC (1,000ºF) respectively.

In general, fossil-fuel boilers are of two main types:-

(a) The Fire-tube or Shell Boiler; and

(b) The Water-tube Boiler.

Features of Fire - Tube boiler

Fire-tube boilers are potentially dangerous as the steam pressures

are high and the volume of hot water and steam content is larg e .

Features normally include:-

(a) water surrounds the tubes through which hot combustion

gases pass before venting to atmosphere through gas

uptakes.

(b) water converted into high pressure steam by transfer of heat

from the very high temperature combustion gases.

gas etc. in the furnace.

(d) designed for automatic control.

(e) essential mountings include safety valves, pressure switches,

pressure gauges, water level gauges, valve fittings, lowwater

level cut-off and alarm devices etc.

There have been various designs and makes of the fire-tube boiler

e.g. Vertical Cross Tube Boiler, Cochran Boiler, Vertical Dry To p

B o i l e r, Scotch Marine Boiler, Horizontal Return Tube Boiler and

Packaged Boilers. Packaged Boilers are completely self-contained

units and are the latest development of the Scotch Marine Boiler.

These boilers are factory assembled, tested and adjusted. Figure 1

illustrates one of these units. Each unit has electrically driven feed

and fuel pumps, forced draught fan, combustion equipment,

operating and safety control equipment for manual or automatic

o p e r a t i o n .

F e a t u res of Wa t e r- Tube Boiler

Wa t e r-tube boilers provide for better water circulation, more

heating surface and reduced explosion hazard. A basic water- t u b e

boiler is illustrated in figure 4. Feature normally include:-

(a) hot combustion gases surround the tubes through which

water/steam circulates.

(b) water is converted into high pressure steam, saturated or

superheated, by transfer of heat from the very high

temperature combustion gases.

in specially designed water cooled furnaces.

(d) designed for automatic control.

(e) essential mountings include safety valves, feedwater

c o n t r o l l e r, combustion control system, water level

c o n t r o l l e r, pressure and temperature controllers, and lowwater

level alarm and cut-off devices etc.

The water-tube boilers advanced considerably through

development of a design connecting the steam generating tubes

directly to a steam separating drum and featuring the use of bent

tubes as against earlier straight tubes. Steam pressure and steam

conditions also increased through adoption of steam reheating,

regenerative feedwater heating and construction of larger boilers

incorporating pulverized coal firing rather than the old fashion

stokers that proved inadequate for modern highly forced boilers.

The higher volumetric combustion rates and unit sizes of

pulverized coal firing units has been achieved through the use of

water cooled furnaces. This technique eliminated the problem of

rapid deterioration of refractory walls due to slag, and reduced

fouling of convection heating surfaces to manageable proportions

by lowering the temperature of the gases leaving the furnace.

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M❤K

Information to be included in the bunker delivery note

2011-12-22T08:53:00.001-08:00

Information to be included in the bunker delivery note

MARPOL Annex VI requires that the following information be included in the bunker delivery note provided to the receiving ship:

Name and IMO number of receiving ship

Port

Date of commencement of delivery

Name, address and telephone number of marine fuel oil supplier

Product name(s)

Quantity (metric tons)

Density at 15ºC (kg/m3)*

Sulphur content (% m/m)**

A declaration signed and certified by the fuel oil supplier's representative that the fuel oil supplied is in conformity with regulation 14(1) or (4)(a) and regulation 18(1) of this Annex.

* Fuel oil should be tested in accordance with ISO 3675

** Fuel oil should be tested in accordance with ISO 8754

There is no specific format for a bunker delivery note. Bunker suppliers may therefore use their own stationery provided that all the required information is included.

For convenience, bunker suppliers may choose to use the format published by AMSA.

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M❤K

Basic Principle of Generating Steam in a Closed Vessel

2011-12-22T08:52:00.000-08:00

Basic Principle

2.1 Generation of steam in a closed vessel causes an increase in

pressure due to a large increase in volume following a liquid-togas

phase change. This process accompanies an increase in

temperature of the water and the generated steam.

2.2 Design pressure is maintained while maintaining designed water

level with a steam space above it, and controlling steam generation

to balance steam flow from the boiler.

2.3 Water must be continuously supplied for the steam generation. For

all input conditions, water pressure and temperature at inlet remain

nearly fixed. The heat input to the boiler is through the combustion

of fossil fuel - coal, oil or gaseous fuel.

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M❤K