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Puzzled facts

2012-09-14T10:13:00.002-07:00

Did You know - The opposite sides of a dice cube always add up to seven!

A cat can run about 20 kilometres per hour (12 miles per hour) when it grows up. This one is going nowhere today - it is too lazy !.

A cheetah can run 76 kilometres per hour (46 miles per hour) - that's really fast! The fastest human beings runs only about 30 kilometres per hour (18 miles per hour).
a cheetah does not roar like a lion - it purrs like a cat (meow).

A Zipper joins two pieces of material together.A zipper is used everywhere, on clothing, pencil cases, boots and suitcases, wallets, and a zillion other things. Everyone thinks it was Whitcomb Judson who invented the zipper but it was really Elias Howe. Elias was so busy inventing the sewing machine that he didn't get around to selling his zipper invention which he called a "clothing closure".

Did you know Sailor, Dead Leaf, Paper Kite, Blue Striped Crow, Julia and Great Egg Fly are all names of BUTTERFLIES

The original name for the butterfly was 'flutterby'!

(Picture of a grizzly bear)

Bears whose brown fur is tipped with lighter-colored hairs are called grizzly bears . The smallest species of bears is called sun or Malayan bears. Male bears are called boars. Bears are native to the continents of North America, Asia, Europe, and South America. Alaskan brown bears, world's largest meat-eating animals that live on land, can weigh as much as 1,700 pounds (771 kilograms)

(frog)

The largest frog in the world is called Goliath frog. Frogs start their lives as 'eggs' often laid in or near fresh water. Frogs live on all continents except Antarctica. Frogs belong to a group of animals called amphibians.

There are more than 50 different kinds of kangaroos. Kangaroos are native of Australia. A group of kangaroos is called a mob. Young kangaroos are called joeys.

No two zebras have stripes that are exactly alike. Zebras enemies include hyenas, wild dogs, and lions. Male zebras are called stallions. Zebras usually travel in herds.

How do reindeers survive in the extreme cold?

Some scientists believe that the earth began billions of years ago as a huge ball of swirling dust and gases. If you dig in your backyard, don’t worry about running into the earth’s core. You’d have to dig a hole 4,000 miles (6,437 kilometers) deep!

Lightning strikes about 6,000 times per minute on this planet!
-A chameleon's tongue is twice the length of its body.
-A chimpanzee can learn to recognize itself in a mirror, but monkeys can't.
-A rat can last longer without water than a camel can.
-About 10% of the world's population is left-handed.
-A typical bed usually houses over 6 billion dust mites.
-A person afflicted with hexadectylism has six fingers or six toes on one or both hands and feet
-A woodpecker can peck twenty times a second.
-A zebra is white with black stripes.
- Porpoises and dolphins communicate with each other by squeaking, growling, moaning, and whistling. Porpoises and dolphins are mammals. There are about 40 species or kinds of porpoises and dolphins. Most porpoises and dolphins navigate by using "echolocation". The largest member of the dolphin family is called an orca or killer whale.
- The hippopotamus gives birth under water and nurses its young in the river as well, though the young hippos do come up periodically for air.
-A cow gives nearly 200,000 glasses of milk in her lifetime
The world's largest rodent is the Capybara. An Amazon water hog that looks like a guinea pig, it can weigh more than 100 pounds.
The world's smallest mammal is the bumblebee bat of Thailand, weighing less than a penny.
-- How the wind blows. As the sun warms the earth’s surface, the atmosphere warms too. Some parts of the earth receive direct rays from the sun all year and are always warm. Other places receive indirect rays, so the climate is colder. Warm air, which weighs less than cool air, rises. Then cool air moves in and replaces the rising warm air. This movement of air is what makes the wind blow.
- Dolphins sleep with one eye open!

--Why do we might feel warmer wearing a dark-colored jacket than a light-colored one? . Dark colors absorb light energy. Light colors and white reflect light energy. When light shines on your dark jacket, the jacket fabric absorbs light energy. The absorbed light energy causes electrons in the atoms of the jacket to vibrate. This activity releases heat energy, which makes the jacket—and you—warmer. That's why we like to wear more dark colors in winter and more light colors in summer.
-While sleeping, one man in eight snores, and one in ten grinds his teeth.
-At 188 decibels, the whistle of the blue whale is the loudest sound produced by any animal.
--A flute made of bone is the oldest playable musical instrument in the world. It’s a flute carved from a bird’s wing bone more than 9,000 years ago. The flute was discovered with other flutes at an ancient burial site in China.
- The fastest dog, the greyhound, can reach speeds of upto 41.7 miles per hour. The breed was known to exist in ancient Egypt 6,000 years ago
-- Glue dates back to prehistoric times. Artists once mixed colorings with raw eggs, dried blood, and plant juices to make sticky paints for cave murals. Later, ancient Egyptians and other people learned to make stronger glues by boiling animal bones and hides. Today companies make glues using synthetic substances.
-A cat sees about six times better than a human at night because of the tapetum lucidum , a layer of extra reflecting cells which absorb light.
-A cat uses whiskers to determine if a space is too small to squeeze through. The whiskers act as antennae, helping the animal to judge the precise width of any passage.
-A cat will clean itself with paw and tongue after a dangerous experience or when it has fought with another cat. This is an attempt by the animal to soothe its nerves by doing something natural and instinctive.
-The grizzly bear can run as fast as the average horse!!
- The female lion does more than 90% of the hunting while the male simply prefers to rest. !!
- A jellyfish is 95 percent water!
- At birth, a panda is smaller than a mouse and weighs about four ounces.
-Fingernails grow nearly 4 times faster than toenails!
-You blink over 10,000,000 times a year!
- Of all the words in the English language, the word ' set ' has the most definitions!
- The sun is 330,330 times larger than the earth!-
- Dogs and cats, like humans, are either right or left handed... or is that paws?!
- A giraffe can clean its ears with its 21-inch tongue!
- A crocodile cannot stick its tongue out.
-A cat's jaws cannot move sideways.
-More people are killed annually by donkeys than die in air crashes.
- "Go." is the shortest complete sentence in the English language
The vocabulary of the average person consists of 5,000 to 6,000 words.
- No word in the English language rhymes with "month".
- An ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain.
-An ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain.
The average person laughs about 15 times a day.
The average person walks the equivalent of twice around the world in a lifetime.
- All polar bears are left handed.
-Ants don't sleep.

The word "racecar", "kayak", and "radar" are the same
whether they are read left to right or right to left.

"a man a plan a canal panama"

spelled backwards is still

"a man a plan a canal panama"

The Industrial Revolution in Europe first saw the beginning of air pollution, which gradually became a major global problem.

The major air-polluting industries are iron, steel and, cement.

Of the 35-40 million tonnes of flyash generated annually by thermal power plants in India, only 2-3 percent is productively utilized.

The worst industrial disaster in India, occurred in 1984 in Bhopal the capital of Madhya Pradesh. A deadly chemical, methly isocyanate leaked out of the Union Carbide factory killing more than 2500 and leaving thousands sick. In fact the effects of this gas tragedy is being felt even today.

Every year some 50million cars are added to the world’s roads. Car making is now the largest manufacturing industry in the world.

In India the number of motorized vehicles have increased from 0.2 million in 1947 to 36.3 million in 1997.

The number of registered vehicles in Delhi is more than the sum total of registered vehicles in Mumbai, Calcutta, and Chennai.

Major contributor to Delhi's air pollution are vehicles.

Nearly three-fourths of India's population, which is rural, bears 84% of the burden of exposure to air pollution.

Growing population, poverty, and inadequate access to clean fuels in rural areas have perpetuated the use of biomass, thereby condemning more than 90% of rural households and more than 35% of urban hoseholds to high levels of indoor air pollution.

One of the most important measure to counter pollution is planting trees. With neem and peepal being the largest emitters of oxygen, planting them in the gardens purifies the surrounding air and helps in maintaining hygienic conditions. While champa, mogra and chameli have better chances of surviving pollution in summer, bulbous varieties do better in winter.

Honey Bee

2012-09-14T10:11:00.002-07:00

HONEY BEE scarce Features/Details honey bee exhibits a combination of individual traits and social co-operation which is unparalleled in the animal kingdom. Although a hive only needs 20-30 lb. of honey to survive an average winter, the bees are capable, if given the space of collecting much more. This is what the beekeeper wants them to do. Honey Bees are the highest form of insect life they live in a well organised colony that does not need to hibernate. They produce honey and store it in wax comb and use the same hive from one year to the next.A glimpse into the nest makes it apparent why honey bees have fascinated us from the earliest days of scientific observations. The infrastructure of the nest, the perfectly uniform and functional comb, is composed of beeswax and is constructed into a repeating series of almost perfect hexagonal cells. The comb is the stage for the activity of the colony and is used for almost everything imaginable, from larval nursery to pantry to message centre.

At the individual level, honey bees have not one but three types of colony members: queens, drones and workers, each with their own specialisations and place in honey bee society. The queen reigns over the nest, surrounded by attendants and fed the rich food she requires to perform her few but crucial tasks in the colony.The queen produces powerful pheromones, chemical signals to recipient workers which control many of their behaviours and provide part of the 'social glue' which holds honey bee life together. A highly organised social structure exists within the colony and elaborate 'dances' are used to communicate the location of food sources.
Honey bee eggs hatch regardless of whether the are fertilized. The female bees--queens an workers--develop from fertilized eggs that contain 32 chromosomes.

These 32 chromosomes consist of two sets of 16, one set from each parent. Hence female bees are said to be diploid in origin. The males (drones) develop from unfertilized egg which contain only one set of 16 chromosomes from their mother. Drones are thus haploid in origin This reproduction by the development of unfertilized eggs is called parthenogenesis

Africanized honey bees ( AHB)

Africanized honey bees are a more temperamental relative of the common garden honey bee, which is known as the (EHB). Honey bees, whether they are European or African, only sting defensively. They do not go out of their way to sting. B ut some AHB colonies defend their colonies more intensively and with less provocation than other bees. The AHB swarms much more frequently than other honey bees. A colony is a group of bees with comb and brood. The colony may either be managed (white hive boxes maintained by professional beekeepers) or wild (feral).A group of bees that are in the process of leaving their parent colony and starting a nest in a new location is called a "swarm."
Usually a new queen is reared to stay with the parent colony and the old queen flies off with the swarm. Scout bees often locate potential nest sites prior to swarming, but the swarm may spend a day or two clustered in impressive, hanging clumps on branches or in other temporary locations until the bees settle on a new nesting site. If they can't find a suitable location, the bees may fly several miles and cluster again. Regardless of myths to the contrary, Africanized honey bees do not fly out in angry swarms to randomly attack unlucky victims. However, the AHB can become highly defensive in order to protect their hive, or home. Again, it is now better to consistently exercise caution with respect to all bee activity. So keep your distance from any swarm of bees.

Carpenter bees

Large carpenter bees are readily distinguished from bumble bees primarily by the absence of pubescence on the dorsum of the abdomen, which is somewhat shiny. They also lack a malar space (present in bumble bees), and the triangular second submarginal cell. Carpenter bees rarely attack painted or varnished wood. While natural wood may be attractive, if there is a problem with carpenter bees, you may have to apply a finish to the wood. These bees often cause problems on structures by boring into the surface of the wood that is the back face of the trim under the eaves, as this surface is usually not painted. A buzzing or drilling sound is heard when the bee is boring into the wood. If the hole is not visible, often the case when the bee is boring into the backside of trim, look for sawdust on the ground under the hole.

Bumble bees

Bumble bees are large, social bees which produce annual colonies. Mated queens overwinter in the soil and emerge from hibernation in early spring when they feed on spring flowers and search for a suitable location, such as a former rodent nest in the soil, to begin their colonies. Workers emerge about 21 days after the eggs are laid and take over the duties of pollen and nectar collection as well as colony defense. The size of the workers increases with each new brood. The third caste of bumble bees, the males, are usually produced in midsummer. Bumble bees are easily recognized by the corbicula or pollen basket on the hind tibiae in the females. Honey bees are the only other bees in Florida with this structure, but are easily recognized by their smaller size, hairy eyes, and lack of hind tibial spurs.

Honey Bee -Scare Facts

Bees maintain a temperature of 92-93 degrees Fahrenheit in their central brood nest regardless of whether the outside temperature is 110 or -40 degrees.

Honey bees produce beeswax from eight paired glands on the underside of their abdomen.

Honey bees must consume about 17-20 pounds of honey to be able to biochemically produce each pound of beeswax.

Honey bees can fly up to 14 kilometers from their nest in search of food. Usually, however, they fly one or two miles away from their hive to forage on flowers.

Honey bees are entirely herbivorous when they forage for nectar and pollen but can cannibalize their own brood when stressed.

Worker honey bees live for about 4 weeks in the spring or summer but up to 6 weeks during the winter.

Honey bees are almost the only bees with hairy Compound eyes.

A populous colony may contain 40,000 to 60,000 bees during the late spring or early summer.

The brain of a worker honey bee is about a cubic millimeter but has the densest neuropile tissue of any animal.

Honey is 80% sugars and 20% water.

Honey has been used for millenia as a topical dressing for wounds since microbes cannot live in it. It also produces hydrogen peroxide. Honey has even been used to embalm bodies such as that of Alexander the Great.

Honey bees fly at 15 miles per hour.

A queen bee can control the flow of sperm to fertilize an egg when she is about to lay an egg. Honey bees have an unusual genetic sex determination system known as haplodiploidy. worker Bees are produced from fertilized eggs and have a full (double) set of chromosomes. The males, or drones, develop from unfertilized eggs and are thus haploid with only a single set of chromosomes.

NOTE: the detail/words above given is only for informational purpose and are subjective to mistakes,& Errors, the blog holder doesn't take any liability for any damage happen by using this information for any purpose.

FACTS ABOUT KASHMIR

2012-09-14T10:10:00.001-07:00

The following is a list of ten geographic facts to know about Kashmir.

1) Historical documents state that the region of present-day Kashmir was formerly a lake, thus its name is derived from several translations that deal with water. Kaashmir, a term used in the religious text Nilamata Purana, means for example "a land desiccated from water."

2) Kashmir's old capital, Shrinagari, was first founded by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka and the region served as a center of Buddhism. In the 9th century,Hinduism was introduced to the area and both religions thrived.

3) In the 14th century, the Mongol ruler, Dulucha invaded the Kashmir region. This ended the Hindu and Buddhist rule of the area and in 1339, Shah Mir Swati became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir. Throughout the rest of the 14th century and into subsequent times, Muslim dynasties and empires successfully controlled the Kashmir region. By the 19th century though, Kashmir was passed to the Sikh armies that were conquering the area.

4) Beginning in 1947 at the end of England's rule of India, the Kashmir region was given the choice to become a part of the new Union of India, the Dominion of Pakistan or to remain independent. Around this same time however, both Pakistan and India attempted to gain control of the area and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 began which lasted until 1948 when the region was partitioned. Two more wars over Kashmir took place in 1965 and 1999.

5) Today Kashmir is divided among Pakistan, India and China. Pakistan controls the northwestern part, while India controls the central and southern portions and China controls its northeastern areas. India controls the largest portion of land at 39,127 square miles (101,338 sq km) while Pakistan controls an area of 33,145 square miles (85,846 sq km) and China 14,500 square miles (37,555 sq km).

6) The Kashmir region has a total area of about 86,772 square miles (224,739 sq km) and much of it is undeveloped and dominated by large mountain ranges such as the Himalayan and Karakoram ranges. The Vale of Kashmir is located between mountain ranges and there are also several large rivers in the region. The most populated areas are Jammu and Azad Kashmir. The main cities in Kashmir are Mirpur, Dadayal, Kotli, Bhimber Jammu, Muzaffrarabad and Rawalakot.

7) Kashmir has a varied climate but in its lower elevations, summers are hot, humid and dominated monsoonal weather patterns, while winters are cold and often wet. In the higher elevations, summers are cool and short, and winters are very long and very cold.

8) Kashmir's economy is mostly made up of agriculture that takes place in its fertile valley areas. Rice, corn, wheat, barley, fruits and vegetables are the main crops grown in Kashmir while lumber, and the raising of livestock also play a role in its economy. In addition, small-scale handicrafts and tourism are important to the area.

9) Most of Kashmir's population is Muslim. Hindus also live in the region and the main language of Kashmir is Kashmiri.

10) In the 19th century, Kashmir was a popular tourist destination because of its topography and climate. Many of Kashmir's tourists came from Europe and were interested in hunting and mountain climbing.Note; The Information above given is subject to have Errors, Mis spell, and mistakes. The blog holder doesnot take any liability of damage happen by using this information.

Famous tourist places of kashmir

2012-09-14T10:01:00.002-07:00

TOP TOURIST PLACES OF KASHMIR..

Gulmarg

Alt : 2730 meters Km: 52
Gulmarg, "Meadow of Flowers", was discovered in 16th century during the reign of Sultan Yousuf Shah. Historians describe the famous love couples, Habba Khatoum, poetess of Kashmir and King Yousuf Shah Chak, and Jehangir and Noor Jehan visiting Gulmarg for enjoying life. Gulmarg is on full bloom during the Summer with flowers like bluebells and daisies. Horseriding and Buggy Ride in Gulmarg is a delightful experience.

The green carpeted meadows offer a pleasant view and perfect level of slopes to the golfers . Gulmarg has a Golf Club established in 1902 with Capt. John Hill as first Honorary Secretary. The 8-hole golf course of 1892 has developed into an 18 hole golf course par 72, where competitions are held every summer. It is the highest golf course in the world.
Another highest in the World in Gulmarg is Gandola Cable Car, installed by a world-renowned French company. The first phase is up to Kongdori, 3045 meters, where a sledge or ski can be hired even in Summer when the slopes are covered with snow. The second phase connects Kangdori with Apharwat, 4060 meters, a ridge that offers breathtaking view in all seasons and adventurous slopes for downhill skiing / snow boarding. It has become the best alternative for heliskiing, making Gulmarg the most economical Ski Resort in the world. The tempting ski doos are used for patrolling during winter. Visitors can try their luck for a ride on one of these.

Pahalgam

Alt:2130 mtrs Km:95
"Shepherd's village", Pahalgam is visited by tourists and locals in huge number for its gradual lowering of temperature and river Lidder flowing at an approachable distance. Traveling through meandering roads of north Kashmir, Pahalgam opens up with a fresh cool breeze of the river. It has an astounding 9 hole golf course open for tourists now being extended into an 18 hole. The golf championships are organised by state government and private hoteliers in Summer. Here, tourists and locals putt together in the shades of Pine trees surrounding the golf course.

Trout fishing in Lidder River is quite popular sport in Pahalgam. Permits have to be collected well in advance from J&K fisheries department. Best season for fishing is April to September.

The Tourist Office at the main market provides assistance and information to the visitors .

Yousmarg

Yousmarg (a meadow), mesmerizes tourists with its scenic beauty and mountains comparable to European Alps. Situated amidst Sang Safed valley, Yousmarg is reputed for having some unique spring flowers. It also has some of the highest peaks in PirPanjal range like Tatakoti 4725 mtrs and Sunset Peak 4746 mtrs. The mighty river Doodh Ganga makes this destination more thrilling. The natural slopes of Yousmarg offer skiing opportunities to experts. Last few years of large inflow of tourists into Kashmir valley has seen the diversification of tourism to this wonderful destination. Most of the travel agents include Yousmarg as a destination of one day trip in their packages.

Sonamarg

Sonamarg (Meadow of Gold) is a trekker's heaven and has adventurous routes with beautiful green water and frozen lakes around. The vale is believed to be bestowed with mystical water which turns everything into eternal riches. High altitude makes it cold even during summers. It is advisable to always carry warm clothes and rain proofs. The everlasting Thajiwas glacier, 3km from Sonamarg, provides a chance to enjoy sledge ride on the snow even in mid-Summer. Ponies are available up to the glacier from Sonamarg. Superb campsites in Thajiwas area makes it a prime location for school camps and trekkers during the Summer. Sind River is a natural hatchery of Trout, where angling is great fun, provided the permission is obtained from the fisheries department. Ascending river makes Sonamarg ideal for River Rafting, which is done in full swing by youths, corporate executives and even old members with their families at different levels in the Sind river. Arrangements can be done through travel agents in Srinagar or Sonamarg Development Authority (SDA). More adventure sports like Paragliding is getting lots of takers during the Summer. Assistance is available at the tourist office at Sonamarg. The rugged countryside market makes one feel the thrill of adventure. Island retreat, a park amidst river Sind enroute to Sonamarg, is a real treat as a short stopover. The roaring Sind creates a constant cool breeze, it is hard to get off from such heavenly environs. Doodhpathri

DOODH PATHRI IN KASHMIR Aother recent discovery in the list of tourist places in kashmir is doodh pathri. Nearly about 50 km from srinagar is a beautiful place bowl shaped valley namely doodh pathri. Although not so many people visit here because it is not known to all but who luckly visit to this place knows how beautiful and marvelous place it is. Government is working to make easy access to doodh pathri by linking concreate roads to this place. Upgradation of doodh pathri and tourist facilities plans are on fast track. Very soon doodh pathri will be famous like other places too, and it will also known to be most famous tourist place in kashmir.

What Is Face book?

2012-09-14T09:46:00.001-07:00

Facebook is a social networking website intended to connect friends, family, and business associates. It is the largest of the networking sites, with the runner up being MySpace. It began as a college networking website and has expanded to include anyone and everyone.

Facebook was founded by 2004 by Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg and originally called thefacebook. It was quickly successful on campus and expanded beyond Harvard into other Ivy League schools. With the phenomenon growing in popularity, Zuckerberg enlisted two other students, Duston Moskovitz and Chris Hughes, to assist. Within months, thefacebook became a nationwide college networking website.

Zuckerberg and Moskovitz left Harvard to run thefacebook full time shortly after taking the site national. In August of 2005, thefacebook was renamed Facebook, and the domain was purchased for a reported $200,000 US Dollars (USD). At that time, it was only available to schools, universities, organizations, and companies within English speaking countries, but has since expanded to include anyone.

Facebook users create a profile page that shows their friends and networks information about themselves. The choice to include a profile in a network means that everyone withing that network can view the profile. The profile typically includes the following: Information, Status, Friends, Friends in Other Networks, Photos, Notes, Groups, and The Wall.

( Logo of Facebook)

Users are able to search for friends and acquaintances by e-mail address, school, university, or just by typing in a name or location for search. When people become friends, they are able to see all of each others' profiles including contact information. E-mail notifications let users know when new friends have chosen to add them to their list or when someone has sent a message to them within the system.

A popular feature on Facebook is the ability to share photographs uploaded from a phone, camera, or hard drive. As with other private information, users have the option to allow only friends to see their pictures or anyone. There is an unlimited amount of storage available, which is a major advantage of Facebook's photograph sharing capabilities.

Groups can be created by users. These can include anything from grade school connections to hobbies and interests. Groups can be public and available to everyone or private, meaning only those invited can join and view discussions. Similarly, the Events feature allows friends to organize parties, concerts, and other get togethers in the real world. Users can also become fans of everything such as people, organizations, television shows, movies, and musicians.

There are countless applications available to add to a profile. They range from a list of Top Friends to movie compatibility with others, and maps of where users have traveled. These applications are created by individuals outside of Facebook's employment who are known as Developers.

Users of Facebook can share news stories, video, and other files with friends. Most news and video websites have buttons that can be clicked to automatically share the story or video on a feed. The person sharing can make comments about the shared item that their friends will see.

Personal notes can also be written and shared with friends. When sharing an item, users can attach the item to their Wall for all to see, or can tag individual people that they think would be most interested in seeing the item. When a user is tagged, they receive an e-mail notification.

Facebook had a redesign in late 2008, intended to streamline the website and make it easier to see what friends were doing. It has seen outstanding growth since its inception and is poised to maintain its dominance in social networking. In early 2009, Facebook users worldwide were nearly double that of its older competitor MySpace.

http://www.facebook.com is the official website of this orginisation..

Note; The Information above given is subject to have Errors, Mis spell, and mistakes. The blog holder doesnot take any liability of damage happen by using this information.

Famous books and their writters

2012-09-14T09:39:00.003-07:00

Famous Books and Authors List [ A - D ] :

Note; The Information Below given is subject to have Errors, Mis spell, and mistakes, This information has been collected from various internet resources. The blog holder doesnot take any liability of damage happen by using this information.

Books	Authors	Books	Authors
A Bend in the river	V.S. Naipaul	A Brush with Life	Satish Gujral
A Conceptual Encyclopaedia of Guru Granth Sahib	S.S. Kohli	A Foreign Policy for India	I.K. Gujral
A Fortune Teller Told Me	Tiziano Terzani	A Gender Lens on Social Psychology	Judith A Howard and Jocelyn A.Hollander
A General and His Army	Georgy Vladimov	A Himalayan Love Story	Namita Gokhale
A Last Leap South	Vladimir Zhirinovsky	A Nation Flawed - Lesson from Indian History	P.N. Chopra
A Peep into the Past	Vasant Navrekar	A Possible India	Partha Chatterjee
A Psychoanalysis of the Prophets	Abdulla Kamal	A Reveolutionary Life	Laxmi Sehgal
A Secular Agenda	Arun Shourie	A Simple Path	Lucinda Vardey
A Suitable Boy	Vikram Seth	A Tale of Two Gardens	Octavio Paz
A Tribute to People's Princess : Diana	Peter Donelli	A Tryst With Destiny	Stanley Wolfer
Abbot	Walter Scott	Absalom, Absalom	William Faulkner
Absalom and Achitophel	John Dryden	Acoession to Extinction	D.R. Mankekar
Across Borders, Fifty - years of India's Foreign Policy	J.N. Dixit	Adam Bede	George Eliot
Adhe Adhure	Mohan Rakesh	Dynamics of Social Change	Chandra Shekhar
Adonis	P.B. Shelley	Adrain Mole - The Wilderness Years	Sue Townsend
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn	Mark Twain	Adventures of Robinson Crusoe	Daniel Defoe
Adventures of Sally	P.G. Wodehouse	Adventures of Sherlock Holmes	Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Adventures of Tom Sawyer	Mark Twain	Adversary in the House	lrving Stone
Advice and Consent	Allen Drury	Aeneid	Virgil
Affairs	C.P.Snow	Affluent Society	J.K.Galbraith
Afghanistan : Mullah, Marx and Mujahid	R.H. Magnus & Eden Naby	Africa's Challenge to America	Chester Bowles
After All These Years	Susan Issacs	After the Dark Night	S.M. Ali
Against the Grain	Boris Yeltsin	Age of Reason	Jean Paul Sartre
Agni Pariksha	Acharya Tulsi	Agni Veena	Kazi Nazrul Islam
Agony and the Ecstasy	Irving Stone	Ain - i - Akbari	Abul Fazal
Airport	Arthur Hailey	Ajatshatru	Jai Shankar Prasad
Akbarnama	Abul Fazal	Alaska Unbound	James Michener
Alchemist	Ben Johnson	Alexander Quartet	Lawrence Durrel
Alexander the Great	John Gunther	Alice in Wonderland	Lewis Carroll
Alien Nation	Peter Brimelow	All for Love	John Dryden
All is Well that Ends Well	William Shakespeare	All Quiet on the Western Front	Erich Maria Remarque
All the King's Men	Robert Penn Warren	All the President's Men	Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward
All things Bright and Beautiful	James Herroit	All Under Heaven	Pearl S.Buck
Along the Road	Aldous Huxley	Altered States	Anita Brookner
Amar Kosh	Amar Singh	Ambassador's Journal	J.K. Galbraith
Ambassador's Report	Chester Bowles	Amelia	Henry Fielding
American Capitalism	J.K. Galbraith	An American Dilemma	Gunnar Myrdal
An American Tragedy	Theodore Dreiser	An Apology for Idlers	Robert Louis Stevenson

An Autobiography	Jawaharlal Nehru	An Eye to China	David Selbourne
An idealist View of Life	Dr.S. Radhakrishnan	Anandmath	Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Anatomy of a Flawed inheritance	J.N. Dixit	Ancient Evenings	Norman Mailer
Ancient Mariner	Samuel Taylor Coleridge	And Quiet Flows the Don	Mikhali Sholokhov
And Through the Looking Glass	Lewis Carroll	Androcles and the Lion	George Bernard Shaw
Angry Letters	Willem Doevenduin	Anguish of Deprived	Lakshmidhar Mishra
Animal Farm	George Orwell	Anna Karenina	Count Leo Tolstoy
Another Life	Derek Walcott	Answer to History	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Antic Hay	Aldous Huxley	Antony and Cleopatra	William Shakespeare
Ape and Essence	Aldous Huxley	Apple Cart	George Bernad Shaw
Arabian Nights	Sir Richard Burton	Area of Darkness	V.S. Naipaul
Arion and the Dolphin	Vikram Seth	Arms and the Man	George Bernard Shaw
Around the World in Eighty Days	Jules verne	Arrangement	Elia Kazan
Arrival and Departure	Arthur Koestler	Arrow in the Blue	Arthur Koestler
Arrow of Good	Joseph Conrad	Arrowsmith	Sinclair Lewis
Arthashastra	Kautilya	As I Lay Dying	William Faulkner
As You Like It	William Shakespeare	Ascent of the Everest	Sir John Hunt
Ashtadhyayi	Panini	Asia and Western Dominance	K.M. Panikkar
Asian Drama	Gunnar Myrdal	Aspects of the Novel	E.M. Forster
Assassination of a Prime Minister	S.Anandram	Assignment Colombo	J.N. Dixit
Assignment India	Christopher Thomas	Athenian Constitution	Aristotle
Atoms of Hope	Mohan Sundara Rajan	August 1914	Alexander Solzhenitsyn
August Coup	Mikhali S. Gorbachev	Author's Farce	Henry Fielding
Autobiography of an Unknown Indian	Nirad C. Chaudhuri	Autumn Leaves	O.Pulla Reddi
Avanti Sundari	Dandin	Babbit	Sinclair Lewis
Baburnama	Babur	Baby and Child	Penelope Leach
Back to Methuselah	G.B. Shaw	Backward Place	Ruth Prawer Jhabwala
Bandicoot Run	Manohar Malgonkar	Bang - i - Dara	Mohammad lqbal
Bangla Desh - The Unifinished Revolution	Lawrence Lifschultz	Banyan Tree	Hugh Tinker
Beach Boy	Ardesher Vakil	Beast and Man	Murry Midgley
Beating the Street	Peter Lynch	Beginning of the Beginning	Acharya Rajneesh
Beloved	Toni Morrison	Ben Hur	Lewis Wallace
Bend in the Ganges	Manohar Malgonkar	Bermuda Triangle	Charles Berlitz
Berry Patches	Yevgeny Yevtushenko	Best and the Brightest	David Halberstan
Betrayal of Pearl Harbour	James Rusbridger and Eric Nave	Between Hope and History	Bill Clinton
Between Hope and History	Bill Clinton	Between the Lines	Kuldip Nayar
Bewildered India - Identity, Pluralism, Discord	Rasheedud - din Khan	Beyond Boundaries: A Memoire	Swaraj Paul
Beyond the Horizon	Eugene O'Neill	Beyond Modernisation, Beyond Self	Sisir Kumar Ghose
Beyond Peace	Richard Nixon	Bhagwat Gita	Veda Vyas

Bharal Aur Europe	Nirmal Verma	Bharat Bharati	Maithili Sharan Gupta
Bharaitya Parampara Ke Mool Swar	Govind Chandra Pande	Big Fisherman	Lloyd C. Douglas
Big Money	P.G. Wodehouse	Bill the Conqueror	P.G. Wodehouse
Billy	Albert French	Biographia Literaria	Samuel Taylor coleridge
Birds and Beasts	Mark Twain	Birth and Death of The Sun	George Gamow
Birth and Evolution of the soul	Annie Besant	Birth of Europe	Robert, S. Lopez
Bisarjan	R.N. Tagore	Bitter Sweet	Noel Coward
Black Arrow	Robert Louis Stevenson	Black Diaspora	Ronald Segal
Black Holes and Baby Universes	Stephen Hawking	Black Sheep	Honore de Balzac
Black Tulip	Alexander Dumas	Bleak House	Charles Dickens
Blind Ambitions	John Dean	Blind Beauty	Boris Pasternak
Blind Men of Hindoostan - indo - Pak Nuclear War	Gen. Krishnaswamy Sundarji	Bliss was it in that Dawn	Minoo Masani
Bloodline	Sidney Sheldon	Blood Sport	James Stewart
Blue Bird	Maurice Macterlink	Bofors : The Ambassador's Evidence	B.M. Oza
Bone People	Keri Hulme	Book of the Sword	Sir Richard Burton
Borders & Boundaries : Women in India's Partition	Ritu Menon & Kamla Bhasin	Born Free	Joy Adamson
Bostaan	Sheikh Saadi	Bread, Beauty and Revolution	Khwaja Ahmed Abbas
Breaking the Silence	Anees Jung	Breakthrough	Gen.Moshe Dayan
Bride for the Sahib and Other Stories	Khushwant Singh	Bridge's Book of Beauty	Mulk Raj Anand
Bridges of Madison Country	R.J. Waller	Brif History of Time	Stephen Hawking
Brishbikkha	Bankim Chandra Chatterji	Britain's True History	Prem Bhatia
Broken Wings	Sarojini Naidu	Brothers Karamazhov	Fyodor Dostoevski
Bubble	Mulk Raj Anand	Buddha Charitam	Ashvaghosha
Bunch of Old Letters	Jawaharlal Nehru	Bureaucrazy	M.K. Kaw
Butterfield 8	John O'Hara	By God's Decree	Kapil Dev
By Love Possessed	James Gould Cozzens	Byzantium	W.B. Yeats
Caesar and Cleopatra	G.B. Shaw	Call the Briefing	Martin Fitzwater
Cancer Ward	Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn	Canterbury Tales	G.Chaucer
Canvass of Life	Sheila Gujral	Caravans	James A. Michener
Cardinal	Henry M. Robinson	Castle	Franz Kafka
Catch - 22	Joseph Heller	Catcher in the Rye	J.D. Salinger
Centennial	James Michener	Chance	Joseph Conrad
Chandalika	Rabindranath Tagore	Chemmeen	Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Cherry Orchard	Anton Chekhov	Chidambara	Sumitranandan Pant
Chikaveera Rajendra	Masti Venkatesh lyengar	Child Who Never Grew	Pearl S. Buck
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage	George Byron	Childhood	Maxim Gorky
Children of Gabelawi	Naquib Mahfouz	Children of the Sun	Maxim Gorky
China Passage	J.K. Galbraith	China - Past and Present	Pearl S. Buck
China's Watergate	Leo Goodstadt	Chinese Betrayal	B.N. Mullick

Chitra	Rabindranath Tagore	Choma's Drum	K. Shivaram Karanath
Christabel	Samuel Taylor Coleridge	Christmas Tales	Charles Dickens
Chronicle of a Death Foretold	Gabriel Garcia Marquez	Chithirappaavai	P.V. Akilandam
City of Joy	Dominique Lapierre	City of Saints	Sir Richard Burton
Class	Erich Segal	Climate of Treason	Andrew Boyle
Clockwork Orange	Anthony Burgess	Clown	Heinrich Boll
Cocktail Party	T.S. Eliot	Colonel Sun	Kingsley Amis
Comedy of Errors	William Shakespeare	Common Sense	Thomas Paine
Communist Manifesto	Karl Marx	Confessions	J.J.Rousseau
Confessions of a Lover	Mulk Raj Anand	Comus	John Milton
Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit	S.T. Coleridge	Confessions of an English Opium Eater,	Thomas De Quincy
Confidential Clerk	T.S. Eliot	Confrontation with Pakistan	Gen. B.M. Kaul
Conquest of Happiness	Bertrand Russell	Conquest of Self	Mahatma Gandhi
Conservationist	Nadine Gordimer	Continent of Circle	Nirad C.Chaudhuri
Coolie	Mulk Raj Anand	Count of Monte Cristo	Alexander Dumas
Coup	John Updike	Court Dancer	Rabindranath Tagore
Coverly Papers	Joseph Addison	Cranford	Mrs. Gaskell
Creation	Gore Vidal	Crescent Moon	Rabindranath Tagore
Crescent Over Kashmir	Anil Maheshwari	Cricket on the Hearth	Charles Dickens
Crime and Punishment	Fyodor Dostoevsky	Crisis in India	Ronald Segal
Crisis into Chaos	E.M.S. Namboodiripad	Critical Mass	William E. Burrows
Critique of Pure Reason	Immanuel Kant	Crossing in River	Caryl Phillips
Crossing the Sacred Line - Women's Search for Political Power	Abhilasha & Sabina Kidwai	Crossing the Threshold of Hope	Pope John Paul II
Crown and the Loincloth	Chaman Nahal	Crown of Wild Olive	John Ruskin
Cry, My Beloved Country	Alan Patan	Cuckold	Kiran Nagar Kar
Culture and Anarchy	Matthew Arnold	Culture in the Vanity Bag	Nirad C. Chaudhuri
Curtain Raisers	K. Natwar Singh	Damsel in Distress	P.G. Wodehouse
Dancing with the Devil	Rod Barker	Dangerous Plaqce	Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Dangerous Summer	Emest Hemingway	Dangling Man	Saul Bellow
Daniel Deronda	Geroge Eliot	Dark Room	R.K. Narayan
Dark Debts	Karen Hall	Dark Home Coming	Eric Lustbader
Dark Side of Camelot	Seymour Hersh	Darkness at Noon	Arthur Koestler
Das Kapital	Karl Marx	Dashkumar Charitam	Dandi
Daughter of the East	Benazir Bhutto	David Copperfield	Charles Dickens
Day in Shadow	Nayantara Sehgal	Day of the Jackal	Frederick Forsyth
Days of Grace	Arthur Ashe & Arnold Rampersad	Days of his Grace	Eyvind Johnson
Days of My Yers	H.P. Nanda	De Profundis	Oscar Wilde
Dean's December	Saul Bellow	Death and After	Annie Besant
Death Be Not Proud	John Gunther	Death in the Castle	Pearl S. Buck
Death in Venice	Thomas Mann	Death of a City	Amrita Pritam
Death of a Patriot	R.E. Harrington	Death on the Nile	Agatha Christie
Death of a President	William Manchester	Death of a Salesman	Arthur Miller
Death - The Supreme Friend	Kakasaheb Kalelkar	Death Under sail	C.P. Snow
Debacle	Emile Zola	Decameron	Giovannie Boccaccio
Decline and Fall of Indira Gandhi	D.R. Mankekar and Kamala Mankekar	Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire	Edward Gibbon
Decline of the West	O' Spengler	Democracy Means Bread and Freedom	Piloo Mody
Democracy Redeemed	V.K. Narsimhan	Descent of Man	Charles Darwin
Deserted Village	Oliver Goldsmith	Desperate Remedies	Thomas Hardy
Detective	Arthur Hailey	Devadas	Sarat Chandra Chatterjee
Dharmashastra	Manu	Dialogue with Death	Arthur Koestler
Diana - Her Time Story in Her Own Words	Andrew Martin	Diana - Princess of Wales : A Tribute	Tim Graham
Diana - The Story So Far	Julia Donelli	Diana - The True Story	Andrew Morton
Diana Versus Charles	James Whitaker	Die Blendung	Elias Canetti
Dilemma of Our Time	Harold Joseph Laski	Diplomacy	Henry Kissinger
Diplomacy and Disillustion	George Urbans	Diplomacy in Peace and War	J.N. Kaul
Disappearing Acts	Terry McMillan	Discovery of India	Jawaharlal Nehru
Distant Drums	Manohar Malgonkar	Distant Neighbours	Kuldip Nayar
Divine Comedy	A.Dante	Divine Life	Swami Sivananda
Doctor Faustus	Christopher Marlowe	Doctor's Dilemma	G.B.Shaw
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde	Robert Louis Stevensan	Dr. Zhivago	Boris Pasternak
Doll's House	lbsen	Dolly - The Birth of a Clone	Jina Kolata
Don Juan	George Byron	Don Quixote	Cervantes
Don't Laugh - We are Police	Bishan Lal Vohra	Double Betrayal	Paula R. Newburg
Double Helix	J.D. Watson	Double Tongue	William Golding
Double Teeth	U.B. Sinclair	Drogon's Seed	Pearl S. Buck
Dream in Hawaii	Bhabani Bhattacharya	Dram of Fair to Middling Women	Samuel Beckett
Dreams, Roses and Fire	Eyvind Johnson	Drunkard	Emile Zola
Durgesh Nandini	Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Hacking????

2012-09-14T09:33:00.003-07:00

What is hacking?

Hacking is the practice of modifying the features of a system, in order to accomplish a goal outside of the creator's original purpose. The person who is consistently engaging in hacking activities, and has accepted hacking as a lifestyle and philosophy of their choice, is called a hacker.
Computer hacking is the most popular form of hacking nowadays, especially in the field of computer security, but hacking exists in many other forms, such as phone hacking, brain hacking, etc. and it's not limited to either of them.
Due to the mass attention given to blackhat hackers from the media, the whole hacking term is often mistaken for any security related cyber crime. This damages the reputation of all hackers, and is very cruel and unfair to the law abiding ones of them, from who the term itself originated. The goal of this website is to introduce people the true philosophy and ethics of hackers, hopefully clearing their name and giving them the social status they deserve.
.
Hacking means finding out weaknesses in a computer or computer network, though the term can also refer to someone with an advanced understanding of computers and computer networks. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, or challenge.The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground but it is now an open community While other uses of the word hacker exist that are not related to computer security, they are rarely used in mainstream context. They are subject to the long standing hacker definition controversy about the true meaning of the term hacker. In this controversy, the term hacker is reclaimed by computer programmers who argue that someone breaking into computers is better called a cracker,not making a difference between computer criminals (black hats) and computer security experts (white hats). Some white hat hackers claim that they also deserve the title hacker, and that only black hats should be called crackers.

Be out of this ..Because it has been classified as crime said cyber crime

Note; The Information above given is subject to have Errors, Mis spell, and mistakes. The blog holder doesnot take any liability of damage happen by using this information.

Rupee v/s dollar

2012-09-14T09:20:00.002-07:00

Indian Rupee to remain under Pressure as Global Economy seems to get down Laps

In March of 2009, global equity markets bottomed out and the once near – Armageddon status of the global economy began its very slow upward march toward full recovery. Today, over 3 years later, the global economy is still on that upward march toward a full recovery, and we still have not arrived fully.

The European Debt Crisis has roiled financial markets and resulted in a much slower economic recovery than leading economists and analysts predicted. Rising bond yields in peripheral European nations have made it nearly impossible for fragile governments such as Greece, Italy, Ireland, and Spain to access private debt markets in order to raise capital for fiscal operations.

This entire European fiasco has continued to weigh on the economic recovery not only in Europe, but also in the United States, South America, and Asia. As the global economy continues to remain under macro pressure, emerging economies such as India, China, and Brazil have been hit especially hard.

Emerging Economy Economics

During times of global risk appetite, investors seek yield. They need to produce alpha for their clients, and alpha is not capture by passively tracking the S&P or Treasury Securities. Therefore, many hedge fund managers will seek to put capital to work in emerging markets due to the aggressive returns that are possible.

Hence, countries such as India tend to perform very well during bouts of risk appetite as foreign direct investment flows strongly into the country, which creates more jobs and stimulates further economic growth.

However, this scenario also works in reverse course. The global economy has not always moved up at a nice 45 degree angle over the last few years. During times of economic uncertainty, investors tend to pull capital from emerging markets, such as India, and they, in turn, place that capital in safe-haven investments such as the U.S. dollar and Japanese yen.

Double Negative

Throughout 2012, the Indian economy has been hit especially hard by slow economic growth and high inflation. This double negative is a recipe for disaster in the currency world. Traditionally, investors tend to place capital into higher yielding currencies. In other words, the rupee is a great investment during times of risk appetite because of the high yield attached to the Indian rupee.

When a country’s economic growth heats up too fast, inflation will set in. When inflation sets in, a country’s central bank will typically lower the short-term interest rate target in order to constrict the flow of credit and, as a result, slow economic growth and soften inflationary concerns. Now, when a central bank lowers its short-term interest rate target, investors will tend to sell that currency as the interest rate becomes less attractive for investment.

Rupee Near All-Time Lows

India is currently facing a difficult economic reality as both economic growth are slowing and inflation is rising. This puts India in a tough situation. It can’t raise interest rates to stimulate economic growth if inflation is high because then it risks possible hyperinflation.

Rupee Vs Dollar [2 Year Chart]

This combination of economic factors, along with fiscal policies that are not exactly encouraging wide-scale foreign direct investment, have caused investors to direct enormous capital reserves out of the Indian rupee and into safe-haven currency holdings, such as the U.S. dollar.

In fact, the rupee is currently trading near its all-time lows versus the U.S. dollars as investors wait for signs of recovery in Europe.

Although the rupee is currently very weak in 2012, it will rebound. When Europe finally stabilizes, and the U.S. economy continues to improve, capital will return to India and the rupee will aggressively rebound.

Note; The Information above given is subject to have Errors, Mis spell, and mistakes. The blog holder doesnot take any liability of damage happen by using this information.

My District Budgam

2012-09-14T09:04:00.004-07:00

MY DISTRICT
Budgam district came into existence in 1979, prior to which it was part of Srinagar district. District Budgam borders four other Districts--- Baramullah and Srinagar in north, Pulwama in south and Poonch border in south west

TOURISM IN BUDGAM
District Budgam offers many
stunning locales and has
tremendous tourism potential
that has largely remained
untapped so far. The
attractive places that can
be visited are Doodpather,
Yousmarg, Tosmaidan,
Nilnag and Khag.: Kani Shawl in Budgam
Kani shawl adomed the caesar's court and was looked upon by Mughals and later by Nawabs as mark of nobility. In 1776 Napoleon presented a Kani shawl to his wife Josephine and with that took off a new fashion trend in Europe.

HISTORY
In the olden days, Budgam was a part of district Baramulla, when Srinagar itself was a constituent of the Anantnag district. It was then known as tehsil Sri Pratap. Historical record suggests that Budgam was also referred to as Pargana Deesu. According to a well-known chronicler - Khawaja Azam Demari - the area was also known asDeedmarbag.

World's biggest chinar at chattergam Budgam

  DISTRICT BUDGAM - A PROFILE
       Budgam is one of the youngest districts of the State, carved out as it was from the erstwhile District Srinagar in 1979. Situated at an average height of 5,281 ft above sea-level and at 75 degree E longitude and 34 degree N latitude, the district was known asDeedmarbag in ancient times.
       The topography of the district is mixed with both mountainous and plain areas. The climate is of the temperate type with the upper-reaches receiving heavy snowfall in winter. The average annual rainfall of the district is 585 mm.
       While the southern and south-western parts are mostly hilly, the eastern and northern parts of the district are plain. The average height of the mountains is 1,610 m and the total area under forest cover is 477 sq. km. The soil is loose and mostly denuded karewas dot the landscape.
      Comprising one sub Division Khansahib six Tehsils Budgam, Beerwah Chadoora, Khansahib, Khag, and Charisharief, the district has been divided into eight blocks namely Budgam, Beerwah, Chadoora, Khansahib, Khag, BK Pora, Narbal and Nagam which serve as prime units of economic development. Budgam has been further sliced into 283 panchayats comprising 509 revenue villages.

District at a Glance

Geographical Area	1371
Population	7.35 lacs (2011 census)
Irrigated Area	37451 hects
Cultivable Area	53353 hects
Forest Area	477 kms
Sub. Divisions	01
Tehsils	06
Nayabats	16
Patwar Halqas	114
Revenue villages	509
CD Blocks	08
Municipalities	06
Panchayats	283

TOPOGRAPHY AND SOILS
The general topography of the area is both mountainous and plain. While the southern and south-western parts are mostly hilly, the eastern and northern parts are relatively plain. The average height of the mountains is 1,610 meters. The soil is loose and mostly denuded karewas dot the landscape.

CLIMATE
The climate of district Budgam is of temperate type. The annual average rainfall is 585 mm.
POPULATION
The total population of the district is 7.35 Lacs as per the 2011 Census .

LITERACY RATE

57. 98 % ( 2011 Census)

RURAL URBAN RATIO
With a predominately rural outlook, 86 % of the population in the district lives in its villages and are primarily involved in agricultural operations

DENSITY OF POPULATION
The density of population in the district is 537 persons per sq. Km. as per 2011 Census .

SEX-RATIO

According to 2011 Census, population of the District is 7.35 lacs with gender ratio of 833/1000.

CROPPING PATTERN
The weather conditions in the Valley as well as in the district being temperate, multiple cropping has not been successful. Paddy and maize are the main crops while as pulses and vegetables are also grown in different pockets of the district. However, the district is trying a few experiments with unconventional farming, results of which have been encouraging so far. Prominent Saints and their resting places

Sheikh Noor-ud-din Noorani (RA)	Charisharief
Hazrat Saeed Ali Aali Balkhi (RA)	Pakherpora
Mir Shamas-U-Din Iraqi (RA)	Chadoora
Hazrat Saeed Soliha Khansahib (RA)	Khansahib
Ayatullah Aga Syed Mehdi (RA)	Budgam
Ab Samad Mir Nambalhar (RA)	Nambalhar
Hazrat Gaffar Sahab (RA)	Waterhail
Hazrat Shamas Fakir (RA)	Shamasabad

Tourist Places

Name of Tourist Spots	Distance from Budgam
Yousmarg	32 Km
Toushmaidan	60 Km
Nil Nag	32 Km
DodhPather	34 Km
Khag	45 Km
Sitaharan	55 Km
Word's Biggest Chinar Chattergam	22 Km

Contact Directory

Designation	Tel: Office	Tel: Res.
Deputy Commissioner District Dev. Commissioner	255203	255374
Deputy Commissioner District Dev. Commissioner	255205 (Fax)	255668
Addl. Deputy Commissioner	255294
Sr Superintendent of Police	255240	255241
Asstt. Commissioner Rev.	255242	-
Spl. Collector Defence		2434419/437708
Director Land Records	-	2491203
H.Q. Asstt. with Dy Comm.	255204
Naib Tehsildar (Beerwarh)	-	-
NT(sail-Beerwah)	-	2496084
Tehsildar (A) Beerwah	951951-275228	2467836
Tehsildar Budgam	255221	9419000298
Tehsildar (S) Budgam	255221	-
Tehsildar Beerwah	951951-275228	9906574503
Tehsildar Chadoora	951951-230222	2435461
Tehsildar (S) Chadoora	230222
Naib Tehsildar (S) Budgam	255221	2496051
Naib Tehsildar Soibug	-	2456586
NT(Parnewh)	255454	-
Naib Tehsildar (S) Nagam	-
Naib Tehsildar(Settlement)		-
Naib Tehsildar Chrar-I-Shrief	230146	2436279
Naib Tehsildar (Khansahib)	277298	255482
Naib Tehsildar (Chadoora)	-
AC Nazool	2472854	2436128
NT (Arizal)	-	2479938
I/C NT Beerwah (Terr.)	-	-
I/C NT Parnewa	-	-
I/C Chari-Sharief	-	-
I/C NT Nagam	-	-
I/C NT Boni Mokhama	-	-
Bemina	2491554	-
Chief Planning Officer	255291	255291
Distt. Eval. & Stats Officer	255421	-
District Youth Services & Sports Officer	255490	2438421/2452448
District Coordinator Nehru Yuvak Kendra	255304	-
Conservator Srinagar, Circle Srinagar	2473583	2422188
Divisional Forest Officer Pir Panjal	255337	2431189
D.F.O. Social Forestry Div. Srinagar	2472776	2433735
Asstt. Conservator Forests (Soil Const.)	-	2435184
Asstt. Soil Conservation Officer	-	-
Dy. Director, Ministry of Textiles, GOI	2430795	2496473
A.D.Handlooms	-	2430671
A.D. Handicrafts	255060	2426600
Distt. Sheep Husbandry Officer	255229	2433847/2430114
Chief Horticulture Officer	255278	2451172
Dy. Registrar Cooperative Budgam	255211	2402506
Chief Agriculture Officer	255268	-
District Agriculture Officer	-	-
Chief Animal Husbandry Officer	255276	2438879
Sericulutre Officer Budgam (Dy. Director)		2430171
Treasury Officer Budgam	255247	2424835/2490880
Sessions Judge Budgam	255248	2490886/2491423
Chief Judicial Magistrate	255239	-
Distt. Manager J&K Bank	255250	2431092
Lead Distt. Manager	2434941	2433599/2433599
Assoc. Lead Distt. Manager	2434941	-
DGM NABARD, Srinagar	2435280	2455144
Distt. Dev. Officer Bud. for NABARD	2450854 (O)	--
Dy. Director State Motor Garages	2472193	-
Chairman, Western Mini Bus Assoc.	2475587	2478442
District Empl. Officer Bud. Dy. Director	255253	2437897/2400497
Distt. Employment Officer, Srinagar	2433521	6492390/6492994
S.O.Employment Office, Budgam	-	-
Telephones	255282	-
Microwave XEN Srinagar	2474738	2478442
J.T.O Telephones	255201	2455273
S.D.O. Telephone	255202	2401202
2437631	2431971/2431618
Distt. Social Welfare Officer	256370	2435396
P.O.ICDS	255371	-
CDPO Beerwah	-	2425536
CDPO Khag	-	2436268
CDPO Chadoora/Nagam	-	-
CDPO B.K.Pora	-	2433811
CDPO Narbal	-	2434131
CDPO Budgam	-	2433896
TSWO Budgam	-	2490309
TSWO Beerwah	-

DC Office Complex Budgam.

D.C Office Complex

Gh. Mohd. MirPA 237267 9419035756Riyaz Ahmad BhatPA 2438316 9419034696Ab. KabeerShali Clerk---- Gh Mohi-u-dinJ.A. Agrarian Nazir--9419034869J.A., Court Clerk----Heena KounserJ.A.,Typist 2471471--Mohd Yousuf GanieJ.A. Assistant Typist----Gh. Rasool KhanSQ----Mohd. RamzanLRA----Imtiyaz AktharSteno----Gh. MehdiSenior Distict LAC ----S. Rajander SinghJ.A. Typist--9419034939J.A. Relief----Mohd AshrafElection Naib Tehsildar 9419068196Mohd Yaseen RatherJ.A., (Computer Assistant)255525--Miss. Humeera BanoIncharge Red Cross

255973

--S. Paremjeet SinghInstructor----Syed Wali ShahAuditor C/O R.C. Gupta, Jammu2430114--

National Informatics Center

Farooq AhmadDistrict Informatics Office

255258

--CICO, B.K.Pora0194-24304059906517669/9906543038Sameer-ul-HaqCICO, B.K.Pora9419025095CICO, Chadoora951951-2308999419422360Mohd. Iqbal DarCICO, Chadoora951951230366(PP)9419080050Gurmeet Singh MehtaCICO Nagam9419424264CICO Nagam9906588385Mohd. Mehraj-u-dinCICO , Budgam9419035475Mohd. Younis RathoreCICO , Budgam9419013815CICO Khag9906070400Ali Mohd. MirCICO Khag9906534480/9906518133CICO , Khansahib9419010654CICO Beerwah951951-207156(PP)Engineering SectorsS.E. Srinagar-Bgm. Circle2479843XEN PWD255208AEE PWD
Budgam2552082435132/ 2431780AEE PWD
Khansahib--2435961/2432366AEE Khag
Div. Budgam--2462387XEN PWD Chadoora2300662480548AEE Charisharief--2424759XEN JKPCC Unit II24357802434709JEE Budgam--2430057SE Hydraulics2556222451939SE Irrigation (Mech)24301642434071XEN Irrigation (Mech)24301112431600XEN PHE Budgam2552492465509XEN Ground Water24769372459257XEN PHE Chadoora2303012420872AEE Irrigation--2430254 XEN Mech PHE224305912423195XEN Flood Spill Channel Narbal---- XEN. PHE22552492477207/ 2431181AEE Khansahib--2430644AEE Beerwah--951951-234125 AEE Budgam--2422648JE Incharge Tanker Service--2401099JE Hq. Budgam--2403186 AEE Hq. Chadoora2303012425756AEE ChariSharief--2422773 AEE Lalnagar (City areas)--2470901 Mech. Irrigation Division----JE Head Quarter (Jawahar Nagar)--2430458 SE Mech Irrigation24331262430830AEE HQ PHE R/o Qamarwari--2490674

Civil Airport

EPABX2431521-8----Director Airport24312452430134---2432899/24343862434327 (F)--SP AHJ Airport24379082491595/2491588--SP AHJ Airport, Jammu0191-431047----Station Manager, Indian Airlines2431094/ 2431450----Station Manager, Jet Airways2434385, 24316962432077/2431448--City Office2455055/24755552433007--

AIR FORCE

AOC2432073-6/2432970-

J&K POLICE, Srinagar

Inspector General, Kashmir24587352475846/2452085-Inspector General, Ops.--458736 Dy. Inspector General, Kashmir24550642452707/2472125/431(H)DIG Security24521342454087--0191-5404962436200 Sr. Superintendent, Srinagar24550472465109 SP SOG Srinagar450055465055/ 241(Hot)SHO P/S Sadder-2432119--SHO P/S Parimpora-2455054--J&K POLICE, Traffic SP Traffic24551792480717Traffic Control RoomSrinagar2455164--

J&K POLICE, Budgam

Sr. Superintendent, Budgam255240-419419000779 Addl. SP255236 Dy.Superintendent Ops. Budgam2433695 Dy. Superintendent (Hq.) Budgam2552062434328 SDPO, Chararisharief243407 SDPO, Magam272543 Dy. Superintendent (DAR), Budgam2563202490238SHO Budgam255223--SHO Beerwah275221--SHO Chadoora230237-- SHO Charar-I-Sharif243223243244SHO Magam272222--District Police LinesBudgam255207--FIRE SERVICEBudgam255222--Civil DefenceBudgam255603--

Border Security Force

IG BSF--

2430310

2455334

Name	Designation	Tel:Office	Tel:Res.
Electricity & Power Development Department
	Suprintendent Engineer Circle II	2471994	2400302
	XEN PDD	255218	2453758
	Xen PWD(Budgam)	255208	-
	AEE Budgam	-	2425846
	AE Budgam	-	2473280
	XEN Chirar-E-Sharief	-	-
	AE Narbal	-	2433234
	AEE Beerwah	-	2437412
	XEN Sub-transmission Div. Srinagar	-	-
	XEN Srinagar	2432354	2434284
	XEN Budgam	-	2430208
	A E Charari-I-Sharief	R/o Natipora	2432608
	J.E. Budgam	-	2400060
	J.E. Chadoora	R/o Budgam	255318
	JE Budgam	-	255338
Powergrid & GridStations
M	Chief Manager Power Grid, Wagoora	237213	-
-	Grid Station Budgam	255406	-
-	Grid Station Bemina	2491344	-
-	Grid Station Zanakot	2496022	-
-	Receiving Station, Budgam	255212	-
Food & Supplies
	Asstt. Director F&S	255012	436584
	Chief Inspector	951951-243344	-
	Asstt. Acctt. Officer	-	-
	Office Suprintendent	-	-
	Office Superintendent	-	-
Indian Oil
	Maketing Division	2431233	2433286
-	-	0191-2546334	-
Health
Distt. Hospital	District Hospital Budgam	255235	-
	CMO	-	2432365
	Dy. Chief Medical Officer	-	-
	Distt. Immunization Officer	-	-
	Distt. Health Officer	255237	255237/2433870
	BMO Khansahib	-	2430081
	B.M.O., Chattergam	-	2491283
	B.M.O., Chadoora	230236	2436022
	B.M.O., Chari-Sharief	951951-272313	2430729
	B.M.O., Siobugh	-	2431226
	B.M.O., Magam	-	2477202
	B.M.O., Beerwah	-	2432570
	B.M.O., Nagam	-	2437278
	B.M.O, Budgam	-	2435889
	M.O. Leprosy	-	2472639
	Prog. Manager, Blindness Ctrl.	-	2455913
Rural Development
	Assistant Commissioner Dev. Budgam	255261
	XEN REW Budgam	255260	2480548
	BDO Chadoora	-	2403096
	BDO Budgam	-	2438207
	BDO Khansahib	951951-277251	2433549
	BDO Khag.	-	-
	BDO Narbal	-	2453151
	BDO Chadoora	-	2435747
	BDO Beerwah	-	2433549
	BDO B.K.Pora	-	2432889
	PO DRDA	255327	2450661
	A.P.O. DWACRA	-	2455199/2475131
	A.P.O. Credit	-	2430219
	APO Agriculture	-	2477074/2453151
Information
	District Information Officer Budgam	255272	-
	District Information Assistant Budgam	255272

Name	Designation	Tel:Office	Tel:Res.
Education
	Chief Education Officer	255226
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyala	Khanpora Budgam	55540	-
	ZEO Chrari-Shrief (I/C)	243114	9419460264
	ZEO Dreygam	-	9419711222
	ZEO Chadoora	230311	99065664333
	ZEO Magam	272125	946058090
	ZEO Nagam	-	9419402708
	ZEO Hatdu Panzu	296117	9419093280
	ZEO Siobugh	233105	9858346277
	ZEO Khansahib	-	9906931559
	ZEO B.K.Pora	-	9419408508, 9419015647
	ZEO Budgam	255122	9419762013
	ZEO Narbal	-	9419406454
MLA's / MLC's/ Political workers
Mr Abdul Rahim Rather	MLA Chari-Sharief	-	9419000659
Mr Shafi Ahmad Wani	MLA Beerwah	-	9419035477
Mr Rouhullah Mehdi	MLA Budgam	-	9419000884
Mr Javed Mustafa Mir	MLA Chadoora	-	9419000766
Mr. Hakeem Mohd Yaseen	MLA Khansahib

Courtesy; http://budgam.nic.in

Note; The Information above given is subject to have Errors, Mis spell, and mistakes. The blog holder doesnot take any liability of damage happen by using this information.

How to Make a Website

2012-09-14T07:13:00.000-07:00

It is complicated but not impossible!!! stay and note the easy steps to bring a small change even a success in networking frame of yours own!!! hang up and follow the steps;

Steps

Design and Build Your Website

1
Get ready. If you already have a pretty good idea about what your website will focus on, skip this step. If not, here are some things to help you figure that out. First, understand that there are billions of people on the Internet, and a healthy percentage have websites. If you limit yourself to something that hasn't been done, you'll never get started.
The best advice from the start would be, "Do what interests you." Take a topic you're familiar with, and dig it. Your website will reflect all the care you put into it.

Create a site about your family, life, friends and times. Granted, the world may not beat a path to your website with that topic, but your friends and family will! You can have a page for you, your spouse, your kids—even crazy old Uncle Ernie and his trained iguana. Instead of sending out that yearly "family update" during the holidays, you can post it on your site. Or maybe a section that explores your family tree.

When you think, "Internet," what is the first thing that comes to your mind? E-commerce? Music? News? Socializing? Blogging? Those are all good places to start. You could create a website that's dedicated to your favorite band, and have a chat area where people can talk about it. If you're a news junkie, or want something less filtered than traditional media, build a website and get publicly available feeds from news providers such as Reuters, BBC, AP, and others. Build your own customized news aggregator (what used to go by the quaint name of "newspaper"), then see and show all the news that's fit to digitize.

2
Get set. Building your website is going to take a commitment of time and money, so set a limit on both, and then dig in. The first thing you want to do after you have your idea and are ready to build a website is to plan it out. This doesn't have to be a big, complicated spreadsheet, or a fancy graphic presentation, but at the very least, you will want to know what goes where.

Draw a flow chart. For most people, the website starts on the home page. This is the page that everybody sees when they first go to www.yourSite.com. But where do they go from there? If you spend some time, and think about how people might interact with your site, you'll have a lot easier time down the line when you are making navigation buttons and links.

3
Go! When you have the basic idea down and have a plan for how it will be laid out, the next thing you'll want to think about is how you're going to build it. The options seem mind-boggling, and people will try to sell you this, and that, and every other thing that you "absolutely must have" on your site. When you get right down to it, though, there are 3 basic choices to make. Here are the pros and cons:

Build it yourself. If you have a website-building application like Adobe Dreamweaver, it is not very difficult to create a website from scratch.

Pros: website design software simplifies the process of building sites by letting you drag-and-drop images, text, buttons, movies, and anything else you can think of, all without ever having to dig into HTML. Many web design applications will even let you create sites specifically for your smart phone or pad. If you are building a basic, personal website, this is really a great way to go.

Cons: there is a learning curve, and though you don't have to dig into HTML, it's not totally geek-free. If you are in a hurry, this might not be the best solution. Perhaps the biggest con, though, is that if you are not a graphic designer, you could end up with a page that hurts the eyes. To mollify this somewhat, there are a number of free templates in the applications, and on the internet, but be aware of your limitations—if you have any!

Use a hosting site. Wordpress is a great option for building websites. Wordpress features almost 200 themes that you can start using immediately. There are some options for customization, and you can manage your site from anywhere that has an Internet connection.

Pros: Very easy to use, quick to get started, and lots of options for the beginner (with enough depth for more experienced users).

Cons: Some themes are limiting, and not all are free.

Learn HTML and build a website from scratch. HTML looks complicated, but it's like listening to Shakespeare—it's hard at first, but once you get the feel of it, it is not that difficult.

Pros: You will be able to tweak your web site any way you want, and not have to pay anybody else to do it.

Cons: Programming is not for everybody. Your brain may be wired for art, or business, not for a new language and syntax that seems totally foreign. There is also a learning curve, so as with using a site building application, time considerations play a factor here, too.

Extend your knowledge base. If you decide to go the programming route, there are ways to extend your HTML skills, and add more features and more depth to your website. If you are developing a professional website, these tools will help you get that edge that is needed in any business venture.

CSS, which stands for "Cascading Style Sheets", gives more flexibility for styling the HTML, and makes it much easier to make basic changes—fonts, headers, color schemes—in one place, and have those changes ripple through the site.

XHTML is a web language set by W3C's standards. Almost identical to HTML, it follows a stricter set of rules for marking up information. What this means, for the most part, is minor changes to the way you write code.

Look into HTML5. It's the fifth revision of the core HTML standard, and will eventually subsume the current version of HTML (HTML4), but XHTML as well.

Learn a client-side scripting language, such as JavaScript. This will increase your ability to add interactive elements to your site, such as charts, maps, etc.

Learn a server-side scripting language. (PHP, ASP with JavaScript or VB Script or Python) can be used to change the way web pages appear to different people, and lets you edit or create forums. They can also help store information about people who visit your site, like their username, settings, and even temporary "shopping carts" for commercial sites.

AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a technique of using a browser sided language and a server sided language to make the page get new information from the server without refreshing the page, often greatly reducing user wait time and vastly improving the user's experience but increasing bandwidth usage. For a website that will see a lot of traffic, or an ecommerce site, this is an excellent solution.

Hire a professional. If you are not up to designing, or learning languages and protocols—especially for more advanced sites—hiring a professional may be your best option. Before you hire, ask to see their work, and check their references carefully.

4
Register your domain name. If you’re on a budget, there are strategies for buying a cheap domain name. Find a domain name that is easy to remember and easy spell. If you use domains ending with .com, you will end up with more traffic, but most of the easy ones are taken—be creative!

Look to Network Solutions, GoDaddy, or Register.com to research and find the ideal domain name for your website. Wordpress also includes a feature whereby you can use a name that's tagged with their site, e.g. mywebsite.wordpress.com. But if the name you choose is also available as a .com, they will notify you when you sign up.

5
Inspect your website. Before you post your site, check it out. Most web design software has a way to test your site without taking it online. Look for missing tags, broken links, search engine optimization, and website design flaws. These are all factors which may affect your website's traffic and revenues. You may also generate a free full-functioning site map to submit to search engines like Google, in a matter of minutes.

6
Test drive your website. When you finish your website, do usability testing. You can do this by asking a few friends or family members to try it out. Give them a specific task like "edit your profile" or "buy an alpaca sweater from the bargains page." Sit behind them and watch them navigate—do not help them. You will likely find areas where you need to improve navigation or clarify some instructions.

7
Post it! You did it all—designed, built, tested it, got the domain name, and now you're ready. Choose a web host and upload your website. Your web host may have an FTP feature, or you can download your own FTP program like FileZilla or CyberDuck. If you hired a professional to design the website, they should be able to take care of this for you. You should also note that there are ways to host your own website for free.

Tips

Begin with simple things, practice them, and then find ways to improve – even if what you create is not very impressive the first few times time. Do not attempt to rush through the process.

People are often in a hurry. On average, you have about 3-7 seconds to capture peoples eyeballs, so be smart about what people see first when they get to your page. To minimize your load time, don't overload with huge graphics. Compress them where possible. Use flashy technology JavaScript, Flash, Streaming Audio/Video, etc., sparingly and only if it is important to your presentation.

If you're selling a product that users will find through a search engine, make sure that product is the first thing they see when they get to your page. The more you make your visitor click, the more likely your visitor will visit someplace else.

If you intend to sell a product on your website, you will need to be able to accept secure credit card payments. You can apply for a merchant account, which charges a per-transaction fee, or use a free payment service like PayPal.

Find popular websites, even if they do not have much to do with yours, and use them as models. What are they doing right? Incorporate what you learn from the big shots into your own website. Don't be a copycat, but don't re-invent the wheel.

If you hire a professional to code a complicated site, remember that programmers are not necessarily graphic designers. The most eye-catching sites out there have been made by or with the input of someone involved in graphic design. The best advice, especially for a professional site, is to use the right team for the job: designers design the look and feel of the site; programmers do all the stuff under the hood to make it work; marketers position the site and make sure it's relevant; and writers write the copy.

Note; The Information above given is subject to have Errors, Mis spell, and mistakes. The blog holder doesnot take any liability of damage happen by using this information.

The C.P.U and its parts

2012-09-14T06:47:00.000-07:00

Components

A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires.

Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a "1", and when off it represents a "0" (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits.

The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.

Control unit

Main articles: CPU design and Con A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.^[39]The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets (decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into a series of control signals which activate other parts of the computer.^[38] Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance.

The control system's function is as follows—note that this is a simplified description, and some of these steps may be performed concurrently or in a different order depending on the type of CPU:

Read the code for the next instruction from the cell indicated by the program counter.
Decode the numerical code for the instruction into a set of commands or signals for each of the other systems.
Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.
Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory (or perhaps from an input device). The location of this required data is typically stored within the instruction code.
Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.
Write the result from the ALU back to a memory location or to a register or perhaps an output device.
Jump back to step (1).

Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as "jumps" and allow for loops (instructions that are repeated by the computer) and often conditional instruction execution (both examples of control flow).

The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program, and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer, which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen.

Arithmetic logic unit

The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic.^[40]

The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction, or might include multiplication, division, trigonometry functions such as sine, cosine, etc., and square roots. Some can only operate on whole numbers (integers) whilst others use floating point to represent real numbers, albeit with limited precision. However, any computer that is capable of performing just the simplest operations can be programmed to break down the more complex operations into simple steps that it can perform. Therefore, any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation—although it will take more time to do so if its ALU does not directly support the operation. An ALU may also compare numbers and return (true or false) depending on whether one is equal to, greater than or less than the other ("is 64 greater than 65?").

Logic operations involve Boolean logic:AND, OR,XOR and NOT. These can be useful for creating complicated conditional statements and processing Boolean logic

super scalar computers may contain multiple ALUs, allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously. Graphics processing point and computers with SIMD and MIMDfeatures often contain ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectorsand matrix.

Memory

In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers255 or −128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight). When negative numbers are required, they are usually stored in two's complement notation. Other arrangements are possible, but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts. A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory.A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to "put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357" or to "add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595". The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers.

The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called Registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area. There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. As data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory (which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units) greatly increases the computer's speed.

Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random access memory or RAM and read only memory or ROM. RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, therefore the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely. In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset. In embedded computers, which frequently do not have disk drives, all of the required software may be stored in ROM. Software stored in ROM is often called firmware, because it is notionally more like hardware than software. Flash memoryblurs the distinction between ROM and RAM, as it retains its data when turned off but is also rewritable. It is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM however, so its use is restricted to applications where high speed is unnecessary

In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories, which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's part.

My Kashmir (Paradise on Earth)

2012-09-13T03:07:00.001-07:00

My kashmir my kashmir oh my beautiful Kashmir,
U have got the title of paradise so keep it and keep it on.
....................
No switzerland no antratica have what u have so keep it on,
No reshi in switzerland and no holy cave there u have! it so keep it on!
.........
yoUr resource are Blissful not only for me but indo pak are sighting them,
So my motherland's Children; stop this on.
.... ........
We your children are working hard to make u diamond worthy,
try to praise for our wit by up lofty mount tops.
........................
Keep that on keep that on.
.........
yoUr greenish turf got red last year by the guests who u host,
make a talk of their exile with my God carry my request forward on.
...........
Oh! my mother fed me again the water of ur fresh Siachan,
remove the brute footprints from there try to make mine the thirsty of ur purity again keep the process carry on.

........

Awesome treasures of Childhood

2012-09-13T02:57:00.005-07:00

More one grow

grow also the pains...

.......

one get caught in the chains......

not for love but for materalistic gains......

.........

sweet was every moment.....

not the gains but playing in the rains....

.......

who the thieve who the saint.......

I am a true lover of paints.......

.......

swinging on the big gates.......

cycling distances with my mates......

........

reaching the farthest distances.....

like the kings and the queens 1 lives.......

.......

thankful!! atleast this lil cheerful life gives.....

who was the hundus who were Jews.....

.......

1 hardly knows.........

dream living the childhood still stands.......

......

to every human this note ricks..

De mirits of Internet

2012-09-13T02:49:00.002-07:00

as internet is great portal to all the universe.But the internet is nowadays known as Net .Internet splits a lot of converge,diverge,also having variety of core and open information.Everybody says that knowledge which we can have a heap of need must be get from internet.I think that the ken we have available on net is somewhat wrong because as a domainer can update wrong information and a viewer or searcher can get that as a right information after that a person would lead towards a bang damn insult and failure.

It also conducts a medium for making cheating and charlatancy via chating and e bussiness.it also effects the eyes of human being and costs alot of time.it also xeroxed itself as a moneymonger and ofcourse a body tweazer.one thing more it fades the emotions of a writer etc.

Vanish

2012-09-13T02:45:00.001-07:00

Vanish

Nothing! oh man! nothng! all iz vanish'

y are me vanish? Y u sought so as i am bos'

nothing! U got chair luxury,will,reputation

but did u got the luxuries of grave? Oh no!

Me don't care about, as to defeat my fellows'

all my destiny is about beyond thez poverty ,hurdld life'

i want 3njoy lyf for the moment to i live only

that is said a comfortable cheered lyf me want so!

Don't say plz my instincts are enrochng me so lot'

keep me tidy to of the grave mark, leave the dilema.

Keep on top the field of Grave instead of vanish field'

make me vanish free care to all about judgment day'

ah! Ah! Ah! Jus keep it down the shater of the lyf,s curent afair'

University of kashmir

2012-08-27T22:56:00.001-07:00

University of Kashmir

About UOK

Situated at Hazratbal, an idyllic area on the western side of the fabulous Dal Lake of Srinagar and held in veneration by the Muslims for the beautiful mosque that enshrines the holy hair of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), the University of Kashmir is spread over 263 acres of lush green land with three adjacent campuses of exquisite beauty, Amar Singh Bagh, Naseem Bagh and Mirza Bagh. Amar Singh Bagh is located on the bank of the Dal having on its other three sides a background of mountainous amphitheatre rising to a great height above its crystal clear water. Naseem Bagh, or "the garden of breezes", laid originally by Emperor Akbar, is a magnificient grove of chinar trees, facing the artificially formed island, Sona Lank or the Golden Island, in the centre of the northern portion of the Dal. Mirza Bagh, now the "University Town", housing the residential quarters for the teaching and non-teaching staff of the University, is situated on the bank of the famous, Nageen Lake. The unique combination of lake and mountain scenery, and the impressive calm and serene ambience provide a highly congenial atmosphere for the philosopher's contemplation and the scientist's research.
The University arose out of humble origins immediately after Independence when in 1948 the State Government established an institute for conduct of examinations with its headquarters at Srinagar, Justice J. N. Wazir being its Honorary Vice-Chancellor. This was followed by a noble effort by the authorities to revive the old tradition of learning and teaching, an essential feature of ancient Kashmir, through the establishment of three postgraduate departments in 1956 - English at Srinagar, and Economics and Geology at Jammu. Thus came into being a full-fledged University, then christerned the University of Jammu and Kashmir, with Mr. A. A. Fyzee as its first whole-time Vice-Chancellor. The University was shifted to the present campus, known as Amar Singh Bagh, when the land was donated by Dr. Karan Singh, the second Chancellor of the University. A lay-out plan was prepared by Mr. Fayaz-ud-Din, Chief Town Planner from what is now Andhra Pradesh and Mr. G. B. Mhatra, an eminent architect of Bombay. With financial assistance provided by the University Grants Commission and the State Government, a series of construction works began at the Campus in 1959, with the foundation stone laid for the Arts Faculty Block by Bakhshi Ghulam Mohammad, the then Prime Minister of the State, on 5 June 1959. The Faculty was commissioned on 1 August 1960 by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, the then Vice-President of the country.
In 1965 the University was reorganized and divided into two divisions of equal status; one for the province of Jammu and the other for the province of Kashmir - with a central organization having specific legislative and executive powers relating to budget, finance, planning, coordination, improvement of standards of teaching and examinations and devising of courses of studies. Each division had its own executive body to run the day-to-day administration and its own academic bodies to formulate programmes and policies. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor was the chief executive and academic officer of the concerned division while the Vice-Chancellor was the principal executive and academic head of the whole University. Mr. G. A. Mukhtar, the then Education Advisor to the State Government was appointed the first Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the Kashmir division.
By an ordinance promulgated by the Governor of the State of J&K on 5 September 1969 - which was subsequently replaced by an Act of the State Legislature and was published in the Government Gazette on 10 November 1969, the University of Jammu and Kashmir was bifurcated into two full-fledged Universities : the University of Jammu and the University of Kashmir. Accordingly, the statutes and regulations of the Jammu and Kashmir University Act, 1965 were modified.
Since 1956, this academic institution has come a long way and has developed into a multi-faculty University, imparting instruction in various subjects in the Faculty of Arts, Languages, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, Education, Commerce, Law, Medicine, Dental Surgery, Engineering, Music and Fine Arts and Non-formal Education, all manned by academics with considerable teaching and research experience, some of whom occupy places of eminence in the academic world.
The University provides reasonably comfortable residential facilities - on first-come-first-served basis to the teaching and non-teaching staff as well as to students, male and female, in hostels. Besides the departmental libraries, the University has a centrally-heated central library, called Iqbal Library, with a vast collection of books, leading national and international journals and magazines and the recently installed internet facility. The location of the library, a magnificent edifice, at a walking distance from the various departments of the University, renders it easily accessible to teachers, research scholars and students of the University.

The University Motto is:

The English Translation Of The Motto Is:

"From Darkness to Light"

The University Crest has two concentric circular discs, the inner containing the impression of a Chinar tree, an open book and a Marshaal (torch), and the space between the concentric rings embodying the University Motto.
According to some studies, the Chinar is believed to have been brought by king Zain-ul-Abideen from Iran to Kashmir, while some believe that it is Kashmir's indigenous tree, as it has got a Kashmiri name Boen, which has been derived from the Sanskrit work Bhawani meaning mother. Its cool and pleasant shade in summer signifies mother's love and affection

GET RID FROM OVER WEIGHT BY CHANGING YOUR HAND SET

2012-08-27T22:53:00.000-07:00

Do you have a plan to reduce the weight and you probably switched towards the gym... revert your steps and taste the amazing technology!!!

WWW. Facebook.com/commerceboy

The Contxt study group will monitor the participants for a whole year to know if the participants are getting benefitted by the reminders they get through the text messages. These reminders will be regarding the best and wise nutritional choices the participants can make and are delivered throughout the day. The participants will also be getting tailored messages with respect to the weight loss and also the lifestyle changes.

Who can participate?

Yeah, I wanted to but ain’t satisfying the criteria of ‘Should be residing in San Diego’. And the other requirements being ‘27<BMI<39.9’ and yeah!! You should be having a cell phone which can receive both SMS and MMS (finally someone is making a good use of MMS J)

The Strategy

By the surveys conducted during the baseline visit, the researchers will get hold of the data like the lifestyle, nearby grocery stores and food stores, possible support from family and friends. All this information will then be used to send out the tailored SMS/MMS to the participant and help in making wise decisions regarding the diet and lifestyle. The ConTxt study coordinator Lindsay W. Dillon, MPH, CHES explains this interesting research as “Everybody has a cell phone and we simply want to see if we can use the same technology to get people to think differently”.

And all of us who want this to be true, we should be waiting a little longer to verify the facts

2012-08-27T22:52:00.001-07:00

Do you have a plan to reduce the weight and you probably switched towards the gym... revert your steps and taste the amazing technology!!!

WWW. Facebook.com/commerceboy

Social media helps to endorse the business promotion

2012-08-27T22:48:00.002-07:00

Business brands find simple using innovative advertising through social media for powerful promotion of their business!!

Twitter.com/commercefriend

"Every medium has its advantages for marketers, but social media has the power to transform a campaign into a religion." [Source]

A Nielsen Company report indicated figures for 2011 stating that about 30 million online Indian consumers are members of social networking sites. Out of these, about 20 million spend time surfing through these sites on a daily basis. The report also went on to suggest that Indians spend more time on social media than they do checking their emails, TOI mentioned. Many Indian companies have already cashed in on this trend and only more are jumping onto the bandwagon of using innovative advertising campaigns on social media. Mint reports that social media is being used not just for plain one way advertising but also for customer engagement, marketing events, generating sales, launching product buzz, introducing innovative concepts and even creating new markets for their existing brands.ET reports Shiv Singh, Global Head Digital at PepsiCo Beverages affirming the same

"Digital media should be used for real time marketing and we use this medium both for brand building and generating sales." [Source]

Here are a few examples of how Indian companies are using innovative campaigns on social media, either for direct advertising or for enhancing their brand profile.

Johnson & Johnson’s Nicorette

In 2011, Johnson & Johnson’s launched its advertising campaign for Polacrilex Gum, an anti smoking Nicorette with an innovative Facebook application. Penn-Olson reported that its Facebook page gathered about 33,500 fans in a period of just two months of its launch. The Facebook page featured an application known as Nicorette Support through which the user could enter their quitting timeline or could invite loved ones to quit smoking. The app also encouraged existing quitters to help others do the same.

Kolkata Knight Riders

In 2011, Shah Rukh Khan was unable to attend the final of the fourth edition of the IPL. In a traditional scenario, principal sponsor Nokia would have been at its jittery best, considering the branding, marketing and advertising loss that Nokia would have incurred. But this time around, they were at their calmest best, reported TOI. Why? Because their Facebook campaign ‘KKR tension mat le yaar’ had already become a success, Viral Oza, Marketing Director at Nokia told TOI. The campaign revolved around inviting fans and users to recommend fun and innovative ways in which the KKR team could reduce their stress levels. An approximate of 2 lakh entries from fans were received, reported TOI. Customer interaction was well managed and brand awareness was sustained.

Hippo Chips

Hippo, a unique baked wheat snack food brand launched in the Indian snack market in 2010 and successfully deployed an innovative social media brand awareness-cum-customer engagement-cum-advertising campaign with shot many birds with one stone. HT reported that in February 2010, Hippo launched a Twitter campaign asking consumers and retailers to tweet Hippo’s availability on retail shelves on Hippo’s Twitter page, because they were facing difficulties in tracking distribution across India. The company promised to take action on the tweets which stated unavailability in specific stores. Parle Agro claimed that they received such stock related tweets from 25 cities and that the number of people tracking Hippo stocks on Twitter equaled 45 per cent of Parle Agro’s foods sales team. Their sales had jumped by 76 percent after this campaign, reported HT.

“Hippo has effectively used social media to do what no one had done before: crowdsource and assist retail inventory tracking.” - Nadia Chauhan, joint MD & CMO, Parle Agro

This innovative use of social media for advertising is being taught as a case study in B-schools, received acknowledgment by TWTRCON, San Francisco, won a Gold in the Interactive category for Creative use of social media at the Abby Awards that year, and also won three Golds in Campaign India Digital Media Awards presented by BBC for Best Loyalty Campaign, Media Innovation and Best Social Media strategy amongst many other accolades, reported MXM India.

Reebok EasyTone

One more Facebook contender in the list, Reebok launched the Butt Revolution campaign in 2010 in which an interactive page allowed users to get answers to their queries about fitness from certified Reebok trainers. This catapulted sales for their EasyTone shoes mainly targeted women in the 18-24 age group, reported Mint. This social media campaign was used as a follow up to the same campaign released on traditional media.

Fiama Di Wills

In 2012, ITC’s leading personal care brand, Fiama Di Wills launched Fiama Di Wills Men – Aqua Pulse range of shower gel and bathing bar. They envisaged their innovative social media advertising campaign to target urban Indian males with active lifestyles, reported TOI. The campaign was called the ‘Mega Aqua Pulse Australian Adventure’. It was essentially a contest to give Indian water sports enthusiasts an opportunity to win a free trip to Australia. The contest received more than 4000 entries and approximately 40,000 friends were invited to participate. The brand made sure that there was continuous customer engagement by offering tools such as Wall Posts, Reviews, Mentions, Discussion Posts, Videos and much more on their Facebook page. According to TOI, The Fiama Di Wills Men community on Facebook registered 1.7 lakh fans, with 3.7 million post views and over 19,000 feedback posts, all within just 30 days of its launch.

Interestingly, PepsiCo allocates more budgets for its digital and social media campaigns than for traditional advertising mediums. Sandeep Arora, Category Director for Colas and Media at PepsiCo and Srinandan Sundaram, Category Head (Deo’s & Oral Care) at HUL confirm,

THE WONDERFUL LADAKH ,PART OF INCREDIBLE PARADISE ON EARTH.

2012-08-27T22:41:00.001-07:00

5 MUST see place on your Leh- Ladakh visit!!!

Commerce friend,

Ladakh is a place like no other. Surrounded by two awe-inspiring mountain ranges, Karakoram and the Himalayas, Leh-Ladakh will redefine the concept of natural beauty like you never knew it. If you can take thin oxygen levels and some hardships on a holiday, brace yourself for a roller coaster ride. But before you plan your adventure trip to Ladakh, make sure you include the following hotspots in the list no matter what.

Nubra Valley

[source: Commerce Freind]

The Khardung La Pass at 18,380 feet, is the highest motorable road in the world, and a gateway to the Nubra Valley. The beauty of the Nubra valley is that it allows you to look over the Indus valley in the south and the mountain ridges of the Zanskar. You will get to see some rare and interesting plantations, quaint hamlets and high altitude desert landscapes. You will find the Siachen Glacier to the north of the valley and the Sasser Pass to the northwest of the valley.

Lamayuru Monastery

]

It’s difficult to choose the best amongst so many beautiful monasteries in Leh-Ladakh. If you want your touristy dose of seeing monks on orange robes performing quaint rituals, a visit to the Lamayuru monastery is a must. It is one of the oldest and largest monasteries of Ladakh, located approximately 127 kms from Leh. You will love seeing the beautiful caves carved out of the mountains at the monastery. You could also consider going to the Stok, Hemis, Thiksey, Spituk and Shey monasteries if time permits.

Pangong Lake

To visit this lake which is the world’s highest brackish lake at 14,256 feet (above sea level), you’ll have to undertake a 160 kms journey from Leh. Starting from Thicksey village, you will start crossing large mountain ridges that just don’t seem to end. And by the way, once the mountains start, even crossing distance worth 10 minutes can take you hours. The topography is harsh but breathtaking. Once you finally arrive at the Pangong Lake, you will be lost in seeing the deep mesmerizing blue color. Don’t expect boating facilities here!

Zanskar valley

The Zanskar mountain range covers an area of 7000 sq. kms and is without a doubt, one of the most desolate places in the Himalayan range. Zanskar is known for its awesome scale. The tributaries of the Zanskar River are famous for seasonal white river rafting. Deep gorges, snow glaciers and a number of small religious spots dot the Zanskar valley. Be careful of the time of the year you choose to visit Zanskar. It’s closed for a significant time due to extreme snowfall and winter.

Shanti Stupa

[source]

Located on a hill in Chanspa, Leh, the Shanti Stupa is one of the most magnificent and peaceful Buddhist monuments you could possibly see in the extreme north of India. Did you know, the Shanti Stupa was enshrined by the 14^th Dalai Lama himself? It has relics of Buddha at its base. It’s amazing to know that the Shanti Stupa was built to commemorate 2500 years of Buddhism. What’s more, it also offers panoramic views of the landscape around it.

Whoever has been to Leh-Ladakh comes back with a changed perspective of the place. It’s definitely not for the faint hearted. It’s a photographer’s paradise and a nature lover’s haven. If you can sit on the banks of a lake taking in the beauty for hours together, then you must visit these 5 hotspots of Leh-Ladakh.

2012-08-27T22:38:00.001-07:00

5 MUST see place on your Leh- Ladakh visit!!!

Commerce friend,

TECH-HOLICS BLOG MAGAZINE: How to add profile pics in facebook chat

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GET RID FROM OVER WEIGHT BY CHANGING YOUR HAND SET

Who can participate?

The Strategy

Social media helps to endorse the business promotion

Business brands find simple using innovative advertising through social media for powerful promotion of their business!!

Johnson & Johnson’s Nicorette

Kolkata Knight Riders

Hippo Chips

Reebok EasyTone

Fiama Di Wills

THE WONDERFUL LADAKH ,PART OF INCREDIBLE PARADISE ON EARTH.

5 MUST see place on your Leh- Ladakh visit!!!

Nubra Valley

Lamayuru Monastery

Pangong Lake

Zanskar valley

Shanti Stupa

5 MUST see place on your Leh- Ladakh visit!!!

TECH-HOLICS BLOG MAGAZINE: How to add profile pics in facebook chat

Why my kashmir is in backward transit?

my dream