Common Dental Problem And Solution

Black fungus/Mucormycosis -A post covid oral complication

2021-05-26T01:33:00.007+05:30

Mucormycosis, also known as Black Fungus, is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of invasive infections caused by filamentous fungi of the Mucoraceae family, which is live throughout the environment.

The fungi responsible for these infections are found in different environmental niches like soil, decaying vegetables, bread, and even dust.

Mucormycosis fungus is not a new disease, but the severity of it is more dangerous when Covid patients develop this disease.

Black fungus is a misnomer... the colour of fungus is not black but because of decreased blood supply in the affected area causing necrosis.., it may give a feeling that the area has become black, that is why the name has come.
Mortality rate is 50%.

Causes

It is caused by filamentous fungi.

Kingdom	Fungi
Subphylum	Mucoromycotina
Order	Mucorales
Family	Mucoraceae
Genera (Frequency of infection)	Rhizopus	47%
	Mucor	18%
	Cunningghamella	7%
	Apophysomyces	5%
	Lictheimia	5%
	Saksenaea	5%
	Rhizomucor	4%

MAJOR ROUTE OF INFECTION

 Inhalation
 Ingestion
 Traumatic inoculation

Risk factor

Mucormycosis is a rare infection. The infection is more common among people with

weakened immune system.

Uncontrolled Diabetes/Ketoacidosis
Neutropenia Patients(low white blood cells)
Immunocompromised:-Hiv/AIDS/Cancer or on chemotherapy, Chronic kidney disease, Organ transplant.
Increased serum Iron
Chronic Corticosteroid treatment
Skin trauma
Post covid-19(patients on steroids, ventilators, misuse of steroids)

Types

Rhino-cerebral
Pulmonary
Disseminated
Cutaneous/Soft tissue
Gastro-Intestinal

symptoms

Common symptoms:

Unilateral Headache
Unilateral Facial pain
Pain in region of sinusis
Unilateral Numbness in face
Nasal congestion
one side nose obstructions (difficulty in breathing)
Unilateral swelling of eyes or check
Black dry crusts in the nose or cheek
Foul-smelling blood-tinged Nasal discharge
Double vision(diplopia), Blurred vision,loss of vision,Ptosis
Restriction or loss of eye moment
Neurological symptoms
Fever, cough, chest pain
Abdominal pain, Vomiting

Dental findings:

Necrosis of hard palate
Loosening of the tooth
Dental pain
Halitosis
Pus discharge from the mouth(intraoral draining sinuses)
Exposed palatal bone
Ulceration and blackening of the mucosa
Mobility of maxilla

Pathophysiology

 Angioinvasion
 Vessel thrombosis

 Ischemia
 Tissue necrosis

Pathogenesis of mucormycosis

Is mucormycosis contagious?

No. Mucormycosis can’t spread between people or between people and animals.

Mucormycosis /Black fungus and covid 19

Mucormycosis has been reported in many states in India in recovered patients with covid 19.

The infection may occur during covid 19 infection or a few weeks after recovery from covid 19.

Many states in India have declared mucormycosis an epidemic.

Covid 19 disease itself is associated with leucopenia and may lead to immune compromise caused by an impaired immune response

Steroids are being used in covid 19 patients to reduce inflammation in the lungs. This may lead to an increase in blood sugar levels in diabetics as well as non-diabetics.

Misuse of steroids during this second wave of covid 19 can also be contributing factor for mucormycosis.

The coexistence of covid 19 infections with high blood sugar levels and immunosuppressive treatments would expectedly increase the incidence and severity of mucormycosis.

Rhino Orbital cerebral mucormycosis(ROCM) is being reported in covid 19 patients.

It starts with Paranasal inhalation f spores and the formation of coenocytic hyphae, Then proliferate in the sinuses and can find their way t the orbit either through direct invasin r via nasolacrimal duct. It can gain access to the brain either via spread from the orbital apex, cavernous sinus, through cribriform plate r through blood vessels.

Pathogenesis of Mucermycosis in covid19 patients

Diagnosis

Medical history, symptoms, physical examinations
Nose endoscopy
Tissue biopsy
Laboratory test(culture sampling, histopathological): Characteristic feature being an aseptate hyphal element that branch at right angles)
CT scan with contrast/ MRI of your lungs, sinuses, or other parts of your body, depending on the location of the suspected infection

Treatment

The key to a predictable treatment outcome is early detection and early treatment.

Multidisciplinary approach: ENT surgeon, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, Ophthalmologist, Neurologist, Microbiologist, Internal medicine specialist.

The mild form can be corrected merely by antifungal medicine called Amphotericin B.
The moderate form could involve some areas of the sinus, nose, throat, and upper jaw which would require surgical intervention.
The severe form of the disease could involve the eyeball leading to blindness, or encroach the cavernous sinus leading to death.

Treatment of Mucormycosis/black fungus

Role of Dentist

Early detection
Dual role in clearance surgery as well as post mucormycosis reconstruction.
Dental rehabilitation
Resection of involved jawbones.
Reconstruction

Oral Manifestations of COVID 19

2021-05-17T20:14:00.001+05:30

INTRODUCTION

The Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).
The Virus was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China.
Pandemic:11th March 2020
India's first case:30th January 2020

Modes of Spread

Respiratory droplets while sneezing, coughing, speaking.

Morphology

Structure of Coronavirus

Family: Coronaviridae
Genome:ssRNA
Size:120nm
Shape: Crown like or Coronal

General pathogenesis

Oral Pathogenesis

Symptoms

Most common symptoms:

fever
dry cough
tiredness

Less common symptoms:

aches and pains
sore throat
diarrhea
conjunctivitis
headache
loss of taste or smell
a rash on the skin, or discolouration of fingers or toes

Serious symptoms:

difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
chest pain or pressure
loss of speech or movement

Oral Manifestations of COVID 19

Dysgeusia(loss of taste) is the first recognized oral symptom of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

Virus distrust cranial nerve 1,7,9,10

Dry mouth/Xerostromia: The most common reason for mouth breathing by an individual is due to mask use. Mouth breathing can desiccate oral tissue, especially without frequent hydration. Studies suggest that another biological mechanism involves viral entry into the salivary glands, which are known to be abundant in the ACE2 receptor.
Mouth Ulcers: Painful mouth ulcers can be in the tongue, lips,
Mouth ulcers in covid19
and palate. Coronavirus is known to cause vascularity anomalies due to viral damage of blood vessels. The virus gains entry into the endothelial cells that line blood vessels via the ACE2 receptor and damages them, leading to tissue necrosis, including oral ulcerations. The tissue damage can be further exacerbated by increased inflammation.
Covid tongue: COVID Tongue, is a symptom that is not very common but is being reported by COVID positive patient. Doctors are trying to identify the reason behind the new symptoms, it can be due to a newer version of mutated covid19virus. Covid tongue mainly starts with irritation, itching, a vague sensation of pain, and extreme dryness of the mouth with the rare occurrence of mouth ulcers. According to the American Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM), the COVID tongue is an inflammatory disorder that usually appears on the top and sides of the tongue. In the Covid tongue, your mouth fails to produce saliva and you experience dryness, white patches, and bumps on your tongue. Saliva functions as a protection against bad bacteria and in its absence your body will be exposed to them.
Covid Tongue
Atrophy of tongue
Ulcers on tongue
Fissures on tongue
Bumps on tongue
Gingival inflammation: It can be Due to generalised increase in cytokines and interleukins due to coronavirus19.The inflammatory products can enter the bloodstream through infected gum pockets around the teeth, When inflammatory products from gum disease enter the bloodstream, those products can go to other body organs and potentially cause tissue damage.
Herpatiform/zosteriform lesions: Multiple painful, round yellowish-Grey ulcers with an erythematous rim on both keratinised and non keratinised mucosa. Stress and immunosuppression associated with covid 19 is a suggestive cause of the appearance of secondary hepatic gingivostomatitis.
Ulcers and erosion: Painful lesions with irregular borders on the tongue, hard palate, and labial mucosa. Different factors such as drug eruption, vasculitis, or thrombotic vasculopathy secondary to covid19 were suggestive as the cause of the development of ulcerative and erosive lesions.
White/Red plaques: Reported on the dorsum of the tongue. gingiva and palate of conformed and suspected covid 19 patients. Candidiasis due to long-term antibiotic therapy, poor oral hygiene can be the reason for white and red patches.
Petechiae
Kawasaki-like disease: Oral lesions including cheilitis, glossitis, Erythematous and swollen tongue(red strawberry tongue)
Petechiae: In few cases, petechiae was reported on the lower lip, palate, and oropharynx mucosa. Thrombocytopenia from covid19 infection and prescribed drugs were the suggestive causes of the lesions.
Erythemamultiforme like lesions: Lesions appears like blisters, desquamative gingivitis, erythematous macules, erosions, painful cheilitis with hemorrhagic crust on the lips.

Management of oral lesions

Conclusion

Oral Symptoms can also be considered initial symptoms of covid-19.
Oral manifestation of covid 19 has been widely recognised, however, the pathognomic lesions of covid 19 are still uncertain
Oral manifestations that may appear in covid19 patients can be important for early detection and prevention of transmission, because oral manifestations in covid 19 could mimic other viral manifestations, including herpes zoster.
studies are recommended to determine the relationship between covid 19 and manifestations in the oral mucosa.

Study Linking pancreatic cancer to oral health

2018-02-17T12:25:00.001+05:30

It is now a known and accepted fact that an oral/systemic health link exists and that heart disease, diabetes and yes, even cancer, are related to the condition of one’s mouth!
In a small study recently published online in the journal GUT, the researchers suggest that levels of particular types of bacteria, some of which are found in gum disease, can be linked to the development of pancreatic cancer.
The researchers compared bacteria found in saliva of 10 pancreatic cancer patients whose cancer had not yet spread, with 10 healthy people and all participants were matched for age and sex.
They found that the cancer group had 31 additional species and 25 fewer species of bacteria in their saliva compared to the healthy group. The findings were verified by conducting the same study on 28 new participants in each group.
The researchers then went on to study samples from patients who had chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which is linked to an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. They discovered that among six suspicious species, two – Neisseria elongata and Streptococcus mitis – showed up substantially less often in the mouths of cancer patients while levels of another species – Granulicatella adjacens – were substantially higher!While it is unclear whether the presence of these specific bacteria are the cause or the effect of pancreatic cancer, the researchers conclude by suggesting that monitoring levels of these bacteria could be used as a non-invasive and credible screen for pancreatic cancer.

XEROSTOMIA OR DRY MOUTH

2018-02-17T11:45:00.000+05:30

Xerostomia, commonly called dry mouth, is a condition of oral dryness. In many, but not all cases, it is caused by reduced or absent saliva flow due to impaired salivary gland function. While oral dryness may not sound serious, xerostomia can in fact be a contributing factor in a number of oral health problems, including increased risk of plaque, tooth demineralization, dental caries, dental erosion, oral yeast infections, and ulcers of the tongue.

Common Causes of XerostomiaMedications/Medical Treatments:
commonly prescribed drugs can cause xerostomia.Some medications—such as sedatives, antidepressants, antihistamines, opiates, antipsychotics, anti-Parkinson agents, and antianxiety agents—interfere with the function of salivary gland receptors, reducing salivary production and volume.
Others, such as antihypertensives and diuretics, interfere with the body's salt, water, and electrolyte balance. This changes the composition of saliva so it contains less of the lubricating agent mucin, as well as low concentrations of ions needed in remineralization. Polypharmacy—taking multiple medications everyday—has also been associated with dry mouth, with the risk being the highest when more than three different drugs are taken daily.Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, or radiotherapy to the head and neck, can also cause dry mouth if the treatment has affected salivary glands. Sometimes affected salivary glands maintain some functional ability, but sometimes cancer treatments can destroy them completely.

Systemic Diseases and Other Health Conditions:A number of systemic diseases have been linked to impairments in saliva secretion or compositional changes in saliva. These include autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroiditis, and systemic lupus erythematosus; chronic infections such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); and hormonal conditions such as diabetes or menopause.Other conditions that have been implicated in dry mouth include eating disorders such as bulimia or anorexia nervosa; neurological disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, Bell's palsy, or cerebral palsy; and local salivary diseases such as salivary gland cancer, salivary duct stones, or salivary gland infections. Chronic use of alcohol and other drugs, such as cannabis and methamphetamines, have also been linked to xerostomia.

Who Is Most at Risk?The elderly tend to be most at risk for dry mouth. This isn't because age itself causes the condition, but rather because this age group is more likely to have systemic diseases and health conditions linked to xerostomia. The elderly are also more likely to be taking medications, and engaged in polypharmacy.
Particular attention should also be paid to women between the ages of 40 and 60, since they are undergoing hormonal changes as they transition to menopause that affect salivary gland function, inducing dry mouth.10 This group is also most at risk for the autoimmune condition Sjögren's syndrome (SS), the most common disease that causes xerostomia. In SS, the body's immune system attacks secretory glands (such as the salivary glands and tear glands), so they lose their ability to produce sufficient lubricating fluid. This causes dryness of all mucosal linings of the body, including the mouth, eyes, and digestive tract.
Medications to Help Patients Manage Dry Mouth:While the ideal scenario is one in which you could help a patient identify the underlying cause of dry mouth and take steps to minimize the cause, this may not always be possible. In addition to helping patients manage their symptoms with the tips recommended above, some may benefit from medications that substitute saliva or increase salivary flow.
Over-the-counter saliva substitutes are products that mimic saliva to replace moisture, and make the mouth feel more lubricated. Many are also formulated to supply calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions, to counteract the demineralization and increased caries risk that accompanies dry mouth. Studies have found that they also help decrease plaque levels, and reduce gingivitis and oral yeast infection risk. These come in the form of sprays, lozenges, or mouthwashes.Another type of medication that may help some patients with dry mouth—depending on if their salivary glands are still able to function—is a salivary stimulant. These include over-the-counter lozenges and tablets; and prescription medications, such as pilocarpine and cevimeline, which activate the receptors to increase saliva production.

Sea of changes in Implant Aburtment

2018-02-15T21:34:00.002+05:30

Evolution in the field of implantology has provided the restorative dentist with changes in implant design, taper, surface coating and even surgical placement. Such improvements enable dentists to provide consistent and predictable restorative results.

Most dental implants have 3 main components: the fixture,abutment,and the crown, which replaces the coronal portion of the tooth.
Screw retained implants only have 2 components - the abutment is incorporated into the crown super-structure and is connected directly to the platform with a screw.In the past, there have been 2 main types of abutments available for restoring implants: stock or prefabricated abutments and custom cast abutments.

a) Stock titanium abutments are available from many major implant manufacturers in a variety of shapes, sizes and angulations. They are adjusted or modified manually, either at the laboratory or in the surgery, to adapt the shape according to the position of the implant and the patient’s individual anatomy.When there is an inadequate volume of metal for proper reduction to establish margin definition, antirotation and emergence profile necessitated by patient differences in tissue height and width, stock abutments offer fewer options. Depending on the location of the implant to the surrounding dentition or other implants, the abutment may need to be asymmetrical to gain parallelism. In other words, stock abutments may not have enough metal on either side to compensate for the implant that was placed in a non-ideal location. Although many successful restorations have been fabricated on stock abutments, severe limitations exist because of the size and shape of the stock abutments.

b) Custom cast abutments which are fabricated from a plastic waxing sleeve, offer another type of abutment for the restorative dentist. This sleeve is modified by the technician to establish proper contours and emergence profile to compensate for any misaligned implants. Using the lost wax technique, the plastic sleeve is invested and cast into the alloy of choice.

Computer milled abutments are the next evolution in abutment fabrication. These abutments are milled from a block of titanium or zirconia, making them extremely strong and compatible with a specific implant.As with other techniques, a fixture level transfer impression is required to locate the spatial and rotational position of the implant intraorally. As soon as a working cast is fabricated with a soft-tissue model and the lab analogues are in place, the cast is scanned optically to generate exact 3D images of the region. This includes the location of the analogue and its antirotational feature. Through a patented process, a computer system views the adjacent and opposing dentition, surrounding tissue levels and implant location to design an ideal, anatomically correct, virtual abutment for the edentulous space, accounting for all alignment and size requirements.After inspection on the computer screen, the virtual abutment designs are sent to a computerised milling machine to manufacture the correct abutment from a block of titanium or zirconia alloy.

The move from stock and custom abutments to CAD/CAM abutments has had a positive impact on both patients and dentists and may represent the future of abutment fabrication.

Dental Management of patients with Thyroid Disease

2014-05-04T11:40:00.001+05:30

Thyroid dysfunction is the second most common glandular disorder of the endocrine system which may rear its head in any system in the body including the mouth. The oral cavity is adversely affected by either an excess or deficiency of these hormones. Obtaining an understanding of thyroid dysfunction is of significant importance to the dentist for two reasons. First, the dentist may be the first to suspect a serious thyroid disorder and aid in early diagnosis. Thus, as part of a health care team, the dentist plays an important role in detecting thyroid abnormalities. The second reason is to avoid possible dental complications resulting from treating patients with the thyroid disorders. Modifications of dental care must be considered when treating patients who have thyroid disease.

Oral Manifestation of thyroid disease

Hyperthyroidism	Hypothyroidism
Increased susceptibility to caries	Salivary gland enlargement
Periodontal disease	Macroglossia
Presence of extra glandular thyroid tissue (struma ovarii—mainly in lateral posterior tongue)	Glossitis
Accelerated dental eruption	Delayed dental eruption
Burning mouth syndrome	Compromised periodontal health—delayed bone resorption
	Dysgeusia

Considerations for dental treatments

Before treatment assessment of thyroid function

Establish type of thyroid condition.

Is there a presence of cardiovascular disease? If yes, assess cardiovascular status.

Are there symptoms of thyroid disease? If yes, defer elective treatment and consult a physician.

Obtain baseline thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH. Control is indicated by hormone levels, length of therapy and medical monitoring. If the patient has received no medical supervision for more than one year, consult a physician.

Make baseline complete blood count, giving attention on drug induced leukopenia or anemia.

Assess medication and interactions with thyroxine and TSH. Make proper treatment modifications if the patient is receiving anticoagulation therapy.

Take blood pressure and heart rate. If blood pressure is elevated in three different readings or there are signs of tachycardia/bradycardia, defer elective treatment and consult a physician.

During Treatment

Oral examination should include salivary glands. Give attention to oral manifestations.
Monitor vital signs during procedure:
Minimize stress–appointments should be brief.

Is the patient euthyroid? If yes, there is no contraindication to local anesthetic with epinephrine.

■ Use caution with epinephrine if the patient taking nonselective β-blockers.

■ If the patient’s hyperthyroidism is not controlled, avoid epinephrine; only emergent procedures should be performed

Discontinue treatment if there are symptoms of thyroid disease.

After Treatment

Patients who have hypothyroidism are sensitive to central nervous system depressants and barbiturates.
Control pain.
Use precaution with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for patients who have hyperthyroidism, avoid aspirin.
Continue hormone replacement therapy or antithyroid drugs as prescribed.

BONE MORPHOGENIC PROTEIN

2014-02-15T21:28:00.000+05:30

A bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a protein in the transforming growth factor (TGF) family that can stimulate the production of bone and cartilage.

The discovery of the bone morphogenetic protein is generally attributed to Dr. Marshall Urist in the early part of the 1960s. He discovered that demineralized, pulverized segments of bone prompted the formation of new bone when implanted in rabbit pouches. Dr. Urist is the one who proposed the term bone morphogenetic protein.

There are currently 20 types of bone morphogenetic protein recognized.BMP2-BMP7, were considered part of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. BMP1 is what’s known as a metalloprotease, which is an enzyme whose catalytic process involves metal. Each BMP is located on a specific chromosome. Bone morphogenetic proteins work by interacting with cell receptors known as bonemorphogenetic protein receptors (BMPRs). BMPR's then signal other proteins called SMADs to induce growth. This process contributes to the development of the central nervous system (CNS), the heart, and cartilage. It also contributes to post-natal bone development.

These proteins all play a part in the early formation of the embryo. If the processes and signals they create are disrupted, it can affect the development of the skeletal system and overall body patterning. Research has found that 70% of heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension is caused by mutation in BMPR2. Mutations on the chromosomes, and the related bone morphogenetic protein, can also cause abnormalities and disorders of the skeleton. Cancerous diseases many times involve a malfunctioning of the BMP signaling system as well.

Members of the bone morphogenetic protein have been found to be useful in therapy for the spine.The BMP-2 and BMP-7 received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use on humans because they have been found to help with issues where bone structures suffer from non-union and delayed union, two aspects involved in the bone healing process .BMP's can improve dental implant success.Because of their osteogenic potential, BMPs are of tremendous interest as therapeutic agents for healing fractures of bones,preventing osteoporosis, treating periodontal defects and enhancing bone formation around alloplastic materials implanted in bone.

Adverse effect of certain medication on oral health

2014-01-01T21:15:00.000+05:30

Many medications can cause bothersome oral side effects.In addition to prescribed and over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, minerals, and herbal supplements can also cause oral health problems.

Some of the most common side effects from medications that affect oral health include:

Dry mouth
Abnormal bleeding
Altered taste
Inflammation, mouth sores, or discoloration of the soft tissues in your mouth
Enlarged gums
Cavities
Teeth and gum color changes
Bone loss
Thrush, or an oral yeast infection

Medications That Can Cause Dry Mouth

Antihistamines
Decongestants
High blood pressure medications (including diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors)
Antidepressants
Sedatives
Pain medications
Parkinson's disease medications
Antacids

What to do about dry mouth: If dry mouth is severe as a result of your medication, you can ask your doctor to switch your medication to something else. If that isn't recommended, here are some tips to help alleviate dry mouth symptoms:

Ask your doctor or dentist about using an artificial saliva product.
Sip water or any type of sugarless drink throughout the day.
Skip or cut down on caffeinated beverages, alcohol, and tobacco because they contribute to a dry mouth.
Drink water or a sugarless drink while eating to make swallowing and chewing easier.
Suck on sugarless candy or gum to promote saliva production.
Avoid salty and spicy foods, which can cause pain to an already dry mouth.
Use a humidifier at night.

Medications That Can Cause Abnormal Bleeding

Aspirin and anticoagulants, also known as blood thinners, lessen the ability for blood to clot. While they're helpful in preventing heart attacks and stroke, they can cause your gums to bleed, especially during oral surgery.

What to do about abnormal bleeding: Be sure to let your dentist know that you are taking these drugs so that precautions can be taken to minimize bleeding. Also, be sure to use a soft tooth brush and gentle motions when brushing and flossing your teeth to lessen the bleeding.

Medications That Can Alter Taste

Certain drugs can leave a metallic or bitter taste in your mouth. And some medications may simply change the taste of the things you eat. Such medications include:

Cardiovascular drugs (some beta blockers and calcium channel blockers)
Central nervous system stimulants
Flagyl (metronidazole), an antibiotic drug
Nicotine skin patches for smoking cessation
Some respiratory inhalants

What to do about taste changes: If this side effect is intolerable, ask your doctor if your medication can be changed.

Medications That Can Cause Soft Tissue Reactions

You can develop inflammation, mouth sores, or discoloration of the soft tissues in your mouth when taking the following prescribed drugs:

Blood pressure medications
Immunosuppressive agents
Oral contraceptives
Certain chemotherapy medications

What to do about soft tissue reactions: Let your dentist know if you are taking any of these medications so he or she can recommend a special dental care regimen to reduce the discomfort.

Medications That Can Cause Gums to Enlarge

Enlarged gums, also known as gingival overgrowth, can occur when you take:

Antiseizure medications (such as those for epilepsy)
Immunosuppressant drugs (typically used after organ transplantations)
Calcium channel blockers (for cardiovascular conditions)

What to do about enlarged gums: While taking these medications, you'll need to take extra care when brushing and flossing. Ask your dentist for specific dental care instructions.

Medications That Can Increase the Risk of Cavities

Many medications, especially those given to children, contain sugar. Sugar is also found in antacid tablets, antifungal agents, cough drops, and many chewable tablets, such as vitamins.

What to do about sugar in medications:
If possible, take the medication in tablet form.
Take the medications at mealtimes.
Avoid taking the medication right before bed.
Make sure you or your children brush with a fluoride toothpaste or chew sugarless gum after taking the medication.
Seek regular preventive dental care.

Medications That Can Change Teeth and Gum Color

Certain drugs can change the color of your teeth or gums. For example, minocycline (which is used to treat acne) can cause an area of black pigmentation on your gums and a black or gray discoloration of your teeth. Chlorhexidine, a mouth rinse used to treat gum disease, can also stain your teeth.

What to do about gum or teeth discoloration: If a medication has discolored your teeth, ask your dentist about tooth-whitening procedures that may help.

Medications That Can Cause Bone Loss

Use of corticosteroids, such as prednisone, and antiepileptic drugs, can lead to the loss of bone that supports your teeth. Bisphosphonates, drugs used to treat osteoporosis, can sometimes cause a rare condition called osteonecrosis of the jawbone, which results in destruction of the jawbone. Symptoms include painful, swollen gums or jaw, loose teeth, jaw numbness, a heavy feeling in the jaw, fluid in the gums and jaw, and exposed bone.

What to do about osteonecrosis: Be sure to tell your dentist if you are taking a drug for osteoporosis. Your dentist may prescribe an antibiotic or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to slow your bone loss.

Medications That Can Cause Thrush

Thrush, also known as an oral yeast infection, is caused by a fungus (Candida) and appears as white lesions on the mouth and tongue. Taking antibiotics, steroids, or chemotherapy can cause thrush.

What to do about thrush: Your dentist may prescribe an antifungal mouthwash or lozenges to treat the infection. If these don't work, stronger antifungal medications can be prescribed.

Behavior-Altering Drugs and Oral Health

Behavior-altering drugs, such as psychotropic drugs, can cause lethargy, fatigue, or memory impairment. If you are taking any of these type of medications, take steps to help you remember to brush and floss your teeth regularly — whether that means setting an alarm, leaving yourself a note, or some other reminder method.

Never stop taking a psychotropic medication without first consulting your doctor. If a drug is causing bothersome oral health side effects, let your doctor know. In many cases, you may be able to take a different type of medication or make lifestyle changes that minimize the side effects. And, as always, take care of your mouth by regularly brushing and flossing your teeth, getting regular dental checkups, and treating any problems that arise.

Adverse Effects of Sports & energy drinks.

2013-07-12T21:45:00.000+05:30

Sports & energy drinks

Thousands years ago, the choice was simple.when it came to drink - there was no choice ,it was water or nothing.

Today we live in different world.every year about 100 beverages come out into the market,targeting raising income and our innate fondness for anything sweet.and they're changing they way we get our nutrients.

Study released from the Academy of general dentistry says that SPORTS & ENERGY DRINKS can cause irreversible damage to teeth.moreover they are rich in calories,but drink dont make us feel full the way food does. we keep consuming them and end up with a calorie intake overall.
According to ACADEMY OF GENERAL DENTISTRY ,the acidity levels were tested by immersing an actual tooth in these drink for 15 minutes at a time.the process was repeated 4 times over 5 days and the results were overwhelmingly clear.Researchers found that damage to the tooth enamel was evident after just 5days and the affects were more severe when the test was done with energy drinks alone.

Another study conducted by AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION ,published their findings in journal that energy intake, the nutrient content and any health benefits (or drawbacks) of a range of popular drinks and ranked them from best to worst.

HELPFUL TIPS :
1.Rinse out your mouth with water or chew some sugar-free gum after having energy drinks. This rebalances the pH level in your mouth to counteract the acid. Don’t brush for a while after drinking—your enamel is still soft and brushing can damage it even more.

2.Drink sports drinks before you get dehydrated, not after. That way, you’ll have the saliva you need to protect your teeth.

3.Drink it all at once. Your mouth takes time to recover after each sip, so drinking continuously prevents teeth from regaining their protection.

4.Stick to healthier options when NOT working out. Sports drinks are meant to rehydrate and replenish when you’re working out hard. So, if you’re just “active”, consider alternatives like water or electrolyte drops in water.

Chemotherapy & Oral Health

2013-05-28T11:41:00.000+05:30

Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to treat cancer. These drugs kill cancer cells, but they may also harm normal cells, including cells in the mouth. Side effects include problems with your teeth and gums; the soft, moist lining of your mouth; and the glands that make saliva.You may have certain side effects in your mouth from chemotherapy. Another person may have different problems. The problems depend on the chemotherapy drugs and how your body reacts to them. You may have these problems only during treatment or for a short time after treatment ends.
+Painful mouth and gums.
+Dry mouth.
+Burning ,peeling and swelling of tongue.
+Infection
+Change in taste.
Visit a dentist two weeks before chemotheraphy begins.if you have already started chemotheraphy and didnt go to a dentist,see one as soon as possible.

Dentist will:
+Check your teeth.
+Take x-rays.

+Take care of mouth problems.
+Will show you how to take care of mouth to prevent side effects .The first step is to see a dentist before you start cancer treatment.once your treatment starts.it is important to look into your mouth everyday for sores and other changes.these tips can prevent and treat sore mouth.
+Keep your mouth moist.
+Drink a lot of watersuck icechips.
+Use sugarless gum or sugar free hard candy.
+Use a saliva substitute to help moisten your mouth.Instructions to be followed during chemotherapy:
+Clean your mouth tongue and gums.Brush your teeth ,tongue and gums with extra-soft tooth brush every meal and at bedtime.If brushing hurts soften the brustles with hot water.
+Use a fluoride toothpaste.
+Dont use mouthwashes with alcohol in them.
+Floss your teeth gentle eveyday,if your gums bleed and hurt,if your gums bleed and hurt ,avoid those area that are bleeding,but keep flossing your other teeth
+Rinse your mouth several times a day with a solution of 1/4 teaspoon baking soda and 1/8 teaspoon with salt in one cup of warm water.follow with a plain rinse water.
+Dentures that dont fit will cause problems.talk to your oncologist or your dentist about your dentures.
If your mouth is sore, watch what you eat and drink:
+Choose foods that are good for you and easy to chew and swallow.
+Take small bites of food, chew slowly, and sip liquids with your meals eat soft, moist foods such as cooked cereals, mashed potatoes, and scrambled eggs.
+If you have trouble swallowing, soften your food with gravy, sauces, broth, yogurt or other liquids+Foods that are hot, spicy, or high in acid, like citrus fruits and juices, which can irritate your mouth.
Remember to stay away from:
+SUGAR
+Sharp, crunchy foods, chips, that could scrape or cut your mouth.ry foods, like candy or soda, that could cause cavities .Toothpicks, because they can cut your mouth.
+All tobacco products
+Alcoholic drinks.

Haemophilia and Dental Care

2013-04-17T21:32:00.000+05:30

Hemophilia is a genetic, life threatening bleeding disorder. In persons with hemophilia (PwH) blood does not clot normally due to deficiency or absence of clotting proteins called Factors. PwH tend to bleed internally and externally even with a minor injury.

Classification

Hemophilia A:Hemophilia A is a deficiency of factor VIII
Hemophilia B:Hemophilia B (Christmas disease) is a deficiency of factor IX.

Types of Hemophilia A and B
Types of Hemophilia A and B	Degree of Deficiency/Plasma activity	Risk of a Bleed After Trauma or Surgery
Mild	5% to 30% \|6 and 40 IU/dL	Delayed onset of a bleed with trauma or surgery or dental extractions
Moderate	1% to 5%\| 2 and 5 IU/dL	Excessive bleeding with surgery
Severe	<1 IU/dL	Excessive bleeding with trauma or surgery

Dental treatment

It is essential to prevent accidental damage to the oral mucosa when carrying out any procedure in the mouth. Injury can be avoided by:

Careful use of saliva ejectors;
Careful removal of impressions;
Care in the placement of X-ray films,
Protection of soft tissues during restorative treatment by using a rubber dam or applying yellow soft paraffin.

Periodontal treatment

Periodontal health is of critical importance for the hemophiliac for two principle reasons:-

Hyperemic gingival contribute to spontaneous and induced gingival bleeding.
Periodontitis is a leading cause of tooth morbidity, necessitating extraction.

Periodontal surgery requires LA and Factor VIII replacement to a level of between 50 and 75%. As expected postoperative factor level maintenance is case-dependent. In all but severe hemophiliacs, scaling can be carried out with topical anesthesia. . The treatment may need to be carried out over several visits to prevent excessive blood loss. In addition, chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash can be used to control periodontal problems. Antibiotics may be required to help reduce the initial inflammation. Blood loss of all kinds can be controlled locally with direct pressure or periodontal dressings with or without topical antifibrinolytic agents.

Restorative procedures

Restorative treatment can be undertaken routinely providing care is taken to protect the mucosa. There is a risk of bleeding with the use of matrix bands or wooden wedges. This can be controlled by local means or the application of topical agents.

Endodontics

In all but severe hemophiliacs endodontic treatment (taking into consideration the question of LA discussed previously) can be usually carried out under antifibrinolytic cover (usually tranexamic acid). Avoiding instrumentation through the periapex is of prime importance in endodontic therapy. The use of electronic endometric instruments will reduce the number of intraoperative radiographs. Rubber dam usage is mandatory as expected. Intracanal injection of LA solution containing adrenaline or topical application (using paper points) of adrenaline 1:1000 may be useful to minimize bleeding.

Orthodontic treatment

Fixed and removable orthodontic appliances may be used along with regular preventive advice and hygiene therapy. Special care should be taken when treating patients with a severe bleeding disorder to ensure that the gingiva is not damaged when fitting the appliance.

Removable prosthodontics

Patients with bleeding disorders can be given dentures as long as they are comfortable. If a partial denture is provided it is important that the periodontal health of the remaining teeth is maintained.

Anesthesia and pain management

Dental pain can usually be controlled with a minor analgesic such as paracetamol .Aspirin should not be used due to its inhibitory affect on platelet aggregation. The use of any non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) must be discussed beforehand with the patient's hematologist because of their effect on platelet aggregation.

There are no restrictions regarding the type of local anesthetic agent used although those with vasoconstrictors may provide additional local hemostasis. It is important to advise patients and parents of children about the risks of local oral trauma before the anesthetic wears off.

Infiltration injections pose no risk to patients with hemophilia. However, they should be administered slowly. Inferior Dental Blocks (ID Blocks) may potentially cause a muscle bleed which might compromise the airway. These should be avoided where possible. Alternative techniques such as buccal infiltrations with articaine or intra-ligamentory routes should be considered for anaesthesia of molar teeth. If an ID Block is unavoidable, patients with less than 30% factor levels will require factor replacement prior to its administration.

Surgery

Extractions and surgery, gingival surgery/deep root planing and implant placement all pose a bleeding risk, even in patients with mild hemophilia so it is essential that these procedures are carried out with the necessary pre-operative special measures such as factor replacement, DDAVP or Cyclokapron tablets. If such procedures are required, please refer your patient with a dental treatment plan and suitable radiograph to your hemophilia treatment centre, and the on-site dental team will organise and/or carry out the treatment if required.

Dental emergencies

Dental emergencies can occur at any time; however, it is important to remember that no treatment should be carried out without prior planning as this could result in additional problems.

Medical Emergency In Dental Clinic

2013-02-01T10:36:00.001+05:30

Medical emergencies can happen in the dental office, possibly threatening a patient’s life and hindering the delivery of dental care. Early recognition of medical emergencies begins at the first sign of symptoms.

Types of Emergencies
Altered Consciousness

Vasodepressor Syncope (common faint):

Recognition: Patient does not respond to "shake and shout" technique.

Position: Supine with feet elevated slightly.

Airway: head tilt-chin lift must be done.

Breathing: "Look, listen and feel" indicates that satisfactory respiration is present.

Circulation: Palpation of carotid pulse. Pulse is present, rate of 25/minute.

Definitive management: Oxygen, aromatic ammonia (if available). Aromatic ammonia vaporole is crushed in fingers and held beneath nose of victim.

Hypoglycemia:

Recognition of hypoglycemia: Diabetic patient appears cold, sweaty, shay and mentally disoriented.

Position: Comfortable, most likely somewhat elevated.

Airway: OK, not necessary to maintain. Breathing: OK, not necessary to ventilate.

Circulation: Palpation of carotid pulse, pulse is present.

Definitive management: In conscious patient-10-20 grms glucose orally, eg: orange juice,4x glucose tablets or gel. Unconscious patient-Glucagon 1mg(IM),50 %dextrose(IV)

Convulsions:

Tonic- clonic seizures:

Recognition: Sudden collapse & loss of consciousness.
- Tonic phase (approx 30 secs):Rigidity & cyanosis
- Clonic phase (few mins):Jerking movements of limbs, tongue may be bitten; frothing at mouth & incontinence may occur

Position: Supine with feet elevated slightly on dental chair, supine on left side if on floor.

Airway: head tilt-chin lift must be done. Head should be turned to a side to prevent the tongue from falling back & obstruct airways.

Breathing: "Look, listen and feel" indicates that satisfactory respiration is present.

Circulation: Palpation of carotid pulse.

Definitive management: Activate EMS immediately. Protect the victim's arms and legs from injury during the seizure by gently holding them and allowing movement within limits. Do not restrain the patient from moving at all, as this increases the likelihood of injury. Do not attempt to place anything into the mouth of the seizing victim. Seizures usually terminate spontaneously within two to five minutes.
- If seizure continues( status epilepticus)- IV diazepam 10 mg

Respiratory Distress:

Asthma :

Position of asthmatic patient

Recognition: Breathlessness & expiratory wheeze.

Position: Comfortable, most likely upright.

Airway: OK, not necessary to maintain.

Breathing: OK, wheezing usually present, but it is not necessary to ventilate.

Circulation: Palpation of carotid pulse is present

Definitive management: Hand patient bronchodilator and have her self-administer her usual dose (usually one to two inhalations/dose).
- If after three doses of the bronchodilator there is no improvement, take additional measures
- Administer oxygen
- Call for medical assistance
- Intramuscular injections of 0.3-0.5 ml of epinephrine 1:1000 concentration for an adult, 1:2000 concentration for a child.

Allergic reaction during dental treatment:
Drug allergy

Recognition: Allergy is recognized by the presence of a skin reaction consisting of urticaria, pruritis and erythema (itching, hives and rash). More severe allergic reactions may involve stimulation of exocrine glands, producing watery eyes, a running nose and gastrointestinal upset (cramping)

Position: Comfortable, as patient is conscious.

Airway: can maintain..if not head tilt-chin lift

Breathing: "Look, listen and feel" indicates that satisfactory respiration is present.

Circulation: monitor blood pressure

Definitive management: Administer histamine-blocker (diphenhydramine 50mg) IM.

Anaphylaxis

Recognition: same as drug allergy with respiratory involvement consisting of bronchospasm, noted by difficulty breathing and wheezing; and/or cardiovascular involvement, manifested by vasodialtion which, if severe, may lead to hypotension and the loss of consciousness.

Position: Comfortable, as patient is conscious.

Airway: can maintain..if not head tilt-chin lift

Breathing: "Look, listen and feel" indicates that satisfactory respiration is present.

Circulation: monitor blood pressure, palpate carotid artery

Definitive management: 0.3 mg of 1:1,000 epinephrine IM, repeat every 5 mins. till hypotention becomes normal.

Administer histamine-blocker (diphenhydramine 50mg) IM

Aminophyline IV

Hydrocortisone 100mg IV

Chest Pain

Angina Pectoris

Recognition: Patient, with a known history of angina, is familiar with clinical signs and symptoms. Frequently described as a tightness, heaviness, constricting or a burning sensation, in the substernal region.

Position: Comfortable, most likely somewhat elevated.

Airway: can maintain

Breathing: can maintain

Circulation: Patient is consicous. Palpation of carotid pulse, pulse is present.

Definitive management: Administer nitroglycerin sublingually (may repeat in 3-5 minute intervals 3 times). Monitor blood pressure after each dose; do not repeat if systolic BP drops below 100. Average drop in BP is 11-16 mm Hg after one dose. Patient should be sitting or supine when Nitroglycerine is administered.

NOTE: If exposed to oxygen/light it is only effective for 12 weeks.

Most cases- 6 month shelf life.

When using it should produce a bitter taste

The translingual nitro spray has a longer shelf life. (2 years)

If your patient has taken Viagra within the past twenty four hours, you must never administer nitroglycerine.

Why? The patient's blood pressure can fall to dangerously low levels. If their systolic blood pressure drops to below 100, the patient could faint or lose consciousness.

The treatment would be to place the victim into the Tredelenburg position, administer oxygen, go to your A,B,C, D's, and give aspirin if chest pain develops.

If no improvement after 15 minutes, treat as acute myocardial infarction.

Acute myocardial infraction

Recognition: Recognition of myocardial infarction: chest "pain" occurring in the absence of a previous history should be considered as serious, potentially myocardial infarction. In addition, if a patient with an anginal history ever states that his or her discomfort is worse than usual, or if two doses of nitroglycerin fail to alleviate the discomfort, or if the "anginal" pain is relieved by nitroglycerin administration but returns
Position: Comfortable, upright
Airway: can maintain
Breathing: can maintain
Circulation: Palpation of carotid pulse, pulse is present, but may be irregular.
Definitive management: Activate EMS immediately

Asprin tablet 325 mg. ask the patient to chew then swallow.

Nitroglycerine

Nitrous oxide with oxygen

Cardiac arrest

Recognition: Sudden unconsciousness, no breathing, no pulse.

perform CPR

NOTE :for CPR the sequence of ABC changes to CAB

CPR steps
1. Begin EMS
 Take charge
 Call out for help
 Make the area safe; wear gloves
2. Assess responsiveness
 Shout and gently tap/shake
3. Phone your emergency response number
 If patient is a child, phone your emergency response number after giving
5 sets of 30 compressions and 2 breaths
4. Open airway
 Tilt the head back, lift chin
 If patient is not breathing, give 2 breaths that make the chest rise.
5. Check breathing
 Look, listen and feel for no more than 10 seconds
 If patient is not breathing, continue with next steps
6. Give 2 slow breaths
 Use face shield/mask
 Check for chest movement
7. Begin chest compressions
 Landmark for hand position
 Give chest 30 compressions / 2 breaths at a rate of 100/minute
8. Continue until medical help arrives

Medical emergencies may be rare but they are challenging occurrences in the dental clinic, tasking the knowledge, skills and materials available to the practice. Adequate staff training and availability of appropriate drugs and equipment are essential in the management of emergencies that may arise in the dental clinic.

A Child's Toothache

2013-01-22T15:15:00.000+05:30

When your child complains of tooth pain , first try to get your child to show you exactly where the pain is coming from and get a little history about how long it's been hurting and possible causes.

The most common cause of dental pain is tooth decay, which is a bacteria-induced infection. Examine the tooth or teeth to see if there are any obvious brown spots or cavities (tiny holes), which will be more easily seen on the biting surfaces or between the teeth. Next, look at the gum surrounding the tooth and the nearby inner areas of the mouth to see if there are any sores or swelling. In the absence of a dental injury, a swelling could mean an abscess as a result of a nerve infection caused by tooth decay.

Evaluate any tooth pain that keeps a child awake at night or persists into the next day, because it could indicate a dental problem that will only become worse if left untreated.

What follows are some helpful hints in the meantime until you take your child to dentist:-

If you don't see anything unusual, the next step is to help your child gently floss on either side of the hurting tooth. This may free a food particle or piece of candy that might be stuck, causing uncomfortable pressure. If discomfort is still evident, take steps to relieve your child's symptoms.
For temporary relief:-

Give your child an over-the-counter pain reliever, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, to reduce the pain of the toothache for several hours.
Apply an ice pack against the jaw, especially if there is swelling. Apply on the outside — on and off for a minute or two at a time, being careful not to burn the cheeks or soft tissues with the ice. If these two measures do not stop the pain, then you should consult your dentist immediately.

Under no circumstances should you rub aspirin (or any other painkiller) on your child's gum — it is very acidic and can cause burns, creating pain rather than relieving it.

If there is no sign of tooth decay ask your child if there was a recent injury he or she neglected to mention. Look for obvious signs of trauma like chipped teeth or fractures. A blow or injury to a front tooth, for example, may not affect the lips or tongue, but may damage the tooth or nerve inside the tooth.

Even if you are successful at relieving a toothache or other pain in the mouth,still make sure to visit dentist & get your check up done.

Diabetes & Dental Implants

2012-07-23T11:30:00.000+05:30

Dental Implants in Diabetic Patients

Dental implants have brought about a revolution in the treatment of missing teeth.However, not everybody makes the right candidate for dental implants, and diabetes is one common condition which makes the success of implants questionable.The use of implants in diabetic patients has been controversial .

Diabetes mellitus is one of the world's major chronic health problems. Diabetes is associated with a wide range of systemic complications including microvascular and macrovascular diseases, altered wound healing, and increased susceptibility to infection. These conditions may increase the risk of postsurgical complications following dental implant placement.

Placement of implants requires a minor surgical procedure, Surgical placement of the implants into the bone. After surgery, there is a healing period of approximately four months. During this time, the implants fuse to the bone by a process known as ‘osseointegration’.If the osseointegration is not proper due to any reason, the implant will stay loose in the bone, and eventually fail. dental implant failure rate in diabetic patients is much higher than that in non-diabetic patients.Though diabetes was considered a contradiction for dental implants till a few years back, recent studies have indicated that implants can be successfully placed in diabetic patients, if their blood sugar is kept under control.In general, glycemic control is evaluated clinically through use of the glycosylated hemoglobin assay, or HbA1c.A normal HbA1c is less than 6%.
American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that most people with diabetes try to control their blood glucose levels well enough to maintain an HbA1c below 7%.

However, it is very important for diabetic patients to not only keep a strict control over their blood sugar prior to the implant surgery, but also maintain that control throughout the entire implant process. Besides, a course of antibiotics can be given prior to the surgery, and continued for a few days after it, to bring down the risk of infection. Even healthy patients have a significant risk of infection after surgery, and diabetics, whose healing ability is already impaired, have it even worse. Also, the patient must maintain very good oral hygiene and cut down on other adverse oral habits, if he has any. The periodontal health of diabetics is also generally worse than healthy patients, which makes the implant surgery even more complicated. However, it is not absolutely impossible to manage an implant in a diabetic patient.

The success of an implant in diabetics depends a lot on the condition of the patient, and his commitment in maintaining the integrity of the implant.

TOOTH PASTE AND GUM DISEASE

2012-02-29T00:19:00.000+05:30

80 % of adults possess some sort of gum disease.
Gum disease may range from mild, simple gum inflammation to some more serious form where tissue is damaged and teeth are lost.Brushing twice daily, flossing daily, eating a well-balanced diet, and visiting your dentist regularly can all help prevent gum disease.
GINGIVITIS
Gingivitis starts with the bacteria within the mouth.The condition usually develops due to "an increase in bacteria quantity and a change in balance of bacterial types from harmless to disease-causing bacteria." It is when the harmful bacteria are allowed to build up on teeth, forming plaque, that gingivitis can set in. If the plaque is not removed, it forms a hard layer on the tooth called tartar. The gums may become tender, red, swollen and bleed easily.

Periodontitis
Periodontitis can happen when gingivitis isn't treated. With time, gums pull away from the teeth and plaque can grow below the gum line. This can destroy the tissues and bone that support the teeth. Periodontitis has four common types. Aggressive periodontitis is a severe inflammation with rapid bone and tissue loss. Eventually tooth loss occurs, typically within a year's time. Chronic periodontitis also shows in inflammation with tissue and bone loss. The loss usually occurs slowly and is characterized by receding gums. Disease-related periodontitis occurs with systemic diseases such as diabetes, AIDS and heart disease. Necrotizing periodontitis is an acute infection of the gums and its symptoms include spontaneous bleeding, rapid onset of pain and a bad odor.

Toothpaste
Toothpastes are advertised as anti-microbial, tartar control, tooth whitening, sensitive, baking soda, abrasive, gels, fluoride or gum care.The common toothpaste is approximately 75 % humectants and water, 20 % abrasive (silica or powdered calcium), and 1-2 % foaming and flavoring agents, buffers, coloring agents, opacifiers and fluoride.Toothpaste should protect from cavities, softened enamel and plaque.Dentists are skeptical regarding tartar control and whitening toothpastes. Tartar only accumulates when a buildup of plaque has been left on the teeth for over 24 hours and whitening toothpastes do not do anything for oral health.

Prevention
The key to any gum disease is prevention. Brushing, flossing and mouth washing, and visiting your dentist will help to avoid gum disease. Most experts agree that toothpaste with fluoride is effective when used often and correctly."Fluoride treatment in children has helped to account for the decline in periodontal disease in adults." Fluoride helps to strengthen tooth enamel and fight tooth decay, making them less vulnerable to bacteria.

Considerations
Gum disease is treated by surgery, bone and tissue grafts, prescription-grade mouthwash, scaling and root planning, or antibiotics. Once the mouth has succumbed to gum disease, toothpaste alone does not treat the problem. Treatment is aimed at stopping and controlling the progression of the disease, and restoring any damage if possible. Home maintenance is important to the success of treatment.

WHY DO TEETH BECOME LOOSE

2012-02-15T22:23:00.000+05:30

Loosened, teeth are expected in small children as primary teeth make way for the permanent set. When teeth move in an adult’s mouth, however, that's a sign of a severe gum disease. Teenagers can also experience loose teeth caused by gum disease, but it's less frequent compared to adults. Although small children expect to shed their baby teeth, loss of tooth as a result of decay , need for professional dental interventions.
Adult Tooth Loss
Gum disease and trauma to the mouth are the only reasons for loose teeth in adults. Gum disease begins as gingivitis, an infection that causes red, tender gums that bleed during brushing. Gingivitis is progressive and if left untreated it will eventually advance to periodontitis. Periodontitis results from a build up of plaque on the teeth above and below the gum line. If it is not removed, plaque hardens into tartar(calculus), which irritates and destroys gum tissue. The gums bleed and begin to recede from the teeth, forming pockets that hold bacteria and worsen the infection. In advanced disease, the gums become too weak to hold the teeth and the bacteria infect the underlying jawbone. Eventually, teeth loosen and fall out. Adults may also experience loose teeth after a mouth injury, for example, as a result of a car accident, fall or sports injury,

Loose Teeth in Children
Primary, or baby teeth are meant to be temporary and their loss is expected. Children with numerous cavities who lose their primary teeth because of tooth decay instead of eruption of the permanent teeth need to learn proper brushing habits. Teenagers have a high risk of gingivitis because of poor eating habits and a lack of proper dental hygiene. Snacking on sugary or starchy foods, such as candy or french fries, provides nutrients on which the bacteria in plaque thrive. Additionally, the hormonal fluctuations girls experience during puberty increases gum sensitivity and bleeding.

Warning Signs
At times, a tooth will feel loose but the gum soon returns to the normal firmness.Several signs suggest a more serious dental problem. Pain while chewing or sensitivity to cold, hot or sweet foods signal loosening teeth or gum disease. Chronic bad breath may be a sign of bacterial gum infection. Red, swollen, tender and bleeding gums suggest periodontal disease.

Prevention
Gingivitis and periodontitis can be avoided. Brush at least twice daily and floss daily. See a dentist twice a year for routine cleanings. Use fluoridated toothpaste and select soft-bristled toothbrushes that you replace every threee to four months. Eat a healthy diet and limit sugary foods. Do not smoke or use smokeless tobacco products. Accidental injury can only be prevented by wearing mouth guards while playing sports.

Treatment
Gum disease can be reversed if caught early, however it should be treated to hold loose teeth from falling out . Deep cleaning beneath gumline, also known as scaling and root planing, effectively treats gingivitis and periodontitis. Antibiotics or surgery may be necessary in advanced cases. Loose teeth is usually strengthened with wire splints, which bind the loose tooth to more firmly rooted neighboring teeth. In the worst cases, the loose tooth must be extracted and a false tooth or implants are essential.

RECEDING GUMS IN CHILDREN

2012-02-08T16:16:00.000+05:30

Children with bad brushing routines face dental problems much more serious than cavities. Periodontitis, a bacterial infection of the gums and tissues surrounding teeth, is the leading cause of tooth loss, according to the American Academy of Periodontology. The Academy states the majority of children have some level of gum disease. If left untreated, periodontitis can damage bone and loosen teeth.

Periodontal Disease

Gingivitis, which is the first stage of periodontal disease, is characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily during brushingChronic gingivitis commonly occurs in children. Gingivitis may progress to periodontal disease, characterized by bad breath and bleeding, swollen gums. The gums begin to recede, or pull back, from the teeth. The gums may recede so far as to expose the roots of the teeth. Aggressive periodontitis occurs in children who have no other health conditions and may affect only the molars and incisors, or it may be a general infection that involves the entire mouth. Children with generalized aggressive periodontitis tend to have heavy plaque and tartar buildup, whereas those with more local infection usually have little to no tartar on their teeth.
Causes

Poor oral hygiene resulting in an accumulation of plaque and bacteria causes periodontal disease and receding gums. Other factors contributing to gum disease include mouth breathing, which dries the gums and front teeth, a diet lacking in vitamin C, grinding teeth during sleep, a family tendency toward periodontitis and some medications. Chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes autoimmune diseases, and hormonal fluctuations also contribute to gum infections. Smoking and smokeless tobacco are risk factors for periodontal disease in teenagers.
Treatment

Treatment depends on the extent of disease and your child's age and overall health. Thorough plaque removal, usually involving deep cleaning beneath the gum line, is essential. Early, mild periodontitis responds to deep cleaning, but more extensive disease requires medication to eliminate the infection or surgery to reshape damaged tissue and bone.
Prevention

Good oral hygiene prevents receding gums and periodontal disease.. Adolescents tend to relax their oral hygiene habits because of lack of interest. Establishing regular brushing and flossing habits in young children helps to maintain healthy habits. Regular dental appointments for routine cleaning and periodontal examinations help to prevent plaque accumulation and catch gum disease in early stages. Check your child's mouth for tartar buildup, receding or bleeding gums and bad breath, which may be warning signs of gum disease.

Gingivitis: Cause and Management

2012-02-02T10:51:00.000+05:30

Gingivitis can be a kind of periodontal disease that involves redness and infection of the gums. This soreness and infection result in break down of tissues of which keep the teeth along with the gums, the ligaments additionally, the tooth sockets.

Leads to: Gingivitis will not form immediately. It is among the most long-term negative effects of plaque remains as a result of incorrect brushing and flossing. Plaque is usually a awkward material made of bacteria, mucus, and food debris of which evolves on revealed portions of the teeth. It is really a major explanation for oral cavaties as plaque, when not eradicated, gets a tough deposit termed tartar. Tartar next gets cornered on the base of the tooth. Plaque as well as tartar are designed for irritating the gums as well as turning it into inflamed. Bacteria additionally, the poisons that they produce increase the risk for gums to turn into infected, swollen and tender. Tender gums simply bleed.

Moreover, difficulties for the gums as a result of extremely strenuous brushing or flossing of the teeth may possibly lead to gingivitis. Medications as well as birth control pills and heavy metals which include cause and bismuth also can give rise to the development of gingivitis. Misaligned teeth, rough edges of fillings, and ill-fitting or maybe not clean mouth device which include braces, dentures, bridges, and crowns can bother the gums and also improve the probability of gingivitis. Along with such, common illness, terrible dental hygiene, pregnancy and unrestrained diabetes increase your probability of developing gingivitis.

Gingivitis occurs for a numerous degree on people coming from all of all ages. It usually evolves while in puberty or maybe first adulthood as a result of hormonal changes and may even happen again often with regards to the health and fitness of the teeth and gums.
Symptoms could be bleeding gums, gums that will be tender whenever handled, bright red or maybe red-purple appearance of gums, mouth sores, shiny appearance of gums and swollen gums.

Treatment: If you actually plan a check-up together with the dentist, he will probably study the mouth and teeth and investigate soft, swollen, red-purple gums. The gums are frequently painless or maybe slightly tender. Once signs and symptoms of gingivitis are normally found, quite often, you can be that has a painful operative gingivitis treatment.

However, teeth’s health complications may be absolutely definitely avoided with very good oral tactics. Oral health authorities strongly recommend good care of the oral and dental regions with the aid of high-quality and helpful mouth care products which include toothpaste and mouthwash. As the cliche goes, “elimination provides multiple advances over cure” as it could really be difficult to treat gingivitis as soon as there is absorbed the dental regions.

Gingivitis and gum diseases may be averted from developing on the onset. Regular daily brushing with the aid of botanical toothpaste and concluding it that has a botanical mouthwash is usually a more beneficial solution for gingivitis.

Why Do My Gums Hurt When I Do Work Out?

2012-01-29T18:30:00.000+05:30

Why Do My Gums Hurt When I Work Out?

In case your gums hurt when you workout, possibly you have a cavity or you may be experiencing some degree of gum disease. Regular dental visits, proper dental hygiene and a healthy diet can prevent most causes of gum pain. Schedule an appointment with your dentist to correctly diagnose the main cause of your sore gums.

Cause
Gum disease and cavities are caused by plaque building up on the teeth. Plaque is a sticky material consisting of bacteria, mucus and food that can harden into tartar if it remains on your teeth for a long-period of time. Gingivitis occurs when bacteria and toxins begin irritating and inflaming the gums. Periodontitis is a more advanced form of gum disease, which is caused by the build-up of plaque and tartar causing the teeth to pull away from the gums. Cavities are caused by tooth decay, which occurs when plaque removes the outer layers of your teeth allowing bacteria and acids to reach nerves and blood vessels.

Identification
Gingivitis can cause tenderness inside the gums during working out due to possible mouth sores and inflammation in the gums. You may even experience bleeding and redness of the gums while brushing your teeth or flossing. In advanced cases of periodontitis, the farther the gums are pulled from the teeth, the more destructive the result will be to the bone and ligaments. The teeth may become loose and need to be removed. A cavity may have a visible hole that causes a toothache and sensitivity to the teeth that may be felt in the gum line. If you do exercises in which your feet forcefully hit the ground, your bottom and top teeth may click and cause a shooting pain in your teeth and gums.

Treatment
Early gum disease can be reversed by taking certain measures. Dentists recommend having your teeth professionally cleaned twice per year; however, in severe cases of gum disease, you may need professional cleanings more frequently. You may also need crooked teeth straightened. If you have dental or orthodontic appliances, such as braces or a mouth guard, replacements may be necessary if they're not fitting properly or being cleaned appropriately. A filling is used for most cavities; however, crowns, root canals, or tooth extractions may be necessary in more severe cases of tooth decay.

Prevention
Make use of a soft-bristled toothbrush that's in good condition and brush your teeth with an fluoridated toothpaste at least twice per day. Fluoride can reverse early signs of decay.Floss gently at least once per day. If you're prone to gingivitis, brush after every meal and before bedtime. If you wear a mouth guard while exercising, clean it regularly. To prevent cavities, follow the same previously mentioned steps and also rinse with fluoride, avoid sticky foods .

THE LINK BETWEEN GINGIVITIS & DRINKING SODA

2012-01-26T18:30:00.000+05:30

THE LINK BETWEEN GINGIVITIS & DRINKING SODA

Whenever you have a swig of soda, the liquid will go down your throat, however, there is a thin, sugary film remaining on the teeth. For those who neglect brushing away this film, you increase the likelihood that sugar-loving bacteria will enter your mouth. Over time, this can potentially lead to a gum infection known as gingivitis.By understanding how soda can contribute to gingivitis, you can take steps to minimize your risk. Speak to your dental professional about the best ways to care for your teeth.

Gingivitis Significance

When you bite into a celery stick or chew a tough piece of meat, you have strong, healthy teeth to thank. You also can’t forget the anchors for your teeth: your gums, or gingiva. Bacteria in your mouth and food are naturally attracted to sugary and/or starchy substances, and soda is high in sugar. If you neglect dental hygiene, such as brushing and flossing twice daily, these bacteria can form into a hardened plaque called tartar, which only a professional can remove. Both tartar and plaque can irritate your gums, causing swelling, tenderness and bleeding, symptoms that indicate gingivitis.

Tooth Enamel

Another way drinking soda can contribute to gingivitis is through tooth enamel erosion. Sodas are highly acidic, and when your teeth are exposed to soda, the phosphoric acids in colas or citric acids in non-colas can weaken your tooth enamel, just as if you were chipping away at a rock. Less tooth enamel translates into less fortification and strength for your teeth, so bacteria that make their assault have less to work through to reach your teeth and gums. Non-cola options, such as lemon-lime soft drinks, tend to be more acidic than their cola counterparts, such as root beer. However, both can lead to gingivitis.

Sugar-Free Sodas

Switching to diet or sugar-free sodas is an option for cutting back on your exposure to sugars that can lead to buildup of plaque bacteria. Remember, however, that diet sodas still contain acids that can erode your tooth enamel, leaving you susceptible to cavities and plaque buildup.

Prevention

If quitting drinking soda cold turkey isn’t an option, there are other steps you can take to minimize your gingivitis risk while drinking soda. This includes drinking soda through a straw, which minimizes soda’s exposure to your teeth. Good oral hygiene is vital as well. Because plaque can take about 24 hours to form into tartar, brushing your teeth twice a day can help to safeguard against plaque buildup. You also can brush your teeth after consuming soda to minimize the amount of sugars that may remain on your teeth. Making twice-yearly trips to your dentist helps remove the excess tarter that can lead to gingivitis.

Building an healthy dental life

2012-01-14T19:20:00.000+05:30

At times folks, particularly adults often get too occupied that they forget to take good care of their dental health. This isn’t that bad if you miss out brushing or flossing a few times but repeatedly over a course of a long time, this will get you into trouble. What’s dangerous about not taking care of your dental health is that this could get you gum disease - a condition wherein the gums swell, weaken or discolor due to bacterial infection. Most of the time, you won’t notice the symptoms during the initial stages but overtime, this will progress into something much serious.

The initial symptoms may include swelling of the gums, discoloration of the gums, a painful sensation which is more evident when drinking hot or cold drinks and chronic bad breath. The first stage of gum disease is called gingivitis and is when the symptoms are light and has a great chance to get by unnoticed. If you’re lucky, the condition will heal itself but if not, you may be finding yourself with the same symptoms, only more severe.

Therefore, it is important to cure gingivitis and build a healthy dental care routine and here are a few suggestions for you. First is to do the basics: brush your teeth three times a day with a soft toothbrush and do it with a smooth, circular motion. Brushing to harshly will only worsen the condition but doing so lightly should help maintain clean teeth and gums. Also make sure to floss to get rid of food debris after meals - this ensures that your gums will be free of bacterial infection for the next few hours.

One of the best ways to keep a healthy dental life and also another good gingivitis cure is to maintain a steady and healthy source of vitamin C. Since it plays a major factor in our immune system, having vitamin C will also help fight off bacterial infections and speed up the healing process of our gums so grab an apple or an orange every now and then to help keep a healthy dental life.

Lastly, keeping a good dental care routine isn’t enough at all - as numerous individuals believe they’ve done adequate to last their teeth and gums a long time, there could still be a few problems popping up so every 6 months, ensure that you make an appointment and visit your dentist for your regular dental check-up. They will perform cleaning sessions (prophylaxis) and help you detect any signs of gum diseases.

Why Visiting Dentist Is So Important?

2012-01-11T16:10:00.000+05:30

Why Visiting Dentist Is So Important?

Along with brushing and flossing one also need to visit dentist to ensure proper oral and dental health.

Dentists play a big part in managing the personal dental care of individuals. Dentists check your teeth and mouth for signs of cavities and gum disease.

They will also help you maintain extra clean teeth and they will also teach you the proper ways of brushing and flossing. They can even demonstrate it to you so that you can really see how it is done.

Dentists play a big role in the interception of disease process at early stage.

Be Careful Of What You Eat And Drink

Dentists would also give you important advice related to teeth and mouth care. Perhaps one of the most common advice that dentists give their patients is to be careful with what they eat and drink.Eating and drinking sugary stuffs such as candies,Cakes and soda can attract a lot of plaque to stick to your teeth. If you want to have healthy teeth, do try to eat more fruits and vegetables and drink more water

than soda.

More Than Sprays And Breath Mints

The world is full of instant solutions and shortcuts and dental care is not exempted from the variety of instant solutions.A lot of breath mints and breath fresheners are available in the market today, offering instant fresh breath to individuals who are perhaps too busy to spend at least three minutes to brush their teeth.If you are one of the many people who are seeking the aid of breath mints and breath sprays to give you fresh breath, you might want to change your approach to personal dental care because it will just do you more harm than good.Aside from the fact that breath mints and breath sprays can’t really rid your teeth and mouth of minute pieces of food debris, they are also not good for long term use.The truth is, breath mints and breath freshener sprays are only good at masking mouth odors.Sure, they can give you instant fresh breath that can probably last for a few hours, but when you look at your mouth through a microscope, you will really be disgusted and appalled by all the bacteria and food debris that can be found in your mouth and in between your teeth.

Brushing:

Simplest Yet Most Essential Brushing one’s teeth may seem to be the simplest and most basic part of personal dental care but it is one of the most needed things to do to achieve clean and healthy teeth.You see,in order for you to prevent cavities, you need to brush off the plaque stuck in your teeth brought about by the food and beverages that you ate and drank.Brushing regularly can also save you a lot of unwanted trips to the dentist. Remember, breath mints and breath freshener sprays won’t help in getting rid of the bacteria that causes plaque to build up in your teeth.If you want to have a nice set of teeth without having to undergo awful toothaches and bad breath, take the extra mile to spend time for your personal dental care routine.

Visit Your Dentist Once In Six months To Ensure Good Oral And Dental Health.

Midnight Snacking Can Cause Loss Of Tooth!!!!

2012-01-07T17:26:00.000+05:30

Midnight Snacking Can Cause Loss Of Tooth!!!!
In a study it is found that mid night snacks can also lead to loss of tooth.

Midnight snacking is a common habit. It's can also be problematic for your general as well as oral health.
In a study it is found that mid night snacks can also lead to loss of tooth.
Eating snacks in the middle of the night may increase the chance of tooth loss, regardless of the type of meals that is eaten, experts warned.

Research conducted recently published in “Eating Behaviors” links late-night snacks to loss of tooth, as well relates snack before going to bed and decreased saliva flow, rather than the kinds of foods eaten. Many people think that sweet or starchy foods trigger tooth loss; to a certain extent, this is true. Nevertheless, this research exhibits no links of the kinds of foods consumed and the incidence of loss of tooth. Leading scientists claim that the act of eating itself, rather than the types of foods, may be the culprit.

The team at Copenhagen University, which worked with colleagues from the US, blamed changes in saliva flow, as it tends to dry up at night.
To reach the conclusion, boffins examined the medical records of 2,217 Danes already enrolled in a medical study, reports The BBC.

"Practitioners should be aware of the oral health implications of nocturnal eating, increase screening and oral health education efforts among nocturnal eaters and make treatment referrals when appropriate,"

Professor Damien Walmsley, scientific adviser to the British Dental Association, said: "Eating at night, when the mouth is driest and any food remains in the mouth longer, accentuates the impact of consuming sugary and acidic food and drinks.

Causes Of Mid Night Snaking

Habit: You've simply gotten used to the routine of having a midnight snack.
You're hungry: You may not have eaten enough earlier in the day, or at an unusual time of day.
Boredom: You can't go to sleep, and are bored, or want a mindless snack while watching TV or reading.
Nervousness or emotional eating: You're attempting to curb anxiety or some other negative emotion.

How to stop Mid Night Snaking

If you're simply doing it out of routine, consciously stop yourself. Try sticking a sign on your fridge reminding you to go do another activity (try to keep this activity consistent). After about two weeks, you should have "retrained" yourself to your new habit.
If you're hungry, be sure to eat enough during the day. Choose filling meals ofhealthy foods, with plenty of fiber, protein, and complex carbohydrates. If you're not sure, talk to your doctor to come up with a good meal plan.
If you're bored, pick a new activity to keep your hands busy. Try knitting, origami or another craft, so you can work while you watch TV (if that's when you often snack).

How to minimize The Damage Of Mid Night?

Brush twice daily with fluoridated tooth brush, once in morning and another just before going to bed
When ever possible refrain yourself to water 1 hour before you go to sleep.Avoid eating anything.

How Does Smoking affects Dental and Oral Health?

2012-01-03T18:42:00.001+05:30

How Does Smoking affects Dental and Oral Health

Smoking is not merely associated with lung cancer and heart disease, it also damages state of the mouth. Smoking raises the risks of tooth loss, but more importantly, it is the main cause of throat and oral cancers.

Although smoking and chewing tobacco doesn't increase the risk of having cavities, it may do a lot of harm to the gums and also other parts of the mouth:

Stains in teeth due to smoking
How Does Smoking affects Dental and Oral Health

The potential risk of loss of tooth in smokers is twice more than in non-smokers.
Smoking is the main cause of throat and oral cancers and pre cancerous condition.
Smoking increases periodontal disease (gum disease). In fact, according to the Journal of Periodontology, smokers are about four times more likely than people who have never smoked, to have advanced periodontal disease.

Black hairy tongue

Smoking may cause inflammation in the salivary glands.

Smoking delays healing after tooth extraction and may lead to a temporary and painful condition known as dry socket.
Smokers have less success with periodontal treatments and dental implants.
Smoking is a major source of halitosis (bad breath).
The loss of taste and smell can be caused by smoking and chewing tobacco.

Plaque and tarter Build Up

Smoking stains teeth reducing the aesthetics of a smile.

Tobacco use can cause black hairy tongue, which refers to growths on the tongue, making it look hairy and turning it yellow, green, brown or black.

Smoking might produce constant plaque and tartar build up.

Recommendations for smokers

STOP SMOKING!!!!!!

STOP SMOKING
Maintain a thorough oral hygiene plan by regularly brushing, flossing, using mouthwash and tongue cleaner, and by having regular professional cleanings at the dentist's office.

Have regular checkups with the dentist in order to verify the state of the gums and make sure no oral cancer is developing.

Self examination of your mouth

Check for any sores around the face, neck or mouth that do not heal within two weeks.
Check for frequent bleeding in the mouth.
Check for white, red or dark patches on the cheeks, palate, tongue, or under the tongue; if such lesions do not disappear after two weeks, have them checked by a dentist.
Check for swellings, lumps or bumps on the lips, gums, or other areas in the mouth.
Notice any numbness, pain or loss of feeling in any area of the mouth.
Check for inability to open your mouth

Dental Care for Diabetic Patients

2012-01-01T19:15:00.000+05:30

Dental care for Diabetic Patients

Diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced.

There are three main types of diabetes:

Type 1 diabetes: results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and requires the person to inject insulin.
Type 2 diabetes: results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency.
Gestational diabetes: is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy. It may precede development of type 2 DM.

Oral Manifestations

1. Gingival and periodontal disease

· Patients with diabetes are more prone to develop periodontal disease.

· The patients may exhibit a fulminating periodontitis with periodontal abscess formation and inflamed painful abscess .This may lead to tooth mobility.

· Gingival fluid in the diabetes has more glucose level which favours the growth of micro flora.

· Insulin dependent diabetic children tend to have more destruction around the first molars and incisors than else where

2. Median rhomboidal glossitis

· Diabetes is considered to be factor for median rhomboidal glossitis as frequency of abnormal blood glucose level in diabetes.

· There is also impairment of blood supply to dorsum of tongue due to arteriosclerosis changes in blood vessels supplying the area.

3. Oral candidiasis

· It is infection of Candida albicans which occur due to encouragement of local multiplication of candida albicans due to impaired glucose level.

4. Localised osteitis

5. Burning mouth

· This is the one of the most common problem in diabetes.

· It is associated with variety of symptoms like burning sensation of tongue and other parts of mouth.

6. Trigeminal nerve involvement

· Diabetes neuropathy is recognised as polymorphic condition as when manifested as polyneuropathy on the assumption the trigeminal nerve might be involved.

7. Others

· Increased caries activity due to xerostomia(dry mouth). If you are diabetic, the increase of sugar in your saliva leads to a decrease in the quantity of your saliva in your mouth.Suffering from dry mouth can lead to complications such as dental caries, because saliva contributes to a natural cleaning of teeth. Moreover, a lack of moisture leads to the development of ulcers, fungal infections and difficulty to wear dentures .

· Fissuring and drying of tongue

Tips for Diabetics

Brush twice daily with soft tooth brush.
You should brush your teeth at least twice a day, but preferably after every meal. You should also floss your teeth to complete the brushing by removing plaque and food particles that can remain between teeth and the surrounding gums. Because there is less saliva in the mouth, which normally contributes to a natural cleaning of teeth, a meticulous dental hygiene is therefore very important.
Rinse your mouth with water after every meal.
Avoid high sugar foods and include fibrous food in your diet
Visit your dentist regularly. Periodontal disease can reach an advanced level without necessarily feeling any kind of pain, and without your gums bleeding. Regular dental checkups, preferably every three months, are then recommended to detect any signs of gingivitis or periodontitis, but also dental caries.
If you are denture wearer , clean your denture properly and remove your denture while you sleep.
Drink ample of water.
Chew xylitol chewing gum.

Common Dental Problem And Solution

Black fungus/Mucormycosis -A post covid oral complication

Causes

MAJOR ROUTE OF INFECTION

Risk factor

Types

symptoms

Dental findings:

Pathophysiology

Is mucormycosis contagious?

Mucormycosis /Black fungus and covid 19

Diagnosis

Treatment

Role of Dentist

Oral Manifestations of COVID 19

INTRODUCTION

Modes of Spread

Morphology

Structure of Coronavirus

Family: CoronaviridaeGenome:ssRNASize:120nmShape: Crown like or Coronal

General pathogenesis

Symptoms

Oral Manifestations of COVID 19

Management of oral lesions

Conclusion

Study Linking pancreatic cancer to oral health

XEROSTOMIA OR DRY MOUTH

Sea of changes in Implant Aburtment

Dental Management of patients with Thyroid Disease

Oral Manifestation of thyroid disease

Considerations for dental treatments

Before treatment assessment of thyroid function

During Treatment

After Treatment

BONE MORPHOGENIC PROTEIN

Adverse effect of certain medication on oral health

Adverse Effects of Sports & energy drinks.

Chemotherapy & Oral Health

Haemophilia and Dental Care

Classification

Types of Hemophilia A and B

Types of Hemophilia A and B

Degree of Deficiency/Plasma activity

Risk of a Bleed After Trauma or Surgery

Mild

5% to 30% |6 and 40 IU/dL

Delayed onset of a bleed with trauma or surgery or dental extractions

Moderate

1% to 5%| 2 and 5

IU/dL

Excessive bleeding with surgery

Severe

<1 IU/dL

Excessive bleeding with trauma or surgery

Dental treatment

It is essential to prevent accidental damage to the oral mucosa when carrying out any procedure in the mouth. Injury can be avoided by:

Periodontal treatment

Restorative procedures

Endodontics

Orthodontic treatment

Removable prosthodontics

Anesthesia and pain management

Surgery

Dental emergencies

Medical Emergency In Dental Clinic

A Child's Toothache

Diabetes & Dental Implants

TOOTH PASTE AND GUM DISEASE

WHY DO TEETH BECOME LOOSE

RECEDING GUMS IN CHILDREN

Gingivitis: Cause and Management

Why Do My Gums Hurt When I Do Work Out?

THE LINK BETWEEN GINGIVITIS & DRINKING SODA

Gingivitis Significance

Tooth Enamel

Sugar-Free Sodas

Prevention

Building an healthy dental life

Why Visiting Dentist Is So Important?

Midnight Snacking Can Cause Loss Of Tooth!!!!

Family: Coronaviridae
Genome:ssRNA
Size:120nm
Shape: Crown like or Coronal