Pipes Output http://pipes.yahoo.com/pipes/pipe.info?_id=goLxp0e93RG3nJY7pgt1Yg Thu, 01 Oct 2015 22:35:19 +0000 http://pipes.yahoo.com/pipes/ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fgec3.12174 No abstract is available for this article. Mon, 28 Sep 2015 22:49:36 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fgec3.12228 Human geographers have produced a diverse, and growing, body of literature documenting the existence and consequence of spatial imaginaries. However, reviews explaining and evaluating how geographers conceptualize and empirically verify spatial imaginaries, along with the field's tensions and potential directions, are lacking. This article addresses this gap by assessing geography's spatial imaginary literature. I identify shared features across the literature, while arguing geographers have, in fact, verified three different kinds of spatial imaginaries: imaginaries of places, idealized spaces, and spatial transformations. The article recommends researchers better account for these three, both their differences and relationalities. I also explain and evaluate geography's four competing conceptions of spatial imaginaries' ontology. Some geographers see them as semiotic orders, ,other geographers believe them to be worldviews, yet spatial imaginaries are predominantly viewed as representational discourse. Recently, however, some geographers have argued them to be performative discourses. This article advocates viewing spatial imaginaries as performative; arguing this view – among other things – clarifies the association between spatial imaginaries and material practices while offering new research directions for the field. Mon, 28 Sep 2015 22:49:35 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fgec3.12231 Grand challenges such as climate change, ageing societies and food security feature prominently on the agenda of policymakers at all scales, from the EU down to local and regional authorities. These are challenges that require the input and collaboration of a diverse set of societal stakeholders to combine different sources of knowledge in new and useful ways – a process that has occupied the minds of economic geographers looking at innovation in recent decades. Work in economic geography has in particular examined infrastructural, capability, network and institutional challenges that may be found in different types of regions. How can these insights improve researchers' and policymakers' understanding of the potential for innovation policies to address grand challenges? In this paper, we review these insights and then identify areas that push economic geographers to go beyond their previous focus and interests, notably by considering innovation policy in light of transformational rather than mere structural failures. Mon, 28 Sep 2015 22:49:34 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fgec3.12227 In the wake of recent academic interest in coproduction, engaged research and transdisciplinarity, this article reviews some developments and directions in participatory action research (PAR), mainly within human geography. It examines one response to poststructuralist critiques that PAR either elides power relations or conversely can be equated to tyranny, namely a proposal to view PAR as a form of governance. Spatialising PAR then draws attention to the reach and relational workings of power. Counter-topography is discussed as a conceptualisation by which PAR can jump scales to inform theory. Prefiguring the social justice imperative with which it is invested, the potential of practising PAR as an ethics of care is explored. Consideration is given to how PAR's imperative for social change shapes the researcher's responsibilities vis-à-vis representation, political strategy and emotional engagement. Tensions between PAR's social change imperative, the needs of research partners and the institutional constrains of academia are a through-going theme. I conclude that PAR has much to offer research in human geography and, in turn, that work in human geography has provided PAR with space-relational strategies of engaging with power, which do not preclude emancipatory action. Mon, 28 Sep 2015 22:49:34 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fgec3.12229 This paper argues that feminisation is beginning to occur in the mining industry, a process associated with an expanded notion of mining as a livelihood in the radically changing political economy of extractive industries. It demonstrates that new gendered geographies are being created as grinding rural poverty pushes large numbers of women into informal mining (also known as artisanal and small-scale mining or ASM)—a fundamentally different type of economic activity from the capitalised, industrialised mining operated by large corporations. Further, it shows that a number of civil society initiatives, industry measures, policy processes and action-research with large-scale mining corporations are currently underway in response to an overall enhanced awareness of gender mainstreaming. It argues that these initiatives, ensued from women's struggles and feminist contributions, are helping to integrate gender more firmly in a wide range of extractive environments, and how these have enhanced the visibility of women and gender in mining. The paper ends by indicating the existing gaps in inquiry and possible directions for future research by feminist geographers into these gendered economic spaces. Mon, 28 Sep 2015 22:49:33 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fhic3.12279 No abstract is available for this article. Mon, 21 Sep 2015 01:36:55 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fhic3.12260 Histories of race and racism for the period before 1800 have been inclined to focus on the Atlantic world, particularly Africa and America. This focus has resulted in a tendency to think of race primarily in terms of slavery and skin colour. In addition, the problems of finding a suitable vocabulary for race and racism – one that is not anachronistic yet recognises the enormity of early modern slavery and genocide – have produced a degree of confusion that obstructs clear understanding of race's early-modern progenitors. This article argues for a concentration on ‘racism’ rather than on the heavily overdetermined ‘race’, and for the refocusing of studies of race and racism onto the ‘global European world’. This context encompasses the Atlantic as just one part – albeit the most major, in the period before 1800 – of European colonial endeavours and global interactions. As the pre-eminent maritime and global imperial power after 1763, Britain ought to be firmly in the sights of scholars seeking to understand Europe's most pernicious invention. Mon, 21 Sep 2015 01:36:55 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fhic3.12259 In the research carried out in Latin America, the history of justice, on the one hand, and the history of security or law enforcement institutions, on the other, often failed to find common grounds in terms of focus, approach, problems, methodologies and even historical periods around which they mostly centered. After several years each current's searching and making contributions on its own, today, a new coincidence takes place within the sphere of Latin American political history, as renewed in turn by recent contributions, which finds in the 19th century the right spot for thematic crossovers. This article focuses around this specific aspect of the field: surveying the thematic contributions and convergence which, within the historiography, signalize a new meeting point. We would like to argue that it is precisely from here that thematic and research lines are developed and that we will witness the next contributions arise from them. Mon, 21 Sep 2015 01:36:54 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fhic3.12253 Cuba's Cold War policy in the Middle East embodies the Third World undercurrents that played an important role in shaping the international order beyond the U.S.–Soviet binary. Castro believed that his revolution would inspire a coalition of developing nations from among the Arab World bound together by past experiences of imperialism. The experiment, however, was far less glorious. Contradiction and complication plagued Cuba's Cold War policies in the Middle East. Castro, inspired by the ideals of nationalism yet handicapped by Soviet dependency, enacted rather convoluted, seemingly hypocritical foreign policies in the Middle East. Broader still, Castro's inability to secure cooperation with the Arab World during the Cold War exemplified the fractionalization that plagued Third World relations. The failures in Cuba's Middle East relations reflected the failure of unity that contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Empire and ultimately the Cold War. Mon, 21 Sep 2015 01:36:53 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fhic3.12258 Infamous for its political violence, Colombia has weathered a distinctive period of turmoil from roughly 1977 to 2005. This wave of political violence, defined by guerrilla and paramilitary strife, is already being studied by a range of interdisciplinary scholars and non-academics, especially within Colombia. Their work provides a welcoming base for an increased engagement by historians. This article introduces the topic of political violence in Colombia in the late 20th century, along with the broad nature of publications already in place, while providing a narrative framework that makes the topic accessible to undergraduate students and relative newcomers. Mon, 21 Sep 2015 01:36:53 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fhic3.12256 The 15th century is often regarded by scholars as a turning point in the history of spiritual direction, marking the beginning of a “Golden Age,” which lasted well into the 18th century. The “confessor-spiritual director” emerged as one who fulfilled the role of spiritual counsellor as well as granting the forgiveness of sins after confession. Over the past two decades, historians have become increasingly interested in the dynamics of the relationships between confessors and their penitents, both inside and outside of the cloister. Scholars of both late medieval and early modern Europe have traced the ties that these spiritual relationships could create between the sexes, particularly where male clerics directed the souls of holy women (lay and religious). Within the scholarship, a new attentiveness to the complexities of these encounters has challenged the traditional conception of male–female, confessor-penitent relationships as repressive and controlling. This article seeks to explore this recent shift in the historiography, before offering some new perspectives on future directions the field may take. Mon, 21 Sep 2015 01:36:52 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flnc3.12156 This survey article presents an overview of studies on variable number agreement in Brazilian Portuguese, regarding the variable usage of explicit and zero plural markers in both noun and verb phrases. Being among the most widely studied phenomena in sociolinguistics, NP and SV agreement studies provide a consistent picture of their social and linguistic embedding across multiple speech communities and have contributed to the debate on the outcomes of language contact, to the description of general constraints on natural languages (such as the effect of parallelism), as well as to discussions on linguistic prejudice outside of academia. This article summarizes the most relevant and recurrent constraints found for these variables and highlights their wider implications for language theory and for the social role of linguistics. Tue, 15 Sep 2015 23:41:07 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flnc3.12157 In this paper, we discuss current trends in sociolinguistic work focusing on language in metropolitan Miami, an area we contend is underrepresented in the sociolinguistics literature given the unique contact situation that has arisen there during the past half century. We focus our attention on four main areas of theoretical and empirical concern: (1) Spanish–English bilingualism, (2) issues related to the varieties of Spanish spoken in Miami, (3) issues related to the varieties of English spoken in Miami, and (4) an overview of languages other than English and Spanish spoken in the region, with particular attention to Haitian Creole. We conclude with suggestions for future sociolinguistic work in all of these areas. Tue, 15 Sep 2015 23:41:07 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flnc3.12165 No abstract is available for this article. Tue, 15 Sep 2015 23:41:06 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flnc3.12153 Linguistics is traditionally a university subject. We describe here comprehensive efforts that the University of Arizona's Linguistics Department makes to engage with additional audiences: K–12 and community college students, lifelong learners, and festival-goers. Our coordination of these efforts is relatively recent, and this article emphasizes what we are learning in areas like adjustment to different audiences and efficient use of resources. While many individual linguists and some departments are engaged in outreach activities such as those described here, our work is unusual in its breadth, in terms of both external contacts and department-internal participants. Tue, 15 Sep 2015 23:41:06 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fspc3.12204 No abstract is available for this article. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:25:33 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fspc3.12191 Information processing in groups has long been seen as a cooperative process. In contrast with this assumption, group members were rarely found to behave cooperatively: They withhold unshared information and stick to initial incorrect decisions. In the present article, we examined how group members' cooperative and competitive motives impact on group information processing and propose that information sharing and use in groups could be seen as strategic behavior. We reviewed the latest developments in the literature investigating different forms of strategic information processing and their underlying mechanisms. This review suggests that explicit cooperative goals are needed for effective group decision-making. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:25:33 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fspc3.12194 This review examines the overall accuracy of social perception across several research topics and identifies factors that influence the accuracy of social perception. Findings from 14 meta-analyses examining topics such as social/personality judgments, health judgments, legal judgments, and academic/vocational judgments were obtained. Social perception accuracy was generally moderate, yielding an average effect size (r) of .32. However, individual meta-analytic effects varied widely, with some topics yielding small effects (e.g., lie detection, eyewitness identification) and other topics yielding large effects (e.g., educational judgments, health judgments). Several moderators of social perception accuracy were identified, including the nature of the information source, familiarity of the target, type of personality trait, and severity of the outcome being judged. These findings provide a comprehensive summary and novel integration of disparate findings on the accuracy of social perception. Concluding remarks highlight avenues for future research and call for cross-disciplinary collaborations that would enhance our understanding of social perception. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:25:33 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fspc3.12195 This review explores social psychological perspectives on the complex relationship between religion and anti-Black prejudice in the United States. We examine the different ways in which religiosity has been conceptualized by behavioral scientists. We consider the methodological limitations of previous research, as well as how the advent of priming research introduces new empirical questions regarding religiosity and anti-Black prejudice, such as whether activation of different religious conceptions (e.g., God versus religion) or priming via different types of stimuli (e.g., words versus images) produces different outcomes. Finally, we discuss the lack of diverse samples in the present literature and highlight the need for additional research with Black American respondents. Conclusions consider the real world implications of links between religion and anti-Blackness for both White individuals (e.g., intergroup relations) and Black individuals (e.g., psychological functioning). Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:25:32 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fspc3.12193 Identity fusion refers to a visceral sense of oneness with an ingroup. For fused individuals, group membership is not a means to an end (e.g., a positive social identity). Rather, membership is an all-absorbing goal in itself; little other than the group matters. Group membership is also seen as enduring, sustained by chronically activated psychological structures as well as features of the context. Fellow group members are likewise seen as permanent members of the group, as they are members of the ingroup “family”. And just as family members are compelled to make extreme sacrifices for their family, so too are highly fused individuals – including even the ultimate sacrifice. These efforts to protect the ingroup can have negative consequences when, for example, people become strongly fused to groups that are devoted to extreme, anti-social behaviors. In such instances, it may be prudent to encourage “defusion” from the group, but the emotional investment associated with fusion may thwart such efforts. We discuss the implications of these and related considerations. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:25:31 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fspc3.12192 The meaning of trauma within psychology has for a long time been viewed mostly from a ‘pathologising’ standpoint. Viewed as pathology, people's trauma may become understood using a singular lens thereby leaving out broader contextual (social, environmental, political, historical, economical etc.) aspects that have been shown to play a role in the subjective experience of various forms of suffering. Psychology has for a long time been quick to diagnose victims of traumatic experiences from an individualistic perspective, almost always positioning the ‘problem’ within the person. As a result of the Vietnam War, World Wars I and II and the Holocaust, the rise in the diagnosing of PTSD gave way to the labelling of trauma. Within psychology, post-traumatic stress disorder has become the way to operationalise suffering, and I would like to argue that this occludes how suffering lives in a family, a community and in gendered bodies. The gendering of trauma continues to be a silenced space. There is a need to highlight and acknowledge the gendered nature of suffering which begs for trauma to be understood in context and not as an isolated act or occurrence affecting the individual. Women have remained, and in many ways continue to remain, silenced with minimal opportunities to name the world for themselves. This paper seeks to provide a critical analysis of the notion of trauma (and its intersection with gender) that arises from conflict and post-conflict situations. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:25:29 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fphc3.12249 In this paper we review two debates in the current literature on clinical delusions. One debate is about what delusions are. If delusions are beliefs, why are they described as failing to play the causal roles that characterise beliefs, such as being responsive to evidence and guiding action? The other debate is about how delusions develop. What processes lead people to form delusions and maintain them in the face of challenges and counter-evidence? Do the formation and maintenance of delusions require abnormal experience alone, or also reasoning biases or deficits? We hope to show that the focus on delusions has made a substantial contribution to the philosophy of the mind and continues to raise issues that are central to defining the concept of belief and gaining a better understanding of how people process information and learn about the world. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:01:12 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fphc3.12238 This article offers an overview on current trends and future research possibilities within the philosophy of whiteness. It examines the sub-field of the philosophy of whiteness within the context of the larger field of the philosophy of race in order to assess the viability and relevance of this field of study. Some of the topics on whiteness examined in the article include the problems of white ignorance and privilege, the invisibility of white supremacist racism to white people, and how all these problems can be understood either as examples of epistemologies of ignorance or as unexamined habits in the sense used by pragmatist philosophy. The article argues that the current state of this field calls for a greater emphasis on public intellectualism on whiteness that would incorporate many ideas that are widely accepted by critical race scholars into the under-informed public discourse on race and whiteness. It also argues that the increasing prevalence of negative liberty movements in the United States should be examined in light of established research on the philosophy of whiteness. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:01:11 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fphc3.12276 No abstract is available for this article. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:01:10 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fphc3.12248 This two-part paper reviews a scholarly debate on an alleged tension in Frege's philosophy of logic. In Section 1 of Part I, I discuss Frege's view that logic is concerned with establishing norms for correct thinking and is therefore a normative science. In Section 2, I explore a different understanding of the role of logic that Frege seems to advance: logic is constitutive of the very possibility of thought, because it sets forth necessary conditions for thought. Hence, the tension: the view according to which logic is normative for thought seems to be incompatible with the idea that abiding by the laws of logic forms a precondition for thought. In Section 1 of Part II, I survey a number of interpretations of Frege's conception of logic that deal with this question. I show that they are for the most part either normative readings (emphasising the former understanding of the nature of logic) or constitutive readings (emphasising the latter). Finally, in Section 2, I adjudicate the debate and aim at reconciling the normative and the constitutive strands in Frege's conception of logic. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:01:10 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fphc3.12219 Substantivalism is the view that space exists in addition to any material bodies situated within it. Relationalism is the opposing view that there is no such thing as space; there are just material bodies, spatially related to one another. This paper assesses this issue in the context of classical physics. It starts by describing the bucket argument for substantivalism. It then turns to anti-substantivalist arguments, including Leibniz's classic arguments and their contemporary reincarnation under the guise of ‘symmetry’. It argues that these anti-substantivalist arguments are stronger than is often acknowledged. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:01:09 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fphc3.12250 This paper explores the role of generics in social cognition. First, we explore the nature and effects of the most common form of generics about social kinds (descriptive generics). Second, we discuss the nature and effects of a less common but equally important form of generics about social kinds (normative generics). Finally, we consider the implications of this discussion for how we ought to use language about the social world. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:01:09 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fphc3.12251 This article focuses primarily on improvisation in the arts as discussed in philosophical aesthetics, supplemented with accounts of improvisational practice by arts theorists and educators. It begins with an overview of the term improvisation, first as it is used in general and then as it is used to describe particular products and practices in the individual arts. From here, questions and challenges that improvisation raises for the traditional work-of-art concept, the type-token distinction, and the appreciation and evaluation of the arts will be explored. This article concludes with the suggestion that further research and discussion on improvisation in the arts is needed, particularly in the areas of non-jazz improvisation. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:01:08 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fphc3.12247 This two-part paper reviews a scholarly debate on an alleged tension in Frege's philosophy of logic. In Section 1 of Part I, I discuss Frege's view that logic is concerned with establishing norms for correct thinking and is therefore a normative science. In Section 2, I explore a different understanding of the role of logic that Frege seems to advance: logic is constitutive of the very possibility of thought, because it sets forth necessary conditions for thought. Hence, the tension the view according to which logic is normative for thought seems to be incompatible with the idea that abiding by the laws of logic forms a precondition for thought. In Section 1 of Part II, I survey a number of interpretations of Frege's conception of logic that deal with this question. I show that they are for the most part either normative readings (emphasising the former understanding of the nature of logic) or constitutive readings (emphasising the latter). Finally, in Section 2, I adjudicate the debate and aim at reconciling the normative and the constitutive strands in Frege's conception of logic. Fri, 04 Sep 2015 00:01:08 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flic3.12253 This article introduces readers to the fiction of invasion, a paranoid literary phenomenon that responded to widespread social concerns about the possible invasion of Britain by an array of hostile foreign forces in the period between 1870 and 1914. It begins with an overview of the development of this relatively unknown body of work in the late-Victorian and Edwardian periods, charting assumptions of imminent large-scale war, fascination with the technology of warfare and the marked participation of military men who used the fiction to agitate for increased defence spending. While this alarmist brand of popular fiction provoked considerable contemporary commentary, modern critical engagement with it has been somewhat limited. Beginning in the 1960s and dominated by the work of the master bibliographer I. F. Clarke, the initial scholarly response necessarily took the form of classification and survey and evinced particular interest in adjudging the accuracy of fictional predictions about future war. More recent scholarship is concerned with reading the fiction in the context of its own times, probing its relationship with external imperial factors and internal domestic concerns and its effectiveness as a propaganda tool. In addition to offering an overview of this line of enquiry, this article seeks to broaden the understanding of the invasion narrative in fin-de-siècle popular fiction, drawing lines out to the recurrence of the invasion theme across a broad range of genres and modes exceeding that of future war fiction and including so-called ‘yellow peril’ narratives, crime and detective fiction and the gothic. In conclusion, a number of avenues complementing the textual and the historical are suggested for future exploration. Thu, 03 Sep 2015 23:57:15 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flic3.12248 The following article is structured in two parts: the first half of the essay investigates the now-emerging Romantic media studies paradigm, a vital sub-field within contemporary Romanticist scholarship, and historicizes this critical paradigm while contextualizing its emergence and development in relation to competing historical and theoretical accounts of “media,” “medium,” “mediation,” and other terms most crucial to scholars working in this area. The essay's second half situates the role of the art and poetry of William Blake, often cited as the Romantic age's greatest multimedia artist, within Romantic media studies and does so by reviewing the general lack of critical and theoretical attention given to Blake within the nascent sub-field. While Blake's poetry, painting, and printmaking have proven to be extremely generative of digital scholarly projects, Romantic media studies' implicit investment in his work (and especially the nature and function of his illuminated manuscripts) requires further investigation. Thu, 03 Sep 2015 23:57:14 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flic3.12254 My essay surveys two recent philosophical strains of thoughts, Speculative Realism and Object-Oriented Ontology, in order to show their relevance to Romantic literature and culture, and the humanities more widely. I explain how Quentin Meillassoux, in his book After Finitude: An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency, targets “correlationism,” the notion that there is no access to the world except by the human mind, as the defining problem of modern thought. Romanticist Timothy Morton, springboarding from Graham Harman's Meillassoux-inspired Object-Oriented Ontology, theorizes what he calls a “hyperobject,” a non-localized object like climate change that disturbs and disrupts the supposed connection between human being and worldly phenomenon. These theories, I show, intersect with Romantic apocalyptic traditions that foresee a future paradise brought on by human action. As I read it, though, Meillassoux's Speculative Realism and Morton's hyperobjects shine a light on the largely ignored, post-apocalyptic aspects of Romantic literature in works like Shelley's “Mont Blanc.” I argue that Romantic post-apocalypticism relies on Romantic irony to root us in a temporality of the present rather than a deferred vision of a utopian future. Thu, 03 Sep 2015 23:57:13 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flic3.12251 Organized around a set of principles rather than a unified theoretical approach, ecocriticism considers the relationship between humans and nonhumans, especially as expressed in texts. Despite calls from some for ecocritics to rally around a unified theory, ecocritics have embraced the inclusivity that such broad definition has allowed. Thus, practitioners have come to ecocriticism with a range of interests. Such interests vary from an earlier focus on how the human/nonhuman relationship was fractured (and its recuperation in nature writing in particular) to a later emphasis on how it is always-already interconnected. Along the way, and especially in light of concerns about our current environmental crises, many ecocritics have cited a political dimension to the field, bringing concerns of the past and present together and examining intersections between such things as environmental degradation, misogyny, racism, homophobia, and speciesism. Early modern ecocriticism, especially in Shakespeare studies, has become a steadily growing field over the past decade. But early modern ecocritics' focus on the “nonhuman” tends to be more focused than that category might suggest, ranging from (nonhuman) animals, to plants, to minerals – challenging the distinction between animate and inanimate as well as asking us to rethink the integrity (let alone the exceptionalism) of the category of the human. This essay reviews the state of the field of Shakespeare and ecocriticism and offers a pathway for its future development, especially to suggest that it retains its political roots and focus on the implications of the material interactions between humans and nonhumans related to gender, race, and class. Thu, 03 Sep 2015 23:57:13 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flic3.12192 No abstract is available for this article. Thu, 03 Sep 2015 23:57:12 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flic3.12252 This essay traces what might be called an epistemology of realism: the attempt to gather empirical evidence about the world, to then selectively represent that evidence so as to make the others we encounter as intelligible as possible, but all the while acknowledging, implicitly or explicitly, that such complete knowledge is unattainable. In this way, realism continually comes up against its own epistemological endeavors. In what follows, I take a brief look at definitions, both conventional and troubling, of realism, the historical context out of which realism developed, and the historical trajectory of the 20th-century criticism about realism. I then examine some of the more recent work on realism, focusing in particular on the trend of viewing realism in relation to epistemology. I conclude by performing two short readings of realist novels that utilize this epistemological lens in order to illustrate how this way of reading realism not only underscores some of the tough epistemological questions that realist writers grappled with but also draws our attention to texts previously defined as outside of the realist paradigm. Thu, 03 Sep 2015 23:57:12 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flic3.12246 Thu, 03 Sep 2015 23:57:12 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Frec3.12164 Ibāḍism is the only surviving sect of Khārijism and thus represents the third main branch of Islam, after Sunnism and Shīʻism. Ibāḍīs, who number less than 1% of the world's Muslims, are found mainly in the Sultanate of Oman, in the Mzāb and Wārgla (Ouargla) regions of southeastern Algeria, in the Nafūsa mountain region of northwestern Libya, and on the island of Jirba (Djerba), Tunisia. The traditional narrative of Ibāḍism's origins dates it to ‘Abd Allāh ibn Ibāḍ's split from the radical Khārijism of Nāfi‘ ibn al-Azraq in 64/684 CE. Ibāḍīs say that Jābir ibn Zayd (d. 93/711 CE) organized the sect in Baṣra, but recent scholarship questions much of this traditional narrative. This article discusses recent scholarship on Ibāḍism's historical development, summarizes its distinctive teachings in theology and jurisprudence, and offers a brief analysis of the relationship of Ibāḍism to the Bū Saʻīdī sultanate of Oman and Zanzibar. Thu, 03 Sep 2015 23:52:23 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Frec3.12127 No abstract is available for this article. Thu, 03 Sep 2015 23:52:22 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Frec3.12162 Modern people presume ‘sex’ to be a function of biology and ‘sexuality’ to be a fundamental aspect of identity. Since Buddhist monks and nuns are celibate by definition, many assume a uniform sex-negativity in Buddhism. But Buddhist teachers and practitioners have thought about, talked about, and performed sex in many modes beyond the negative. Buddhism, a tradition originating in ancient India but straddling tens of centuries and multiple cultural, national, and linguistic boundaries, provides many opportunities for reflection on the putative universality of biological ‘sex’, and the theorized modernity of ‘sexuality’. How, when, and why do Buddhists have sex? Do Buddhists have a sexuality? This article employs the logical formula of the tetralemma to explore the topics of sex and sexuality in various Buddhist traditions, challenge the supposed sex-negativity of Buddhism, and question the applicability of ‘sexuality’ in its modern usage as a term of critical analysis in Buddhist contexts. Thu, 03 Sep 2015 23:52:22 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Frec3.12163 Free will may not be a universal problem, but it is also not only confined to Christianity, as shown in the case of Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta. The authors of this school of Indian philosophy, founded in the 11th c. and still influential up until today, had to face the challenge of accounting for human autonomy and God's omnipotence. Their solution was to create a precinct for free will in human minds, whereas all actions depend on God. Thus, God does not interfere with the initial determination of human free will and it later supports human intentions, thus permitting that they are turned into action. Thu, 03 Sep 2015 23:52:21 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12295 Interest in older workers has recently expanded due to concerns over labor force “graying.” Research and policy on aging adults' labor market participation have, thus far, framed the decision to labor as one shaped solely by the desires and capacities of older workers themselves. This perspective fails to recognize how multiple employer-side barriers play a large role in defining – and limiting – available choices. In this review, I synthesize the multi-disciplinary literature on employer-side barriers to older workers' labor market participation. In particular, I identify and discuss individual-, meso-, and social structural-level barriers that uniquely affect this group, noting where gaps in understanding remain. I consider older workers primarily as a whole to demonstrate how age operates as a distinct, important identity; however, I also reflect on how age overlaps with both other identities and cohort membership. Next, I briefly consider the relationship between these employer-side barriers and aging adults' life chances, particularly in an era of austerity. Although I focus on the United States case, I also note key cross-national similarities and differences. Finally, reflecting upon the foregoing review, I suggest that a redirection of public policy is necessary to effectively respond to this contemporary demographic shift. Tue, 01 Sep 2015 21:40:22 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12298 The relationship between scientists and journalists has evolved in recent years with the advent of numerous sociocultural changes and drastic shifts within the media ecosystem. Media professionals have traditionally been the gatekeepers of scientific information, but new media technologies grant scientists more power than ever before to be proactive about their public communication. In this article, I provide an overview of the science–media relationship and scientists as public communicators. Specifically, I recount the relationship that has traditionally existed between scientists and media professionals, explain how this relationship has evolved over recent years, and highlight what I believe are some of the most salient and exciting areas for future research examining scientists' efforts to engage with the public. Tue, 01 Sep 2015 21:40:21 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12293 A growing, English-language literature analyzes the public discourse of international education and students. One large set of studies highlight the discursive marginalization of non-western, international students in western, host societies. They draw on critical discourse analysis (CDA) and meta-narratives of western, White, and elite dominance, which diminish the theoretical importance of discourse in non-western and non-elite settings. A second, smaller set of studies analyze the public discourse of international education in non-western, specifically Asian, countries; they generally reference educational discourse in both Asian and western countries. Relatively few studies critically examine patterns of discursive domination in Asian discourse; but the ones that do so compare both Asian and Western countries. Even rarer are studies of social media discourse among international students. We find a few studies of social media discourse among Asian students who studied abroad, but none of foreign students studying in host, Asian countries. Attention to multiple discourses and theoretical narratives offers a fruitful, research agenda and underlines the complex, dynamic, global nature of contemporary public discourse on international education. Tue, 01 Sep 2015 21:40:20 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12296 The sociology of diagnosis offers a vantage point from which to study health and illness, linking a number of other threads of sociological thought. While there has been a growing interest in diagnosis since Mildred Blaxter's suggestion for a sociological exploration in 1978 – a call echoed by Brown in 1990 – it is timely to reflect upon the way in which sociologists engage with diagnosis. Within this review essay, I first consider what it is to “be a sociology” in general terms. I then explore the implications of this for an effective sociology of diagnosis, discussing the priorities it has recently developed as well as the directions its scholars might consider. Finally, I suggest ways in which sociologists of diagnosis could broaden their approach in order to advance their understanding of health, illness, and medicine. Tue, 01 Sep 2015 21:40:20 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12299 Environmental scholars have made important progress explaining the social forces associated with pollution. Although important exceptions exist, insufficient attention has been given to organizations, which is where most environmental pollution is produced. Even less attentions has been given to parent companies, which have ultimate decision-making authority over their polluting facilities. To file this gap in the literature, this paper develops an organizational political economy perspective to advance our understanding of how organizational and political-legal arrangements affect parent companies' capacity to externalize their pollution costs to society. Organizational political economy maintains that corporations' organizational complexity, financial characteristics, management operating systems, political embeddedness in subnational states, and the degree of compliance with national and subnational environmental policies affect their capacity to externalize pollution costs. This perspective also shows how the exercise of organizational power to externalize pollution costs subsidizes the managerial and investor classes by the middle and working classes, whose taxes pay for a large share of environmental clean-up costs, thereby contributing to economic inequality that goes beyond standard inequality measurements. Tue, 01 Sep 2015 21:40:19 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12297 The medicalization of gender variance is a key force in transgender people's experiences of embodiment, identity, and community. While most directly dictating experiences of diagnosis and medical classification, it is important to acknowledge that the effects of medicalization are widespread across social contexts and institutions. I explore the medical model of transgender identity, with special attention to its current diagnostic classification, in order to highlight how transgender people's interactional experiences of gender are shaped by medical authority. I review literature that highlights the operation of the medical model as a normative accountability structure in its influence across multiple institutions of social life including health and healthcare, transgender community groups, and legal classification. Tue, 01 Sep 2015 21:40:18 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12221 No abstract is available for this article. Tue, 01 Sep 2015 21:40:17 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12294 The use of Twitter by politicians, parties, and the general audience in politics, particularly during election campaigns, has become an extremely popular research field almost overnight. Even though Twitter, a medium that emerged early in 2006 – the first tweet was posted on 21 March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, co-founder of Twitter – and elections occurring only every few years, it has already received much academic attention. The studies produced are very diverse, ranging from analyzing how politicians or citizens use Twitter, to looking at their activities and the content of political Twitter messages, to network studies of Twitter users. This review will cover many types of studies that characterize the field. The large diversity in the studies conducted on elections will be represented in this review of approaches. Tue, 01 Sep 2015 21:40:16 +0000 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12290 Notions of “empowered women,” promoted by NGOs, economists, and feminists beginning in the 1970s, do not necessitate a countervailing notion of “failed patriarchs.” However, our review of the feminist literatures on globalization, development, and migration in the United States, the former Soviet Union, and South Asia suggests that discourses of empowered women and failed patriarchs are fused in the specter of the “reverse gender order.” A presumption of this new order is that global capitalism has liberated women to such an extent that they have surpassed men who are now the truly “disadvantaged.” Drawing on these literatures as evidence, we argue that the large-scale incorporation of poor and working-class women into global capitalism relies upon an ideology of the family that keeps women's labor “cheap” and draws support from the feminist idea that work is empowering for women. Diverse nationalisms uphold the ideology of the family as central to capitalist expansion, providing culturally resonant justifications for women's unpaid reproductive work, while men are breadwinners. Thus, poor and working-class men experience a painful dissonance between breadwinning expectations and economic opportunities. We show that these tensions between ideologies and material conditions make women's responsibility for reproductive work a structural feature of neoliberalism. Tue, 01 Sep 2015 21:40:15 +0000