Pipes Output http://pipes.yahoo.com/pipes/pipe.info?_id=goLxp0e93RG3nJY7pgt1Yg Thu, 23 May 2013 23:28:03 +0000 http://pipes.yahoo.com/pipes/ CompassJournalshttp://feedburner.google.com http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/WQpWSVAzkm8/doi No abstract is available for this article. Wed, 24 Apr 2013 06:53:19 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flnc3.12028 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/YaumNxM90QU/doi Linguists are increasingly using experiments to provide insight into linguistic representations and linguistic processing. But linguists are rarely trained to think experimentally, and designing a carefully controlled study is not trivial. This paper provides a practical introduction to experiments. We examine issues in experimental design and survey several methodologies. The goal is to provide readers with some tools for understanding and evaluating the rapidly growing literature using experimental methods, as well as for beginning to design experiments in their own research. © 2013 The Author. Language and Linguistics Compass © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Wed, 24 Apr 2013 06:53:19 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flnc3.12021 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/dmiQZe-B5dQ/doi Because there has been a recent surge of interest in the linguistic cycle, this article presents a survey of cyclical change and shows how that change provides a unique perspective on the language faculty. The article provides a general background to the linguistic cycle and cyclical change. It reviews some of the cycles that we know and provides a possible account for them. © 2013 The Author. Language and Linguistics Compass © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Wed, 24 Apr 2013 06:53:19 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flnc3.12017 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/_JQgNhP9a9E/doi This paper provides an abbreviated review of the theories and practices that are related to transcribing spoken discourse. The review identifies four keys areas of transcription, discusses why they are important to all investigations of spoken discourse analysis, and considers the practical implications of carrying out transcript-based research. The four areas of transcription discussed in this review are organized into the following sections: theoretical issues, representation, transcription software, and transcription ethics. The aim in providing this review is to argue that while there is no monolithic way of transcribing spoken discourse, the theories and practices that underpin and shape transcription work are highly complex, inherently problematic, and therefore should not be taken for granted. Wed, 24 Apr 2013 06:53:19 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flnc3.12023 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/wQc2R12_c-g/doi After the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, the fourteen successor states began to distance themselves from Russia and its language. This situation was strikingly different from most post-colonial states of Asia, Africa, and Latin America that maintained the languages of the former colonizers. For researchers, the post-Soviet context became a natural sociolinguistic ‘experiment’, in which the previously shared political and linguistic system offered a common starting point for language reforms and the different outcomes illuminated the effects of demographic, political, economic, and social factors. The purpose of the present article is to outline the key findings of the research to date, to discuss their implications for sociolinguistic theory, and to identify gaps and productive directions for future inquiry. © 2013 The Author. Language and Linguistics Compass © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Wed, 24 Apr 2013 06:53:19 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Flnc3.12024 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/bgHFnn2n4Uo/doi Wed, 17 Apr 2013 22:38:57 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12073 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/fMtAl8ImLLk/doi Sociology has problematized the expanding province of medicine for several decades, and it is important to clarify some of the central questions regarding the medicalization question for those new to this subset of the discipline. With a primary focus on the diagnosis of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), this paper seeks to accomplish four goals. First, this paper will summarize the general concept of medicalization, including the way that medical practitioners attribute children’s behavioral problems to disease entities. Second, this paper argues that the medicalization of childhood and the rise of the disease entity of ADHD stems from the transformation of children and childhood into objects of scientific study. Third, using the example of ADHD, this paper will attempt to demystify the premise that medicalization emanates from the “monolith” of medicine, but is instead, a process rife with internal contradiction and epistemological disagreement. Fourth, following the uncertainty of etiological positions toward childhood behavior problems, this paper will discuss some of the external critiques of medicalization, including the way that lay actors push back against the medicalization process, and concerns about the effectiveness of technologies used to diagnose and treat ADHD. Wed, 17 Apr 2013 22:38:57 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12034 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/jaO_cNN5iJY/doi This article reviews consumption practices concerning vintage, a fashion style based on used or retro-style garments. Existing studies connect vintage with authenticity, nostalgia and identity. We explore how the vintage style deploys and comments on consumer culture, bypassing producers by wearing old garments to communicate ‘authentic’ identities. We argue that existing theories on consumption, fashion and subculture cannot fully explain vintage practices. Bypassing the dichotomies and one-dimensional explanations of these theories, we show that vintage, with its ambivalent relation to both subcultural distinction practices and mainstream consumer culture, serves as a prism through which to examine and understand the complexities and subtleties of 21st century consumption practices. Wed, 17 Apr 2013 22:38:57 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12033 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/buamexi-_GY/doi Political sociology suggests two inter-related leadership trends in advanced democracies: the increasing prominence of political leaders, and the waning influence of political parties, especially the ideological-programmatic ‘mass parties’ or Volksparteien. These trends intensified and reinforced each other over the last 30–40 years resulting in a rapidly changing physiognomy of contemporary democracy. Democratic politics becomes more elite driven, mass-mediated and populist in style than in the past. Moreover, the power and elite structures in advanced democracies, as well as the electoral competition, increasingly resemble what Weber labelled ‘leader democracy’. The shift towards ‘leader democracy’ has coincided with the processes of party-voter dealignment and decline of political parties, the rise of the electronic mass media, and the ascendancy of powerful leaders–reformers in the ‘core’ liberal democracies. The sociological argument about the shift is anchored in a theoretical framework derived from works of Max Weber and Joseph Schumpeter. It depicts democratic political leaders as key political actors embedded in broader elites, motivated by determination and commitment, and empowered by the resources of modern states and the mass media. Wed, 17 Apr 2013 22:38:57 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12035 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/gI1kgztvw5I/doi Graffiti is a popular topic in the sociological, criminological, and linguistic literature with several book length treatments of various types of graffiti including tagging, gang graffiti, murals, and “bombings”. Yet, political sociologists have paid little attention to the role of graffiti as a form of contentious politics despite the often political nature of graffiti messages. As a result, most of the political research on graffiti is by non-sociologists. We believe this is an oversight and that both political sociologists and social movement scholars need to seriously consider this form of micro-level political participation. In this review we (1) demonstrate why some forms of graffiti should be considered a serious form of political participation; (2) compare and contrast graffiti to other forms of resistance including squatting and culture jamming; (3) review research findings on graffiti; and (4) discuss some of the conceptual and methodological challenges for doing graffiti research. Wed, 17 Apr 2013 22:38:57 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12036 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/BKrXLKZyygs/doi This review focuses on how Latinos report their race. This is an area that has recently experienced a major surge of interest in both government and academic circles. This review of the literature examines how and why Latinos report their race on the census, in surveys and in more qualitative studies. It reviews the vibrant and growing scholarly literature relevant to the questions of the placement – by self or others – of Latinos along the US color line, what determines it and how the Census has coped and is coping with it. We begin with a brief review of the history of Latino classification in the census and then discuss the factors influencing racial reporting. These include national origin and skin color, acculturation and generational status, socioeconomic status, perceived discrimination and identification with others who have experienced actual discrimination, location, and question format. We end with a discussion of the implications of the recent 2010 Alternative Questionnaire Experiment conducted by the census, and conclude with suggestions for future research. Wed, 17 Apr 2013 22:38:57 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12032 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/j-HdTqz9HNw/doi In this article, we outline the evidence demonstrating the pervasiveness of sex and race/ethnic workplace discrimination, paying particular attention to the areas of hiring, compensation, and evaluations and promotions. Key sociological explanations for why and how these forms of employment discrimination occur are also examined. Although discrimination is often considered as discrete acts that occur within employment arrangements, the existing research suggests the presence of an underlying set of processes and choices that accumulate over time. These processes have clear implications for how discrimination is understood and the ways in which such events compound over career trajectories. Based on our examination of this literature, we suggest areas for improved theorizing, measurement, and analysis. Wed, 17 Apr 2013 22:38:57 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fsoc4.12037 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/e4cctHcOlG4/doi While Africa is inextricably linked to the formation of Brazilian identity in all its manifestations and ramifications, the discourses of hybridity in Latin America have minimized the significant impact of Africa in that cultural contact zone by encouraging the propaganda of racial harmony, mythological state of racelessness, and non-racism while fundamentally masking the contentious terrains of struggle for institutional, economical, and cultural equality among different races. Through the analysis of select works of Manuel, this article argues that the reversal of perpetual dislocations in African diaspora discourses that emanate from myopic rendering and simplification of complex cultural realities and contexts, must begin with a close examination of the contributions of each racialized group in order to better understand the extent of the strategic contribution of every race, and deliberate marginalization of African diaspora voices in Brazilian continuously problematic racial democracy. Tue, 19 Mar 2013 06:23:49 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fhic3.12046 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/OSSTH16wpb4/doi Brittany, a region with an obscure early history and an identity in dispute between Britain and France, enters an unusually well-evidenced period in the ninth century when it was conquered, and then placed under native rulership, by the Frankish Carolingian emperors. Taking advantage of Carolingian weakness to expand territorially, the Breton polity outlasted dynastic violence and Viking attack and would eventually survive until 1532. The historiography of the period has blossomed since the 1980s. English- and French-language historians are in agreement that the creation of Brittany was a direct consequence of the rise and fall of the Carolingian empire, and an illustration of ‘the fundamental political and social changes that often occur on the periphery of dynamic and rapidly evolving societies’ (J.M.H. Smith). They differ, however, in that Francophones are inclined to emphasise the extension of Carolingian institutions to Brittany, while English historiography minimises the institutionalisation of politics, in Brittany and increasingly in the Carolingian empire as a whole. Regardless of these differences, Breton evidence gives a view of the interplay between the local and the supra-national in social organisation, legal practice, and Christian culture, the significance of which for the whole Carolingian world is increasingly recognised. Tue, 19 Mar 2013 06:23:49 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fhic3.12044 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/FHGaDbLf1X0/doi This essay argues for a need to develop a new political history of colonial Spanish America in order to bring up to date the old institutional history of the Spanish empire. In recent decades, historians of colonial Spanish America have not shown much interest in the study of political and institutional history. Originally, this constituted a welcome reaction against the previous emphasis on the institutional and legal aspects of the Spanish empire. But one effect of this historiographical development has been that, while our knowledge of the social history of colonial Spanish America has progressed in an impressive way, our knowledge of the mechanisms of imperial rule has made very little progress in the last 50 years. As a result, colonial historians have to rely on antiquated or inadequate notions regarding the political and institutional nature of Spanish colonialism. However, the new political history of colonial Spanish America should not focus on the study of the colonial state, but rather on the political culture of the Spanish empire. Tue, 19 Mar 2013 06:23:49 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fhic3.12043 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/RUGypSbqeEI/doi Argentina occupies a prominent place in Latin American historiography. Latin Americanists as well as historians of other world regions are less familiar, though, with the intensity of cultural, political, and economic flows that defined the broader region of the Río de la Plata, comprising today’s Uruguay and Argentina specifically, as well as Paraguay and southern Brazil more generally. Such exchanges of goods, ideas, and people were especially true of the late colonial period and the nineteenth century. Yet in this equation studies of Uruguay have remained on the margins in historical scholarship. This essay focuses on three core areas of research in the recent historiography of Uruguay as a gateway to nineteenth-century cultural history of the Río de la Plata region. These areas are: (1) the African diaspora and blackness; (2) political culture and cultural history; and (3) a revitalized political history that draws from intellectual history and new energy surrounding the bicentennials of independence throughout Latin America. Knowledge of the historical forces shaping nineteenth-century Uruguay not only contributes to a more complete understanding of the region’s cultural history; it also allows for the development of a historical perspective that is much more in tune with the historical experience of the region’s inhabitants throughout the long nineteenth century. Moreover, students and scholars of Argentina will note some parallels in research problems, though seeing them through the Uruguay prism can yield alternative approaches and point to previously unknown or under-utilized source bases. Tue, 19 Mar 2013 06:23:49 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fhic3.12047 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/3Gs95pDo-Uc/doi This speculative essay is a call for further research and the beginning of a long overdue conversation among historians of the Middle East about the importance of sounds and soundscapes in studying history. In the process, I will suggest some research strategies for uncovering the sounds and noises of the past – especially before the introduction of recording technologies. All the while, I hope to encourage more multidisciplinary conversations by Middle East historians with other scholarly disciplines that examine sound and listening. Tue, 19 Mar 2013 06:23:49 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fhic3.12048 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/PCHnxNgRijY/doi Recent developments in Italian, Portuguese and colonial inquisition histories around the globe have greatly enhanced our knowledge both of these persecuting bodies’ own institutional nature and of the varied sorts of human experience they sought to discipline. Social historians continue to find evidence for a wide range of premodern mentalities and lifeways in inquisitorial and related trial documents, not only in Europe but among indigenous and subaltern peoples in colonial settings as well. At the same time, studies of inquisitorial personnel, policies and organizational structures are contributing to broader historiographies of religion and politics in the late medieval and early modern periods. The future of inquisition history now requires increased collaboration and sharing of research across traditional divides of region, confession, and specialization. Tue, 19 Mar 2013 06:23:49 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fhic3.12045 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/miaEOe-lg2g/doi Fri, 15 Mar 2013 01:11:37 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fgec3.12052 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/JJP11LrbV2c/doi The field of seascape genetics aims to evaluate the effects of environmental features on spatial genetic patterns of marine organisms. Although many methods of genetic analysis and inference appropriate to “marine landscapes” derive from terrestrial landscape genetics, aspects of marine living introduce special challenges for assessing spatial genetic variation. For instance, marine organisms are often highly dispersive, so that genetic patterns can be subtle, and the temporal variability of the marine environment makes these patterns difficult to characterise. Tools and techniques from oceanography can help describe the highly connected and dynamic nature of the marine environment. In particular, models incorporating physical oceanography and species attributes in realistic simulations (e.g. biophysical models) can help us understand this complex process and formulate spatially explicit biologically-informed predictions of gene flow. Thus, researchers embarking on a seascape genetic study need a solid understanding of marine organisms and spatial genetics perhaps combined with knowledge of physical oceanography and ecological modeling. Although some researchers may acquire proficiency in all of these areas, seascape genetic studies incorporating biophysical modeling are likely to bring together groups of investigators with complementary expertise. This preliminary guide is intended to be a starting point for a reader new to either seascape genetics or biophysical models. Fri, 15 Mar 2013 01:11:37 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fgec3.12031 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/74GXjiFG_PA/doi Seascape genetics is the study of how spatially variable structural and environmental features influence genetic patterns of marine organisms. Seascape genetics is conceptually linked to landscape genetics and this likeness frequently allows investigators to use similar theoretical and analytical methods for both seascape genetics and landscape genetics. But, the physical and environmental attributes of the ocean and biological attributes of organisms that live in the sea, especially the large spatial scales of seascape features and the high dispersal ability of many marine organisms, differ from those of terrestrial organisms that have typified landscape genetic studies. This paper reviews notable papers in the emerging field of seascape genetics, highlighting pervasive themes and biological attributes of species and seascape features that affect spatial genetic patterns in the sea. Similarities to, and differences from, (terrestrial) landscape genetics are discussed, and future directions are recommended. Fri, 15 Mar 2013 01:11:37 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fgec3.12032 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/fUerNX4PHzs/doi The paper argues that development, understood as the set of economic, social, cultural and political processes oriented towards improving people’s lives, is a normative project which rests on ethical foundations. Working in international development requires therefore an ethical reflection. The paper discusses development ethics as an inter-disciplinary field of study. It describes one leading contemporary ethical perspective in development studies, the capability approach, and examines how it can be used to analyse concrete cases of development. It argues that the capability approach presents aspects of different ethical frameworks, each of which provides a distinctive angle to the ethical analysis of development processes. The paper concludes with analysing a development case in Peru using the capability approach. Fri, 15 Mar 2013 01:11:37 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fgec3.12029 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/U-5I2SoOikY/doi There has been a recent increase of interest within the academic literature on the justice issues posed by climate change and the human responses to its present and forecasted effects. In two parts (here and in a previous article), we review and synthesize the recent literature by asking what climate justice concerns have been identified within three related realms: (i) the characterization of climate change itself and the assignment of responsibility for that change; (ii) the differential or uneven impacts of climate change; and (iii) the actions taken to address the problems associated with climate change, including both mitigation and adaptation. Here in Part 2, we focus on the justice concerns of climate action, examining the scholarship on climate change mitigation mechanisms formulated at the international level (i.e., REDD+, CDM) and climate change adaptation projects and finance. We argue that geographers are well-positioned to conduct (and already well engaged in) research on the local climate justice paradoxes emerging from the currently uncritical focus of climate action policy on justice at the level of the national state. Fri, 15 Mar 2013 01:11:37 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fgec3.12033 http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/CompassJournals/~3/CyRqtm2xr9c/doi There has been a recent increase of interest within the academic literature on the justice issues posed by climate change and the human responses to its present and forecasted effects. This literature is partially shaped by debates from environmental justice scholarship, but also has roots in various subfields of geography. In two parts (here and in a subsequent article), we review and synthesize the recent literature by asking what climate justice concerns have been identified within three related realms: (i) the characterization of climate change itself and the assignment of responsibility for that change; (ii) the differential or uneven impacts of climate change; and (iii) the actions taken to address the problems associated with climate change, including mitigation and adaptation. Here, in Part 1, we provide a basic outline of justice concepts; we address the characterization of climate change and the associated discursive framings; and we discuss the uneven impacts of climate change with a focus on the conceptualization of vulnerability. We suggest that the field of geography has much to offer to the debate on climate justice because of its unique understandings of the human-environment relationship based on a longstanding engagement with the spatiality and scale of environmental change, the corresponding human impacts, and the conceptual inseparability of nature and society. We identify, across Part 1 and Part 2, the need for a more comprehensive theory of justice to inform climate justice considerations – one that pays more attention to linked procedural, recognition, and scalar concerns. Fri, 15 Mar 2013 01:11:37 +0000 ]]> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fgec3.12034