<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550</id><updated>2024-12-19T08:59:00.993+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Complete Electrical Notes</title><subtitle type='html'>Electrical Notes,Complete Electrical Notes, Electrical Engineering, All Subject, electrical notes pdf free download,&#xa;electrical notes in hindi,&#xa;electrical notes on drawings,&#xa;electrical engineering,&#xa;electrical notes transformer,&#xa;electrical engineering notes pdf,,  &#xa;elcnotes.blogspot.com</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>25</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-1963378973344491555</id><published>2020-05-18T09:58:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2020-07-23T10:50:18.999+05:30</updated><title type='text'>INDUCTION HEATING</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/electric-heating.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/induction-heating.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Induction Heating&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; यह&amp;nbsp;heating process&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;होने के लिए&amp;nbsp;electro-magnetic action&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;induced&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;currents&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग करती है। वास्तव में,&amp;nbsp;induction heating&amp;nbsp;transformer के&amp;nbsp;working&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;principle&amp;nbsp;पर आधारित है।&amp;nbsp;primary winding&amp;nbsp;जो कि&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;a.c. source&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;magnetically रूप से&amp;nbsp;coupled&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है जो&amp;nbsp;single turn के&amp;nbsp;short circuited secondary&amp;nbsp;के रूप में कार्य करता है।&amp;nbsp;जब एक&amp;nbsp;a.c. voltage&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;primary पर&amp;nbsp;applied&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है, यह&amp;nbsp;secondary में voltage&amp;nbsp;induce&amp;nbsp;करता है यानी&amp;nbsp;charge&amp;nbsp;करता है।&amp;nbsp;secondary current&amp;nbsp;charge&amp;nbsp;को उसी तरह&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;करता है जैसे कोई&amp;nbsp;electric current&amp;nbsp;किसी&amp;nbsp;resistance&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;गुजरते समय होता है।&amp;nbsp;यदि V charge में&amp;nbsp;voltage induced है और R charge resistance है, तो heat produced = V 2 / R होता है।&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;charge&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;induced&amp;nbsp;current का मान निम्नलिखित पर&amp;nbsp;depends&amp;nbsp;करता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(i)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;primary current&amp;nbsp;की magnitude पर&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(ii)&amp;nbsp;transformer के&amp;nbsp;turn ratio पर और&amp;nbsp;(iii) magnetic coupling के&amp;nbsp;co-efficient पर।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Low-frequency induction furnaces&amp;nbsp;का use different metals को&amp;nbsp;melting और&amp;nbsp;refining के लिए किया जाता है। हालांकि, other processes जैसे case hardenning और&amp;nbsp;soldering etc. के लिए, high-frequency वाले eddy-current heating को &amp;nbsp;employed किया जाता है।metals के melting के लिए employed furnaces निम्नलिखित दो प्रकार की होती हैं:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;(a) Core-type Furnaces-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;जो एक&amp;nbsp;two winding transformer&amp;nbsp;की तरह काम करता है। इन्हें और&amp;nbsp;sub-divided&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(i) Direct core-type furnaces (ii) Vertical core-type furnaces and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(iii) Indirect core-type furnaces.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) Coreless-type Furnaces —&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;जिसमें&amp;nbsp;radiation&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;charge में&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;transfer&amp;nbsp;करने के लिए&amp;nbsp;एक&amp;nbsp;inductively-heated element&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;बनाया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Core Type Induction Furnace:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;यह Figure&amp;nbsp;में दिखाया गया है और यह essentially&amp;nbsp;रूप से एक transformer&amp;nbsp;है जिसमें&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;heat किया जाने वाला charge&amp;nbsp;एक single-turn short-circuited secondary&amp;nbsp;बनता है और primary&amp;nbsp;रूप से iron core&amp;nbsp;से magnetically coupled&amp;nbsp;होता है।&amp;nbsp;furnace&amp;nbsp;में एक&amp;nbsp;circular hearth&amp;nbsp;होता है जिसमें एक annular ring&amp;nbsp;के रूप में पिघल जाने का प्रभार होता है। जब ring&amp;nbsp;में कोई पिघला हुआ metal&amp;nbsp;नहीं होता है, तो secondary open-circuited हो जाता है-secondary current को cutting करके।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;इसलिए,&amp;nbsp;furnace को&amp;nbsp;start&amp;nbsp;करने के लिए,&amp;nbsp;annular hearth में&amp;nbsp;molted metal&amp;nbsp;डालना पड़ता है।चूंकि, primary और&amp;nbsp;secondary&amp;nbsp;के बीच magnetic coupling&amp;nbsp;बहुत poor होता&amp;nbsp;है, इसके परिणामस्वरूप high leakage&amp;nbsp;और low power factor&amp;nbsp;होता है। increased हुई&amp;nbsp;leakage reactance,&amp;nbsp;के effect&amp;nbsp;को कम करने के लिए, 10 Hz&amp;nbsp;के order&amp;nbsp;की low primary frequency&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग किया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; यदि transformer secondary current density&amp;nbsp;500 A / cm2 से अधिक हो जाती है, तो&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;alternating magnetic ield&amp;nbsp;के साथ secondary current&amp;nbsp;की परस्पर क्रिया के कारण, molten metal&amp;nbsp;इस हद तक सिकुड़&amp;nbsp;जाता है कि secondary circuit&amp;nbsp;interrupted&amp;nbsp;हो जाता है।यह&amp;nbsp;effect को&amp;nbsp;“pinch effect”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के रूप में जाना जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvmz_yY2ZouXGiJV0hKy1h_7iRHmLbDEbExJpZKMZXDxB-8dIfdQWTyaGHZ2CqDecrDUOj_re851cKN6xK9sB-Nlo6wQvP6aCyS5T_kFFPnRGdsYlL8KLR0_bS7pvORfAlTqm0LEKVsf11/s1600/Core+Type+Induction+Furnace.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;494&quot; data-original-width=&quot;732&quot; height=&quot;427&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvmz_yY2ZouXGiJV0hKy1h_7iRHmLbDEbExJpZKMZXDxB-8dIfdQWTyaGHZ2CqDecrDUOj_re851cKN6xK9sB-Nlo6wQvP6aCyS5T_kFFPnRGdsYlL8KLR0_bS7pvORfAlTqm0LEKVsf11/s640/Core+Type+Induction+Furnace.JPG&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This furnace suffers from the following drawbacks :&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. इसे low-frequency supply&amp;nbsp;पर चलाया जाना चाहिए जो motor-generator set या&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;frequency converter&amp;nbsp;पर extra expenditure&amp;nbsp;को पूरा करता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. यह pinching effect&amp;nbsp;से suffers&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. charge के लिए crucible&amp;nbsp;odd shape&amp;nbsp;का है और molten&amp;nbsp;हुए charge को&amp;nbsp;tapping&amp;nbsp;करने के लिए very inconvenient&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;4. यह काम नहीं करता है अगर hearth&amp;nbsp;में कोई molten&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;metal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;नहीं है यानी जब secondary&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;open&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;होता है। furnace&amp;nbsp;को शुरू करने के लिए हर बार molten metal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;को डालना पड़ता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;5. यह intermittent service&amp;nbsp;के लिए suitable&amp;nbsp;नहीं है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;हालांकि, इस furnace&amp;nbsp;में,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;melting&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;तेजी से और साफ&amp;nbsp;होता है और temperature&amp;nbsp;को easily&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;controlled&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसके अलावा, electro-magnetic forces&amp;nbsp;द्वारा charge&amp;nbsp;की inherent stirring action&amp;nbsp;end product&amp;nbsp;की अधिक uniformity&amp;nbsp;सुनिश्चित करती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Vertical Core-Type Induction Furnace:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: #ed1c24;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;इसे Ajax-Wyatt furnace&amp;nbsp;के रूप में भी जाना जाता है और above&amp;nbsp;discussed की गई&amp;nbsp;core-type furnace&amp;nbsp;पर improvement को&amp;nbsp;represents&amp;nbsp;करता है। जैसा कि figure में दिखाया गया है, इसमें charge&amp;nbsp;के लिए vertical channel&amp;nbsp;(instead of a horizontal one)&amp;nbsp;है, ताकि use&amp;nbsp;किया गया crucible&amp;nbsp;भी vertical&amp;nbsp;हो जो metallurgical point&amp;nbsp;से सुविधाजनक हो। इस furnace&amp;nbsp;में, magnetic coupling comparatively&amp;nbsp;रूप से बेहतर होता है और power factor&amp;nbsp;high होता है। इसलिए, इसे normal frequency supply&amp;nbsp;से operate&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; molten metal का circulation convection currents&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;द्वारा Vee portion&amp;nbsp;को round&amp;nbsp;रूप में रखा जाता है जैसा कि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;figure में दिखाया गया है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;चूंकि Vee channel narrow&amp;nbsp;है, यहां तक ​​कि small quantity&amp;nbsp;में charge&amp;nbsp;भी secondary circuit को closed&amp;nbsp;रखने के लिए पर्याप्त है। हालाँकि, secondary circuit&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;continuity&amp;nbsp;बनाए रखने के लिए Vee channel&amp;nbsp;को पूरी तरह से charge&amp;nbsp;रखा जाना चाहिए।&amp;nbsp;यह तथ्य इस furnace&amp;nbsp;को continuous operation&amp;nbsp;के लिए उपयुक्त बनाता है। pinch-effect&amp;nbsp;के कारण secondary circuit&amp;nbsp;के rupture&amp;nbsp;की tendency&amp;nbsp;crucible&amp;nbsp;में charge के weight&amp;nbsp;द्वारा counteracted&amp;nbsp;होती है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Figure:-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vertical Core-Type Induction Furnace&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;furnace&amp;nbsp;के inner lining&amp;nbsp;के लिए material&amp;nbsp;की choice&amp;nbsp;उपयोग किए गए charge&amp;nbsp;के प्रकार पर depends&amp;nbsp;करती है। Clay lining&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग yellow brass&amp;nbsp;के लिए किया जाता है। red brass और&amp;nbsp;bronze&amp;nbsp;के लिए, magnetia और&amp;nbsp;alumina या corundum&amp;nbsp;के एक alloy&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग किया जाता है। furnace&amp;nbsp;का top&amp;nbsp;एक insulated cover&amp;nbsp;के साथ cover&amp;nbsp;किया गया है जिसे charging&amp;nbsp;के लिए remove किया&amp;nbsp;जा सकता है। furnace को पिघला हुआ metal बाहर निकालने के लिए उपयुक्त hydraulic arrangement&amp;nbsp;द्वारा झुकाया जा सकता है।&amp;nbsp;यह&amp;nbsp;furnace&amp;nbsp;व्यापक रूप से&amp;nbsp;brass&amp;nbsp;और अन्य non-ferrous metals&amp;nbsp;के melting और&amp;nbsp;refining&amp;nbsp;के लिए उपयोग की जाती है। जैसा कि पहले कहा गया था, यह continuous operation&amp;nbsp;के लिए suitable&amp;nbsp;है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;यह एक p.f.&amp;nbsp;0.8-0.85 के normal supply frequency&amp;nbsp;के साथ, इसकी efficiency&amp;nbsp;लगभग 75% है और इसका standard size&amp;nbsp;60-300 kW, सभी single-phase&amp;nbsp;से भिन्न होता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indirect Core-Type Induction Furnace:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;इस furnace&amp;nbsp;में, एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;suitable element को induction&amp;nbsp;द्वारा heat किया जाता है,&amp;nbsp;जो बदले में radiation द्वारा charge&amp;nbsp;को heat में transfers&amp;nbsp;करता है। जहां तक ​​charge&amp;nbsp;की बात है, तो conditions&amp;nbsp;एक resistance oven&amp;nbsp;के समान हैं।&amp;nbsp;जैसा कि figure में दिखाया गया है, secondary&amp;nbsp;में एक metal container&amp;nbsp;होता है जो furnace&amp;nbsp;की walls&amp;nbsp;को proper&amp;nbsp;बनाता है। primary winding&amp;nbsp;magnetically रूप से एक iron core&amp;nbsp;द्वारा इस secondary&amp;nbsp;के लिए coupled&amp;nbsp;है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoRf9jW-Sdt2CBUUXYaz0cdw32uIaJUUPWhyphenhyphena-Me2lCAOHv-tv4u0Jv7j2_ScIZD6XodMkk5mAmyjvxwAo7Jf1TzLvjEl65gYiQAq-yUMKUw8SqB4ymyuHBBAYpehpxBowIW0rzoUXhgxc/s1600/Indirect+Core-Type+Induction+Furnace.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;389&quot; data-original-width=&quot;888&quot; height=&quot;273&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoRf9jW-Sdt2CBUUXYaz0cdw32uIaJUUPWhyphenhyphena-Me2lCAOHv-tv4u0Jv7j2_ScIZD6XodMkk5mAmyjvxwAo7Jf1TzLvjEl65gYiQAq-yUMKUw8SqB4ymyuHBBAYpehpxBowIW0rzoUXhgxc/s640/Indirect+Core-Type+Induction+Furnace.JPG&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;trebuchet ms&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Figure:-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;trebuchet ms&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Indirect Core-Type Induction Furnace&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; जब primary winding&amp;nbsp;जुड़ा हुआ है a.c. supply से&amp;nbsp;, तो secondary current&amp;nbsp; metal container&amp;nbsp;में transformer action&amp;nbsp;द्वारा induced&amp;nbsp;होता है जो container&amp;nbsp;को heat&amp;nbsp;करता है। metal container इस heat&amp;nbsp;को charge&amp;nbsp;में transfer&amp;nbsp;करता है। इस furnace&amp;nbsp;का एक विशेष लाभ यह है कि इसके&amp;nbsp;temperature&amp;nbsp;को external equipment&amp;nbsp;के उपयोग के बिना automatically controlled&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; oven chamber&amp;nbsp;के अंदर स्थित magnetic circuit&amp;nbsp;के भाग AB में एक special alloy&amp;nbsp;होती है जो एक&amp;nbsp;particular temperature&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;पर अपने magnetic properties&amp;nbsp;को खो देता है, लेकिन वापस उसी temperature पर cool&amp;nbsp;होने पर उन्हें पुन: प्राप्त कर लेता है। जैसे ही chamber&amp;nbsp;critical temperature&amp;nbsp;को प्राप्त करता है, magnetic circuit&amp;nbsp;की reluctance&amp;nbsp;कई गुना बढ़ जाती है जिससे heat supply&amp;nbsp;बंद हो जाती है। bar AB&amp;nbsp;detachable&amp;nbsp;है और इसे अलग-अलग critical temperature&amp;nbsp;वाले other bars&amp;nbsp;द्वारा replaced&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;किया जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Coreless Induction Furnace:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; जैसा कि figure में दिखाया गया है, furnace&amp;nbsp;के three main parts&amp;nbsp;हैं (i) primary coil&amp;nbsp;(ii) एक ceramic crucible युक्त&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;charge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होता है जो secondary&amp;nbsp;बनाता है और&amp;nbsp;(iii) frame&amp;nbsp;का निर्माण करता है जिसमें supports और&amp;nbsp;tilting mechanism शामिल होता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस furnace की विशिष्ट विशेषता यह है कि इसमें कोई&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;heavy iron core&amp;nbsp;नहीं है जिसके परिणामस्वरूप magnetic flux&amp;nbsp;के लिए कोई continuous path&amp;nbsp;नहीं है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;crucible&amp;nbsp;और coil&amp;nbsp;निर्माण में अपेक्षाकृत हल्के हैं और pouring&amp;nbsp;के लिए आसानी से tilt किया&amp;nbsp;जा सकता है। charge&amp;nbsp;को crucible&amp;nbsp;में put&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है और primary winding high-frequency a.c. supply से connect&amp;nbsp;होता&amp;nbsp;है। primary&amp;nbsp;द्वारा flux produce में eddy-currents&amp;nbsp;को set&amp;nbsp;करता है और इसे melting point तक heat&amp;nbsp;करता है। charge&amp;nbsp;शुरू में molten state में नहीं होना चाहिए जैसा कि core-type furnaces में required&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;था।&amp;nbsp;eddy- currents ने electromotive forces को भी स्थापित किया जो stirring action produce करते हैं जो metal की uniforms quality प्राप्त करने के लिए आवश्यक है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Figure:-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Coreless Induction Furnace&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;चूंकि flux का density कम है (magntic core की absence के कारण) high frequency supply का उपयोग करना पड़ता है क्योंकि eddy-current loss&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;mangal&amp;quot; , serif; line-height: 18.4px;&quot;&gt;We&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;cambria math&amp;quot; , serif; line-height: 18.4px;&quot;&gt;∝&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;mangal&amp;quot; , serif; line-height: 18.4px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;f&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;हालांकि, यह&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;high frequency skin effect&amp;nbsp;के कारण primary winding&amp;nbsp;के resistance&amp;nbsp;को बढ़ाती है , जिससे primary Cu losses&amp;nbsp;increase होती&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;हैं।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसलिए, primary winding&amp;nbsp;copper wire&amp;nbsp;से नहीं बने होते हैं, लेकिन hollow copper tubes&amp;nbsp;से बने होते हैं, जो उनके circulating&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;water&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से cool&amp;nbsp;होते हैं। चूंकि primary और&amp;nbsp;secondary windings&amp;nbsp;के बीच magnetic coupling&amp;nbsp;low&amp;nbsp;है, furnace p.f.&amp;nbsp;0.1 और 0.3 के बीच स्थित है। इसलिए, static capacitors&amp;nbsp;को अपने p.f&amp;nbsp;को बेहतर बनाने के लिए furnace&amp;nbsp;के साथ parallel&amp;nbsp;रूप से&amp;nbsp;use&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; इन&amp;nbsp;furnaces का use&amp;nbsp;commonly&amp;nbsp;steel production&amp;nbsp;के लिए और इन elements&amp;nbsp;के various alloys&amp;nbsp;के साथ-साथ non-ferrous metals जैसे कि brass, bronze, copper और&amp;nbsp;aluminum आदि के melting&amp;nbsp;के लिए किया जाता है। इन furnaces&amp;nbsp;के special application&amp;nbsp;में vacuum melting, एक controlled atmosphere&amp;nbsp;में melting&amp;nbsp;और precision casting&amp;nbsp;के लिए vacuum melting&amp;nbsp;शामिल है जहां high frequency induction heating&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग किया जाता है। यह electronic industry&amp;nbsp;और अन्य industrial activities&amp;nbsp;जैसे soldering, brazing hardening&amp;nbsp;और annealing&amp;nbsp;और sterilizing surgical instruments&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;आदि का व्यापक उपयोग करता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;coreless induction&amp;nbsp;के कुछ लाभ इस प्रकार हैं::-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(1) वे operation&amp;nbsp;में fast&amp;nbsp;हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(2) वे product&amp;nbsp;की सबसे uniform quality&amp;nbsp;का उत्पादन करते हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(3) इन्हें आपस में operated&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(4) इनका संचालन smoke, dirt, dust और&amp;nbsp;noises&amp;nbsp;से मुक्त है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(5) इनका उपयोग सभी industrial applications के लिए किया जा सकता है जिनमें heating&amp;nbsp;और melting&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(6) इनका निर्माण और operating cost&amp;nbsp;कम है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(7) इनका charging&amp;nbsp;और pouring&amp;nbsp;simple&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;High Frequency Eddy-current Heating:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; eddy-currents द्वारा article को&amp;nbsp;heat करने के लिए, इसे high frequency a.c. current-carrying coil के&amp;nbsp;inside placed किया जाता है (figure)। coil द्वारा produced alternating magnetic field article में eddy-currents को set करता है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप heat हो जाता है।&amp;nbsp;ऐसे coil को heater coil या work coil के रूप में जाना जाता है और heat होने वाली material को charge या load के रूप में जाना जाता है। Primarily रूप से, यह eddy-current loss है जो heat के production के लिए responsible है हालांकि hysteresis loss भी non-magnetic materials के case में कुछ हद तक contributes देता है। eddy-current loss&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;mangal&amp;quot; , serif; line-height: 18.4px;&quot;&gt;We&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;cambria math&amp;quot; , serif; line-height: 18.4px;&quot;&gt;∝&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;mangal&amp;quot; , serif; line-height: 18.4px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;f&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;. इसलिए, इस loss को flux density B और supply frequency ƒ को controll करके controlled&amp;nbsp; किया जा सकता है। यह loss material की surface पर सबसे बड़ा है लेकिन decrease हो जाता है क्योंकि हम deep से inside होते&amp;nbsp;हैं। material की depth तक, जिसमें eddy current loss penetrate है, द्वारा दिया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigM13_8mM4BmwVxunK9QbMgRrluaFSFhg1zTNUXFBpNFqJ4K3zINT5qHZ1nxaNJlsJQs4xsQY0hlx_f-9Msbez62jiB5LAYm0gE0gnpG4AccgBdeqnWX9Ob8-rvxvk5VNZPoumdaXLvY03/s1600/ga.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;88&quot; data-original-width=&quot;204&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigM13_8mM4BmwVxunK9QbMgRrluaFSFhg1zTNUXFBpNFqJ4K3zINT5qHZ1nxaNJlsJQs4xsQY0hlx_f-9Msbez62jiB5LAYm0gE0gnpG4AccgBdeqnWX9Ob8-rvxvk5VNZPoumdaXLvY03/s1600/ga.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;where&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; ρ = resistivity of the molten metal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; f&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;= supply frequency&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;µ&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;r&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;= relative permeability of the charge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Advantages of Eddy-current Heating&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
(1)&amp;nbsp;heat का negligible wastage होता है क्योंकि body में heat produce होने के लिए heated होती है।&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(2)&amp;nbsp;यह vacuum या other special environs में हो सकता है जहाँ अन्य प्रकार के heating possible नहीं हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(3) Heat की&amp;nbsp;supply body की किसी भी depth में penetrate के लिए की जा सकती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Applications of Eddy-current Heating&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(1) Surface Hardening:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;जिस&amp;nbsp;bar&amp;nbsp;की surface&amp;nbsp;को heat treatment&amp;nbsp;द्वारा harden&amp;nbsp;किया जाना है उसे working coil&amp;nbsp;के भीतर रखा जाता है जो high frequency की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a.c.&amp;nbsp; supply&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;से connected&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होती है। depth&amp;nbsp;तक, जिसे surface&amp;nbsp;को harden&amp;nbsp;करना है, coil current की frequency&amp;nbsp;के proper selection&amp;nbsp;द्वारा obtained&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है। कुछ seconds,&amp;nbsp;के बाद, जब surface proper temperature&amp;nbsp;पर पहुंच गई, तो&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;a.c. supply&amp;nbsp;cut off&amp;nbsp;है और bar water&amp;nbsp;में डूबा हुआ है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) Annealing:-&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Normally तौर पर, annealing process&amp;nbsp;में metal&amp;nbsp;के scaling&amp;nbsp;में long time&amp;nbsp;लगता है जो undesirable&amp;nbsp;है। हालांकि, eddy-current heating&amp;nbsp;में, time&amp;nbsp;बहुत कम होता है ताकि कोई scale formation&amp;nbsp;न हो।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) Soldering:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Eddy-current heating&amp;nbsp;सprecise high-temperature soldering&amp;nbsp;के लिए economical&amp;nbsp;है जहां silver, copper और उनकी alloys&amp;nbsp;को solder के रूप में उपयोग किया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Dielectric Heating:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसे high-frequency capacitative heating भी कहा जाता है और इसका उपयोग wood, plastics और&amp;nbsp;ceramics&amp;nbsp;आदि जैसे insulators&amp;nbsp;को heat&amp;nbsp;करने के लिए किया जाता है, जिन्हें easily और uniformly&amp;nbsp;रूप से other methods&amp;nbsp;से heat नहीं किया जा सकता है। dielectric heating के लिए required&amp;nbsp;supply frequency&amp;nbsp;10-50 MHz&amp;nbsp;के बीच है और applied voltage&amp;nbsp;20 kV&amp;nbsp;तक है। dielectric heating की overall efficiency&amp;nbsp;लगभग 50% है।&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Dielectric Loss:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जब एक practical capacitor एक ac supply में connect होता है, तो यह एक current draw करता&amp;nbsp;है जो voltage को एक angle&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की ओर ले जाता है, जो 90 ° से थोड़ा कम होता है या&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;angle δ&amp;nbsp;से 90 ° कम हो जाता है। इसका मतलब है कि current&amp;nbsp;का एक certain component&amp;nbsp;है जो voltage&amp;nbsp;के साथ&amp;nbsp;phase में है और इसलिए कुछ loss produce&amp;nbsp;करता है जिसे dielectric loss&amp;nbsp;कहा जाता है।50 Hz&amp;nbsp;की normal supply frequency&amp;nbsp;पर, यह loss&amp;nbsp;negligibly से small&amp;nbsp;है, लेकिन 50 MHz&amp;nbsp;की higher frequencies&amp;nbsp;पर या तो यह loss&amp;nbsp;इतना बड़ा हो जाता है कि यह dielectric&amp;nbsp;को heat&amp;nbsp;करने के लिए sufficient है जिसमें यह होता है। heat&amp;nbsp;की जाने वाली insulating material&amp;nbsp;को दो conducting plates&amp;nbsp;के बीच रखा जाता है ताकि एक parallel-plate capacitor&amp;nbsp;बनाया जा सके जैसा कि figure (a) में दिखाया गया है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Figure:-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dielectric Loss&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;figure (b), capacitor&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;equivalent circuit&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;show करता है और figure (c)&amp;nbsp;अपने&amp;nbsp;vector diagram को show करता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Power drawn from supply =&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;VI&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;cos φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Now,&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;=&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;I&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;= 2π&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;f CV&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;∴&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;P&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;=&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(2π&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;fCV&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;) cos φ =&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2π&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;fCV&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;cos φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Now, φ = (90 – δ), cos φ = cos (90 – δ) = sin δ = tan δ = δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;where δ is very small and is expressed in radians.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;P&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;= 2π&lt;i&gt;fCV&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;δ watts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह power heat&amp;nbsp;में convert&amp;nbsp;हो जाती है। चूंकि किसी दिए गए insulator material&amp;nbsp;के लिए, C और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; line-height: 18.4px;&quot;&gt;δ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;constant&amp;nbsp;हैं, इसलिए dielectric loss&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;V&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;f के directly proportional होता&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसीलिए dielectric heating में high-frequency voltage&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग किया जाता है। Generally, 10-30 MHz&amp;nbsp;की frequency&amp;nbsp;पर लगभग 20 kV a.c. voltage&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;use&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Advantages of Dielectric Heating:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. चूंकि heat dielectric medium&amp;nbsp;के भीतर generate&amp;nbsp;होती है, इसलिए यह uniform&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;heating&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;होता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. increasing frequency&amp;nbsp;के साथ heating fast&amp;nbsp;हो जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. यह bad conductors&amp;nbsp;को heat&amp;nbsp;करने की एकमात्र method&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;4. Heating is fastest in this method of heating.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;5. चूँकि इस process&amp;nbsp;में कोई naked flame&amp;nbsp;दिखाई नहीं देती है, इसलिए plastics&amp;nbsp;और wooden&amp;nbsp;के products&amp;nbsp;आदि जैसे inflammable articles&amp;nbsp;को safely heated&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;6. Heating can be stopped immediately as and when desired.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Applications of Dielectric Heating:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;चूंकि dielectric heating&amp;nbsp;की cost&amp;nbsp;very high&amp;nbsp;है, इसलिए इसे employed&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है जहां other methods&amp;nbsp;possible नहीं हैं या बहुत slow&amp;nbsp;हैं। dielectric heating&amp;nbsp;के कुछ applications&amp;nbsp;निम्नानुसार हैं:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. multilayer plywood boards&amp;nbsp;के gluing के लिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. sand cores&amp;nbsp;के baking&amp;nbsp;के लिए जो moulding process&amp;nbsp;में उपयोग किया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. उन्हें moulding section&amp;nbsp;में भेजने से पहले plastic compound&amp;nbsp;को preheating&amp;nbsp;करने के लिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;4. cigarattes&amp;nbsp;बनाने के लिए glycerine के बाद tobacco&amp;nbsp;को drying&amp;nbsp;के लिए इसमें mixed किया&amp;nbsp;जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;5. automatic machines&amp;nbsp;की सहायता से bakeries में biscuits&amp;nbsp;और cake&amp;nbsp;आदि को baking&amp;nbsp;के लिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;6. high-frequency supply&amp;nbsp;के साथ cold rollers&amp;nbsp;की मदद से plastic garments&amp;nbsp;जैसे raincoats&amp;nbsp;आदि की electronic sewing&amp;nbsp;के लिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;7. food&amp;nbsp;की dehydration&amp;nbsp;के लिए जो फिर air-tight container&amp;nbsp;में seal&amp;nbsp;कर दिया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;8. oil emulsions&amp;nbsp;से moisture&amp;nbsp;निकालने के लिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;9. human body&amp;nbsp;के different parts&amp;nbsp;में pain&amp;nbsp;से राहत के लिए diathermy में।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;10. book binding purposes&amp;nbsp;के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले glue के quick drying&amp;nbsp;के लिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed1c24; font-size: large; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Choice of Frequency:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;heating के लिए frequency का selection important है क्योंकि यह heat होने के work पर बहुत असर डालता है और इसके heating की method चाहे induction heating या dielectric heating. 50 Hz की power frequency पर चलने वाले furnaces 1 MW capacity के हो सकते हैं जबकि medium frequencies (500 Hz to 1000 Hz) पर चलने वालों की capacity 50 kW और high frequency (1 MHz to 2 MHz) पर running की capacity होती है। 200 kW से 500 kW।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Induction Heating:-&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;induction heating&amp;nbsp;के लिए frequency&amp;nbsp;का चयन करते समय, निम्नलिखित factors&amp;nbsp;प रconsider&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(a)&amp;nbsp;surface&amp;nbsp;के heat&amp;nbsp;होने की thickness. Higher&amp;nbsp;frequency, surface&amp;nbsp;को thin&amp;nbsp;करती है जो heat हो जाएगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(b)&amp;nbsp;continuous heating&amp;nbsp; का time. Long&amp;nbsp;time तक heating&amp;nbsp;की duration, conduction के कारण work&amp;nbsp;में heat&amp;nbsp;के penetration&amp;nbsp;को deep.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(c) obtained&amp;nbsp;होने वाला temperature.&amp;nbsp;Higher temperature, required&amp;nbsp;generator&amp;nbsp;की capacity&amp;nbsp;अधिक होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Dielectric Heating:-&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;dielectric heating,&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;P&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;=&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2π&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;fCV&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;cos φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के दौरान consumed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;की गई power। जैसा कि देखा गया है,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;&quot;&gt;P&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;cambria math&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;&quot;&gt;∝&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21.4667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;f&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;× C ×&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;V&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;× cos φ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;इसलिए, किसी भी specimen&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;across&amp;nbsp;voltage&amp;nbsp;या voltage&amp;nbsp;को increase करके heat production&amp;nbsp;की rate&amp;nbsp;को increase किया&amp;nbsp;जा सकता है, इसकी thickness&amp;nbsp;limited&amp;nbsp;है या potential gradient,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;breakdown voltage&amp;nbsp;और safety आदि के consideration&amp;nbsp;के कारण, 600 V से 3000 V तक के voltage&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग dielectric heating&amp;nbsp;के लिए किया जाता है। हीटिंग, हालांकि 20 kV&amp;nbsp;या उससे अधिक&amp;nbsp;voltages का&amp;nbsp;भी कभी-कभी उपयोग किया जाता है। high potential&amp;nbsp;को apply करके heat production&amp;nbsp;की rate&amp;nbsp;भी increase की&amp;nbsp;जा सकती है, लेकिन यह निम्न कारणों से भी limited&amp;nbsp;है:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(a)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;used की गई particular frequency की wavelength&amp;nbsp;के लगभग एक चौथाई या उससे अधिक के equal&amp;nbsp;wavelength&amp;nbsp;वाले दो electrodes&amp;nbsp;की surface&amp;nbsp;के बीच standing waves&amp;nbsp;के formation की possibility।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(b)&amp;nbsp;इस तथ्य के कारण higher frequencies&amp;nbsp;पर special matching circuit&amp;nbsp;को employ&amp;nbsp;करने की आवश्यकता है कि maximum power transfer&amp;nbsp;तब होता है जब oscillator impedance load&amp;nbsp;impedance के equal&amp;nbsp;होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(c) higher frequencies&amp;nbsp;पर charge&amp;nbsp;capacitance&amp;nbsp;के साथ resonate tuning&amp;nbsp;के लिए difficult&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(d) higher frequencies&amp;nbsp;पर, uniform voltage distribution&amp;nbsp;प्राप्त करना लगभग impossible&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(() चूंकि higher frequencies&amp;nbsp;radio station service&amp;nbsp;के near&amp;nbsp;विचलित करती हैं, इसलिए इस purpose&amp;nbsp;के लिए उपयोग किए जाने वाले high-frequency generator से radiations&amp;nbsp;को रोकने के लिए special arrangement की जानी चाहिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/electric-heating.html&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/induction-heating.html&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/1963378973344491555/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/induction-heating.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/1963378973344491555'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/1963378973344491555'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/induction-heating.html' title='INDUCTION HEATING'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvmz_yY2ZouXGiJV0hKy1h_7iRHmLbDEbExJpZKMZXDxB-8dIfdQWTyaGHZ2CqDecrDUOj_re851cKN6xK9sB-Nlo6wQvP6aCyS5T_kFFPnRGdsYlL8KLR0_bS7pvORfAlTqm0LEKVsf11/s72-c/Core+Type+Induction+Furnace.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-7878832012962227844</id><published>2020-05-11T13:15:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-18T10:08:48.256+05:30</updated><title type='text'>ELECTRIC  HEATING</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/electric-heating.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/induction-heating.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Electric heating&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Electric heating का व्यापक रूप से&amp;nbsp;domestic और&amp;nbsp;industrial&amp;nbsp;अनुप्रयोगों के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;Domestic applications&amp;nbsp;में शामिल हैं&amp;nbsp;(i) room heaters (ii) immersion heaters for water heating (iii) hot plates for cooking (iv) electric kettles (v) electric irons (vi) pop-corn plants (vii) electric ovens for bakeries and (viii) electric toasters आदि।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Electric heating के industrial&amp;nbsp;applications&amp;nbsp;में शामिल हैं&amp;nbsp;(i)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;metals का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;melting&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(ii)&amp;nbsp;metals का&amp;nbsp;heat treatment&amp;nbsp;जैसे&amp;nbsp;annealing, tempering, soldering और&amp;nbsp;brazing आदि&amp;nbsp;(iii) glass का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;moulding&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(iv) insulators का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;baking&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(v)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;copper के wires की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;enamelling आदि।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Advantages of Electric Heating:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;(i) Cleanliness:-&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;चूंकि&amp;nbsp;electric heating&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;में न तो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;dust&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;न ही&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ash&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;का उत्पादन होता है,&amp;nbsp;इसलिए यह&amp;nbsp;cleaning की&amp;nbsp;minimum cost&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता होती है।&amp;nbsp;इसके अलावा&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;होने वाली material&amp;nbsp;दूषित नहीं होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(ii) No Pollution:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;चूँकि&amp;nbsp;electric heating&amp;nbsp;में कोई भी&amp;nbsp;flue gases&amp;nbsp;नहीं बनती है,&amp;nbsp;इसलिए&amp;nbsp;उनके बाहर निकलने का कोई provision&amp;nbsp;नहीं किया गया है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(iii) Economical:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Electric heating&amp;nbsp;economical&amp;nbsp;है क्योंकि&amp;nbsp;electric furnaces&amp;nbsp;अपनी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;initial cost&amp;nbsp;के साथ-साथ&amp;nbsp;maintenance cost&amp;nbsp;में भी सस्ती हैं&amp;nbsp;क्योंकि उन्हें&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;installation या&amp;nbsp;coal और&amp;nbsp;wood&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;storage&amp;nbsp;के लिए big space&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है।&amp;nbsp;इसके अलावा,&amp;nbsp;कोई&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;chimney&amp;nbsp;बनाने&amp;nbsp;या&amp;nbsp;extra heat installation&amp;nbsp;provide&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;करने की आवश्यकता नहीं है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(iv) Easy&amp;nbsp;of Control:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Manual या&amp;nbsp;automatic devices&amp;nbsp;की मदद से एक&amp;nbsp;electric furnace&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;temperature को&amp;nbsp;control&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;करना आसान है।&amp;nbsp;Temperature&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;± 5°C&amp;nbsp;के भीतर controlled&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है जो किसी अन्य प्रकार के heating&amp;nbsp;में संभव नहीं है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(v) Special Heating Requirement:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Special heating requirements जैसे&amp;nbsp;कि किसी&amp;nbsp;material&amp;nbsp;का एकसमान&amp;nbsp;heating&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;उसके किसी अन्य भाग को प्रभावित किए बिना कार्य का एक विशेष भाग गर्म करना या बिना oxidation&amp;nbsp;वाले heating&amp;nbsp;को केवल electric heating&amp;nbsp;द्वारा पूरा किया जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(vi) Higher Efficiency:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Electrically&amp;nbsp;रूप से&amp;nbsp;produced heat&amp;nbsp;chimney और&amp;nbsp;other&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;उत्पादों के&amp;nbsp;through&amp;nbsp;waste&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;नहीं जाती है। consequently,&amp;nbsp;produced&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;अधिकांश&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;उपयोग&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;material&amp;nbsp;को heat&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;करने के लिए किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;इसलिए,&amp;nbsp;other types के&amp;nbsp;heating के&amp;nbsp;compare में&amp;nbsp;electric heating की&amp;nbsp;higher efficiency होती&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(vii) Better Working Conditions:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;चूंकि&amp;nbsp;electric heating में कोई&amp;nbsp;irritating करने वाला&amp;nbsp;noises&amp;nbsp;पैदा करता है और&amp;nbsp;साथ ही&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;radiation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;नुकसान कम होते हैं,&amp;nbsp;इसके परिणामस्वरूप low ambient&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;temperature होता है।&amp;nbsp;इसलिए,&amp;nbsp;electric furnaces&amp;nbsp;के साथ काम करना सुविधाजनक और cool&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(viii) Heating of Bad Conductors:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Heat और&amp;nbsp;electricity&amp;nbsp;के खराब&amp;nbsp;conductors&amp;nbsp;जैसे&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;wood, plastic और&amp;nbsp;bakery items&amp;nbsp;को समान&amp;nbsp;रूप से और&amp;nbsp;उपयुक्त रूप&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;dielectric heating process&amp;nbsp;के साथ heat&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(ix) Safety:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Electric heating&amp;nbsp;काफी सुरक्षित है क्योंकि यह&amp;nbsp;controlled signals&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;quickly responds देता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(x) Lower Attention and Maintenance Cost:-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Electric heating equipment को generally तौर&amp;nbsp;पर बहुत&amp;nbsp;attention और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;supervision&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है&amp;nbsp;और उनकी&amp;nbsp;maintenance cost&amp;nbsp;लगभग&amp;nbsp;negligible होती&amp;nbsp;है।&amp;nbsp;इसलिए,&amp;nbsp;heating&amp;nbsp;के अन्य रूपों की&amp;nbsp;compare में&amp;nbsp;labour charges भी&amp;nbsp;small होता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Different Methods of Heat Transfer&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;1. Conduction&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Convection&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 3. Radiation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;1. Conduction:-&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;heat transfer की इस&amp;nbsp;mode में,&amp;nbsp;body का&amp;nbsp;one molecule&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;हो जाता&amp;nbsp;है और कुछ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;heat को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;adjacent molecule&amp;nbsp;और इतने पर&amp;nbsp;transfers&amp;nbsp;करता है।&amp;nbsp;body&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के दो&amp;nbsp;ends&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;होने के बीच&amp;nbsp;एक&amp;nbsp;temperature gradient&amp;nbsp;होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;cross-section A sq.m. की एक&amp;nbsp;solid material&amp;nbsp;पर consider करें और&amp;nbsp;thickness x&amp;nbsp; metre&amp;nbsp;जैसा कि figure में&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;दिखाया गया है।&amp;nbsp;यदि&amp;nbsp;T&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; और&amp;nbsp;T&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;°K में&amp;nbsp;slab&amp;nbsp;के दो&amp;nbsp;sides&amp;nbsp;का&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;temperature है,&amp;nbsp;तो time&amp;nbsp;t seconds opposite faces&amp;nbsp;के बीच&amp;nbsp;heat conducted दिया गया&amp;nbsp;है:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जहां K&amp;nbsp;material की&amp;nbsp;thermal conductivity है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Convection:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस process&amp;nbsp;में,&amp;nbsp;hot और&amp;nbsp;cold air currents के&amp;nbsp;flow&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;heat को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;transferred&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;process&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;immersion heater या&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;buildings के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;heating&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;water के&amp;nbsp;heating में&amp;nbsp;applied&amp;nbsp;होती है।&amp;nbsp;convection process&amp;nbsp;द्वारा body body absorbed heat &amp;nbsp;की मात्रा मुख्य रूप से heating element&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;temperature&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;surroundings&amp;nbsp;के ऊपर और&amp;nbsp;heater की&amp;nbsp;surface के&amp;nbsp;size&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;depends&amp;nbsp;करती है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह कुछ हद तक heater&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;position&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर भी depends&amp;nbsp;करता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;उच्छृंखल ताप की मात्रा द्वारा दी जाती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;The amount of heat dissipated is given by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;H = a (T&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; – T&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;),&amp;nbsp;जहां a और b&amp;nbsp;constant है&amp;nbsp;और T&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; और T&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;क्रमशः&amp;nbsp;temperatures की&amp;nbsp;surface का&amp;nbsp;heating&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;हैं&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;और ° K&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;में द्रव हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;electric की furnaces में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;convection&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;transferred heat&amp;nbsp;negligible&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. Radiation:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह intervening medium&amp;nbsp;को affect&amp;nbsp;किए बिना एक straight line&amp;nbsp;में एक hot body&amp;nbsp;से एक cold body&amp;nbsp;में heat&amp;nbsp;का transfer&amp;nbsp;है।&amp;nbsp;heat emission&amp;nbsp;की दर&amp;nbsp;Stefan’s law&amp;nbsp;के अनुसार दी गई है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जहां K&amp;nbsp;radiating efficiency&amp;nbsp;है और&amp;nbsp;e को&amp;nbsp;heating element की&amp;nbsp;emissivity के रूप में जाना जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;यदि d&amp;nbsp;heating wire का&amp;nbsp;diameter है&amp;nbsp;और इसकी&amp;nbsp;total length&amp;nbsp;l है, तो इसकी&amp;nbsp;surface का&amp;nbsp; area&amp;nbsp;जहाँ से&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;heat radiated है&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;π x d x l&lt;/b&gt; .&amp;nbsp;यदि&amp;nbsp;H&amp;nbsp;heating surface&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;per m2&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;radiated&amp;nbsp;power&amp;nbsp;है, तो&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;total power&amp;nbsp;heat = π x d x l&lt;/b&gt; .&amp;nbsp;के रूप में radiate&amp;nbsp;होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;यदि&amp;nbsp;P&amp;nbsp;heating element&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;electrical power input&amp;nbsp;है, तो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;P&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;=&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;πdl x H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods of Electric Heating:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Basically,&amp;nbsp;heat एक&amp;nbsp;resistance के&amp;nbsp;through&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;current के&amp;nbsp;circulation&amp;nbsp;के कारण उत्पन्न होती है।&amp;nbsp;potential difference&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;application के&amp;nbsp;कारण&amp;nbsp;current&amp;nbsp;directly&amp;nbsp;circulate&amp;nbsp;हो सकता है या यह&amp;nbsp;induced eddy currents&amp;nbsp;के कारण हो सकता है।&amp;nbsp;इसी तरह,&amp;nbsp;magnetic materials में,&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;create&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;hysteresis losses&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;dielectric heating&amp;nbsp;में,&amp;nbsp;substance को&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;करने के लिए&amp;nbsp;molecular friction को नियोजित किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;electrode&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;होने वाली&amp;nbsp;material&amp;nbsp;के बीच&amp;nbsp;established&amp;nbsp;arc&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;heat का&amp;nbsp;source&amp;nbsp;बनाया जा सकता है।&amp;nbsp;body को&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;करने के लिए&amp;nbsp;high energy particles&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;material&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;surface&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;बमबारी की जा सकती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;general industrial और&amp;nbsp;domestic purposes&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;produce&amp;nbsp;करने के different methods&amp;nbsp;को नीचे&amp;nbsp;classified&amp;nbsp;किया गया&amp;nbsp;है:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Resistance Heating:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;यह I2R इफेक्ट पर based है।&amp;nbsp;जब&amp;nbsp;current को&amp;nbsp;resistance element I2R के through&amp;nbsp;गुजारा जाता है तो loss&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;होता है जो heat&amp;nbsp;produces&amp;nbsp;करता है।resistance heating के&amp;nbsp;two methods है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;(&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;) Direct Resistance Heating:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;method&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;में जिस&amp;nbsp;material (या&amp;nbsp;charge)&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;heat&amp;nbsp;किया जाना है उसे एक&amp;nbsp;resistance&amp;nbsp;के रूप में माना जाता है और&amp;nbsp;current को&amp;nbsp;इसके&amp;nbsp;through से&amp;nbsp;passed&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;charge&amp;nbsp;powder, small solid pieces या&amp;nbsp;liquid&amp;nbsp;के रूप में हो सकता है।&amp;nbsp;two electrodes&amp;nbsp;charge&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;insert किये&amp;nbsp;जाते हैं और या तो&amp;nbsp;a.c. या तो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;d.c.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;supply (in&amp;nbsp; Figure).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Obviously,&amp;nbsp;d.c&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;या single-phase a.c. supply&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के&amp;nbsp;case में&amp;nbsp;two electrodes&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता होती है&amp;nbsp;लेकिन&amp;nbsp;3-phase supply&amp;nbsp;के case में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;three electrodes होते है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जब&amp;nbsp;charge&amp;nbsp;small pieces&amp;nbsp;के रूप में होता है,&amp;nbsp;तो direct short circuit&amp;nbsp;से बचने के लिए&amp;nbsp;charge के&amp;nbsp;surface&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;high resistivity material&amp;nbsp;का एक&amp;nbsp;powder&amp;nbsp;छिड़का जाता है।&amp;nbsp;जब इसमें से&amp;nbsp;current passes होता है तो heat produce होती है।&amp;nbsp;heating की इस method में&amp;nbsp;high efficiency होती है&amp;nbsp;क्योंकि&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;charge&amp;nbsp;में ही&amp;nbsp;produced&amp;nbsp;होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;(b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;) Indirect Resistance Heating:-&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;heating की इस method में&amp;nbsp;electric current&amp;nbsp;को एक&amp;nbsp;resistance element से&amp;nbsp;गुजारा जाता है जिसे एक&amp;nbsp;electric oven&amp;nbsp;में रखा जाता है।&amp;nbsp;produced heat को&amp;nbsp;heating element&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;I2R loss के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;proportional होता है।&amp;nbsp;produced heat को&amp;nbsp;radiation या&amp;nbsp;convection द्वारा या दोनों के&amp;nbsp;combination से charge&amp;nbsp;तक पहुंचाया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;कभी-कभी,&amp;nbsp;resistance एक&amp;nbsp;cylinder में रखा जाता है&amp;nbsp;जो jacket में लगाए गए charge&amp;nbsp;से घिरा होता है जैसा कि figure&amp;nbsp;में दिखाया गया है।&amp;nbsp;यह arrangement uniform temperature provides करती है। इसके अलावा, automatic temperature control भी provide किया जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Requirement of a Good Heating Element&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt; (1) High Specific Resistance:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;जब wire&amp;nbsp;की material का specific resistance high&amp;nbsp;होता है, केवल एक particular resistance&amp;nbsp;(और इसलिए गर्मी) के लिए इसकी short length&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता होगी या wire&amp;nbsp;की same length&amp;nbsp;और currrent&amp;nbsp;के लिए, heat&amp;nbsp;का उत्पादन किया जाता है अधिक हो जाएगा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;High Melting Temperature:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यदि heating element के&amp;nbsp;पिघलने का तापमान अधिक है, तो higher operating temperatures&amp;nbsp;प्राप्त करना संभव होता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(3)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Low Temperature Coefficient of Resistance:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;यदि material&amp;nbsp;में resistance&amp;nbsp;का coefficient&amp;nbsp;कम होता है, तो इसके temperature की normal range&amp;nbsp;पर इसके resistance&amp;nbsp;में केवल small variations&amp;nbsp;होंगे। इसलिए, cold&amp;nbsp;होने पर heating element&amp;nbsp;द्वारा drawn किया&amp;nbsp;गया current&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(i.e., at start) heat&amp;nbsp;होने पर practically&amp;nbsp;रूप से समान होगा।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(4)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;High Oxidising Temperature:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;long life&amp;nbsp;को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए heating element&amp;nbsp;का oxidisation temperature&amp;nbsp;अधिक होना चाहिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(5)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistance:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;यदि heating element&amp;nbsp;के resistance&amp;nbsp;का temperature coefficient&amp;nbsp;negative&amp;nbsp;है, तो इसका resistance&amp;nbsp;temperature&amp;nbsp;में वृद्धि के साथ decrease हो जाता है&amp;nbsp;और यह अधिक current draw करेंगा&amp;nbsp;जो अधिक&amp;nbsp;watt और हीट&amp;nbsp;produce&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;करेगा &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;अधिक heat&amp;nbsp;के साथ, resistance&amp;nbsp;कम हो जाएगा जिसके परिणामस्वरूप operation&amp;nbsp;की instability&amp;nbsp;होगी।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(6)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Ductile:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;चूंकि heating elements&amp;nbsp;की material में सुविधाजनक shapes और&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;sizes&amp;nbsp;होना आवश्यक है, इसलिए इसमें &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;high ductility और&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;flexibility हो&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ना चाहिए।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(7)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: red; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Mechanical Strength:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;heating element&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;material&amp;nbsp;को अपने स्वयं के high mechanical strength&amp;nbsp;चाहिए। आमतौर पर, अलग-अलग operating temperatures&amp;nbsp;प्राप्त करने के लिए विभिन्न प्रकार के alloys&amp;nbsp;धातुओं का उपयोग किया जाता है। उदाहरण के लिए, constant&amp;nbsp;का maximum work&amp;nbsp;कर रहे temperature&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(45% Ni, 55% Cu) 400°C है ,&amp;nbsp;जो कि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;nichrome (50%, Ni 20% Cr) is 1150°C का है&amp;nbsp;, Kantha (70% Fe, 25% Cr, 5% Al) 1200° C है और&amp;nbsp;silicon carbide 1450°C है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Arc Furnaces&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यदि एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;sufficiently high voltage&amp;nbsp;को एक&amp;nbsp;air-gap में&amp;nbsp;applied&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है, तो&amp;nbsp;air ionized&amp;nbsp;हो जाती है और एक&amp;nbsp;continuous spark या&amp;nbsp;arc&amp;nbsp;के रूप में conducting&amp;nbsp;करना शुरू कर देती है जिससे&amp;nbsp;intense heat&amp;nbsp;produce&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;होती है। जब&amp;nbsp;electrodes&amp;nbsp;carbon/graphite&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;से बने होते हैं, तो प्राप्त&amp;nbsp;temperature&amp;nbsp;3000°C-3500&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;°&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;C की&amp;nbsp;range&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;में होता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;arc से&amp;nbsp;striking&amp;nbsp;के लिए required&amp;nbsp;high voltage एक&amp;nbsp;variable ac supply से प्राप्त&amp;nbsp;step-up transformer&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग करके प्राप्त किया जा सकता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जैसा कि figure (a) में दिखाया गया है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;आरंभ में&amp;nbsp;Figure (b) में&amp;nbsp;दिखाए गए अनुसार&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;एक दूसरे के&amp;nbsp;contact में दो&amp;nbsp;electrodes&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;low voltage&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग करके एक&amp;nbsp;arc&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;भी प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस उद्देश्य के लिए आवश्यक&amp;nbsp;low voltage को&amp;nbsp;step-down transformer&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग करके प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।&amp;nbsp;प्रारंभ में,&amp;nbsp;low voltage&amp;nbsp;applied&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है, जब दो&amp;nbsp;electrodes&amp;nbsp;एक दूसरे के&amp;nbsp;contact&amp;nbsp;में होते हैं।&amp;nbsp;Next,&amp;nbsp;जब दोनों&amp;nbsp;electrodes&amp;nbsp;धीरे-धीरे एक दूसरे से अलग हो जाते हैं, तो दोनों के बीच&amp;nbsp;एक&amp;nbsp;arc established&amp;nbsp;होता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Arc furnaces&amp;nbsp;निम्नलिखित दो प्रकार की हो सकती हैं:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;(&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;) Direct Arc Furnance:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस case में, दो&amp;nbsp;electrodes&amp;nbsp;और charge&amp;nbsp;के बीच arc&amp;nbsp;इस तरह बनता है कि electric current&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;charge के body&amp;nbsp;से होकर गुजरती है जैसा कि figure (a)&amp;nbsp;में दिखाया गया है। ऐसी&amp;nbsp;furnaces&amp;nbsp;very high temperatures&amp;nbsp;produce&amp;nbsp;करती हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheIz_5GflhjpLVhMkBpftarVCt7bXCaz6dkQ3L26IsrakN5zbEjCRBv2d76_U0H_t6P7IixbO0jOF_Jy9wgJA13K8EkohDOfRN5hKUMQ9DnMHp_iNCcAGgrHYLJhkG4R7dVgYBBRSY8U5z/s1600/arc1.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;521&quot; data-original-width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheIz_5GflhjpLVhMkBpftarVCt7bXCaz6dkQ3L26IsrakN5zbEjCRBv2d76_U0H_t6P7IixbO0jOF_Jy9wgJA13K8EkohDOfRN5hKUMQ9DnMHp_iNCcAGgrHYLJhkG4R7dVgYBBRSY8U5z/s400/arc1.JPG&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जैसा कि figure (a) में दिखाया&amp;nbsp;गया है,&amp;nbsp;furnace&amp;nbsp;के नीचे&amp;nbsp;electric circuit का part&amp;nbsp;बनता है ताकि electric charge&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;body&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;होकर गुजरे जो very low resistance&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;प्रदान करता है। इसलिए, ऐसी&amp;nbsp;furnaces&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;high temperatures&amp;nbsp;प्राप्त करना&amp;nbsp;possible है।&amp;nbsp;इसके अलावा, यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;mechanically&amp;nbsp;stirring&amp;nbsp;के बिना एक&amp;nbsp;uniform heating&amp;nbsp;charge&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;करता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNhHdXZB_K0mbTOXZeg25kd-O5QQR1z4HDgYE3MXtHpq1tU5M89fywZ_Uf8SSJaWJsbb7OmsMruW_v9n1jE3XakccBde-ojYZLB5Z0ThzCO9hai3wGfz4jntCjXAzS8iecVqQ1wsz6Vwmn/s1600/Arc3.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;491&quot; data-original-width=&quot;898&quot; height=&quot;347&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNhHdXZB_K0mbTOXZeg25kd-O5QQR1z4HDgYE3MXtHpq1tU5M89fywZ_Uf8SSJaWJsbb7OmsMruW_v9n1jE3XakccBde-ojYZLB5Z0ThzCO9hai3wGfz4jntCjXAzS8iecVqQ1wsz6Vwmn/s640/Arc3.JPG&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Figure (b) में&amp;nbsp;furnace&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;body&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;through&amp;nbsp;से कोई&amp;nbsp;current&amp;nbsp;गुजरता है। इन&amp;nbsp;furnaces&amp;nbsp;का सबसे&amp;nbsp;common application&amp;nbsp;steel&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के उत्पादन में है क्योंकि आसानी के साथ&amp;nbsp;final product&amp;nbsp;की संरचना को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;refining करने&amp;nbsp;के दौरान&amp;nbsp;controlled&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है।&amp;nbsp;general use में&amp;nbsp;आने वाली अधिकांश&amp;nbsp;furnaces&amp;nbsp;non-conducting bottom type&amp;nbsp;की होती हैं,&amp;nbsp;bottom&amp;nbsp;conducting&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;case में insulation problem&amp;nbsp;के कारण।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;(b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;) Indirect Arc Furnance:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस case में arc का&amp;nbsp;निर्माण दो&amp;nbsp;electrodes&amp;nbsp;के बीच होता है और इस प्रकार उत्पन्न होने वाली&amp;nbsp;heat को&amp;nbsp;radiation&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;charge पर&amp;nbsp;passed&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है जैसा कि figure (b) में दिखाया गया है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Figure में &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;single-phase indirect arc furnace&amp;nbsp;shows किया गया है। जो&amp;nbsp;cylindrical shape में है। arc को &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;manually रूप से or automatically&amp;nbsp;रूप से&amp;nbsp;moment&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;electrodes को&amp;nbsp;short circuiting&amp;nbsp;करके और फिर उन्हें अलग करके निकाला जाता है।&amp;nbsp;arc से heat&amp;nbsp;और hot refractory lining&amp;nbsp;radiation&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;charge की top layer पर&amp;nbsp;transferred&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है। charge&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;hot top layer&amp;nbsp;से heat को&amp;nbsp;conduction&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;charge&amp;nbsp;के other parts&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;transferred&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है। चूंकि कोई&amp;nbsp;current&amp;nbsp;charge के&amp;nbsp;body से&amp;nbsp;नहीं गुजरता है, इसलिए&amp;nbsp;electro-magnetic forces&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;current&amp;nbsp;प्रवाहित होने वाली कोई क्रिया नहीं होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसलिए, arc की&amp;nbsp;heat के लिए charge&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;different layers&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;exposing&amp;nbsp;करके&amp;nbsp;uniformly&amp;nbsp;रूप से&amp;nbsp;heat&amp;nbsp;distribute&amp;nbsp;करने के लिए ऐसी furnaces को लगातार rock करना पड़ता है।&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;एक&amp;nbsp;electric motor का उपयोग&amp;nbsp;furnace को rocking motion&amp;nbsp;प्रदान करने के लिए&amp;nbsp;suitable grinders और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt; rollers को&amp;nbsp;operate&amp;nbsp;करने के लिए किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;Rocking action&amp;nbsp;न केवल&amp;nbsp;charge को&amp;nbsp;पूरी तरह से mixing provide करता है,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;यह&amp;nbsp;refractory lining material&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;life&amp;nbsp;को बढ़ाने के अलावा furnace की &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;efficiency भी बढ़ाता है। चूंकि इस furnace में&amp;nbsp;charge&amp;nbsp;केवल radiation द्वारा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;heat&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है, इसका&amp;nbsp;temperature&amp;nbsp;direct arc furnace&amp;nbsp;में उस&amp;nbsp;obtainable&amp;nbsp;से कम होता है।&amp;nbsp;इस तरह की&amp;nbsp;furnaces&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग मुख्य रूप से&amp;nbsp;nonferrous metals&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;melting के लिए किया जाता है,&amp;nbsp;हालांकि इनका उपयोग&amp;nbsp;iron&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;संस्थापकों में किया जा सकता है&amp;nbsp;जहां अक्सर&amp;nbsp;small quantities में&amp;nbsp;iron&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/electric-heating.html&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/induction-heating.html&quot;&gt;2&amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/7878832012962227844/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/electric-heating.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/7878832012962227844'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/7878832012962227844'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/electric-heating.html' title='ELECTRIC  HEATING'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd100lRCAav-9KWgyXF-u0NyjmtWNC0ehdH4XJtu8_n5LGhyphenhyphenS9nNPW2j5E-TEvfHapgCMsnx0kcRD7LwLpVmst5O5cCijxq2VuT-i-mgsLAs8EI8ksefgnEP10rLGQA2D-ev4R29Miaj5x/s72-c/conduction1.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-6363454373807806763</id><published>2020-05-04T20:54:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-17T09:58:33.586+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Methods of Neutral Grounding</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;u style=&quot;font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/neutral-grounding-or-earthing.html&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 1&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/methods-of-neutral-grounding.html&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;2 &amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods of Neutral Grounding&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;helvetica neue&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Solid or effective grounding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;helvetica neue&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;helvetica neue&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Resistance grounding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;helvetica neue&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Reactance grounding&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;helvetica neue&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Peterson-coil grounding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Solid or effective grounding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जब&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3-phase system&amp;nbsp;(जैसे&amp;nbsp;- phase generator, 3-phase transformer etc.)&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;neutral point&amp;nbsp;negligible resistance और&amp;nbsp;reactance&amp;nbsp;के एक&amp;nbsp;wire के&amp;nbsp;through&amp;nbsp;directly earth से connected होता है&amp;nbsp;तो&amp;nbsp;इसे&amp;nbsp;solid grounding या&amp;nbsp;effective grounding&amp;nbsp;कहा जाता है ।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCBaqry7QqkI6-vPs5w0SJ4wyEtMO9c0l8cErCfwTWfN6X6I9Gd-sCEnfG2wRqt3dDoagRtvvj4T2msSS7311jKQr3PIumpMyW1LBwjOfWCEoODsSS5EVFdpaOSN2DZBxqr0mjDaejmNPv/s1600/solid+groun1.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;346&quot; data-original-width=&quot;449&quot; height=&quot;245&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCBaqry7QqkI6-vPs5w0SJ4wyEtMO9c0l8cErCfwTWfN6X6I9Gd-sCEnfG2wRqt3dDoagRtvvj4T2msSS7311jKQr3PIumpMyW1LBwjOfWCEoODsSS5EVFdpaOSN2DZBxqr0mjDaejmNPv/s320/solid+groun1.PNG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;figure, में&amp;nbsp;neutral point के&amp;nbsp;solid grounding को&amp;nbsp;shows किया गया&amp;nbsp;है।&amp;nbsp;चूंकि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;neutral point एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;wire&amp;nbsp;through&amp;nbsp;earth से&amp;nbsp;directly connected होता है&amp;nbsp;इसलिए&amp;nbsp;neutral point&amp;nbsp;को सभी&amp;nbsp;conditions&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;earth की potential&amp;nbsp;पर आयोजित किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;इसलिए,&amp;nbsp;under fault conditions&amp;nbsp;के तहत,&amp;nbsp;earth&amp;nbsp;के किसी भी&amp;nbsp;conductor का&amp;nbsp;voltage&amp;nbsp;system के normal phase voltage&amp;nbsp;से अधिक नहीं होगा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Advantages&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;neutral&amp;nbsp;रूप से&amp;nbsp;earth की&amp;nbsp;potential&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;effectively&amp;nbsp;रूप से आयोजित किया जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvHuUpbFwdYdcANZM_pjdzCcpDyI9b07Mct3cC7QHUOGO37mv5UXEBGOnexzbZrugkFkY1z6TZPk0I6hPGK8fiZHo1gT5vVNxfG8CHb9JQSQ-Xhz-qOkCuOXN6jamvGm4cjv92MzX0duls/s1600/solid+ground.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;453&quot; data-original-width=&quot;707&quot; height=&quot;256&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvHuUpbFwdYdcANZM_pjdzCcpDyI9b07Mct3cC7QHUOGO37mv5UXEBGOnexzbZrugkFkY1z6TZPk0I6hPGK8fiZHo1gT5vVNxfG8CHb9JQSQ-Xhz-qOkCuOXN6jamvGm4cjv92MzX0duls/s400/solid+ground.PNG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जब&amp;nbsp;earth&amp;nbsp;पर किसी भी phase में fault होता है&amp;nbsp;तो&amp;nbsp;resultant capacitive current&amp;nbsp;I&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;fault current I&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt; के phase oppose करता&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;two currents&amp;nbsp;एक दूसरे को पूरी तरह से&amp;nbsp;cancel&amp;nbsp;कर देती हैं।&amp;nbsp;इसलिए, कोई&amp;nbsp;arcing ground या over-voltage की conditions&amp;nbsp;नहीं हो सकती है। figure&amp;nbsp;में दिखाए गए अनुसार&amp;nbsp;line B में line to ground fault को&amp;nbsp;consider करते है, healthy phases R और&amp;nbsp;Y&amp;nbsp;में flow होने वाली&amp;nbsp;capacitive currents I&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt; और&amp;nbsp;I&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;क्रमशः&amp;nbsp;resultant capacitive current I&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, I&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt; और&amp;nbsp;I&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt; का&amp;nbsp;phasor sum होता है। इन&amp;nbsp;capacitive currents के अलावा, power source fault current IF की supply&amp;nbsp; भी करता है। यह&amp;nbsp;fault current&amp;nbsp;fault point से&amp;nbsp;earth&amp;nbsp;तक जाएगा, फिर&amp;nbsp;neutral point N&amp;nbsp;से और&amp;nbsp;fault point&amp;nbsp;के through&amp;nbsp;faulty phase तक जायेगा।&amp;nbsp;I&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; का path&amp;nbsp;capacitive है और&amp;nbsp;I&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt; का inductive है।&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;two currents&amp;nbsp;phase के opposition में है&amp;nbsp;और एक दूसरे&amp;nbsp;को पूरी तरह से&amp;nbsp;cancel कर देती है&amp;nbsp;इसलिए, कोई भी&amp;nbsp;arcing ground का phenomenon&amp;nbsp;या over-voltage की&amp;nbsp;conditions हो सकती है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जब system&amp;nbsp;के किसी भी phase&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;पर earth fault&amp;nbsp;होता है, तो&amp;nbsp;faulty phase के&amp;nbsp;earth voltage का phase zero हो जाता है, हालांकि, शेष दो healthy phases के&amp;nbsp;earth voltages के उतार-चढ़ाव का&amp;nbsp;phase&amp;nbsp;normal phase voltage&amp;nbsp;पर रहता है क्योंकि&amp;nbsp;neutral&amp;nbsp;की potential earth के&amp;nbsp;potential&amp;nbsp;के अनुसार fixed&amp;nbsp;की जाती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;system को earth&amp;nbsp;fault&amp;nbsp;से बचाना आसान हो जाता है जो अक्सर&amp;nbsp;system&amp;nbsp;पर होते हैं।&amp;nbsp;जब system&amp;nbsp;के किसी भी phase&amp;nbsp;में earth fault&amp;nbsp;होता है, तो&amp;nbsp;fault point और&amp;nbsp;ground neutral&amp;nbsp;के बीच एक&amp;nbsp;large fault current flows&amp;nbsp;होती है।&amp;nbsp;यह&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;earth fault relay के&amp;nbsp;easy operation की&amp;nbsp;अनुमति देता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Disadvantages&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;चूंकि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;overhead system&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के अधिकांश faults&amp;nbsp;earth के&amp;nbsp;faults के&amp;nbsp;phase है&amp;nbsp;इसलिए सिस्टम को&amp;nbsp;large number में गंभीर&amp;nbsp;shocks&amp;nbsp;झेलने पड़ते हैं।&amp;nbsp;इससे system&amp;nbsp;unstable&amp;nbsp;हो जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;solid grounding के परिणामस्वरूप&amp;nbsp;heavy earth fault currents&amp;nbsp;होता है।&amp;nbsp;चूंकि&amp;nbsp;circuit breakers,&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;fault को&amp;nbsp;clear&amp;nbsp;किया जाना है,&amp;nbsp;इसलिए&amp;nbsp;heavy earth fault currents&amp;nbsp;circuit breaker contacts के&amp;nbsp;जलने का कारण हो सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;neighbouring&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;communication lines&amp;nbsp;में अधिक से अधिक&amp;nbsp;interference&amp;nbsp;के कारण&amp;nbsp;earth के fault current का&amp;nbsp;results होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Applications&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Solid grounding&amp;nbsp;आमतौर पर नियोजित किया जाता है जहां&amp;nbsp;circuit impedance पर्याप्त रूप से&amp;nbsp;high&amp;nbsp;होती है ताकि&amp;nbsp;safe limits&amp;nbsp;के भीतर&amp;nbsp;earth fault को चालू रखा जा सके।&amp;nbsp;grounding की इस system&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग&amp;nbsp;33 kV&amp;nbsp;तक की&amp;nbsp;voltages&amp;nbsp;के लिए किया जाता है जिसमें&amp;nbsp;total power capacity&amp;nbsp;5000 kVA&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;से अधिक नहीं होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Resistance grounding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जब&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;3-phase system (जैसे -&amp;nbsp;3- phase generator, 3-phase transformer आदि ) का&amp;nbsp;neutral point एक resistor&amp;nbsp;के माध्यम से&amp;nbsp;earth से&amp;nbsp;connected&amp;nbsp;होता है, तो इसे&amp;nbsp;resistance grounding&amp;nbsp;कहा जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpk5OgxjyalJRszABmebs-mV64ZzAu9TSCVEi4x22nVIn26EZsoSAGu972RV1hc3oHd5Bw5fUZhuLZHAVO4zjA8UFPgZJCjGHPaj9MXN9WgeZejchsmB5kpSSx70StDWjpeSCz5sfWauVu/s1600/resistance+grounding.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;309&quot; data-original-width=&quot;428&quot; height=&quot;287&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpk5OgxjyalJRszABmebs-mV64ZzAu9TSCVEi4x22nVIn26EZsoSAGu972RV1hc3oHd5Bw5fUZhuLZHAVO4zjA8UFPgZJCjGHPaj9MXN9WgeZejchsmB5kpSSx70StDWjpeSCz5sfWauVu/s400/resistance+grounding.PNG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Figure में एक&amp;nbsp;resistor R&amp;nbsp;के माध्यम से&amp;nbsp;neutral point की&amp;nbsp;grounding&amp;nbsp;दिखाता है।&amp;nbsp;R का value&amp;nbsp;न तो बहुत कम होना चाहिए और न ही बहुत अधिक होना चाहिए।&amp;nbsp;यदि&amp;nbsp;earthing resistance R&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;का मान बहुत कम है तो&amp;nbsp;earth fault current&amp;nbsp;large होगा&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;system&amp;nbsp; solid grounding system&amp;nbsp;जैसा हो जाएगा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;दूसरी ओर,&amp;nbsp;यदि&amp;nbsp;earthing resistance R&amp;nbsp;very high है तो&amp;nbsp;system की&amp;nbsp;conditions&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ungrounded neutral system&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के समान हो जाती हैं।&amp;nbsp;R का value&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;इतना चुना जाता है&amp;nbsp;कि&amp;nbsp;earth fault current&amp;nbsp;safe value&amp;nbsp;तक सीमित रहता है,&amp;nbsp;लेकिन फिर भी&amp;nbsp;earth fault protection system के&amp;nbsp;operation&amp;nbsp;की अनुमति देने के लिए पर्याप्त है।&amp;nbsp;practice में&amp;nbsp;R का वह value&amp;nbsp;चुना जाता है जो&amp;nbsp;earth के&amp;nbsp;fault generator or transformer के normal full load current&amp;nbsp;से earth fault को&amp;nbsp;2 गुना तक सीमित कर देता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Advantages of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Resistance grounding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;R के value&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;adjust&amp;nbsp;करके,&amp;nbsp;arcing grounds को&amp;nbsp;minimised किया जा है&amp;nbsp;मान लीजिए कि&amp;nbsp;phase B में earth fault होती है जैसा कि figure में दिखाया गया है। capacitive currents I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt; और&amp;nbsp;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;क्रमशः&amp;nbsp;healthy phases R और&amp;nbsp;Y में flow होती है।&amp;nbsp; fault current I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;यदि&amp;nbsp;earthing resistance R के base&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;एक निश्चित&amp;nbsp;angle द्वारा&amp;nbsp;fault phase के&amp;nbsp;phase voltage से&amp;nbsp;lags&amp;nbsp;करता है&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;system के&amp;nbsp;reactance को&amp;nbsp;fault के point तक&amp;nbsp;ले जाता है।&amp;nbsp;fault current I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt; को&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;two components में&amp;nbsp;resolved&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge89XaWeex5PujrOSmvUL6PnqxwP8jxNxxOUv0y3uvRcf_R55M3zyT_yIBk2YPSm-caJeuklh7q6NhS_BeDZDPiXuZO7xunXqs7UAeBQ2TJPTsYSe-KulCXfuUGEGi3swCuSDuw47KGB49/s1600/resistance+grounding1.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;374&quot; data-original-width=&quot;632&quot; height=&quot;372&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge89XaWeex5PujrOSmvUL6PnqxwP8jxNxxOUv0y3uvRcf_R55M3zyT_yIBk2YPSm-caJeuklh7q6NhS_BeDZDPiXuZO7xunXqs7UAeBQ2TJPTsYSe-KulCXfuUGEGi3swCuSDuw47KGB49/s640/resistance+grounding1.PNG&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; (a) faulty phase voltage&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के साथ&amp;nbsp;phase में&amp;nbsp;I&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;F1&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;(b) I&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;F2&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;90° तक&amp;nbsp;faulty phase voltage से&amp;nbsp;lagging है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;earthing resistance&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;की उपस्थिति के कारण&amp;nbsp;earth fault&amp;nbsp;current small होता है।&amp;nbsp; इसलिए,&amp;nbsp;communication circuits के साथ&amp;nbsp;interference&amp;nbsp;कम हो जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह system की stability को&amp;nbsp;improve करता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Disadvantages of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Resistance grounding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;चूंकि&amp;nbsp;earth fault,&amp;nbsp;के दौरान&amp;nbsp;system neutral&amp;nbsp;displaced&amp;nbsp;हो जाता है,&amp;nbsp;इसलिए&amp;nbsp;higher voltages&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;equipment&amp;nbsp;insulate&amp;nbsp;करना पड़ता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;system&amp;nbsp;solidly grounded system&amp;nbsp;की तुलना में महंगी है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;earth fault&amp;nbsp;के दौरान&amp;nbsp;earthing resistance&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;large amount में&amp;nbsp;energy का&amp;nbsp;उत्पादन होता है।&amp;nbsp;कभी-कभी&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;energy को&amp;nbsp;atmosphere&amp;nbsp;में फैलाना मुश्किल हो जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Applications of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Resistance grounding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसका उपयोग&amp;nbsp;5000 kVA&amp;nbsp;से अधिक&amp;nbsp;power source capacity&amp;nbsp;वाले&amp;nbsp;2.2 kV और 33 kV&amp;nbsp;के बीच&amp;nbsp;voltage&amp;nbsp;पर काम करने वाले system पर किया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Reactance grounding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;helvetica neue&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस system&amp;nbsp;में,&amp;nbsp;neutral और&amp;nbsp;ground के बीच एक reactance insert की&amp;nbsp;जाती है जैसा कि figure&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;में दिखाया गया है। reactance का&amp;nbsp;purpose earth fault current को&amp;nbsp;limit करना है। earthing reactance को&amp;nbsp;change करके&amp;nbsp;solid grounding&amp;nbsp;के समान&amp;nbsp;conditions को&amp;nbsp;प्राप्त करने के लिए&amp;nbsp;earth fault current को&amp;nbsp;changed किया जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoWBa6XCbVUB2U0qTvcW_v8gGu59SDe6uDXIOTDxFqpOC-C1SvWJHOmRuxASanboQAtBNYlb_7BWTboMqJxqRtlTZo2ssl147UXZ8R1oT5_v9FL9y_WAqaOFoW5reHcJmfYCg6crvQwYAm/s1600/reactance+grounding.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;348&quot; data-original-width=&quot;523&quot; height=&quot;265&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoWBa6XCbVUB2U0qTvcW_v8gGu59SDe6uDXIOTDxFqpOC-C1SvWJHOmRuxASanboQAtBNYlb_7BWTboMqJxqRtlTZo2ssl147UXZ8R1oT5_v9FL9y_WAqaOFoW5reHcJmfYCg6crvQwYAm/s400/reactance+grounding.PNG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;इन &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;method &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;का उपयोग इन&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;disadvantages &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;के कार&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;ण नहीं किया जाता है:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इन system में, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;protective device को operate करने के लि&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ए&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;required&amp;nbsp;fault current&amp;nbsp;same fault के&amp;nbsp;conditions के लिए&amp;nbsp;resistance grounding से&amp;nbsp;अधिक होता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;High transient voltages की&amp;nbsp;under fault conditions में&amp;nbsp;appear होते है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Peterson-coil grounding /Arc Suppression Coil Grounding/Resonant Grounding)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;:-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;हमने देखा है कि&amp;nbsp;capacitive currents&amp;nbsp;arcing grounds के&amp;nbsp;producing के लिए&amp;nbsp;responsible है। ये&amp;nbsp;capacitive currents flow&amp;nbsp;होती हैं क्योंकि प्रत्येक&amp;nbsp;line और&amp;nbsp;earth&amp;nbsp;के बीच&amp;nbsp;capacitance exists होता है।&amp;nbsp;यदि&amp;nbsp;appropriate value&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;inductance L&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;system के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;capacitance के&amp;nbsp;parallel से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;connected होता है तो L के&amp;nbsp;through से flow होने वाला fault&amp;nbsp; current&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;IF&amp;nbsp;system के&amp;nbsp;capacitive current IC के&amp;nbsp;oppose&amp;nbsp;में होगा।&amp;nbsp;यदि&amp;nbsp;L इतना&amp;nbsp;adjust होता है&amp;nbsp;कि&amp;nbsp;IL = IC,&amp;nbsp;तो&amp;nbsp;fault में&amp;nbsp;resultant current&amp;nbsp;zero&amp;nbsp;होगा। इस&amp;nbsp;condition को&amp;nbsp;resonant grounding&amp;nbsp;के रूप में जाना जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; जब&amp;nbsp;arc suppression&amp;nbsp;coil के&amp;nbsp;L का&amp;nbsp;value&amp;nbsp;ऐसा होता है कि&amp;nbsp;fault current IF&amp;nbsp;यदि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;capacitive current IC को&amp;nbsp;balance&amp;nbsp;करता है, तो इसे&amp;nbsp;resonant grounding&amp;nbsp;कहा जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Circuit details:-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;arc suppression coil (जिसे&amp;nbsp;Peterson coil&amp;nbsp;भी कहा जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;) एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;iron-cored coil है&amp;nbsp;जो&amp;nbsp;neutral और&amp;nbsp;earth&amp;nbsp;के बीच&amp;nbsp;connected है&amp;nbsp;जैसा कि figure&amp;nbsp;में दिखाया गया है।&amp;nbsp;reactor&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;coil&amp;nbsp;के inductance&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;change&amp;nbsp;के लिए टेपिंग के साथ provided&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;coil&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;tappings को&amp;nbsp;adjust&amp;nbsp;करके,&amp;nbsp;coil को&amp;nbsp;system के&amp;nbsp;capacitance&amp;nbsp;के साथ&amp;nbsp;tuned&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है&amp;nbsp;यानी&amp;nbsp;resonant grounding&amp;nbsp;प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h4&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Operation:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Figure&amp;nbsp;(i)&amp;nbsp;3-phase system से&amp;nbsp;पता चलता है कि&amp;nbsp;Peterson coil grounding&amp;nbsp;को नियोजित करता है।&amp;nbsp;मान लीजिए कि line to ground fault&amp;nbsp;point F पर&amp;nbsp;line B&amp;nbsp;में होता है।&amp;nbsp;fault current IF और&amp;nbsp;capacitive currents IR और&amp;nbsp;IY&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;जैसा कि figure&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(i)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में दिखाया गया है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;figure&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(i)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;ध्यान दें कि यदि&amp;nbsp;IF&amp;nbsp;Peterson coil&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(या&amp;nbsp; Arc suppression coil)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;through&amp;nbsp;flow&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;होता है तो,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;fault के through से&amp;nbsp;neutral&amp;nbsp;और वापस आ जाता है।&amp;nbsp;total capacitive current IC, IR और&amp;nbsp;IY का&amp;nbsp;phasor sum है&amp;nbsp;जैसा कि&amp;nbsp;phasor diagram,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Figure&amp;nbsp;(i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;i)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;में दिखाया गया है।&amp;nbsp;faulty phase&amp;nbsp;के voltage को&amp;nbsp;arc suppression coil&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;across&amp;nbsp;applied किया&amp;nbsp;जाता है।&amp;nbsp;इसलिए,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;fault current IF&amp;nbsp;faulty phase voltage को&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;90°&amp;nbsp;lag &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;कर देता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;current IF,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;capacitive current IC के&amp;nbsp;phase&amp;nbsp;oppose में है।&amp;nbsp;See Figure (ii)&amp;nbsp;Peterson coil&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;tappings&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;adjust&amp;nbsp;करके,&amp;nbsp;fault में&amp;nbsp;resultant current&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;reduce किया जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यदि&amp;nbsp;coil का&amp;nbsp;inductance&amp;nbsp;इतना&amp;nbsp;adjust&amp;nbsp;है कि&amp;nbsp;IL = IC, तो&amp;nbsp;fault में&amp;nbsp;resultant current zero&amp;nbsp;होगा।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Advantages of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Reactance grounding:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Peterson coil एक&amp;nbsp;arcing ground&amp;nbsp;द्वारा किसी भी&amp;nbsp;damage&amp;nbsp;को रोकने में पूरी तरह से effective है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Peterson coil&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;में&amp;nbsp;ungrounded neutral system के&amp;nbsp;advantages है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Disadvantages of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: #231f20;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Reactance grounding:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;varying operational conditions के कारण,&amp;nbsp;network&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;capacitance&amp;nbsp;time to time&amp;nbsp;change होते रहती है।&amp;nbsp;इसलिए,&amp;nbsp;Peterson coil&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;inductance L को&amp;nbsp;readjustment&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;lines को&amp;nbsp;transposed&amp;nbsp;किया जाना चाहिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/6363454373807806763/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/methods-of-neutral-grounding.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/6363454373807806763'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/6363454373807806763'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/methods-of-neutral-grounding.html' title='Methods of Neutral Grounding'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCBaqry7QqkI6-vPs5w0SJ4wyEtMO9c0l8cErCfwTWfN6X6I9Gd-sCEnfG2wRqt3dDoagRtvvj4T2msSS7311jKQr3PIumpMyW1LBwjOfWCEoODsSS5EVFdpaOSN2DZBxqr0mjDaejmNPv/s72-c/solid+groun1.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-6153139531141184541</id><published>2020-05-04T09:09:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-14T20:15:55.165+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Neutral Grounding or Earthing</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Neutral Grounding or Earthing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;power system&amp;nbsp;में,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;grounding या&amp;nbsp;earthing&amp;nbsp;का अर्थ है&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;electrical equipment&amp;nbsp;(non-current carrying part)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;या system&amp;nbsp;के कुछ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;electrical part&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(जैसे&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;star-connected system, में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;neutral point,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;transformer के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;secondary का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;one conductor आदि&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;से earth में connect करते है,&amp;nbsp;situation&amp;nbsp;के आधार पर&amp;nbsp;earth का connection&amp;nbsp;किसी&amp;nbsp;conductor या किसी&amp;nbsp;अन्य&amp;nbsp;circuit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;element&amp;nbsp;(जैसे&amp;nbsp;resistor, circuit breaker etc.)&amp;nbsp;के माध्यम से हो सकता है।&amp;nbsp;earth के connection करने की विधि&amp;nbsp;grounding या&amp;nbsp;earthing के&amp;nbsp;दो प्रमुख लाभ होते&amp;nbsp; है।&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;First, यह power system&amp;nbsp;को protection&amp;nbsp;प्रदान करता है,&amp;nbsp;उदाहरण के लिए&amp;nbsp;यदि किसी&amp;nbsp;star-connected system का&amp;nbsp;neutral point&amp;nbsp;circuit breaker के through grounded है और&amp;nbsp; phase to earth fault&amp;nbsp;किसी एक लाइन पर होता है&amp;nbsp;तो&amp;nbsp;circuit breaker के through large current flow होता है&amp;nbsp;circuit breaker&amp;nbsp;faulty line को&amp;nbsp;isolate&amp;nbsp;करने के लिए open होता है,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;यह power system को&amp;nbsp;fault के&amp;nbsp;harmful effects से&amp;nbsp;protect&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Secondly,&amp;nbsp;electrical equipment&amp;nbsp;(जैसे domestic appliances, hand-held tools, industrial motors etc.) का&amp;nbsp;earthing&amp;nbsp;equipment&amp;nbsp;को handling करने&amp;nbsp; वाले&amp;nbsp;persons की&amp;nbsp;सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करता है।&amp;nbsp;उदाहरण के लिए&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;यदि&amp;nbsp;insulation fails हो जाता है&amp;nbsp;equipment के&amp;nbsp;metallic part&amp;nbsp;(यानी&amp;nbsp;frame)&amp;nbsp;के साथ&amp;nbsp;live conductor का&amp;nbsp;direct contact होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Grounding or Earthing:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Neutral earthing को neutral grounding भी कहते है, supply power system में कई generator, transformer तथा अन्य equipment लगे होते है। इनकी winding को star connection किया जाता है। इनके neutral terminals को सीधे ही resistance आदि के द्वारा earthing किया जाता है इसको neutral grounding कहते है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Grounding or earthing को classified किया जा सकता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(i) Equipment grounding&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(ii) System grounding.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Equipment grounding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;electrical equipment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;non-current-carrying metal parts को&amp;nbsp;earth से connect करने को प्रकिया&amp;nbsp;इस तरह से होती है कि&amp;nbsp;insulation के failure होने के case में,&amp;nbsp;earth&amp;nbsp;के potential&amp;nbsp;रूप से&amp;nbsp;प्रभावी रूप से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;बने रहने वाले&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;enclosure&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;equipment grounding कहते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;हम अक्सर&amp;nbsp;domestic appliances और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;industrial motors&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;hand-held tools से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;से लेकर सभी प्रकार के&amp;nbsp;electrical equipment&amp;nbsp;के संपर्क में होते हैं।&amp;nbsp;मोटर M&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;connected&amp;nbsp;230 V source&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;से बने&amp;nbsp;single-phase circuit पर consider&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;effective equipment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;की आवश्यकता को चित्रित करेंगे जैसा कि figure में दिखाया गया है:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;System Grounding&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;power system&amp;nbsp;के कुछ&amp;nbsp;electrical part&amp;nbsp;(जैसे कि&amp;nbsp;star connected system के&amp;nbsp;neutral point, एक ट्रांसफार्मर के&amp;nbsp;secondary के&amp;nbsp;one conductor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;) को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;earth से connect करने की&amp;nbsp;process को&amp;nbsp;system grounding&amp;nbsp;कहा जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;तेजी से फैल रही&amp;nbsp;power system में&amp;nbsp;system grounding को&amp;nbsp;काफी महत्व माना जाता&amp;nbsp;है।&amp;nbsp;system grounding की&amp;nbsp;proper schemes&amp;nbsp;को अपनाकर, हम&amp;nbsp;power system&amp;nbsp;network की सुरक्षा&amp;nbsp;विश्वसनीयता&amp;nbsp;और सुरक्षा सहित कई लाभ प्राप्त कर सकते हैं।&amp;nbsp;लेकिन&amp;nbsp;neutral grounding&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;various aspects पर&amp;nbsp;discuss&amp;nbsp;करने से पहले,&amp;nbsp;system grounding की आवश्यकता के लिए एक example लेते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA1jmzJh1xb8okjqt7QMkBlzQhmGBT_VBDNywze5P-B8VWEO2G1KDOlr43gRO0io4CxmVlFOzGs5yFxDaE73DMePWlcdoMGHdjc6XEIVye28UbskVE-qJ5Ars6VXkxvpoJeUBDs7ZVzvqh/s1600/g12.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;339&quot; data-original-width=&quot;832&quot; height=&quot;259&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA1jmzJh1xb8okjqt7QMkBlzQhmGBT_VBDNywze5P-B8VWEO2G1KDOlr43gRO0io4CxmVlFOzGs5yFxDaE73DMePWlcdoMGHdjc6XEIVye28UbskVE-qJ5Ars6VXkxvpoJeUBDs7ZVzvqh/s640/g12.PNG&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Neutral Grounding&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3-phase system के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;neutral point को&amp;nbsp;earth से&amp;nbsp;directly or कूछ&amp;nbsp;circuit element&amp;nbsp;(जैसे -&amp;nbsp;resistance, reactance etc.)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के माध्यम से&amp;nbsp;connect करने&amp;nbsp;की प्रक्रिया को&amp;nbsp;neutral grounding&amp;nbsp;कहा जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Neutral grounding&amp;nbsp;personal और&amp;nbsp;equipment को&amp;nbsp;protection&amp;nbsp;provides करता है&amp;nbsp;ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि&amp;nbsp;earth fault&amp;nbsp;के दौरान,&amp;nbsp;current path को&amp;nbsp;earth के&amp;nbsp;neutral और&amp;nbsp;the protective devices (जैसे fuse etc.)&amp;nbsp;के through से complete&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है, जो&amp;nbsp;faulty conductor को शेष&amp;nbsp;system&amp;nbsp;से अलग करने के लिए काम करता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Figure में एक&amp;nbsp;3-phase, star-connected system को&amp;nbsp;shows किया गया है&amp;nbsp;जिसमें&amp;nbsp;neutral earthed&amp;nbsp;(यानि&amp;nbsp;neutral point soil से&amp;nbsp;connected है ), मान लीजिए कि&amp;nbsp;single line to ground fault&amp;nbsp;point F पर&amp;nbsp;line R में होता है।&amp;nbsp;इससे&amp;nbsp;current&amp;nbsp;ground path&amp;nbsp;से होकर flow होता है जैसा कि figure में दिखाया गया है।&amp;nbsp;ध्यान दें कि&amp;nbsp;current flows&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;R-phase से earth&amp;nbsp;तक है,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;फिर&amp;nbsp;neutral point N&amp;nbsp;और वापस&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;R-phase में।&amp;nbsp;चूंकि current path&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;impedance&amp;nbsp;low होता है&amp;nbsp;इसलिए इस&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;path से एक large current flows होता है। यह&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;large current&amp;nbsp;R-phase में&amp;nbsp;fuse को&amp;nbsp;blow कर देता है और&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;faulty line R&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;isolate कर देगा।&amp;nbsp; यह&amp;nbsp;system को fault के&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;harmful effects&amp;nbsp;(जैसे&amp;nbsp;damage to equipment,व्यक्तियों को&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;electric shock etc.)से बचाएगा।&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;grounded neutral&amp;nbsp;की एक&amp;nbsp;important feature&amp;nbsp;यह है कि&amp;nbsp;live conductor और&amp;nbsp;ground&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के बीच&amp;nbsp;potential difference&amp;nbsp;system के&amp;nbsp;phase voltage से अधिक नहीं होगा&amp;nbsp;यानी यह लगभग constant रहेगा।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Advantages of Neutral Grounding&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;healthy phases के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;voltage&amp;nbsp;ground voltages&amp;nbsp;से अधिक नहीं होते हैं, यानी वे लगभग constant रहते हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;arcing grounds&amp;nbsp;के कारण&amp;nbsp;high voltages को&amp;nbsp;eliminated&amp;nbsp;कर दिया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;protective relays&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग&amp;nbsp;earth के&amp;nbsp;faults से&amp;nbsp;protection&amp;nbsp;provide करने के&amp;nbsp;लिए किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;यदि किसी भी line&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;earth में&amp;nbsp;fault होता है तो&amp;nbsp;protective relay&amp;nbsp;operate होता है जो&amp;nbsp;faulty line को&amp;nbsp;isolate करता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;lightning के गिरने&amp;nbsp;के कारण होने वाले over voltages से&amp;nbsp;earth पर ground हो जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;person और&amp;nbsp;equipment को&amp;nbsp;अधिक&amp;nbsp;safety प्रदान करता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह improved service reliability&amp;nbsp;प्रदान करता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Operating और&amp;nbsp;maintenance cost&amp;nbsp;कम हो जाते हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Methods of Neutral Grounding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/neutral-grounding-or-earthing.html&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&amp;lt; 1&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/methods-of-neutral-grounding.html&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;2 &amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/6153139531141184541/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/neutral-grounding-or-earthing.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/6153139531141184541'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/6153139531141184541'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/neutral-grounding-or-earthing.html' title='Neutral Grounding or Earthing'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4Oq0Qff1htjDUE-3QOHzopMTFQmS4R_kkG5lXtkYSci_01H_WrZxs1xJt6tArUoDX_Q5ePAjM0t-tsCk2DjG7W5QKpqJgSfAOhenzrucu8xmexyCRV6EgoUPmkfffBqVlWy682mTW2KZP/s72-c/gggg.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-6071288510311786162</id><published>2020-05-04T08:15:00.004+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-18T20:26:26.249+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Electrical Subject</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/electrical-6th-sem.html&quot; style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Electric Traction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/switchgear-and-protection.html&quot; style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.17s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Switchgear and Protection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/utilization-of-electrical-power.html&quot;&gt;Utilization of Electrical Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Entrepreneurship Development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/6071288510311786162/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/electrical-subject.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/6071288510311786162'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/6071288510311786162'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/electrical-subject.html' title='Electrical Subject'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-3804135348328977432</id><published>2020-04-26T15:12:00.004+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-17T09:49:33.517+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Types of Lightning Arrester</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/lightning-arrester.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3&amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. Multigap Arrester:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Figure में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;multigap arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;show किया गया&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;है। इसमें&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;metal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;series&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होती है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;generally alloy of zinc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;cylinders&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;एक दूसरे से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;insulated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;रहता है और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;air&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;gaps&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;small intervals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से अलग&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;होता है,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;series&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;first cylinder&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(i.e. A)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और दूसरे से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;series resistance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;through&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ground&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;से जुड़ा होता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;series resistance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;power arc&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;limit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;करता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;series resistance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;inclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;travelling waves&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;against&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;protection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;degree&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;कम हो जाती है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस कठिनाई को दूर करने के लिए, कुछ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;gaps&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(B to C in Figure )&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;resistance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;shunted किया&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZNrIHQNqcvu4BztDX76RIcN6Z6rVdAO3ezWHOyTXYMs44UDwNiink1Yw9cmuFbZ5jWrtjLZm8UG_t5DdxIvtuJY8v9JflsmoB7DA3f0sKhs_azf4xSIL-tToEpumk3-meC2shtIdOdnVM/s1600/multigap+arrester.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;433&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1386&quot; height=&quot;196&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZNrIHQNqcvu4BztDX76RIcN6Z6rVdAO3ezWHOyTXYMs44UDwNiink1Yw9cmuFbZ5jWrtjLZm8UG_t5DdxIvtuJY8v9JflsmoB7DA3f0sKhs_azf4xSIL-tToEpumk3-meC2shtIdOdnVM/s640/multigap+arrester.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Under normal conditions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;point&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;potential&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर है और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;normal supply voltage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;series gaps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;break down करने&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;में&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;unable होता&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;overvoltage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की condition&amp;nbsp;पर,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;series gaps का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;breakdown&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;to B&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;होता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;breakdown होने&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के बाद&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;heavy current&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;सीधे&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;shunt resistance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के माध्यम से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;alternative path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के बजाय,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;shunted gaps B and C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के माध्यम से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;earth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में चला जाता है&amp;nbsp;।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जब&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;surge&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;over&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;हो जाता है, तो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;arcs B से&amp;nbsp;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होकर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;चला जाता है और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;surge&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के बाद कोई भी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;power current&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;two resistances&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(shunt resistance and series resistance)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;limit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होता है जो अब&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;series&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में हैं।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;current&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;gap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A to B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;तक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;arcs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;maintain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;रखने के लिए gap&amp;nbsp;बहुत&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;small होते&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;है और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;normal conditions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;restore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ऐसे&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;arresters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;employed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता है जहां&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;system voltage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;33 kV&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से अधिक नहीं है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;4. Expulsion type Arrester:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;इस प्रकार के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;‘protector tube’&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;भी कहा जाता है और आमतौर पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;3 kV&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;तक के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;voltage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर काम करने वाले&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर उपयोग किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Figure (i) एक expulsion type lightning arrester&amp;nbsp;के आवश्यक parts को shows करता&amp;nbsp;है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;essentially&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;रूप से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;fibre tube&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के भीतर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;enclosed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;दूसरे&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;gap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के साथ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;series&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;rod gap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;A A&#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से बना होता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;fibre tube में&amp;nbsp;gap two&amp;nbsp;electrodes से बना होता है,&amp;nbsp;upper&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;electrode&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;rod gap से और&amp;nbsp;lower electrode earth से connected होता है। प्रत्येक&amp;nbsp;line conductor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के तहत एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;expulsion arrester को रखा जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhby4aLyW-F5EcKx1i-O5OLP4WDPW0ATKnZiFhAk0lKT-r4DhKqFrkLLbtdJq7lpBL6IAemy8Zq9YHkbQNIZ0RJMdSGOwACrXSnEMYXVzSD6merJIa-v-1RN3B4HG_ceySVLWGRm36qq7mU/s1600/expulsion.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;972&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1484&quot; height=&quot;418&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhby4aLyW-F5EcKx1i-O5OLP4WDPW0ATKnZiFhAk0lKT-r4DhKqFrkLLbtdJq7lpBL6IAemy8Zq9YHkbQNIZ0RJMdSGOwACrXSnEMYXVzSD6merJIa-v-1RN3B4HG_ceySVLWGRm36qq7mU/s640/expulsion.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Figure (ii)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;overhead line पर&amp;nbsp;expulsion arrester&amp;nbsp;installation को shows&amp;nbsp; करता है,&amp;nbsp;line पर&amp;nbsp;overvoltage की&amp;nbsp;occurrence पर&amp;nbsp;series gap&amp;nbsp;A A&#39; है और&amp;nbsp;tube में electrodes के बीच spanned और arc&amp;nbsp;struck किया जाता है arc की heat&amp;nbsp;tube की walls के कुछ&amp;nbsp;fibre को&amp;nbsp;vaporises करती है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप एक&amp;nbsp;neutral gas का production होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;extremely short time&amp;nbsp;में, gas high pressure&amp;nbsp;बनाता है और lower electrode&amp;nbsp;के माध्यम से बाहर निकाल दिया जाता है जो कि खोखला होता है। जैसे ही gas&amp;nbsp;tube&amp;nbsp;को violently के&amp;nbsp;रूप से leaves करती&amp;nbsp;है, यह arc&amp;nbsp;के चारों ओर ionised air&amp;nbsp;को ले जाती है। यह de-ionising&amp;nbsp;effect&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;generally&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;तौर पर इतना strong&amp;nbsp;होता है कि arc&amp;nbsp;का current zero हो जाता है&amp;nbsp;और फिर से established&amp;nbsp;नहीं होता है&amp;nbsp;।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Advantages of&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Expulsion type Arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ये बहुत मंहगे नहीं होते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;rod gap arrester के रूप में improve किये जाते है क्योंकि वे&amp;nbsp;power frequency follow currents flow को रोकते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इन्हें easily installed किया जा सकता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Limitations&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Expulsion type Arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
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&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;expulsion type arrester performance केवल limited number में&amp;nbsp; operations कर सकता है क्योंकि प्रत्येक&amp;nbsp;operation के दौरान कुछ fibre material का use किया जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;operation के दौरान&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;gases के discharge के कारण इस प्रकार के&amp;nbsp;arrester को&amp;nbsp;enclosed equipment&amp;nbsp;नहीं रखा जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;arrester&amp;nbsp;के खराब &amp;nbsp;volt/amp&amp;nbsp;विशेषता के कारण,&amp;nbsp;यह महंगे equipment की&amp;nbsp;protection के लिए&amp;nbsp;suitable नहीं है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;5 . Valve type Arrester:-&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Valve type arresters non-linear resistors को&amp;nbsp;incorporate&amp;nbsp;करते हैं और&amp;nbsp;बड़े पैमाने पर&amp;nbsp;high voltage पर काम करने वाले system पर उपयोग किए जाते हैं। figure (i)&amp;nbsp;valve type arrester के&amp;nbsp;various parts को shows करता है It consists of two assemblies&amp;nbsp;(i) series spark gaps और&amp;nbsp;(ii) non-linear resistor discs (material&amp;nbsp;जैसे कि thyrite या&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;metrosil से बने होते है&amp;nbsp;) in series.&amp;nbsp;non-linear elements&amp;nbsp;spark gaps के साथ&amp;nbsp;series&amp;nbsp; में जुड़े हुए हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;दोनों assemblies&amp;nbsp;tight porcelain के&amp;nbsp;container में&amp;nbsp;समायोजित किया गया है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ec008c; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(i) Spark gap multiple assembly है&amp;nbsp;जिसमें series&amp;nbsp;में समान&amp;nbsp;spark gaps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की संख्या होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;प्रत्येक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;gap&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;fixed gap spacing&amp;nbsp;के साथ दो electrodes होते हैं। gap के पार voltage distribution&amp;nbsp;को additional resistance elements&amp;nbsp;(जिसे grading&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;resistors कहा जाता है&amp;nbsp;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के gap माध्यम से linearised &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;series gaps का space&amp;nbsp;इतना होता है की&amp;nbsp;यह normal circuit voltage&amp;nbsp;का withstand करता है।&amp;nbsp;हालांकि, एक over voltage का&amp;nbsp;कारण gap के&amp;nbsp;breakdown होने के कारण होता है और non-linear resistors&amp;nbsp;के माध्यम से&amp;nbsp;ground में चला जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv7gCcr4aZE_OIPMYfD_I0ZdT7DUZzQSJbkKbsQGqGJPQypqhZpkTlmUQ2ZvTRi1O9mAi-lFF-EClb_Si_7eizUV7D7qHZyJ1LbaidaU7scOwXktDqeEhKCo7xfJOFlj0I8lSaFOj4cONX/s1600/valve+type+arester.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;987&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1410&quot; height=&quot;448&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv7gCcr4aZE_OIPMYfD_I0ZdT7DUZzQSJbkKbsQGqGJPQypqhZpkTlmUQ2ZvTRi1O9mAi-lFF-EClb_Si_7eizUV7D7qHZyJ1LbaidaU7scOwXktDqeEhKCo7xfJOFlj0I8lSaFOj4cONX/s640/valve+type+arester.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(ii)&amp;nbsp;non-linear resistor discs&amp;nbsp;अकार्बनिक यौगिक से बने होते हैं&amp;nbsp;जैसे कि&amp;nbsp;Thyrite or Metrosil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ये discs series में connected रहते&amp;nbsp;हैं।&amp;nbsp;normal system voltage&amp;nbsp;applied&amp;nbsp;होने पर&amp;nbsp;non-linear resistors में&amp;nbsp;current flow होने के लिए high resistance कि&amp;nbsp;property होती है,&amp;nbsp; लेकिन high-surge currents के&amp;nbsp;flow&amp;nbsp;के लिए एक low resistance.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;दूसरे शब्दों में, इन&amp;nbsp;non-linear elements का&amp;nbsp;resistance&amp;nbsp;उनके माध्यम से&amp;nbsp;current में&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;वृद्धि और इसके विपरीत &amp;nbsp;decreases होता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Working:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Under normal conditions, में&amp;nbsp;air gap assembly के breakdown का&amp;nbsp; कारण&amp;nbsp;normal system voltage&amp;nbsp;insufficient है । एक&amp;nbsp;overvoltage की&amp;nbsp;occurrence&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;series spark gap का&amp;nbsp;breakdown होता है&amp;nbsp; और&amp;nbsp;non-linear resistors&amp;nbsp;के माध्यम से&amp;nbsp;earth पर surge current&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;का प्रवाह होता है। चूंकि&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;surge current&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;magnitude&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;very large होता है,&amp;nbsp;non-linear elements&amp;nbsp;surge के&amp;nbsp;passage&amp;nbsp;होने के लिए&amp;nbsp;बहुत&amp;nbsp;low resistance की&amp;nbsp;offer&amp;nbsp;करते है,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;नतीजा यह है कि&amp;nbsp;surge&amp;nbsp;तेजी से line पर वापस भेजे जाने के बजाय earth&amp;nbsp;पर जाएगी। जब surge over हो जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;तो&amp;nbsp;non-linear resistors&amp;nbsp;को current के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;flow&amp;nbsp;को रोकने के लिए&amp;nbsp;high resistance&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;मान लेते हैं।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Advantages:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;वे surges&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;against&amp;nbsp;very effective protection&amp;nbsp;(विशेष रूप से ट्रांसफॉर्मर और केबल के लिए)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;प्रदान करते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;एक सेकंड से भी कम समय में&amp;nbsp;बहुत तेजी से काम करते हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;impulse ratio&amp;nbsp;practically&amp;nbsp;रूप से&amp;nbsp;unity होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;color: #231f20; font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Limitations:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;They&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #005baa; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;may fail to check the surges of very steep wave front from reaching the terminal&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;apparatus. This calls for additional steps to check steep-fronted waves&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #005baa; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Their performance is adversely affected by the entry of moisture into the enclosure. This&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ed008b; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;necessitates effective sealing of the enclosure at all times.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/lightning-arrester.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3&amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/3804135348328977432/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/3804135348328977432'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/3804135348328977432'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html' title='Types of Lightning Arrester'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZNrIHQNqcvu4BztDX76RIcN6Z6rVdAO3ezWHOyTXYMs44UDwNiink1Yw9cmuFbZ5jWrtjLZm8UG_t5DdxIvtuJY8v9JflsmoB7DA3f0sKhs_azf4xSIL-tToEpumk3-meC2shtIdOdnVM/s72-c/multigap+arrester.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-1770795967123700435</id><published>2020-04-24T11:09:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-17T09:54:10.067+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Types of Lightning Arrester</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/lightning-arrester.html&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester.html&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html&quot; style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;3&amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Types of Lightning Arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;1. Rod Gap Arrester:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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यह surge diverter का&amp;nbsp;सबसे सरलतम&amp;nbsp;रूपों में से एक है। इसमें two&amp;nbsp;1.5 cm की rods होती है जो की राइट angle पर रखी होती है&amp;nbsp;इस तरह के arrester&amp;nbsp;में, two rods&amp;nbsp;के ends&amp;nbsp;के बीच air gap&amp;nbsp;होता है। arrester का one end&amp;nbsp;line से connected&amp;nbsp;होता है और rod&amp;nbsp;का second end&amp;nbsp;ground&amp;nbsp;से connected होता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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इसे generally transformer की bushing के front में लगाया जाता है gap aur insulator के बीच distance P रखा जाता है&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;इस method में two rods के बीच एयर gap को इस प्रकार संयोजित किया जाता है की insulator के breakdown voltage के 20% पहले या&amp;nbsp;80% voltage पर यह operate हो,&lt;/div&gt;
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rod gap arrangement&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;का निचला electrode&amp;nbsp; या rod ground होता है, जिससे over voltage ground में discharge हो सकें । rod gap में यह सावधानी रखनी चाहिए की arrangement insulator string से एक certain distance पर होनी चाहिए,यह distance gap से one third से अधिक होनी चाहिए। जब&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;high voltage&amp;nbsp;line&amp;nbsp;पर होता है, तो gap sparks&amp;nbsp;हो जाता है और fault current&amp;nbsp;earth&amp;nbsp;के पास पहुंच जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-SGSxiacdu49sUfgXPK_qXQGvnwUJgvbp-lETZqD41eH1Ja5tYdKu8P2RNXH-RJc7op3gLymVj9m6hN3wW87cVutgVyiz9az-BK1-sw0UoKuPUK-4gTAlz0GCd6PbUGpt08XweTCZ7nB1/s1600/rod+gap.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;529&quot; data-original-width=&quot;782&quot; height=&quot;270&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-SGSxiacdu49sUfgXPK_qXQGvnwUJgvbp-lETZqD41eH1Ja5tYdKu8P2RNXH-RJc7op3gLymVj9m6hN3wW87cVutgVyiz9az-BK1-sw0UoKuPUK-4gTAlz0GCd6PbUGpt08XweTCZ7nB1/s400/rod+gap.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Limitations Rod gap arrester:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Surge over होने के बाद gap में arc को नार्मल supply voltage&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के बनाये रखा जाता&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;है,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;जिससे system में short-circuit होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;arc&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;द्वारा produced heat के कारण rod melt हो जाती है या damaged हो जाती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;climate condition (e.g. rain, humidity, temperature, etc.) rod gap arrester&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;performance को affect करती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;surge की polarity इस arrester को affect करती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;2. Horn Gap Arrester:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;horn gap arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को figure में&amp;nbsp;दर्शाया गया&amp;nbsp;है। इसमें एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;horn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;shaped&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;metal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;rods&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होती है, जिसमें&amp;nbsp;A और B के बीच&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;small air gap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से अलग करते हैं।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;horns&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;constructed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;इस प्रकार किया जाता है कि उनके बीच की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;distance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;धीरे-धीरे ऊपर की ओर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;increases हो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जाती है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;horns&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;porcelain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के बरतन&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;insulators&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;पर लगाए जाते&amp;nbsp;हैं।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;horn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;ne end&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;resistance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;choke coil L&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के माध्यम से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;line&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;से जुड़ा होता है जबकि दूसरा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;end&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;effectively grounded&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;resistance R&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;small value&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;follow current&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;limit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;करने में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;helps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;करता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;choke coil इस प्रकार&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;designed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;किया गया है कि यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;normal power frequency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;small reactance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;देता है लेकिन&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;transient frequency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर बहुत&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;high reactance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;देता&amp;nbsp;है। इस प्रकार&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;choke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;transients&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;apparatus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में प्रवेश करने की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;अनुमति नहीं देता है। horn के बीच gap को इस प्रकार adjust किया जाता है की normal supply voltage पर यह arc produce नहीं करता है&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;Under normal conditions में, gap&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;non-conducting&amp;nbsp;है यानी normal supply voltage&amp;nbsp;gap&amp;nbsp;के बीच arc&amp;nbsp;को initiate&amp;nbsp;करने के लिए insufficient&amp;nbsp;है। एक over voltage&amp;nbsp;की occurrence&amp;nbsp;पर, spark-over&amp;nbsp;small gap&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;place&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;arc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के चारों&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;ओर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;air&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;heated &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;arc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;magnetic effect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के कारण&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;arc&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;gap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;तक जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnRADO20vY7PS2uCjdUb_F78ft_fC7woeyLmSBVPkZDoZ7HwJVUmcoNcUn8Vk1qPCVPJ6TNylEsOXnF8G0crD3ggdkRo-QAJhBF9UeMTHOm9VTX8JGBXargWfdxEgok6sCAq4J_uvrPSHg/s1600/horn+gap.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;781&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1475&quot; height=&quot;211&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnRADO20vY7PS2uCjdUb_F78ft_fC7woeyLmSBVPkZDoZ7HwJVUmcoNcUn8Vk1qPCVPJ6TNylEsOXnF8G0crD3ggdkRo-QAJhBF9UeMTHOm9VTX8JGBXargWfdxEgok6sCAq4J_uvrPSHg/s400/horn+gap.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;The arc moves progressively into positions 1, 2 and 3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;arc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की कुछ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;position&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;(position 3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;arc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;maintain&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;रखने के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;voltage&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;distance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;बहुत अधिक हो सकती है;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;consequently&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;arc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;extinguished&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;हो गया है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;excess charge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;इस प्रकार&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;through&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;तक चलाया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Advantages of Horn gap arrester:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;rc&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;self-clearing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;है। इसलिए, इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;type&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;surge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;over&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होने के बाद&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;system&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;short-circuiting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;नहीं होती है, जैसा कि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;rod gap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;cause&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;में होता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;eries resistance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;small value&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए follow current को&amp;nbsp; limiting&amp;nbsp;करने में help&amp;nbsp;करता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Limitations of Horn gap arrester:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;कुछ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;external agency&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;(e.g. birds)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;gap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;bridging&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;device&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;useless&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;कर सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;corrosion or pitting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होने के कारण&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;horn gap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;setting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;change होने&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;की संभावना रहती है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;performance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;adversely affects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;डालता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;peration&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;comparatively long रहता&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;है,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;say-about 3 seconds.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;feeders&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;modern protective gear&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;very short&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;operating&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;time&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;, यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;tim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;e&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;बहुत&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;long&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होता&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt; है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html&quot;&gt;3. Multigap Arrester:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html&quot;&gt;4. Expulsion type Arrester:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html&quot;&gt;5 . Valve type Arrester:-&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/lightning-arrester.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3&amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/1770795967123700435/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/1770795967123700435'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/1770795967123700435'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester.html' title='Types of Lightning Arrester'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-SGSxiacdu49sUfgXPK_qXQGvnwUJgvbp-lETZqD41eH1Ja5tYdKu8P2RNXH-RJc7op3gLymVj9m6hN3wW87cVutgVyiz9az-BK1-sw0UoKuPUK-4gTAlz0GCd6PbUGpt08XweTCZ7nB1/s72-c/rod+gap.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-7783125697570680262</id><published>2020-04-24T09:43:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-17T09:41:13.242+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Lightning Arrester</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Lightning Arrester:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Device&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;travelling waves&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;against&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;substation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;equipment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;protection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;use&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है, इस तरह के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;device&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;lightning arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;या&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;surge diverter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;कहा जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;lightning arresters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;high voltage surges&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;power system के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;protection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;उपयोग किया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;दूसरे शब्दों में,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ightning arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;surge diverter भी कहते है यह over voltage को ground में divert (discharge) कर system&amp;nbsp; और equipment को overvoltage से protect करता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Working of lightning arrester:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जब एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;wave&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;reaches&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;तक पहुँचती है, तो एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;certain prefixed voltage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर इसकी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;sparks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;निकलती है जैसा कि ऊपर&amp;nbsp;की figure में दिखाया गया है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;line&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के बीच अपेक्षाकृत&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;low resistance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;waves&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;conducting path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;provide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;करता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;restricts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;impedance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;current flowing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;mplitude&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ground&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;कर देती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Lightning arrester में समान्यतः gap के रूप में एक series linear resistance होता है जिसका one end line से व two end earth से connect रहता है इस gap को इस type से समंजित किया जाता है की वह 50% over voltage पर operate हो जाए,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Lightning arrester के basic diagram को figure में show किया गया है, gap के distance को इस तरह से सेट set करते है की सामान्य voltage पर इसका breakdown नहीं कर सकता है लेकिन high voltage spark gap के बीच arc generate करके इसका breakdown कर देता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;अर्थात lightning&amp;nbsp;arrester के पास जब high voltage wave पहुँचती है तब gap के बीच arc formed होता है जिससे gap के बीच की air ionized होकर low resistance path provide करती है और यह शीघ्र ही surge से ground होकर line को खतरे से protect करती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;power houses तथा substations पर प्रयुक्त electrical machines, transformer, equipment आदि की&amp;nbsp; protection के लिए transmission एवं feeder lines के start तथा end&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;में lightning arrester का प्रयोग किया जाता है जो line conductor से आई हुई clouds की lighting को substations में प्रवेश से पहले ही earth कर देती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Morden lightning arrester में negative resistance characteristics वाले chemical material प्रयोग किया जाता है जिसका resistance voltage के बढ़ने से घटता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Characteristics of Ideal lightning arrester:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ideal lightning arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में निम्नलिखित&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;characteristics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होनी चाहिए :-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;normal operating condition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के दौरान किसी भी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;current&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को attract&amp;nbsp;नहीं करना चाहिए, अर्थात, यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;sparks-over voltage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;normal or abnormal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;power frequency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;occur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होना चाहिए&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;breakdown value&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;above&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;किसी भी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;transient abnormal voltage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के कारण इसे&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;quickly&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;break down&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;होना चाहिए ताकि यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;conducting path&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;प्रदान कर सके।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जब&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;breakdown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;हुआ है, तो यह स्वयं को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;damage किये&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;बिना और इसके&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;volta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ge&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;resulting discharge current&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;carry करने में capable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;होना चाहिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester.html&quot;&gt;Types of Lightning Arrester&lt;/a&gt;:-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;कई types के lightning arrester का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;general use&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;हैं। ये&amp;nbsp;केवल&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;constructional details&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;में भिन्न होते हैं, लेकिन निम्न प्रकार के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;lighting arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;discuss&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;करते हैं:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester.html&quot;&gt;1. Rod gap arrester&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester.html&quot;&gt;2. Horn gap arrester&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html&quot;&gt;3. Multigap arrester&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html&quot;&gt;4. Expulsion type lightning arrester&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html&quot;&gt;5. Valve type lightning arrester&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;6. Sphere Gap Arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;Impulse Protective Gap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;8. Electrolytic Arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;9. Electrolytic Arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;10. Thyrite Lightning Arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;11. Oxide Film Arrester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;12. Metal Oxide Lightning Arresters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/lightning-arrester.html&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;1&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester.html&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/types-of-lightning-arrester_26.html&quot;&gt;3&amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/7783125697570680262/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/lightning-arrester.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/7783125697570680262'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/7783125697570680262'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/lightning-arrester.html' title='Lightning Arrester'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6XIYSlYZW0hbV2NHWoEH1QM2phB43mXTrKs1elZDcBPmCKSYqij2QhmkdpFKheu3xeSYBWjgDaHku1CSJ7zr3QJ1qk-fjOa2kqQsxL7OT6VVYByTHWd7olNb01RNDC7k8alYkqmAbQYIJ/s72-c/lightning+arrester.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-2336210067546787039</id><published>2020-04-20T18:45:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-17T08:51:37.817+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Different Types of Traction System</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Various Traction System On India:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Direct Steam Engine Drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Direct Internal Combustion Engine Drive&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Internal Combustion Engine Electric Drive&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Battery Electrical Drive&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Petrol Electric Drive&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Electric Drive&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; Direct Steam Engine Drive:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Railway के work के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;steam engine drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का व्यापक रूप से उपयोग किया जाता था। इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;type&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;reciprocating&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;steam engine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग आवश्यक रूप से motive power प्राप्त करने के लिए किया जाता है क्योंकि इसकी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;inherent simplicity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;operational dependability&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;simple maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;cylinders&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;driving wheels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;easy speed control&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के बीच&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;connections होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;। locomotive और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;train unit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;self-contained&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;है इसलिए यह एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;route&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;tied&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;नहीं है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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यह track के साथ चलने वाली&amp;nbsp;communication lines&amp;nbsp;के लिए कोई interference&amp;nbsp;नहीं करता है। direct internal combustion engine&amp;nbsp;drive, और battery electric drive&amp;nbsp;आदि की compare में capacity&amp;nbsp;बहुत अधिक होती है। electric drive&amp;nbsp;की compare में initial cost&amp;nbsp;की कम होता है क्योंकि overhead structure, distribution system&amp;nbsp;और power generation&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता नहीं होती&amp;nbsp; है। यह low density&amp;nbsp;वाले&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;traffic areas&amp;nbsp;और rail&amp;nbsp;द्वारा communication&amp;nbsp;के initial&amp;nbsp;stages में cheap है।&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Advantages of direct steam engine:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस system में किसी भी types का electricity system का use नहीं करते है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस system का speed control easy होता है&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसे प्रत्येक route पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;चलाया जा सकता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Overloading capacity high होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;communication lines&amp;nbsp;में कोई&amp;nbsp; interference उत्पन्न नहीं होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसके लिए कोई भी substation की आवशयकता नहीं होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;maintenance easy होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Disadvantages of direct steam engine:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;steam engine की overloading capacity limited होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;steam locomotive में पर्याप्त quantity में coal और&amp;nbsp;water ले जाना पड़ता है जो की payload को reduces कर देता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसको steam बनाने&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के लिए large time taken की आवशयकता होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ये steam engine unbalanced force provide करता है जिसके कारण इसका wear और tear high होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Direct Internal Combustion Engine Drive:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Direct internal combustion engine drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;road transport&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(buses, trucks, cars etc.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए व्यापक रूप से कार्यरत है। इसकी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;normal speed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;internal combustion engine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की efficiency लगभग 25% है। यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;self-contained unit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;है और इसलिए, यह किसी भी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;route&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;tied&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;नहीं है। Initial cost की आवश्यकता काम है नियोजित s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;peed control&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;braking system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;बहुत simple है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Advantages of internal engine drive:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस drive में किसी भी प्रकार की electric supply की आवशयकता नहीं होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसका use ज्यादातर road transport per किया जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसे किसी भी route पर operate किया जा सकता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसका initial cost काम होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ये self contained unit होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसकी efficiency high होती है compare to steam engine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Disadvantages of internal engine drive:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसकी&amp;nbsp;overload capacity&amp;nbsp;engine&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;speed- torque characteristics&amp;nbsp;के कारण&amp;nbsp;limited होती&amp;nbsp;है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;किसी भी समय इसका&amp;nbsp;operation,&amp;nbsp;लेकिन&amp;nbsp;normal speed&amp;nbsp;बहुत ही&amp;nbsp;uneconomical&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जैसा कि&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;internal combustion engine&amp;nbsp;द्वारा लगाया गया&amp;nbsp;torque&amp;nbsp;लगभग&amp;nbsp;constant&amp;nbsp;होता है, इसलिए आवश्यक&amp;nbsp;high starting torque&amp;nbsp;को देने में&amp;nbsp;capable&amp;nbsp;engine का use&amp;nbsp;full speed&amp;nbsp;से चलने पर तब तक नहीं किया जाता है जब तक कि&amp;nbsp;gear&amp;nbsp;का कुछ रूप नियोजित न हो।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;gearbox&amp;nbsp;लगाकर ही speed control&amp;nbsp;possible&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;heavy railway work&amp;nbsp;के लिए उपयुक्त नहीं है क्योंकि&amp;nbsp;speed control&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;possible&amp;nbsp;arrangement&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;engine&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;full capacity&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग जब&amp;nbsp;full speed&amp;nbsp;से चल रहा है तो&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसका ageing life lower होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;running और maintenance cost&amp;nbsp; high होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Battery Electric Drive:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;locomotive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;secondary batteries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;carries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;करता है जो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;vehicle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को चलाने के लिए कार्यरत&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;dc motors&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;supply&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;करता है। इस तरह की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;frequently operated service&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;suited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होती है, जैसे कि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;large towns&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में माल की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;local delivery&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए 50 से 60&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;km&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;maximum daily run&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;industrial works&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;mines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;shunting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;और traction।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Battery driven vehicle&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;को control करना easy है और उपयोग करने के लिए बहुत सुविधाजनक है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस प्रकार की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;drive&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;major limitation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;batteries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;small capacity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;है और लगातार charge करने के लिए आवश्यक है,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;speed range&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;भी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;limited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Battery vehicles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;batteries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;series-parallel group&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;द्वारा start किया जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Advantages of Battery Electric Drive:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसका use populated density areas में माल के road transport में अधिकतम होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसके लिए कोई specific route की आवशयकता नहीं होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;initial and running&amp;nbsp;cost minimum होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;small distance के लिए mostly use है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Disadvantages of Battery Electric Drive:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;overloading capacity बहुत poor होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;long distance के लिए इसका use&amp;nbsp; नहीं करते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसका acceleration and retardation low होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp; Electric Drive:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Electric traction में electric drive का use&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;सबसे अधिक व्यापक रूप से किया जाता है। traction की&amp;nbsp;इस system&amp;nbsp;में overhead line से electricity collect करता है व different type के traction motor को operate कराने के लिए supply provide करता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; ये motor निम्न type के होते है :-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;D.C.series motor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A.C. series motor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3-phase induction motor&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Advantages of Electric Drive:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;electric drive में water और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;coaling depots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता नहीं है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस प्रकार के drive का acceleration और retardation high value का होने के कारण इसकी schedule speed other drive की compare में high होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;electric drive से high torque उत्पन्न होने के कारण overload capacity अधिक होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;easily maintenance and repair&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ये self contained drive होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसमें स्पीड control smoothly कर सकते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस drive का starting time बहुत काम होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसमें regenerative braking present होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;cleanness operation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;maintenance cost काम होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;absent unbalanced force&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Disadvantages of Electric Drive:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;initial cost high होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Communication interference high होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस drive के लिए specific route की आवशयकता होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;electric supply के थोड़े समय के लिए cut होने पर सम्पूर्ण system fail हो जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;कोई भी fault होने पर electric drive system off हो जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Types of electric traction drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Self contained drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Electric vehicle feed from the distribution network&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Hybrid Drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tramways&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tramways&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Trolley way&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Electric train (locomotive)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/2336210067546787039/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/different-types-of-traction-system.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/2336210067546787039'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/2336210067546787039'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/different-types-of-traction-system.html' title='Different Types of Traction System'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzFiXjhu3wop2czbYqiEyOPB72YWF0ZJqzjPga5N-EAIQgpwwoj0DP0y_lH2Ie9cpjlEo68YatBYW0aiFrCxssqGw7RkyTgq8c5opJJO6qJV4luTwPyyIgCeJgfStXiF2RnYZzQ7qwrO8v/s72-c/klk.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-8185986410085560301</id><published>2020-04-20T16:32:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-17T09:00:25.723+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Speed Time Curve</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Speed Time Curve-For Main Line Service:-&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Speed और&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के बीच&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;drawn&amp;nbsp;किये गये c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;urve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Y-axis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;peed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;km/hr) और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;X-axis पर time in sec को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;speed-time curve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के रूप में जाना जाता है। किसी electric locomotive में train के किसी particular time पर कितना motion होता है या कितना speed travel करता है उसे&amp;nbsp;speed-time curve के रूप में जाना जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;• यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;train&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;peed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;complete information&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;देता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(Distance=Speed × Time)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;•&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Speed time curve mainly consists of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Acceleration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Free Run or Constant Speed Run&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Coasting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Retardation or Braking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLPmflZf8MkxnFZRasq4wWkO5smEQidUGM03ieYWd25dPI276fCUrqLMlQYDFKgrk9dXtX0h8JE73ELd1tMnVwZw_-oGQ0Y436IWOwR7LGM5JYXKQyvvgx_K6B03Ycr8JKY_VyQidV2C91/s1600/speed+time+curvep.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;568&quot; data-original-width=&quot;577&quot; height=&quot;391&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLPmflZf8MkxnFZRasq4wWkO5smEQidUGM03ieYWd25dPI276fCUrqLMlQYDFKgrk9dXtX0h8JE73ELd1tMnVwZw_-oGQ0Y436IWOwR7LGM5JYXKQyvvgx_K6B03Ycr8JKY_VyQidV2C91/s400/speed+time+curvep.PNG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Acceleration:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; इसके two parts होते है :-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; i- Constant acceleration / Notching Period&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; ii-&amp;nbsp; Acceleration on speed curve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i- Constant acceleration / Notching Period:-&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Nothing up period. (0 to t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Current will remain constant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Supply voltage will be increase. (By cutting out the starting resistance)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tractive effort will remain constant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Acceleration will be constant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ii-&amp;nbsp; Acceleration on speed curve&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Speed curve running period. (t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;to t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Voltage will be constant. (Approx.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Current will be decreasing and become constant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Acceleration will be decreases and finally become zero.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Tractive effort is equal to resistance to motion of train.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. Free Run or Constant Speed Run&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Free run period. (t&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;2 &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;to t&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;3&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;The train attains the maximum speed.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;During this period the train runs with constant speed and constant power is drawn.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;3. Coasting&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;t&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; से&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;t&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;की time train स्वतंत्र रूप से चलने के पछ्चात जब motor को supply line से अलग कर दिया जाता है तब train अपने self के momentum के कारण चलती रहती है, इसकी speed train resistance के कारण धीऱे - धीऱे घटती जाती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;4. Retardation or Braking Period&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Braking&amp;nbsp; period t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;4 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;से&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;t&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;5&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;coasting time के अंत में train को रोकने के लिए प्रयुक्त किये जाते है&amp;nbsp;इस अवधि के दौरान speed&amp;nbsp;तेजी से घटती है और अंत में zero&amp;nbsp;तक decreases हो जाती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Types of Speed Time Curve:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Urban or City Service:- &lt;/b&gt;Urban service का use, जब two stations या two stops के बीच की दूरी 1km से कम होता&amp;nbsp;है, किया जाता है, इसमें use किया जाने वाले traction motor का acceleration एवं retardation high होता है, इसमें हाई&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;acceleration एवं retardation के कारण locomotive का overall speed higher होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Free running cost = zero, small&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Coasting time = small&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Braking time = long&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Acceleration = 1.5 - 4km/hr/sec&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Retardation =&amp;nbsp; 3.4 km/hr/sec&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Speed =&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;120 km/hr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5wrqDK9eiS12ZpNqKVjMGFEW9k8uYkhJ8zDTnbkhehl5ObFL-DUaJoTQjK_8hz9BXtD21zJCYsN3tLbKIJi5DB-xxzAknxWY7H3zkM7qenHxDnm77p1WWKs74MTXBIpUiC5wOYug7rTGB/s1600/urban+service1.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;456&quot; data-original-width=&quot;411&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5wrqDK9eiS12ZpNqKVjMGFEW9k8uYkhJ8zDTnbkhehl5ObFL-DUaJoTQjK_8hz9BXtD21zJCYsN3tLbKIJi5DB-xxzAknxWY7H3zkM7qenHxDnm77p1WWKs74MTXBIpUiC5wOYug7rTGB/s400/urban+service1.PNG&quot; width=&quot;358&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;2. Suburban Service:-&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसमें&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;two stations या two stops के बीच की दूरी 2km - 5km तक&amp;nbsp;होता&amp;nbsp;है, किया जाता है, इसमें use किया जाने वाले traction motor का acceleration एवं retardation high होता है,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;इसमें high&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;acceleration एवं retardation के कारण locomotive का overall speed higher होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Free running cost = zero&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Coasting time = longer&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Braking time = small&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Acceleration = 1.5 - 4km/hr/sec&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Retardation =&amp;nbsp; 3-4 km/hr/sec&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Speed =&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;120 km/hr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX3yssQeBzsC1MB-0dMQuIkZ8QBtZQHuMu_7QstaL67mvU2hl0DR1XRWkHT2mMXQkaELcLa77r97ee6cu3flSjkGBigGa-fDDljTtm8blWCoKN3cOmpLCu5lN-JGs-nLBHAMDn41MuJv8e/s1600/suburban+service.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;453&quot; data-original-width=&quot;460&quot; height=&quot;393&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX3yssQeBzsC1MB-0dMQuIkZ8QBtZQHuMu_7QstaL67mvU2hl0DR1XRWkHT2mMXQkaELcLa77r97ee6cu3flSjkGBigGa-fDDljTtm8blWCoKN3cOmpLCu5lN-JGs-nLBHAMDn41MuJv8e/s400/suburban+service.PNG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. Main Line Service:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;two stations या two stops के बीच की दूरी 10km से अधिक&amp;nbsp;होता&amp;nbsp;है, किया जाता है, इसमें use किया जाने वाले traction motor का acceleration एवं retardation lower होता है,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;इसका average speed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;acceleration एवं retardation पर कोई effect नहीं होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Free running cost = long&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Coasting time = long&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Braking time = small&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Acceleration = 0.6 - 0.8km/hr/sec&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Retardation =&amp;nbsp; 1.5 km/hr/sec&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Speed =&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;160 km/hr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIpWgmmw1pXFzuVomH2u60SUPTtGxUkrsAg4WPJJksf_oRFgcIV0s9HSwiWYl6YUqjXM-RaDRc26SoeAZEo96oxh1fVN_hW4btezXwf03VssIg9i2fmJi8D08W62ajn4w89xt9v1aTzfCb/s1600/speed+time+curvep.PNG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;568&quot; data-original-width=&quot;577&quot; height=&quot;393&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIpWgmmw1pXFzuVomH2u60SUPTtGxUkrsAg4WPJJksf_oRFgcIV0s9HSwiWYl6YUqjXM-RaDRc26SoeAZEo96oxh1fVN_hW4btezXwf03VssIg9i2fmJi8D08W62ajn4w89xt9v1aTzfCb/s400/speed+time+curvep.PNG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Various Types of Service:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioUDnFyIeWL7tHkFL9FH-t-PB14MrSBav4_h92qYWlC6V5cyRiz7JqcRaGQLxoHSAMQliGMK-ukNGWwIVLUJNE0PuREhRPIBt9r25KikonBfDCCto9LwfBvzWekzA_yKNEi-40Oy7Ig2vR/s1600/1224.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;367&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; height=&quot;146&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioUDnFyIeWL7tHkFL9FH-t-PB14MrSBav4_h92qYWlC6V5cyRiz7JqcRaGQLxoHSAMQliGMK-ukNGWwIVLUJNE0PuREhRPIBt9r25KikonBfDCCto9LwfBvzWekzA_yKNEi-40Oy7Ig2vR/s640/1224.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Crest speed, Average speed and Schedule speed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Crest speed:- &lt;/b&gt;run&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;के दौरान&amp;nbsp;vehicle&amp;nbsp;द्वारा प्राप्त&amp;nbsp;maximum speed को&amp;nbsp;crest speed&amp;nbsp;के रूप में जाना जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Average speed:- &lt;/b&gt;run के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;actual time से&amp;nbsp;divided&amp;nbsp;two stops&amp;nbsp;के बीच की दूरी को&amp;nbsp;average speed&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के रूप में जाना जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;Schedule speed:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;stop के&amp;nbsp;time&amp;nbsp;सहित&amp;nbsp;two stops और run के total time&amp;nbsp;के बीच की दूरी&amp;nbsp;के अनुपात को&amp;nbsp;schedule speed&amp;nbsp;के रूप में जाना जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;cambria&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;cambria&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Schedule Speed &amp;lt; Average Speed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Factor affecting on schedule speed:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Effect of acceleration and Braking Retardation- &lt;/b&gt;two stop station के बीच यदि train की crest speed fixed है, तो acceleration बढ़ाने से actual time decrease होता है मोटर की schedule speed बढ़ती है,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;acceleration और&amp;nbsp;retardation में&amp;nbsp;Variation से&amp;nbsp;schedule speed&amp;nbsp;पर अधिक प्रभाव पड़ता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Effect on maximum speed-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;constant distance run और fixed acceleration और&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;retardation&amp;nbsp;के साथ चलाने का&amp;nbsp;actual time&amp;nbsp;decrease हो जायेगा,&amp;nbsp;और इसलिए&amp;nbsp;crest speed में&amp;nbsp;वृद्धि के साथ&amp;nbsp;schedule speed बढ़&amp;nbsp;जाएगी।&amp;nbsp;long distance run के&amp;nbsp;case में&amp;nbsp;schedule speed पर&amp;nbsp;crest speed में&amp;nbsp;variation का&amp;nbsp;effect.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Effect on duration of stop-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;किसी दिए गए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;average speed&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;stop&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;की अवधि को&amp;nbsp;reduce&amp;nbsp;करके&amp;nbsp;schedule में&amp;nbsp;वृद्धि होगी। stop&amp;nbsp;की अवधि में&amp;nbsp;variation long&amp;nbsp;distance run की तुलना में कम दूरी के run&amp;nbsp;के case&amp;nbsp;में schedule की&amp;nbsp;speed को&amp;nbsp;प्रभावित करती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/8185986410085560301/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/speed-time-curve.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/8185986410085560301'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/8185986410085560301'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/speed-time-curve.html' title='Speed Time Curve'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLPmflZf8MkxnFZRasq4wWkO5smEQidUGM03ieYWd25dPI276fCUrqLMlQYDFKgrk9dXtX0h8JE73ELd1tMnVwZw_-oGQ0Y436IWOwR7LGM5JYXKQyvvgx_K6B03Ycr8JKY_VyQidV2C91/s72-c/speed+time+curvep.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-3388110199544541538</id><published>2020-04-18T12:59:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2020-04-24T13:49:28.381+05:30</updated><title type='text'>System of Track Electrification</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Electric Traction System: -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Traction system&amp;nbsp;यानी&amp;nbsp;railways, trams, trolleys&amp;nbsp;आदि के लिए&amp;nbsp;electrical power&amp;nbsp;का इस्तेमाल करने वाले system को&amp;nbsp;electrical traction&amp;nbsp;कहा जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Track electrification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से तात्पर्य उस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;source&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;supply system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;type&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से है जिसका उपयोग&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;electric locomotive systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को power supply करते समय किया जाता है। यह AC, DC और &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;composite supply&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;system&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Types of Electric traction systems:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;D.C. System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A.C. System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Composite System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. D.C. Electrification System:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;system&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;में आवश्यक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;motive power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;प्राप्त करने के लिए लगाए गए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;electric motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;आमतौर पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;dc series motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होते हैं, हालांकि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;compound motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;tramways&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;trolley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;buses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए favour में आती है&amp;nbsp;जहां&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;regenerative braking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;लगाना&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;desired&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;operating voltage,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;tramways&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए 600 वोल्ट से 750 वोल्ट तक और कई&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;suburban railways&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1,500 volts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3,000 volts&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;वोल्ट के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;main line railways&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;driving motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;distribution system&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;power&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;प्राप्त करती है, (DC में और साथ ही&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;single phase ac system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;)।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Distribution system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;tramways&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;case&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;contact wire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;trolley buses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के case में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;two contact wires&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होते&amp;nbsp;हैं, जो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;substations&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;fed किया&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जाता है (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;very short railways&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के मामले में जहां dc&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;generating station&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;direct supply&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;possible&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;हो सकती है)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;suitably spaced&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;दिया गया है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Substations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;spacing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;operating voltage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;route&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;traffic density&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;depends&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;करती है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;suburban railways&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए जहां&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;operating voltage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;600 volts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;है,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;substations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;3 से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;5 km दुरी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;हैं और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;main line railways&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए 1,500 से 3,000 वोल्ट के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;operating voltage होते&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;हैं, जिन्हें 15 से 40&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;km&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;तक फैलाया जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Advantages:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;D.C. series motor suitable होता है A.C. traction motor के compare में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Transmission line में high voltage पर low&amp;nbsp; current flow होने के कारण voltage drop कम होता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;DC traction system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;equipment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;AC traction system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की compare में कम&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;costly&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;, हल्का और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;more efficient&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;nearby communication lines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के साथ कोई&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;electrical interference&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;नहीं करता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Disadvantages:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Long distance के लिए इस सिस्टम का use नहीं करते है क्योंकी long distance के लिए use करेंगे तो no. of&amp;nbsp; substation बढ़ जायेंगे&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Voltage level&amp;nbsp; को up down नहीं कर सकते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Frequent intervals पर expensive substations&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Overhead wire या third rail&amp;nbsp;अपेक्षाकृत large&amp;nbsp;और heavy&amp;nbsp;होनी चाहिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;length के&amp;nbsp;increase&amp;nbsp;होने के साथ voltage decres&amp;nbsp;होने लगता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Overall cost बढ़ जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. A.C. Electrification System:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;AC traction system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;आजकल बहुत लोकप्रिय हो गई है, और इसका उपयोग अक्सर अधिक लाभ के कारण&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;traction systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का use&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है, जैसे कि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;quick availability&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और A.C. की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;generation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;जिसका वोल्टेज&amp;nbsp;up या down आसानी से&amp;nbsp;किया जा सकता&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;है, AC motors का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;easy controlling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;, आदि substations की कम संख्या, और light overhead catenaries&amp;nbsp;की उपस्थिति जो high voltage पर low currents को transfer&amp;nbsp;करते हैं&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Types of A.C. Electrification System:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;i&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; 1-phase low frequency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ii&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;1-phase high frequency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;iii&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp; 3-phase low frequency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1-phase low frequency:- &lt;/b&gt;Single phase low frequency AC system में AC series &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;motor का use&amp;nbsp;vehicle के&amp;nbsp;propulsion के लिए किया जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस system&amp;nbsp; में&amp;nbsp;16-25 (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;i.e.,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;16 2/3) या&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;25 Hz&amp;nbsp;की frequency का use करते है जिसका voltage rating&amp;nbsp;15KV -25KV तक का range रहता&amp;nbsp;है। यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;low frequency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;series motor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;better performance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;more efficient&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;operation देता&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह single phase supply locomotive unit&amp;nbsp;को single overhead line&amp;nbsp;के जरिए दी जाती है जबकि track&amp;nbsp;return path&amp;nbsp;provides&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;करता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;overhead conductor से प्राप्त high voltages&amp;nbsp;(15-25KV) को locomotive unit&amp;nbsp;द्वारा step-down transformer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग करके एक उपयुक्त motor operating range&amp;nbsp;(typically 300-400V range)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर ले जाया जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;transformer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;secondary tapping&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;speed regulation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;AC series motor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;variable voltage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;प्रदान करता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Overhead line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;low frequency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;operation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;communication&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;interferences&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;reduces&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;करता है। इसके अलावा, लाइन की प्रतिक्रिया कम आवृत्ति पर कम होती है और इसलिए लाइन में वोल्टेज ड्रॉप कम हो जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस system में two substations के मध्य की दूरी 50-80km होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसलिए, यह s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ystem&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;main line services&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए use&amp;nbsp;की जाती है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Advantages low frequency system:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;low frequency के कारण power factor improve हो जाता है&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;communications interferences reduce हो जाता है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;efficiency&amp;nbsp;increase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;हो जाती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;substations के distance को बढ़ा सकते है (50 से 80km).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1-phase high frequency:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt; इस system में high frequency 2500 से 3000 KHz तक का use&amp;nbsp; किया जाता है इसका ज्यादातर use&amp;nbsp;mines में करते है जँहा harmful gases present होते है क्योंकी high&amp;nbsp; frequency arc produce nahi होने देते है, इसमें high frequency generator का use करते है ये two conductor के through power supply को overhead&amp;nbsp; lines में cable में provide करते है&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;जो energy को receive करके rectifier के through इसको DC में convert करके इसको DC series motor में supply देते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3-phase low&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;frequency:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Three phase system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;locomotive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;movement&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;three phase induction motor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;use&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;और इसे 3.3.KV, 16.7Hz पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;rated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;किया गया है। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;इस system का advantages है की induction motor में automatic regenrative braking&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;होने के कारण other equipment आवशयकता नहीं पड़ती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसमें&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;locomotive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;movement&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;three phase induction motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;system&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;सामान्य रूप से 3000-3600V AC पर या तो 16 2/3 या&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;normal supply frequency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर काम करती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;system&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;two phases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;two overhead lines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को नियोजित करती है, जबकि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;track&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;third phase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का निर्माण करता है। ये&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;conductors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;उन&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;substations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से संचालित होते हैं जो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;higher voltages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर rate किये&amp;nbsp;जाते हैं और वे&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;three-phase transmission lines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;प्राप्त करते हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;transmission lines&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;high voltages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;transformers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3.3 KV (3000-3600 V)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;तक ले जाया जाता है, जबकि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;substations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर स्थापित&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;frequency converters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;frequency&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;reduced&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की जाती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में प्रयुक्त&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;three phase induction motor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की निम्नलिखित विशेषताएं हैं;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;simple&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;robust construction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;additional equipment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;high operating efficiency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;better performance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;आदि के बिना&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;regenerative braking&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का प्रावधान।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इन&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को अपनाया जाता है जहां&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;high output power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता होती है और जहां&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;automatic regeneration braking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता होती है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Composite System:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Single phase AC system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;distribution cost कम&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;होती है जबकि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;DC system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;DC series motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;excellent driving capability&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होती है और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;three phase system&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;automatic regenerative braking capacity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;तो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;AC/DC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;single/three phase systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;advantages&amp;nbsp;को मिलाकर,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;traction system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;overall performance&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;individual system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की तुलना में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;better result&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;देता है और इसलिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;composite system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का use करते है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Composite system two types के होते है :-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;i&amp;gt; Kando System or single phase to three phase system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ii&amp;gt; Single phase to DC system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1.Kando s&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ystem or single phase to three phase system:-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;traction system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Kando system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;भी कहा जाता है। इसमें सिंगल फेज&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;single phase 16KV, 50 Hz supply&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होती है, जिसे&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;substation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;fed किया&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जाता है और इसे एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;single overhead conductor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;through&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;चलाया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;single phase supply,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;locomotive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;phase converter equipment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग करके&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;same frequency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;three phase supply&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;converted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;हो जाती है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;three phase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;supply&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;locomotive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को चलाने के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;induction motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;दिया &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;traction system&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;silicon controlled rectifiers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के माध्यम से &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;inverter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के माध्यम से ½ से 10Hz&amp;nbsp; तक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;supply frequency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को low&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;करके&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;induction motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;high starting torque&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;develop&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;किया जाता&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;main advantage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;यह है कि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;three phase AC system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;overhead&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;two conductor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;arrangement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;single overhead conductor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए कम हो जाती है और इसलिए यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;more economical&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. S&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ingle phase to DC system:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;traction system&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;most popular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;widely&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;रूप से use&amp;nbsp;की जाने वाली system&amp;nbsp;है। यह DC series motor traction&amp;nbsp;के साथ industrial frequency पर एsingle phase high voltage AC distribution&amp;nbsp;को combines करता&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इसमें, overhead line&amp;nbsp;single phase, 25KV, 50 Hz supply&amp;nbsp;करती है, जिसे बाद में locomotive unit&amp;nbsp;में स्थित step-down transformer&amp;nbsp;का use&amp;nbsp;करके desired range&amp;nbsp;तक ले जाया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;single phase supply&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को फिर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;rectifier&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग करके डीसी में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;convert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;किया जाता है और फिर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;DC series motor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;applied&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;किया जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;system&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;advantages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;higher starting efficiency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;less number of substations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;simple substation design and lower cost of fixed installations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/3388110199544541538/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/system-of-track-electrification.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/3388110199544541538'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/3388110199544541538'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/system-of-track-electrification.html' title='System of Track Electrification'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTasiUO01tMsvEcxJvPPYN-0XbteN250SpakiFYFwB13YFRBrDksIK-AfYz1yoCRUxXKGYeieSNXytIRsuyITho5ErsFK4Lf-P5Rib1jUEEDgpSCB15iexzG53g5i__41EWdiiTHPMEPlr/s72-c/jkjll.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-4346037980002747449</id><published>2020-04-17T12:47:00.003+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-17T08:58:42.949+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Overview of Electrical Traction System In India</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;button onclick=&quot;mbtToggle()&quot;&gt;Table Of Contents&lt;/button&gt; 
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&lt;ul id=&quot;mbtTOC&quot;&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255 , 255 , 255); border: 0px; color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8667px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255 , 255 , 255); border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8667px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255 , 255 , 255); border: 0px; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8667px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Electric Drive – strengths and limitations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255 , 255 , 255); border: 0px; color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8667px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-size: 14.6667px; line-height: 16.8667px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;जिस System&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग Electric Machine&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;की speed&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;को control &amp;nbsp;करने के लिए किया जाता है, उस प्रकार की system&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;को electric drive&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;कहा जाता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;दूसरे शब्दों में, जो drive electric motor&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग करता है उसे&amp;nbsp; electrical drive&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;कहा जाता है। Electrical drive&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;किसी भी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;prime movers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;जैसे कि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;diesel या&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;petrol engine, gas या&amp;nbsp; steam turbines, steam engines, hydraulic motors and electrical motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग energy के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;primary source&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के रूप में करता है। यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;prime mover&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;motion control&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;mechanical energy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की supplies&amp;nbsp;करता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;electrical drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;block diagram&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;नीचे दिए गए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;figure&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;में दिखाया गया है। पंखे, पंप, ट्रेन, आदि जैसे&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;electrical load&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;electrical motor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;speed और&amp;nbsp; torque&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;के संबंध में एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;electrical load&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की आवश्यकता निर्धारित की जाती है। Motor&amp;nbsp;जो लोड की क्षमताओं के अनुकूल है उसे load&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;drive&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के लिए चुना जाता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK5qKkaGN0n2Wv8vsJjYlM5Mg3wSHLU6WNXwINlGHDygAifeN-xPQ8tH-KbCUepyUggFGHXHRwS27S4ezelmDxQaYO_o4ywmeYQxvPfXzbiQ8JXpkaQkFSCcaX_Zwi9JFm6PiaYqWO9h11/s1600/klk.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;930&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1421&quot; height=&quot;261&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK5qKkaGN0n2Wv8vsJjYlM5Mg3wSHLU6WNXwINlGHDygAifeN-xPQ8tH-KbCUepyUggFGHXHRwS27S4ezelmDxQaYO_o4ywmeYQxvPfXzbiQ8JXpkaQkFSCcaX_Zwi9JFm6PiaYqWO9h11/s400/klk.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;background-color: white; clear: both; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 20px 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;Electrical Drive&amp;nbsp; के&amp;nbsp; Parts&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;Electrical Drive&amp;nbsp; के Main Parts&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;पावर मॉड्यूलेटर, मोटर, कंट्रोलिंग यूनिट और सेंसिंग यूनिट हैं। इन भागों को विवरण में नीचे दिया&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;गया है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Power Source-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;Above block diagram&lt;/span&gt; में&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;power source&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;system के लिए आवश्यक&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;energy&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;प्रदान करता है। और&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;converter&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;motor&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;दोनों ही&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;power source&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;द्वारा&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;motor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;changeable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;voltage, frequency और current&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;supple&amp;nbsp;provide करते हैं।&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Power Modulator –&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;Power modulator&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;source&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;की output power&amp;nbsp;को नियंत्रित करता है। यह source&amp;nbsp;से motor&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;तक की power &amp;nbsp;को इस तरह से control&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;करता है कि मोटर लोड द्वारा आवश्यक speed-torque characteristic&amp;nbsp;को transmits&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;करता है। Starting, braking&amp;nbsp;और speed&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;जैसे transient operations&amp;nbsp;के दौरान source&amp;nbsp;से खींची गई excessive current&amp;nbsp;को रिवर्स कर&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;देती है। Source से Draw&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;गई यह excessive current&amp;nbsp;इसे overload&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;कर सकती है या voltage drop&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;का कारण बन सकती है। इसलिए power modulator &amp;nbsp;source&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;और motor current&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;को restricts (प्रतिबंधित) करता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;Power modulator&amp;nbsp; motor की आवश्यकता के अनुसार energy&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;को converts&amp;nbsp;करता है। यदि source DC&amp;nbsp;है और एक&amp;nbsp; induction motor&amp;nbsp;का उपयोग किया जाता है तो power modulator&amp;nbsp; DC&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;को AC&amp;nbsp; में convert&amp;nbsp;करता है। यह motor&amp;nbsp;के operation&amp;nbsp;के तरीके का भी select&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;करता है, अर्थात, motoring या braking।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Load-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mechanical load&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;industrial process&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के वातावरण द्वारा तय किया जा सकता है और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;power source के&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;स्थान पर उपलब्ध source द्वारा तय किया जा सकता है। हालाँकि, हम अन्य&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;electric components&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को चुन सकते हैं, जैसे कि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;electric motor, controller, और&amp;nbsp; converter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Control Unit&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;Control Unit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;power modulator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को नियंत्रित करता है जो&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;small voltage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;power levels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;operates&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;करता है।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;control unit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;भी वांछित के रूप में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;ow&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;er modulator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;operates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;करती है। यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;power modulator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और motor&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;protection&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;command&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;भी उत्पन्न करता है। एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;input command signal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;जो drive&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;operating point&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को एक input&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;control unit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;तक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;adjusts&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;करता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: verdana, tahoma, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sensing Unit&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;यह motor drive और speed जैसे निश्चित&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;tahoma&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;drive parametre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को समझती है। यह मुख्य रूप से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;protection&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;के लिए या&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;closed loop operatio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: 15px;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए आवश्यक है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;Motor-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Specific application&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए इरादा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;electric motor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;को विभिन्न&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;features&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;जैसे कि कीमत पर, स्थिर अवस्था में लोड के साथ-साथ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;active operations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए आवश्यक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;performance&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के स्तर तक पहुंचकर चुना जा सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Advantages of Electrical Drive-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;lectrical drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;advantages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;निम्नलिखित हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;lectric drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;torque, speed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और power की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;very large range&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;इनका&amp;nbsp; काम&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;environmental condition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से स्वतंत्र है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;Electric drive&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;pollution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;से मुक्त हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;Electric drives,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;speed torque plane&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के सभी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;quadrants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर काम करती है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;Drive&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;easily&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से शुरू किया जा सकता है और इसे किसी भी&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;refuelling&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;की आवश्यकता नहीं है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;Drive की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;efficiency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;अधिक है क्योंकि इस पर कम नुकसान होता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Disadvantages of Electrical Drive-&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;Electrical drives&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;disadvantages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में निम्नलिखित&amp;nbsp; हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;drive&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;का उपयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है जहां&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;power &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;supply&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;accessible&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;नहीं है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;breakdown&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को पूरी तरह से रोक देता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;System का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;primary price&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;expensive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;इस d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;rive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;dynamic response&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;poor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;Drive output power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;जो प्राप्त की जाती है वह कम है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;इस ड्राइव के उपयोग से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;noise pollution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;हो सकता है।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Applications of Electrical Drives-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;Electrical drives&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के अनुप्रयोगों निम्नलिखित हैं-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;इस&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;drive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;main application,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;electric traction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;है जिसका अर्थ है एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;materials&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;का&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;transportation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;Different types&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;electric tractions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में मुख्य रूप से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;trains, buses, trolleys, trams,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;solar-powered&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;से चलने वाले&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;vehicles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;शामिल हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;Electrical drives&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का बड़े पैमाने पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;domestic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;और साथ ही&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;industrial applications&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में उपयोग किया जाता है जिसमें&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;transportation system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;factories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;textile mills&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;pumps, fans, robots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;आदि शामिल हैं।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;ये&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;petrol&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;या&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;diesel engines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;main movers&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के रूप में उपयोग किए जाते हैं&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Characteristics of Ideal Traction System:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;एक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;ideal traction system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में निम्नलिखित विशेषताएं होनी चाहिए:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;इसमें&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;high starting torque&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होना चाहिए ताकि तेजी से&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;acceleration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;प्राप्त किया जा सके।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;self-contained&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;compact unit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होनी चाहिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;raction equipment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;temporary overloads&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;को समझने में सक्षम होना चाहिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;ystem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;में&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;Re-generative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;braking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;को शामिल किया जाना चाहिए ताकि&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;braking period&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के दौरान&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;energy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;को&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;supply&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;में वापस किया जा सके और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;brake blocks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;wear&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;tear&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;को कम किया जा सके।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;यह&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;communication lines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;के&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;interference&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का कारण नहीं होना चाहिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;System की&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;speed control easy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;convenient&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;होनी चाहिए।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;यह बहुत&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;costly&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;नहीं होना चाहिए।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;Equipment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;कम समय के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;overloads&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;के लिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;capable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;होना चाहिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;ट्रैक पर होने वाला weare&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;minimum&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;होना चाहिए&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;B&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;rush&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर अत्यधिक&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;wear&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;के बिना ब्रेक लगाना संभव होना चाहिए&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;V&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;oltage में&amp;nbsp; fluctuations&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt; supply&lt;/span&gt; की&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;temporary interruption&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;की क्षमता।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;Parallel running&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;पर आमतौर पर एक से अधिक &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;motor&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; (दो या चार मोटर) संभव होनी चाहिए।&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Various Traction System On India:-&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/different-types-of-traction-system.html&quot;&gt;Click Here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #656565; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;script&gt;mbtTOC();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/4346037980002747449/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/overview-of-electrical-traction-system.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/4346037980002747449'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/4346037980002747449'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/overview-of-electrical-traction-system.html' title='Overview of Electrical Traction System In India'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK5qKkaGN0n2Wv8vsJjYlM5Mg3wSHLU6WNXwINlGHDygAifeN-xPQ8tH-KbCUepyUggFGHXHRwS27S4ezelmDxQaYO_o4ywmeYQxvPfXzbiQ8JXpkaQkFSCcaX_Zwi9JFm6PiaYqWO9h11/s72-c/klk.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-2882069143159716389</id><published>2020-04-17T12:11:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-09T10:50:59.488+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Electrical 6th Sem</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/electrical-6th-sem.html&quot;&gt;Electric Traction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/switchgear-and-protection.html&quot;&gt;Switchgear and Protection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Electrical Installation Maintenance and Testing&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/utilization-of-electrical-power.html&quot;&gt;Utilization of Electrical Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Entrepreneurship Development&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF-1b138UGO_IbnThICuKSxtpm1NRrSab5RPXkApIDj08Q8f3j7cEQSXaCEVARHXSQZ0bapGlVFcstyYnJf-vnGWRztXhGpR8DPh9sBW1Xc96Rfeq3OF4d5zSyJ5c2eL2xA-GKwoxDuUB3/s1600/images+%25281%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;171&quot; data-original-width=&quot;294&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF-1b138UGO_IbnThICuKSxtpm1NRrSab5RPXkApIDj08Q8f3j7cEQSXaCEVARHXSQZ0bapGlVFcstyYnJf-vnGWRztXhGpR8DPh9sBW1Xc96Rfeq3OF4d5zSyJ5c2eL2xA-GKwoxDuUB3/s1600/images+%25281%2529.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/2882069143159716389/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/electrical-6th-sem_16.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/2882069143159716389'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/2882069143159716389'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/electrical-6th-sem_16.html' title='Electrical 6th Sem'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF-1b138UGO_IbnThICuKSxtpm1NRrSab5RPXkApIDj08Q8f3j7cEQSXaCEVARHXSQZ0bapGlVFcstyYnJf-vnGWRztXhGpR8DPh9sBW1Xc96Rfeq3OF4d5zSyJ5c2eL2xA-GKwoxDuUB3/s72-c/images+%25281%2529.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-7228370520140194926</id><published>2020-04-17T12:07:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-17T09:03:50.616+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Entrepreneurship Development</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;CHAPTER-1
Entrepreneurial Development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Definition of entrepreneurship,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Characteristics of entrepreneurs,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Factors influencing entrepreneurship,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Need for promotion of entrepreneurship and small business&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Entrepreneurial Environment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Environmental analysis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Government policies for setting up new small enterprises&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Opportunities in service industries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;CHAPTER – 2 Forms of Business Organization&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Forms of ownership&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sole Proprietorship&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Partnership&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Cooperative society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Joint – stock company&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Private Limited Companies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Public Limited Companies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;CHAPTER – 3 Institutional support to SSI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Institutional set up&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Industries centers,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Industrial estates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Institutional support at National level&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Institutional support at State level&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Commercial banks and financial institutions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;CHAPTER – 4 Planning a SSI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;What is planning?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Types of planning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Importance of planning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Steps in planning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Steps in planning a SSI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Technical dimensions for setting up an enterprise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;CHAPTER-5
Management of Small Business Firm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Functional areas of small business firm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Fundamentals of Management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Managerial effectiveness&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Essential data for effective control of small business&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Resource management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Office management&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Employees Welfare &amp;amp; safety&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Factory rules and Labour Laws related to SSIs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Sales Tax and Income Tax laws related to SSIs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;CHAPTER-6 Project selection, Formulation &amp;amp; Appraisal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Project selection &amp;amp; formulation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Scope of project report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Content &amp;amp; Format of Project report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Need of Project Appraisal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Steps of Project Appraisal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;CHAPTER-7 Problems of Small industries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Power shortages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Project planning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Finance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Raw material&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Production constraints&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Marketing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Personal constraints&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Regulations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;CHAPTER-8 Entrepreneurial Motivation Training&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Achievement Motivation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Creative thinking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Risk taking abilities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTUxjvOmhY1ewe9ncQ3sGcQfPBK-7gz0DXpB7pydql2Z0HpZU2h3NzpCnMI-pkN9jXrQjRs8P3t-HwpkFkXVuGaJ_X1zujhRNeMDSGWE-5yByMpAm1-3QLT0wKQORU8jA-8dzS2yDGOh3X/s1600/images.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;183&quot; data-original-width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;212&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTUxjvOmhY1ewe9ncQ3sGcQfPBK-7gz0DXpB7pydql2Z0HpZU2h3NzpCnMI-pkN9jXrQjRs8P3t-HwpkFkXVuGaJ_X1zujhRNeMDSGWE-5yByMpAm1-3QLT0wKQORU8jA-8dzS2yDGOh3X/s320/images.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/7228370520140194926/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/entrepreneurship-development.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/7228370520140194926'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/7228370520140194926'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/entrepreneurship-development.html' title='Entrepreneurship Development'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTUxjvOmhY1ewe9ncQ3sGcQfPBK-7gz0DXpB7pydql2Z0HpZU2h3NzpCnMI-pkN9jXrQjRs8P3t-HwpkFkXVuGaJ_X1zujhRNeMDSGWE-5yByMpAm1-3QLT0wKQORU8jA-8dzS2yDGOh3X/s72-c/images.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-4894622582418364339</id><published>2020-04-17T12:04:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-17T12:33:29.837+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Utilization of Electrical Power</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Chapter
– 1 Principles of Selection of Electrical Drive System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Requirements of
mechanical load&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Review of the electrical
motor operation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Duty cycle&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Principles of selection
of motor&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Power transmission system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Procedure to select the
motor i.e. type, size &amp;amp; rating&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Procedure to operate
&amp;amp; control the motor i.e. starting running braking, speed, load&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;fluctuation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/electric-heating.html&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 2 Electric Heating System&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/electric-heating.html&quot;&gt;· Principal, Advantages andDisadvantages of electric heating system· Modes of transfer of heat· Principle of theresistance, induction and dielectric heating· Principle of heatconversion in resistance, induction, dielectric heating· Types of Furnaces – Arcand Induction Furnaces&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 3 Electric Welding System&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Concepts of the
resistance, induction, arc metallic &amp;amp; carbon welding.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Principles of welding&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Principle of TIG and MIG
welding&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; AC and DC Arc Welding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 4 Illumination&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Electromagnetic Wave
spectrum&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Law of illumination&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Definitions of terms used
lighting&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Types of lighting scheme
and their calculation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Types of lamps and their
uses and fittings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;verdana&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter—5 Power factor improvement&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Causes &amp;amp; ill effects
of low power factor&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Methods of improvement of
power factor &amp;amp; its economics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/4894622582418364339/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/utilization-of-electrical-power.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/4894622582418364339'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/4894622582418364339'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/utilization-of-electrical-power.html' title='Utilization of Electrical Power'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6k_jWrp70NyGpPbujBdJL_RMaUL2TBRs8ivnE99QXiNfx3FLP6quKPsgE-TDzsJ_zfq_i6D50c7T2dh2KMZsPapmiNRZMZOVqd5vaONFWHhLYU4iMLiL7Mm8s9OPPaJcsCEFbX9GAv9DQ/s72-c/coalpylons2.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-4982044181345093498</id><published>2020-04-17T12:02:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-17T09:38:44.941+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Electrical Installation Maintenance and Testing</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Chapter
– 1 Installation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Types of heavy Electrical
equipment, unloading accessories precautions for unloading, installation of
small and large machines of both static and rotating type. Installation of pole
mounted transformer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 2 Commissioning&lt;/b&gt; Tests required before commissioning procedure
to be adopted for commissioning the electrical equipment in respect of:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Mechanical fixture and
alignment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Electrical tests.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Initial precautions for
starting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 3 Earthing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Reasons of Earthing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Earthing system earth
lead and its size.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Permissible earth
resistance for different installations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Improvement of earth
resistance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Double earthing earth
resistance measurement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 4 Insulation testing and maintenance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Instruments used for
measuring insulation resistance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Reasons for deterioration
of insulation resistance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Improving insulation
resistance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Drying insulation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Measurement of internal
temperature of winding&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Vacuum impregnation/
filtering of insulating oil.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Testing of insulating
oil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter—5 Preventive maintenance &amp;amp; Environmental pollution prevention&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Concepts of preventive
maintenance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Advantages preventive
maintenance schedule for transformer induction motor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Transmission line&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Circuit breaker and
underground cable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Preventive measures to
control environmental pollution results due to production of smokes gases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Flow of waste material
and atomic reactions in research stations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Plants electrical &amp;amp;
electronic equipments and accessories.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter—6 Trouble Shooting&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Normal performance of
equipment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Trouble shooting internal
and external faults&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Instruments and
accessories for trouble shooting&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Trouble shooting charts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter—7 Electrical Accident &amp;amp; Safety measures&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Electrical accidents,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Safety regulation,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Treatment of shock,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Fire extinguishers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter—8 Testing &amp;amp; Maintenance of relays &amp;amp; Circuit breakers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Testing of relays; Factory
test, commissioning test and preventive periodic maintenance test,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Testing of circuit
breakers, Voltage test, type test,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Preventive maintenance of
circuit breaker.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter—9 Hot Line Maintenance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Meaning and advantages&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Special type of
non-conducting material used for preparing tools,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Tools for hot line
maintenance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihm_zNjSrgU8tUvH9k-cwO1L3chYWuxq-nPe7aQ8wN1LHYqSBGCBp5Dvvw0KZVHApwHAKqFQqdyXDh-xnvwvPmQZBhY6roVtQTr0NO_mQLGGzCT3joGJeE1RfDQqMfUWdKIKhD35-R69z0/s1600/electrical-installation-and-maintenance-service-500x500.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;364&quot; data-original-width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;232&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihm_zNjSrgU8tUvH9k-cwO1L3chYWuxq-nPe7aQ8wN1LHYqSBGCBp5Dvvw0KZVHApwHAKqFQqdyXDh-xnvwvPmQZBhY6roVtQTr0NO_mQLGGzCT3joGJeE1RfDQqMfUWdKIKhD35-R69z0/s320/electrical-installation-and-maintenance-service-500x500.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/4982044181345093498/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/electrical-installation-maintenance-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/4982044181345093498'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/4982044181345093498'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/electrical-installation-maintenance-and.html' title='Electrical Installation Maintenance and Testing'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihm_zNjSrgU8tUvH9k-cwO1L3chYWuxq-nPe7aQ8wN1LHYqSBGCBp5Dvvw0KZVHApwHAKqFQqdyXDh-xnvwvPmQZBhY6roVtQTr0NO_mQLGGzCT3joGJeE1RfDQqMfUWdKIKhD35-R69z0/s72-c/electrical-installation-and-maintenance-service-500x500.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-8271844296863789302</id><published>2020-04-17T12:00:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-17T09:34:50.191+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Switchgear and Protection</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Chapter
– 1 Principles of Protection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Line diagram of a power
system and its elements&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Faults and abnormalities,
their causes, types and effects&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Functions of basic
elements of a protective system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Backup protection and its
types&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/neutral-grounding-or-earthing.html&quot;&gt;Neutral earthing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/05/methods-of-neutral-grounding.html&quot;&gt; Methods of neutralearthing and its advantages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 2 Over Voltage Protection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Causes and effects of
over voltages&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Methods of reducing over
voltages&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/lightning-arrester.html&quot;&gt;Types ,Operating principles, applications of lightning arrestor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Surge
absorber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 3 Protective Relays&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Concept of protective
relaying&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Classification of relays
and their selection&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Construction and working
principle of relays electromagnetic, induction, reverse power, differential,
distance, IDMT, &amp;amp; thermal relay&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Basic terms related to
relays pick-up value, reset value and operating current.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Settings of various types
of relays&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Causes of failure of
primary relaying&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Use &amp;amp; types of backup
relays in power system&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 4 Instrument Transformers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Instrument transformers
used for protection&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Polarity marking of CT
&amp;amp; PT and their specifications&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Connection diagram of CT
&amp;amp; PT in a 1-phase and 3-phase protective systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 5 Circuit Interrupting Devices&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Necessity and types of
interruption devices like ACB, OCB, AB Switch, SF6 and vacuum circuit
breakers&amp;amp; their working principle&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Line diagram of a
protective system showing different circuit interrupting devices&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Arc formation in CB&amp;amp;
methods of arc extinction&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Terms related to circuit
interruption wave form&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Requirement and types of
isolators&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Difference between
isolators &amp;amp; CB&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Types of fuses and their
characteristic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 6 Protection Schemes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Abnormalities and faults
in a power system and its effects&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Protection schemes for
alternator&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Protection against prime
mover failure and unbalance loading&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Protection of
transformers&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Protection of
transmission line and feeders&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Protection of induction
motors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-vKER-z6jibap8reowPw8_Z5rWYbRsT98IRv4e-VrTNjgVGKBeUqeZCV_Mhcxor-_TeCgEPNereyHHbw1j3HKcExhuKanIiTWIUolXbz2qTDU_nZVfNFKSOB7JS_Sadc6aSURFXtY4b-g/s1600/220px-GIS_420kV.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;165&quot; data-original-width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-vKER-z6jibap8reowPw8_Z5rWYbRsT98IRv4e-VrTNjgVGKBeUqeZCV_Mhcxor-_TeCgEPNereyHHbw1j3HKcExhuKanIiTWIUolXbz2qTDU_nZVfNFKSOB7JS_Sadc6aSURFXtY4b-g/s320/220px-GIS_420kV.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/8271844296863789302/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/switchgear-and-protection.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/8271844296863789302'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/8271844296863789302'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/switchgear-and-protection.html' title='Switchgear and Protection'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-vKER-z6jibap8reowPw8_Z5rWYbRsT98IRv4e-VrTNjgVGKBeUqeZCV_Mhcxor-_TeCgEPNereyHHbw1j3HKcExhuKanIiTWIUolXbz2qTDU_nZVfNFKSOB7JS_Sadc6aSURFXtY4b-g/s72-c/220px-GIS_420kV.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-1383239536004250970</id><published>2020-04-17T11:57:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2020-05-17T09:32:19.363+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Electric Traction</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Chapter – 1 &lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/overview-of-electrical-traction-system.html&quot;&gt;Overview of Electrical Traction System InIndia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/overview-of-electrical-traction-system.html&quot;&gt;Electric Drive – strengthsand limitations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/overview-of-electrical-traction-system.html&quot;&gt;Choice of traction systemin India&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 2 Systems of Track Electrification&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/system-of-track-electrification.html&quot;&gt;Description of varioussystems D.C., 1-phase low frequency A.C., 1-phase high frequency at 3-phaseA.C. and composite system.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; 25 K.V. 1 phase A.C., 50
Hz systems – strengths and limitations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Problems associated with
A.C. traction system. Current &amp;amp; voltage unbalance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Comparison between A.C.
and D.C. systems.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 3 Traction Mechanics&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/speed-time-curve.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Speed time curve&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Simplified speed time
curve&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/speed-time-curve.html&quot;&gt; Average speed and schedulespeed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Tractive effort&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Specific energy
consumption, Factors affecting specific energy consumption&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Mechanics of train
movement&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Coefficient of adhesion,
factors affecting the coefficient of adhesion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter – 4 Operation and Control of Electric Traction System&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Control of DC traction
system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Remote control system
equipment and network&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; General principle of
operation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Supervisory and alarm
facilities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Frequency allocation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;times new roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Chapter-- 5 Electric locomotive maintenance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Need &amp;amp; types of
maintenance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Method of reducing
maintenance cost&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; Maintenance record&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/1383239536004250970/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/electrical-6th-sem.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/1383239536004250970'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/1383239536004250970'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/electrical-6th-sem.html' title='Electric Traction'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-1514187488839931315</id><published>2020-04-17T11:45:00.002+05:30</published><updated>2020-04-17T12:12:08.692+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Electrical Notes</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Electrical 3rd Sem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Electrical 4th Sem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Electrical 5th Sem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/electrical-6th-sem_16.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Electrical&amp;nbsp; 6th Sem&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/1514187488839931315/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/electrical-notes.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/1514187488839931315'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/1514187488839931315'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/electrical-notes.html' title='Electrical Notes'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-6401773267350100639</id><published>2020-04-17T11:33:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2020-04-17T11:47:46.505+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Home</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/6401773267350100639/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/blog-post_16.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/6401773267350100639'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/6401773267350100639'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/blog-post_16.html' title='Home'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDo1MacIWPkWmvI0isB-QjTZv8RqrCfyJyD6HYLVXvn0Kd0lmU78AmN7ksn78gKVWhQ630w2pXUyIEAM1AZK199Yy4F7b0TY0Nx7Kd-YxjnYCD5q8lajbvL4Hgk2jQotRbjbls-Yf9bn8R/s72-c/electrical.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-5730993381353263441</id><published>2020-04-16T17:46:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2020-04-16T17:46:05.293+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Applied Chemistry</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Chapter – 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;(a) Atomic Structure :-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Electronic structure of atoms, Discovery&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
of electrons, protons and neutrons.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Rutherford, model and Bohr&#39;s, Bohr&#39;s –&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Burry scheme of distributions of&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
electrons. Dual nature of matter and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Radiations, De-Broglie&#39;s Equation,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Heisenber&#39;s uncertainty principle,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
quantum numbers, sub energy level and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
distribution of electrons in sub-shells and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
concept of Electronic configuration of&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
atoms, Auffbaus&#39;s rule, Pauli&#39;s exclusion&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
principle. Hund&#39;s rule of maximum&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
multiplicity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;(b) Nuclear Chemistry&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Nuclear rays, method of Detection,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;properties, disintegration theory of radio&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;activity Nuclear reactions, Mass defect&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;and Binding energy, Nuclear Fission,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nuclear Fussion&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Chapter – 2&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;(a) Periodic Table and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Periodic properties&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Introduction, modern Periodic law&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;classification of elements In to s-, p, d &amp;amp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;f- block elements Periodic properties of&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;elements, Periodicity atomic and ionic&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;radii, ionization potential, electron&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;affinity, Electronegativity.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;(b) Chemical Bonding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Theory of Chemical Bonding, Types of&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Bonds, Ionic or electrovalent bonds,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Covalent bond, coordination bond,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Hydrogen bonding concept of resonance.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Chapter – 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(a) Electro Chemistry&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Electrolytes and conductors, strong and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
weak electrolyte, conductivity, Arrhinius&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
theory of electrolysis, Kohlrausch law,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Ostwald dilution laws, Transport no.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Faraday&#39;s Law of Electrolysis&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Electrochemical equivalent, Definition of&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
14&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
pH, Law of mass action, Buffer solutions,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
calculation of Ph. Value of a Buffer&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
solution, Acid Base Concept.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;(b) Colloids&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Types of colloidal solution, preparation&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
of colloids, properties of colloidal&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
solutions, Origin of change on colloidal&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
particles, precipitation of Coagulation of&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
colloidal solution. Protective colloids and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Gold number, Emulsions cleansing action&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
of soaps, Detergents, Gels.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Chapter – 4&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Metal and metallurgy Occurrence, extraction, properties and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
engineering uses of heavy metals with&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
special reference to Cu, Fe, Zn, Al, Si,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Ge, C Electro magnetic properties of Fe,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Ni, Co, Cr.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Chapter – 5&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;(a) Metal &amp;amp; Its Alloys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Properties, constitution and Engineering&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;uses of common alloys like Brass,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bronze, German Silver, Duralumin,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Solder, stainless steel pressure and die&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;casting alloy, Bearing alloys.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
(b) corrosion and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
protection&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Corrosion of metals, Types of corrosion,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Galvanic Series, corrosion control,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
protective coatings. Coating processes&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
with special emphasis on electroplating&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
and electro typing .&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Chapter -06&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Polymers &amp;amp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Polymerization&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; 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font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Physical properties of the polymers&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
condensation and addition&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
polymerization. Copolymers, effect of&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
structure of polymer on properties,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
classification of polymers, Rubber&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
–Vulcanization and compounding&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
reclaimed rubber , Bunas SBR Neoprene&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
,Polyurethanes silicons, Fibers- Nylon,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Dacron, orlon, polyester,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Plastics and Resins – Thermoplastics and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Thermosetting resins, Thermo cole and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
glass wool. Adhesives&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Chapter -07&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Fuels and Explosives&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Classification of fuels, solid fuels, liquid&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
fuels, gaseous fuels, characteristics of a&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
good fuel, calorific value, Determination&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
of calorific value by Bomb calorimeter,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Explosives- classification and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
application.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Chapter -08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Lubricants , Paints and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Varnishes&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Lubricant- meaning types, theory of&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
lubrication, properties of a good&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
lubricants with special emphasis on&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Flash, Fire point, pour paint and cloud&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
point. Specification number and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
viscosity, Paints and Varnish –&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Constituents, properties and uses.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Chapter –09&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; 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font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Water Treatment Water hardness, types and units,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Determination of hardness of water by&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
E.D.T.A. method and O Hehners method.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Softening of hard water , lime soda&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
process and Permutit process.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Chapter –10&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Pollution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Pollution – meaning, causes of Pollution,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
air pollution, pollutants, causes of&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
depletion of ozone layer, influence of&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
ozone layer depletion. Acid rain, Water&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
pollution, sources of Water pollution&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
BOD, COD, Soil pollution, Green house&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
effect, Radioactive Pollution, Effects and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
preventive measures of pollution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/5730993381353263441/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/applied-chemistry.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/5730993381353263441'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/5730993381353263441'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/applied-chemistry.html' title='Applied Chemistry'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-353076033095788708</id><published>2020-04-16T17:10:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2020-04-16T17:46:42.440+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Polytechnic Notes</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/applied-physics.html&quot;&gt;1. Physics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/blog-post_0.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Measurement &amp;amp;Vector&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Force, Motion &amp;amp; Gravitation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Elasticity, Surface Tension&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
&amp;amp; Viscosity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Periodic Motion &amp;amp; Waves,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Ultrasonic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;High Temperature&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Measurement , Kinetic&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
theory of Gases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Thermodynamics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Reflection, Refraction &amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Dispersion of Light&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Optical Instruments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Magnetism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Photoelectric effect, x-rays,&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;
laser, fiber optics,&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;
Microwaves, Electron&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;
Microscope&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/applied-chemistry.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;2. Chemistry&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8798605380318744550&amp;amp;pli=1&quot;&gt;3. Computer Fundamental &amp;amp; Applications&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/353076033095788708/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/polytechnic-notes.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/353076033095788708'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/353076033095788708'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/polytechnic-notes.html' title='Polytechnic Notes'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-666062517029300487</id><published>2020-04-16T17:03:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2020-04-16T17:16:29.178+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Applied Physics</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/blog-post_0.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1 Measurement &amp;amp; Vectors :-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Fundamental units, Derived units, unit system, S.I. units – Their impotence &amp;amp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
notation, Base, S.I. units system &amp;amp; Abbreviations, Principle of vernier calipers,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
screw gauge &amp;amp; Speedometer.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Scalar &amp;amp; Vector quantities, Representation of Vectors, kinds of Vectors, addition&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
&amp;amp; Subtraction of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, linear&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
combination of vectors, Resolution of vector, position vector, scalar products &amp;amp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
vector product.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.Force, Motion &amp;amp; Gravitation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;2.1&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Classification of motion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;– Characteristic of different types of motion,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Newton‟s laws of motion, Conservative &amp;amp; non-conservative force, speed&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
&amp;amp; Velocity , Acceleration, equation of motion, concept of mass, weight &amp;amp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
weightlessness, Friction, limiting friction, Angle of friction and coefficient&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
of friction, Static &amp;amp; dynamic friction, Friction-a necessity and an evil.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;2.2&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Circular motion&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Motion of a particle on the circle with constant speed,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Related Physical quantities, Relation between linear &amp;amp; angular velocities,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
centripetal &amp;amp; centrifugal forces, Banking of Road and bending of cyclist.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;2.3&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rotatory motion&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Axis of motion, moment of inertia, Radius of gyration ,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Kinetic energy of rotation, derivation of equation of kinetic energy of a&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
rotating body. Torque acting on a particle, angular momentum, relation&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
between torque and angular acceleration.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Newton‟s law of Gravitation, Basic forces in nature, Gravitational field,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Potential, Relation between “g” &amp;amp; “G” , factors influencing “g” escape velocity,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
kepler‟s Laws of planetary motion, satellites, Time period of satellites , simple&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
pendulum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.Elasticity, Surface Tension &amp;amp; Viscosity :-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Concept of elasticity , Deformation, Stress, Strain- its kinds and units, Hooke‟s&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
law, elastic unit , elastic fatigue, Modulii of elasticity‟s, Young‟s Modulus and its&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
determination by Searl‟s method.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Molecular forces, cohesive and adhesive forces, surface tension &amp;amp; surface&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
energy, Reason for spherical shape of Rain Drops, Angle of contact, pressure&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
difference a liquid surface excess pressure inside a liquid drop &amp;amp;soap bubble,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
shape of liquid surface In a capillary tube, Rise of liquids in a capillary tube,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Determination of surface tension by capillary rise method. „Effect of temperature&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
on surface tension, examples of surface tension.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
9&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Concept of viscosity &amp;amp; coefficient of viscosity, streamline and Turbulent flow,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Reynolds number, Poiseuille‟s equation for the flow of liquid through a tube,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Stoke‟s law &amp;amp; Terminal velocity, Determination of “n” by falling sphere method.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sound&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Periodic motion &amp;amp; waves, Ultrasonic :-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Necessary conditions for the appearance &amp;amp; pursuance of periodic motion,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
classification of periodic motion based on forces acting on the source, necessary&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
condition for the motion to be simple harmonic, characteristics of simple&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
harmonic motion, Energy of a particle executing simple harmonic motion, Types&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
of wave motion, equation of a plane progressive wave, Particle velocity &amp;amp; wave&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
velocity.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Ultrasonic waves, production of Ultrasonic waves, applications of Ultrasonic&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
waves.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Heat&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. High Temperature Measurement, Kinetic theory of Gases :-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Principle of Resistance Thermometer, Platinum resistance Thermometer, See back&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Effect and Thermoelectric Thermometer, Thermocouple, Temperature of inversion&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
and neutral temperature, Relate Thermos e.m.f. with temperature, Optical pyrometer,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Comparative study for range and accuracy of above Thermometers.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Concepts of a perfect gas, Postulates of kinetic Theory of gases, Pressure exerted by&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
a perfect gas (no derivation of formula) Kinetic interpretation of temperature and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Absolute Zero, deduction of gas laws.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.Thermodynamics :-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;First law of Thermodynamics, Mechanical equivalent of heat, specific heat of gases,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Relation Cp-Cv = R/J , Isothermal &amp;amp; Adiabatic changes, concept of Latent heat of&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
fusion of ice and vaporization of water.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Light&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Reflection, Refraction &amp;amp; Dispersion of light: -&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Laws of reflection at plane &amp;amp; spherical surface. Definition of center of curvature,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
radius of curvature, principle axis, principal focus and focal length, engineering&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
application of laws of reflection.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Refraction at a plane surface, laws of refraction, Absolute and relative refractive&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
index, critical angle and total internal reflection of light, refraction through lens (no&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
10&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
derivation of formula), Magnification combination of Lenses and power of lens.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Refraction through prism, angle of minimum deviation and their relation, Dispersion&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
and Dispersive power, pure and impure spectrum, Electromagnetic spectrum and its&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
visible range.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8 Optical Instruments :-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;Simple microscope, compound microscope, Astronomical telescope , Terrestrial&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
telescope , Kaleidoscope.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Electricity &amp;amp; Magnetism&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Electrostatics :-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Electric Charge, Coulomb‟s Law , Electric Field &amp;amp; Potential, Potential Difference&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Between Two Points, Equipotential Surfaces, dielectric Strength, Capacity, Units,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Principle of Capacitor, Factors Affecting Capacity, Type of Capacitors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; 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font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Magnetism:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Magnetic lines of force, lines of induction, Magnetic induction, magnetic field&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
around a current carrying conductor, direction of magnetic field and current,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
magnetic field due to a circular loop, Biot Savarts law field due to a long linear&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
conductor, force experienced by a current carring conductor in a magnetic field,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
definition of unit current, force between two long parallel conductors.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Magnetic materials, molecular theory &amp;amp; magnetism, Di. Para and ferromagnetic&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
substances. Flaming‟s Right hand &amp;amp; Left Hand Thumb Rule, Maxwell‟s Screw Rule,&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Hysterisis Loop, Electromagnetic Induction, Introduction, faraday‟s law of&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Electromagnetic Induction, Induced E.M.F., Lenz‟s law , Self &amp;amp; Mutual Induction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
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font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; 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font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9 Modern Physics :-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Photoelectric effect : Photoelectron, laws of photoelectric emission, Planck‟s&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
quantum law , Einstein‟s photoelectric equation, Threshold frequency , Photo cell.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
X-rays : production properties &amp;amp; uses.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Laser : Spontaneous an stimulated emission, population inversion, pumping and&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
active system , method of production, ruby and semi conductor laser, uses.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Fiber optics : Principle, application &amp;amp; uses.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal;&quot;&gt;
Electron microscope its principle &amp;amp; construction .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/666062517029300487/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/applied-physics.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/666062517029300487'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/666062517029300487'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/applied-physics.html' title='Applied Physics'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-1599953886982077436</id><published>2020-04-15T15:25:00.000+05:30</published><updated>2020-04-16T16:55:55.696+05:30</updated><title type='text'>Measurements &amp; Vector</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;1.1 भूमिका/परिभाषा&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
किसी भौतिक राशि का मापन, एक निश्चित, आधरभूत, रूप से चुने गए मान्यताप्राप्त, संदर्भ-मानक से इस राशि की तुलना करना, यह संदर्भ-मानक मात्रक कहलाता है। किसी भी भौतिक राशि की माप को मात्रा के आगे एक संख्या लिखकर व्यक्त करते है। यद्यपि हमारे द्वारा मापी जाने वाली भौतिक राशियों की संख्या बहुत ही अधिक है, फिर भी, हम इन सब भौतिक राशियों को व्यक्त करने के लिए, मात्राकों की सीमित संख्या की ही आवश्यकता होती है, क्योंकि ये राशियाँ एक दूसरे से परस्पर संबंधित होती है। विभिन्न भौतिक राषियों के मापन में कुछ ऐसी भौतिक राषियाँ होती है, जो एक दूसरे से स्वतन्त्र होती है और इनकी मद्द से हम अन्य राषियों को व्यक्त कर सकते हैं। मूल राशियों को व्यक्त करने के लिए प्रयुक्त मात्रकों को मूल मात्रक कहते हैं। इनके अतिरिक्त अन्य सभी भौतिक राशियों के मात्राकों को मूल मात्राकों के संयोजन द्वारा ज्ञात किया जाता है। इस प्रकार प्राप्त किए गए व्युत्पन्न राशियों के मात्रकों को व्युत्पन्न मात्रक कहते हैं। मूल मात्रकों और व्युत्पन्न मात्रकों के सम्पूर्ण समुच्चय को मात्रकों की प्रणाली कहते है।&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;1.2 मात्रकों की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रणाली&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;कई वर्षों समय पहले मापन के लिए, विभिन्न देशों के वैज्ञानिक, अलग-अलग मापन प्रणालियों का उपयोग करते थे। अब से कुछ समय पहले तक ऐसी तीन प्रणालियाँ C.G.S. प्रणाली, F.P.S. या ब्रिटिश प्रणाली एवं M.K.S. प्रणाली, प्रमुखता से प्रयोग में लाई जाती थीं। इन प्रणालियों में लम्बाई, द्रव्यमान एवं समय के मूल मात्रक क्रमशः इस प्रकार हैं :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; C.G.S. प्रणाली में, सेन्टीमीटर, ग्राम एवं सेकन्ड।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; F.P.S. प्रणाली में, फुट, पाउन्ड एवं सेकन्ड।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;M.K.S.&amp;nbsp; प्रणाली में, मीटर, किलोग्राम एवं सेकन्ड।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;आजकल अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर मान्य प्रणाली ‘‘सिस्टम इन्टरनेशनल डि यूनिट्स‘‘ है (जिसे फ्रेंच भाषा में ‘‘मात्रकों की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रणाली‘‘ कहते है)। इसे संकेत में SI लिखा जाता है। SI प्रतीकों, मात्राकों और उनके संकेताक्षरों की योजना 1971 में, मापतोल के महा सम्मेलन द्वारा विकसित कर, वैज्ञानिक, तकनीकी, औद्योगिक एवं व्यापारिक कार्यों में अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर उपयोग हेतु अनुमोदित की गई।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;; font-size: 21.3333px; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev 010&amp;quot;; font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev 010&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;; font-size: 21.3333px; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev 010&amp;quot;; font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev 010&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;मूल मात्रक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #454743; font-family: &amp;quot;arial unicode ms&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;मूल मात्रक वे &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;मात्रक&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #454743; font-family: &amp;quot;arial unicode ms&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;हैं, जो अन्य मात्रकों से स्वतंत्र होते हैं, अर्थात् उनको एक–दूसरे से अथवा आपस में बदला नहीं जा सकता है। उदाहरण के लिए लम्बाई, द्रव्यमान और समय&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #454743; font-family: &amp;quot;arial unicode ms&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;के लिए क्रमश: मीटर,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #454743; font-family: &amp;quot;arial unicode ms&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;किलोग्राम&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #454743; font-family: &amp;quot;arial unicode ms&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;और&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #454743; font-family: &amp;quot;arial unicode ms&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;सेकेण्ड&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #454743; font-family: &amp;quot;arial unicode ms&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;का प्रयोग किया जाता है। मूल मात्रक की संख्या सात होती है&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #454743; font-family: &amp;quot;arial unicode ms&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;; font-size: 21.3333px; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev 010&amp;quot;; font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev 010&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; SI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;प्रणाली में प्रयुक्त मूल मात्रक&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWQPlMyVouTS2kFRhSrlGs4hx730-FNDyRQZzDU36Tg7R1Fk-cSHpTD6rSio_pqEuK2Fhfz-RfppJ5DbvYJyuGKPCa7MDnOrJz9q2mesm-hWr6dONvvk3wGBV3z9SG0gzXfVaPorcXTt5/s1600/hjg.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;458&quot; data-original-width=&quot;785&quot; height=&quot;371&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWQPlMyVouTS2kFRhSrlGs4hx730-FNDyRQZzDU36Tg7R1Fk-cSHpTD6rSio_pqEuK2Fhfz-RfppJ5DbvYJyuGKPCa7MDnOrJz9q2mesm-hWr6dONvvk3wGBV3z9SG0gzXfVaPorcXTt5/s640/hjg.JPG&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;व्‍युत्‍पन्‍न मात्रक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #231f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev&amp;quot;; font-size: 21.3333px; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;kruti dev 010&amp;quot;; font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #454743; font-family: &amp;quot;arial unicode ms&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;एक अथवा एक से अधिक मूल मात्रक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #454743; font-family: &amp;quot;arial unicode ms&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;पर उपयुक्त घातें लगाकर प्राप्त किए गए मात्रक&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #454743; font-family: &amp;quot;arial unicode ms&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;को व्युत्पन्न मात्रक कहते हैं, अर्थात् व्युत्पन्न मात्रक मूल मात्रकों पर निर्भर करते हैं। कुछ व्युत्पन्न मात्रक निम्नलिखित हैं:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/1599953886982077436/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/blog-post_0.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/1599953886982077436'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/1599953886982077436'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/blog-post_0.html' title='Measurements &amp; Vector'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZWQPlMyVouTS2kFRhSrlGs4hx730-FNDyRQZzDU36Tg7R1Fk-cSHpTD6rSio_pqEuK2Fhfz-RfppJ5DbvYJyuGKPCa7MDnOrJz9q2mesm-hWr6dONvvk3wGBV3z9SG0gzXfVaPorcXTt5/s72-c/hjg.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8798605380318744550.post-8161606398510902839</id><published>2020-04-11T15:31:00.001+05:30</published><updated>2020-04-11T15:57:45.666+05:30</updated><title type='text'>अब नया पोस्‍ट आने वाला हे</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
कृप्‍या इंतजार करे&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/feeds/8161606398510902839/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/8161606398510902839'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8798605380318744550/posts/default/8161606398510902839'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://elcnotes.blogspot.com/2020/04/blog-post.html' title='अब नया पोस्‍ट आने वाला हे'/><author><name>Shubham Sinha</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04290136973284005415</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipefuAgF5j8P_O4W-ClmUsbgPnzs9Na049ADUBKRn1to7F0SFCfxFhP2uYMxDr1QCb-dban52v0kLTUc7QEfQWdkbRkTO2QpiXHupKCEE-T2ncsgjV9e8lHt7b2IXvUsc/s220/IMG-20191031-WA0002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>