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ऑनलाइन शिक्षा के लाभ

2022-01-31T16:11:00.003+05:30

आपके शिक्षित होने तथा शैक्षिक लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने से अनेक प्रकार के लाभ है लेकिन उन लोगो के लिए और भी अधिक लाभ हैं जो उन लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए ऑनलाइन शिक्षा के माध्यम से सीखने की ईच्छा रखते है। ऑनलाइन शिक्षा ज्ञानवर्धक होने के साथ साथ उसके और भी कई लाभ हैं। हम इस बारे में ध्यान से विचार कर सकते है की क्या ऑनलाइन शिक्षा आपकी माध्यमिक शिक्षा के लिए दूसरा विकल्प की तरह आपके लिए उत्तम होगा या नहीं ?

1) सुविधा

यह एक ऐसा शब्द है जिससे हम काफी परिचित हैं। साथ ही हमें तत्काल संतुष्टि भी चाहिए। हम आज ऐसे समाज में रह रहे जिनको सारी वस्तुए और सेवाएं तत्काल चाहिए होती है। जैसे फ़ास्ट फ़ूड, ऑनलाइन बैंकिंग, ऑनलाइन फार्मेसीज इत्यादि। हम एक तेजी से भागती हुई दुनिया में रहते हैं और जब हम अपने व्यस्त जीवन में ऐसी शिक्षा का विकल्प देखते है जिसे हम अपनी शर्तो पर पाते है तो ये काफी संतुष्ट करने वाला है। इसीलिए मेरा मत है कि हम सब आने वाले वर्षों में ऑनलाइन कक्षाओं और ऑनलाइन छात्रों की आचर्यजनक बढ़ती हुई संख्या को देखंगे क्योंकि अधिक से अधिक पेशेवर अपनी डिग्री और अपने करियर को आगे बढ़ाने के लिए इस माध्यम का चयन करने का निर्णय लेंगे।

2) लचीलापन

आप इन कक्षाओं को कभी भी ले सकते हैं अपने लंच ब्रेक के दौरान जब बच्चे फुटबॉल का अभ्यास कर रहे हैं, या आप रात का खाना बनाते समय (बेशक आप कितनी अच्छी तरह से मल्टीटास्क करते हैं)। शिक्षा की समान डिग्री प्राप्त करने के लिए आपको अगले पांच वर्षों तक हर सुबह 9 :00 बजे कक्षा में रहने की आवश्यकता नहीं है। इसका मतलब किसी भी तरह से ये नहीं है की आपको काम नहीं करना पड़ेगा। न तो काम बदलेगा न ही ये बहाना होगा की आपके पास काम करने के लिए सिमित समय है। क्या बदलेगा की आपके पास सुबह, दोपहर, या रात को भोजन के बाद भी ये करने का विकल्प होगा

3) स्थान

इस बारे में तो केवल इतना ही कहा जा सकता है की आप जहां कहीं भी इंटरनेट से जुड़ने में सक्षम होते हैं, ऑनलाइन शिक्षा आपके पास आ जाती है। फिर चाहे आप घर पर हों, काम पर हों, या अपने पसंदीदा इंटरनेट कैफे में हों

सही विश्वविद्यालय और पाठ्यक्रम का चयन कैसे करे।

2022-01-31T14:55:00.002+05:30

आज के समय में उच्च शिक्षा और डिग्री प्राप्त करने वालों के लिए सभी प्रकार के कॉलेज कार्यक्रम उपलब्ध हैं। लेकिन यहाँ समस्या ये है की हम उस प्रकार का शैक्षिक पाठ्यक्रम कैसे खोजे जो हमारी हमारे उपयुक्त है। हम सभी अलग-अलग तरीको से सीखते है और अगर हम ये समझने की कोशिश करे कि किस तरह के माहौल हमारे सीखने के तरीके के लिए सबसे उपयुक्त है तो ये एक अच्छी प्रक्रिया होगी ये समझने के लिए।

उच्च शिक्षा के अध्ययन के लिए आज के समय में कुछ सामान्य शिक्षण माध्यम इस प्रकार है: कम्युनिटी कॉलेज, विश्वविद्यालय और ऑनलाइन या डिस्टेंस शिक्षा के अवसर। सामुदायिक कॉलेज कम समय के डिप्लोमा और सर्टिफिकेट स्तर के कायक्रम पेशकश करते हैं जैसे आई टी आई। विश्वविद्यालय डिग्री लेवल के लम्बे समय के विस्तृत कार्यक्रम की पेशकश करते हैं। जबकि डिस्टेंस लर्निंग और ऑनलाइन लर्निंग में सीखने के अवसर अक्सर स्व-निर्देशित होते हैं जिसमे सफल होने के लिए बहुत अधिक अनुशासन की आवश्यकता होती है।

जो महाविद्यालय आपके लिए उपयुक्त है उसका चयन करने के लिए सबसे पहले अपनी व्यक्तिगत सीखने की शैली को ध्यान में रखना चाहिए तथा इसके साथ इस बात पर भी विचार करना चाहिए की आप उच्च शिक्षा के लिए महाविद्यालय में किस तरह के वातावरण की अपेक्षा करते है और आप अपनी उच्च शिक्षा के लिए कितना समय देना चाहते है । क्योंकि कुछ लोगो के लिए महाविद्यालय का जीवन बहुत अधिक विचलित करने वाला होता है जबकि कुछ लोगो के लिए ऑनलाइन और डिस्टेंस शिक्षा का एकांत व्याकुल करने वाला लगता है।

जहाँ आपको विश्वविद्यालय में अनेक प्रकार की सांस्कृतिक क्रियाओं में भाग लेने के अवसर मिलेंगे जो आपको गृह अध्ययन या सामुदायिक कॉलेज स्तर पर नहीं मिलेंगे। कुछ छात्रों के लिए तो ये सोने पर सुहागा जैसा है और अपने सीखने के अनुभव का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा हैं क्योंकि आप अन्य संस्कृतियों, कला, संगीत और इतिहास में तल्लीन हैं। वही दूसरी और कुछ लोगो को ये अवसर उनके अध्ययन में बाधा की तरह उन्हें परेशान कर सकते है। आप जैसे भी छात्र हों,आपके सीखने के लिए जो भी वातावरण की आवश्यकता होगी उसमे ये सब परिस्थितियाँ बहुत अधिक प्रभाव डालेगी।

एक और महत्वपूर्ण विचार करने योग्य बात है आवास। अधिकांश विश्वविद्यालयों में अपने छात्रों के लिए परिसर में पर्याप्त आवास हैं, जबकि कुछ विश्वविद्यालय परिसर में आवास की कमी का अनुभव करते हैं और इस कमी को पूरा करने के लिए कॉलेज क्षेत्र में और उसके आसपास स्थित आवास पर भरोसा करते हैं। कुछ विश्वविद्यालय उन छात्रों के लिए आवास के अवसरों को सीमित करने की पेशकश करते है जो छात्र विवाहित है और उनके बच्चे है। वही सामुदायिक कॉलेज पर भी आवास देखा जाता है, विशेष रूप से ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में जहां विद्यालयों में और उसके आसपास सीमित आवास उपलब्ध हैं, लेकिन ये बस एक अपवाद हैं। अधिकांश सामुदायिक कॉलेज बड़े पैमाने पर कम्यूटर कैंपस हैं, जहाँ पर आवास की सुविधा बहुत सीमित हैं। ऑनलाइन और दूरस्थ शिक्षा कार्यक्रम छात्रों को कोई आवास प्रदान नहीं करते हैं।

एक और तथ्य जिस पर सबसे अधिक ध्यान दिया जाता है वह है कक्षाओं और आपकी किसी विशेष आवश्यकता के बीच की दूरी। विश्वविद्यालय काफी बड़े और फैले हुए क्षेत्र में होते हैं। कई बार परिसर के एक छोर से दूसरे छोर (कुछ मामलों में एक मील या अधिक) तक पहुंचने के लिए 10 मिनट के समय अंतराल में पहुंचना होता है। विशेष आवश्यकता वाले या शारीरिक रूप से अक्षम छात्रों के लिए यह काफी समस्याग्रस्त हो सकता है, विशेष रूप से खराब मौसम के दिनों में। कम्युनिटी विद्यालयों में छोटे परिसर होते हैं, जिसका अर्थ है कि कक्षाओं के बीच में कम दुरी होती है । ऑनलाइन और दूरस्थ शिक्षा कक्षाएं आपके साथ चलती हैं, जहां भी आपके पास कंप्यूटर है। इसका मतलब यह है कि वे उतने ही पोर्टेबल हैं जितने की आपको उनकी आवश्यकता है यदि आपके पास अपना लैपटॉप और वायरलेस इंटरनेट एक्सेस है।

विश्वविद्यालयों के चयन करते समय आपको कोई भी विकल्प पर अंतिम निर्णय लेने से पूर्व इन सभी बातो पर विचार करना भी अति आवश्यक है । क्या आप वास्तव में ऑनलाइन और दूरस्थ शिक्षा पाठ्यक्रमों में सफल होने के लिए आवश्यक व्यक्तिगत जिम्मेदारी लेना चाहते हैं? क्या आप कम्युनिटी कॉलेज स्तर पर उपलब्ध अल्प पाठ्यक्रम तक ही सीमित रहना चाहते हैं? क्या विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षा में शामिल होने के लिए उच्च कीमत चुकाना आपके लिए उचित होगा ? ये सभी प्रश्न हैं जिन पर आपको निर्णय लेने से पहले ध्यान से विचार करने की आवश्यकता है कि कौन सा विश्वविद्यालय का वातावरण आपके लिए सबसे अधिक अनुकूल है।

क्या ऑनलाइन शिक्षा आपके लिए उपयुक्त है ?

2022-01-30T13:43:00.004+05:30

जैसा की हम सब जानते है की हम जिस युग में रहते है वो सूचना का युग हैं। हम इतने आदि हो गए है की हमें हर सूचना प्रकाश की गति से चाहिए। हम में से कुछ लोग शायद इस बात से विचलित हो जायेंगे अगर उन्हें पता चले की कुछ बटनों के दबाने के बाद अगर अनगिनत आंकड़े और तथ्य नहीं मिलेंगे। इसी कारण से, यही बात सामने आती है कि देशभर में और दुनियाभर में ऐसे बहुत सारे लोग है जो ऑनलाइन सिखने और शैक्षिक अवसरों को पूर्ण रूप से बड़े ही उत्साह के साथ सहर्ष स्वीकार कर रहे है और सभी साधन जुटा जिससे ये आसानी से उपलब्ध हो सके।

इसके साथ ही, दुनिया भर में समान संख्या में ऐसे लोग भी हैं जो इन चीजों से निपटने के लिए पारंपरिक तरीकों को पूर्ण उग्रता के साथ पकडे हुए हैं। उन लोगों को लगता है कि सूचना के युग ने उन्हें कुछ हद तक पीछे छोड़ दिया है, उनके लिए संभावना काफी अच्छी है कि ऑनलाइन शिक्षण आपके लिए सबसे अच्छा उपलब्ध विकल्प नहीं हो सकता है।

मैं कुछ प्रश्नो पर प्रकाश डालना चाहता हूँ जो हम सब की ये पता लगाने में मदद कर पाए कि आज सूचना के इस युग में पेश किए जा रहे कई ऑनलाइन पाठ्यक्रमों में से कुछ को लेने से आपको वास्तव में लाभ होगा या नहीं ?

1) क्या आप अनुशासित हैं? यह एक सहज प्रश्न प्रतीत हो सकता है क्योंकि हम सभी यह सोचना चाहेंगे कि हम कुछ हद तक अनुशासित हैं। समस्या यह है कि जब आप अपनी खुद की शिक्षा के लिए ड्राइवर की सीट पर होते हैं तो आपको अनुशासन की कुछ हद से थोड़ा अधिक की आवश्यकता होती है। आपको खुद को सक्षम बनाना होगा की आप समय पर सभी पाठ्यक्रम सीखे , समय पर सभी परीक्षा दे तथा आपको यह भी जिम्मेदारी खुद लेनी होगी कि आप वो सभी चीजे सीखे जो आपको पाठ्यक्रम को पास करा सके। यदि आप अपनी ऑनलाइन कक्षाओं में अच्छा प्रदर्शन करने का इंतजाम नहीं करते हैं और आपको सिखने के लिए अपने आप को प्रेरित करने के लिए ड्राइवर सीट पर बैठना पसंद नहीं है तो इसके लिए केवल आप और केवल आप ही जिम्मेदार है कोई और नहीं।

2) क्या आपमें सफल होने की सच्ची इच्छा है? इस प्रश्न का उत्तर यह निर्धारित करने में काफी महत्वपूर्ण है कि ऑनलाइन सीखना आपके हित में है या नहीं। अपनी इच्छित शिक्षा और डिग्री प्राप्त करने के लिए आप कई रास्ते अपना सकते हैं। यह साधारण प्रचलित रास्ता नहीं है, कम से कम अभी तो नहीं। इस प्रकार की शिक्षा, किसी भी अन्य से अधिक, उदासीनता के माध्यम से छोड़ना आसान है। यदि आप असाइनमेंट करने के लिए, नोट्स का अध्ययन करने के लिए, और वास्तव में आपके सामने प्रस्तुत सामग्री को सीखने के लिए दृढ़ नहीं हैं, तो आपको वास्तव में लगातार बहाने बनाकर अपना समय या प्रशिक्षक का समय बर्बाद करने की आवश्यकता नहीं है। ऑनलाइन पाठ्यक्रम काफी हद तक स्व-गति वाले होते हैं लेकिन आपके पास आगे बढ़ने से पहले सामग्री को सीखने के लिए सीमित समय होता है। शिक्षक आपको जानकारी और सामग्री प्रदान करने के लिए जिम्मेदार है लेकिन उस क्षण से होने वाली हर चीज के लिए आप जिम्मेदार हैं। क्या आप उस जिम्मेदारी के लिए तैयार हैं?

3) आप सबसे अच्छा कैसे सीखते हैं? हम सभी के पास सीखने के अलग-अलग तरीके हैं जिन के द्वारा हम दूसरों की तुलना में बेहतर जानकारी रखते हैं। ऑनलाइन पाठ्यक्रम में गहराई से पढ़ना पड़ता है। यदि आपके द्वारा पढ़ी गई जानकारी को याद रखने में आपको कठिनाई होती है, तो आपको ऑनलाइन सीखने के माहौल में आगे बढ़ने से पहले वैकल्पिक शिक्षण पद्धति को खोजने या पाठ्यक्रम प्रशिक्षक की सहायता से समाधान तलाशने की आवश्यकता हो सकती है।

चाहे आप पहली बार कॉलेज के छात्र हों या एक पेशेवर जो लंबी अनुपस्थिति के बाद स्कूल लौट रहा हो, ऑनलाइन सीखने से आपके सीखने के आनंद के अवसर के नए द्वार खुल सकते हैं। सफल होने के लिए आपको उन दरवाजों के माध्यम से चलने और आपके सामने प्रस्तुत की गई जानकारी को लेने के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए। मेरी पूरी उम्मीद है कि इसे पढ़ने वाला हर व्यक्ति इस बात पर ध्यान से विचार करेगा कि क्या कई ऑनलाइन पाठ्यक्रम प्रदान करने वाली संरचना की कमी आपके विशिष्ट सीखने और शैक्षिक आवश्यकताओं के लिए अनुकूल होने जा रही है या नहीं।

Interesting Facts of Computer

2012-11-22T19:00:00.001+05:30

Enjoy some great computer facts and interesting information about these amazing devices which play such an important role in our modern day lives.

Learn about parts of the computer such as the RAM, ROM and CPU as well as fun info about how we use computers to make our lives easier and more enjoyable.

Early electronic computers, developed around the 1940’s, were the size of a large room and consumed huge amounts of electricity. They were vastly different to the modern computers we use today, especially when compared to small and portable laptop computers.
Computers are programmed to carry out instructions. These instructions are usually very simple and require adding numbers together, moving data from one place to another etc.
A computer program can include as little as a few instructions to upwards of millions of instructions depending on the complexity of the program. Modern applications such as word processors, web browsers and graphic editors take large teams of programmers a long time to complete.
A computer’s memory stores numbers in huge amounts of cells that are addressed and can be quickly accessed by the CPU to perform calculations. There are two main types of computer memory, ROM (read only memory) and RAM (random access memory). ROM contains pre-written software and data that the CPU can only read, while RAM can be accessed and written to at any time.
Computers interact with a number of different I/O (input/output) devices to exchange information. These peripheral devices include the keyboard, mouse, display, hard drive, printer and more.
Computers are used to help link the world in the form of networks. Networked computers allow users to share and exchange data that is stored in different locations. You may have heard of a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN) which connects areas of various sizes. The Internet is a vast network of computers spanning the globe that allows users to access email, the World Wide Web and other applications.
Although we normally think of computers as the ones we use in our everyday lives to surf the web, write documents etc, small computers are also embedded into other things such as mobile phones, toys, microwaves and MP3 players. We use computers all the time, often without even knowing it!

Fun Dog Facts for Kids

2012-11-22T18:51:00.000+05:30

Enjoy these fun dog facts that deliver a variety of information about interesting breeds, puppies, guide dogs such as Labradors and much more. As the famous saying goes, dogs are man’s best friend. Whether it’s as reliable workers, family pets or loyal companions, dogs are wonderful domestic animals that offer a number of qualities that are put to good use by humans.

In total there is said to be around 400 million dogs in the world.
The domestic dog has been one of the most popular working and companion animals throughout human history.
Dogs perform many useful tasks for humans including hunting, farm work and security as well as assisting those with disabilities such as the blind.
Although experts often disagree, there is scientific evidence which shows that the domestication of dogs could have occurred more than 15,000 years ago.
There are hundreds of different breeds of dogs.
Examples of these breeds include: Bulldog, German Shepherd, Collie, Golden Retriever, St Bernard, Greyhound, Bloodhound, Chihuahua, Labrador, Great Dane, Rottweiler, Boxer and Cocker Spaniel.
The most popular breed of dog in the world by registered ownership is the Labrador. With their gentle nature, obedience, intelligence and near limitless energy, Labradors make for excellent family pets and reliable workers. They often assist police and are a common choice as guide dogs.
Dogs have formed such a strong bond as pets, workers and companions to humans that they have earned the nickname "man's best friend".
Humans help train various dog breeds to enter in competitions such as breed shows, agility and obedience contests, racing and sled pulling.
Dog have superior hearing than humans, capable of hearing sounds at four times the distance.
Dogs have a remarkable sense of smell, they are capable of differentiating odors in concentrations nearly 100 million times lower than humans can.
The average life span for a dog is around 10 to 14 years.
Those involved in dog breeding refer to males as ‘dogs’, females as ‘bitches’, dogs younger than a year old as ‘puppies’ and a group of offspring as a ‘litter’.
Domestic dogs are omnivores, they feed on a variety of foods including grains, vegetables and meats.

Funny facts about India

2012-11-22T16:30:00.001+05:30

v There where no plastic bags in India before 1985?

v Over 1000 elephants were used during the construction of the Taj Mahal?

v The mobile users of India grows every month with about 2.5 million people?

v There are over 1500 software companies in Bangalore India?

v The first reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra India?

v The number of births that occur in India each year is higher than the entire population of Australia?

v The word mongoose comes from India?

v In India, Dutta Samant led a year-long strike in 1982 involved about 200000 workers?

v Rusi Surti is the only Indian test cricketer to played Sheffield Shield cricket in Australia?

v The airline company Air Deccan was the first low-cost flight company in India?

v About 50% of the residents in India are under 25 years old?

v The highest cricket ground in the world is Chail in Himachal Pradesh, India?

v Indian Railways transport about five billion passengers annually?

v The longest station name on the Indian Railways is Venkatanarasimharajuvariapeta?

v Indian Railways is the largest employer in the world, about 1.6 million people?

v The distance learning University IGNOU in India is short for Indira Gandhi National Open University?

v The value of pi was first calculated by Budhayana in 800 BC, India?

v The world's first known University was established in Takshashila, India in 700BC?

v The only country in the world that has a Bill of Rights for Cows is India?

v India is the world's largest mango producer?

v Calcutta is the only place in the world where you still can travel by riksha pulled by humans?

v India has more post offices than any other country?

v Hockey is the National Game of India?

v The Taj Mahal was in the 1830's scheduled to be torn down?

v In India nearly 1200 species of birds can be found?

v Taj Mahal in India is a gift of love?

v India produces more movies than any other country in the world and Bollywood is the largest film industry in the world?

v Indians go out to the cinema about 3 billion times a year?

v India has about 800 dialects and 15 major Languages?

v Algebra, Calculus, and Trigonometry comes from India?

v India has health laughing clubs where people get together and laugh?

v India is the largest tea producer in the world?

v In Takshashila, 700BC, the first university was established?

v The biggest ant in India is about an inch?

v India used sugar before any other country?

v 4 major religions has India as birthplace Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism?

v India buys more gold than any other country?

v Curry powder gets its yellow color from a spice, turmeric?

v The number system and decimal system was invented in India?

v India is said to be the largest democracy in the world?

v India is also known as Hindustan or Bharat by natives?

v Before 1896 India was the only diamonds producing country in the world?

v Films made in Bollywood are often seen by people in South Africa?

v India is home to about 200 million cows?

v India is the world's number one producer of vegetarian cheese?

v The first bathrooms is said to have been built in India about 4500 years ago?

v India is home to about 1200 species of birds?

v India is the second most populated country in the world?

v Shampoo is derived word from Hindi?

v Taj Mahal is made entirely out of marble?

Ten fun facts about India

2012-11-22T16:19:00.002+05:30

Fact 1:
There is 17 major languages and 844 dialects spoken in India.

Fact 2:
India was one of the richest countries on earth until the British invasion in the early 17th century.

Fact 3:
India invented the number system and Aryabhatta was the scientist who invented the digit zero.

Fact 4:
Chess was invented in India.

Fact 5:
India is the 6th largest country in the world, the largest democracy and one of the oldest civilization.

Fact 6:
India has the most number of mosques. It has 300,000 mosques which is much more than the Muslim world.

Fact 7:
India is one of the largest exporter of computer software products.

Fact 8:
Before 1986, India was the only place in the world where Diamonds could be found.

Fact 9:
The biggest and the largest employer in the world is Indian railways employing over a million people.

Fact 10:
India has the most number of post offices in the world.

Math Magic Tricks - Birthday Date Calcualtion

2012-11-22T16:15:00.003+05:30

Here comes a math trick to play upon calculating your birthday date. Surprise your friends and family with this magic calculation tricks and have fun.

Trick 1: Birthday magic

Step1: Add 18 to your birth month.
Step2: Multiply by 25.
Step3: Subtract 333.
Step4: Multiply by 8.
step5: Subtract 554.
step6: Divide by 2.
step7: Add your birth date.
step8: Multiply by 5.
step9: Add 692.
step10: Multiply by 20.
step11: Add only the last two digits of your birth year.
step12: Subtract 32940 to get your birthday!.

Example: If the answer is 123199 means that you were born on December 31, 1999. If the answer is not right, you followed the directions incorrectly or lied about your birthday.

Number 2519

2012-11-22T16:05:00.002+05:30

Number 2519:
�� It is an interesting number. Here are some funny math interesting facts about this number 2519. Enjoy the Facts.

2519 Mod n means the reminder of 2519/n, here / is the integer division.

2519 Mod n

2519 Mod 2 = 1

2519 Mod 3 = 2

2519 Mod 4 = 3

2519 Mod 5 = 4

2519 Mod 6 = 5

2519 Mod 7 = 6

2519 Mod 8 = 7

2519 Mod 9 = 8

2519 Mod 10 = 9

Sequential Numbers with 2519

1259 x 2 + 1 = 2519

839 x 3 + 2 = 2519

629 x 4 + 3 = 2519

503 x 5 + 4 = 2519

419 x 6 + 5 = 2519

359 x 7 + 6 = 2519

314 x 8 + 7 = 2519

279 x 9 + 8 = 2519

251 x 10 + 9 = 2519

Interesting Facts about India

2012-11-22T16:04:00.000+05:30

India never invaded any country in her last 100000 years of history.
When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization)
The name 'India' is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to the river Indus as the Sindhu.
The Persian invaders converted it into Hindu. The name 'Hindustan' combines Sindhu and Hindu and thus refers to the land of the Hindus.
Chess was invented in India.
Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus are studies, which originated in India.
The 'Place Value System' and the 'Decimal System' were developed in India in 100 B.C.
The World's First Granite Temple is the Brihadeswara Temple at Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu. The shikhara of the temple is made from a single 80-tonne piece of granite. This magnificent temple was built in just five years, (between 1004 AD and 1009 AD) during the reign of Rajaraja Chola.
India is the largest democracy in the world, the 7^th largest Country in the world, and one of the most ancient civilizations.
The game of Snakes & Ladders was created by the 13th century poet saint Gyandev. It was originally called 'Mokshapat'. The ladders in the game represented virtues and the snakes indicated vices. The game was played with cowrie shells and dices. In time, the game underwent several modifications, but its meaning remained the same, i.e. good deeds take people to heaven and evil to a cycle of re-births.
The world's highest cricket ground is in Chail, Himachal Pradesh. Built in 1893 after leveling a hilltop, this cricket pitch is 2444 meters above sea level.
India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world.
The largest employer in India is the Indian Railways, employing over a million people.
The world's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to mankind. The Father of Medicine, Charaka, consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago.
India was one of the richest countries till the time of British rule in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus, attracted by India's wealth, had come looking for a sea route to India when he discovered America by mistake.
The Art of Navigation & Navigating was born in the river Sindh over 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word 'NAVGATIH'. The word navy is also derived from the Sanskrit word 'Nou'.
Bhaskaracharya rightly calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the Sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. According to his calculation, the time taken by the Earth to orbit the Sun was 365.258756484 days.
The value of "pi" was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century, long before the European mathematicians.
Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus also originated in India.Quadratic Equations were used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10*53 (i.e. 10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 B.C.during the Vedic period.Even today, the largest used number is Terra: 10*12(10 to the power of 12).
Until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world
(Source: Gemological Institute of America).
The Baily Bridge is the highest bridge in the world. It is located in the Ladakh valley between the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan mountains. It was built by the Indian Army in August 1982.
Sushruta is regarded as the Father of Surgery. Over2600 years ago Sushrata & his team conducted complicated surgeries like cataract, artificial limbs, cesareans, fractures, urinary stones, plastic surgery and brain surgeries.
Usage of anaesthesia was well known in ancient Indian medicine. Detailed knowledge of anatomy, embryology, digestion, metabolism,physiology, etiology, genetics and immunity is also found in many ancient Indian texts.
India exports software to 90 countries.
The four religions born in India - Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, are followed by 25% of the world's population.
Jainism and Buddhism were founded in India in 600 B.C. and 500 B.C. respectively.
Islam is India's and the world's second largest religion.
There are 300,000 active mosques in India, more than in any other country, including the Muslim world.
The oldest European church and synagogue in India are in the city of Cochin. They were built in 1503 and 1568 respectively.
Jews and Christians have lived continuously in India since 200 B.C. and 52 A.D. respectively
The largest religious building in the world is Angkor Wat, a Hindu Temple in Cambodia built at the end of the 11th century.
The Vishnu Temple in the city of Tirupathi built in the 10th century, is the world's largest religious pilgrimage destination. Larger than either Rome or Mecca, an average of 30,000 visitors donate $6 million (US) to the temple everyday.
Sikhism originated in the Holy city of Amritsar in Punjab. Famous for housing the Golden Temple, the city was founded in 1577.
Varanasi, also known as Benaras, was called "the Ancient City" when Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.C., and is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world today.
India provides safety for more than 300,000 refugees originally from Sri Lanka, Tibet, Bhutan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh, who escaped to flee religious and political persecution.
His Holiness, the Dalai Lama, the exiled spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists, runs his government in exile from Dharmashala in northern India.
Martial Arts were first created in India, and later spread to Asia by Buddhist missionaries.
Yoga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years.

Day of the Date

2012-11-22T16:01:00.003+05:30

Here are some shortcuts/tips to find out the day of the week from the given date. You can play these trick as instructed, with your parents or friends and prove your talent to them.

Day of the Week:
January has 31 days. It means that every date in February will be 3 days later than the same date in January(28 is 4 weeks exactly). The below table is calculated in such a way. Remember this table which will help you to calculate.

January	0
February	3
March	3
April	6
May	1
June	4
July	6
August	2
September	5
October	0
November	3
December	5

Step1: Ask for the Date. Ex: 23^rd June 1986
Step2: Number of the month on the list, June is 4.
Step3: Take the date of the month, that is 23
Step4: Take the last 2 digits of the year, that is 86.
Step5: Find out the number of leap years. Divide the last 2 digits of the year by 4, 86 divide by 4 is 21.
Step6: Now add all the 4 numbers: 4 + 23 + 86 + 21 = 134.
Step7: Divide 134 by 7 = 19 remainder 1.
The reminder tells you the day.

Sunday	0
Monday	1
Tuesday	2
Wednesday	3
Thursday	4
Friday	5
Saturday	6

Answer: Monday

Beauty of Mathematics

2012-11-22T15:59:00.003+05:30

Beauty of Mathematics:
Here are some funny math interesting facts. All the below tricks are based around the sequential manipulation of the numbers being used for input and output.

Sequential Inputs of numbers with 8

1 x 8 + 1 = 9

12 x 8 + 2 = 98

123 x 8 + 3 = 987

1234 x 8 + 4 = 9876

12345 x 8 + 5 = 98765

123456 x 8 + 6 = 987654

1234567 x 8 + 7 = 9876543

12345678 x 8 + 8 = 98765432

123456789 x 8 + 9 = 987654321

Sequential 1's with 9

1 x 9 + 2 = 11

12 x 9 + 3 = 111

123 x 9 + 4 = 1111

1234 x 9 + 5 = 11111

12345 x 9 + 6 = 111111

123456 x 9 + 7 = 1111111

1234567 x 9 + 8 = 11111111

12345678 x 9 + 9 = 111111111

123456789 x 9 + 10 = 1111111111

Sequential 8's with 9

9 x 9 + 7 = 88

98 x 9 + 6 = 888

987 x 9 + 5 = 8888

9876 x 9 + 4 = 88888

98765 x 9 + 3 = 888888

987654 x 9 + 2 = 8888888

9876543 x 9 + 1 = 88888888

98765432 x 9 + 0 = 888888888

Numeric Palindrome with 1's

1 x 1 = 1

11 x 11 = 121

111 x 111 = 12321

1111 x 1111 = 1234321

11111 x 11111 = 123454321

111111 x 111111 = 12345654321

1111111 x 1111111 = 1234567654321

11111111 x 11111111 = 123456787654321

111111111 x 111111111 = 12345678987654321

Without 8

12345679 x 9 = 111111111

12345679 x 18 = 222222222

12345679 x 27 = 333333333

12345679 x 36 = 444444444

12345679 x 45 = 555555555

12345679 x 54 = 666666666

12345679 x 63 = 777777777

12345679 x 72 = 888888888

12345679 x 81 = 999999999

Sequential Inputs of 9

9 x 9 = 81

99 x 99 = 9801

999 x 999 = 998001

9999 x 9999 = 99980001

99999 x 99999 = 9999800001

999999 x 999999 = 999998000001

9999999 x 9999999 = 99999980000001

99999999 x 99999999 = 9999999800000001

999999999 x 999999999 = 999999998000000001

......................................

Sequential Inputs of 6

6 x 7 = 42

66 x 67 = 4422

666 x 667 = 444222

6666 x 6667 = 44442222

66666 x 66667 = 4444422222

666666 x 666667 = 444444222222

6666666 x 6666667 = 44444442222222

66666666 x 66666667 = 4444444422222222

666666666 x 666666667 = 444444444222222222

......................................

Type of Taxes in India.

2012-07-05T19:58:00.000+05:30

Taxation in India is very complex and high rates. I here brief of all taxes in simple manner. In India many taxes levied on many different income and transaction. but we can divide all taxes in following two broad category

1. Direct Tax
2. Indirect Tax.

1. Direct Tax

Direct Tax directly levied on your Income. Like Income Tax.

Income Tax is directly levied on your Income.

2. Indirect Tax

Indirect Tax is not levied directly on your Income. but this pay by user indirectly in form sales tax, service tax, excise duty etc.

2(a) Sales Tax/ Commercial Tax

This tax charges on sales.

1. State Tax (Value Added tax VAT)

When we sale the Goods with in the state then charge VAT.

2. Central Sales Tax (CST)

When we sale goods out of the state but with in the country then charge CST.

2(b) Service Tax

This tax charges by service provider when they give service to any service receiver. Like Consultancy services, Hospitals, Event Management etc..

2(c) Excise Duty

This tax levied on Production.

2(d) Custom Duty

In case of Import and Export this tax levied.

Why does a computer understand only binary form?

2011-08-30T10:53:00.000+05:30

Because a Computer is an Electronic Device and its main component is called a "transistor". There are capacitors and resistors and diodes and transformers etc., but the transistor is what makes small computers possible.

A transistor basically either allows current to flow or doesn't depending on what input it receives at its base. More simply, the transistor is either ON (1) or OFF (0). Since there are only two states, a base-two or binary number system makes the most sense.

Also, the RAM, which runs on latch circuits (and/or J-K flip-flops), can also have only current (1) or no current (0) at each address (or area of memory).

So, if the value of a variable (area in memory that contains a value) is equal to 6, this can be represented by the state of 3 transistors. The first is on (1), the second is on (1), and the third is off (0). As a number this would appear: - 110

It would be wrong to say the computer only reads the electronic signal. They are only ON or OFF. We transforming is to “1” for “ON” and “0” for “OFF” for our Convenient.

So it’s purely a matter of convenience.

What is a Computer Language

2011-08-29T13:40:00.001+05:30

A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely.

A programming language is a notation for writing programs, which are specifications of a computation or algorithm. Some, but not all, authors restrict the term "programming language" to those languages that can express all possible algorithms. Traits often considered important for what constitutes a programming language include:

Function and target: A computer programming language is a language used to write computer programs, which involve a computer performing some kind of computation or algorithm and possibly control external devices such as printers, disk drives, robots, and so on. For example PostScript programs are frequently created by another program to control a computer printer or display. More generally, a programming language may describe computation on some, possibly abstract, machine. It is generally accepted that a complete specification for a programming language includes a description, possibly idealized, of a machine or processor for that language. In most practical contexts, a programming language involves a computer; consequently programming languages are usually defined and studied this way. Programming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are only used for interaction between people, while programming languages also allow humans to communicate instructions to machines.
Abstractions: Programming languages usually contain abstractions for defining and manipsulating data structures or controlling the flow of execution. The practical necessity that a programming language support adequate abstractions is expressed by the abstraction principle; this principle is sometimes formulated as recommendation to the programmer to make proper use of such abstractions.
Expressive power: The theory of computation classifies languages by the computations they are capable of expressing. All Turing complete languages can implement the same set of algorithms. ANSI/ISO SQL and Charity are examples of languages that are not Turing complete, yet often called programming languages.

Type of Operating Systems:

2011-05-03T17:05:00.004+05:30

We can define four common Type of Operating systems according its functionality.

Batch Processing System
Multiprogramming System
Multi Tasking / Time Sharing System
Real Time System

We can also Classified Operating System in following Two Type.

Single Users Systems
Multi users System

Batch Processing System :
In Batch processing same type of jobs batch
(BATCH- a set of jobs with similar needs) together and execute at a time. The OS was simple, its major task was to transfer control from one job to the next. The job was submitted to the computer operator in form of punch cards. At some later time the output appeared. The OS was always resident in memory. Common Input devices were card readers and tape drives. Common output devices were line printers, tape drives, and card punches. Users did not interact directly with the computer systems, but he prepared a job (comprising of the program, the data, & some control information).

Multiprogramming System:

Multiprogramming is a technique to execute number of programs simultaneously by a single processor. In Multiprogramming, number of processes resides in main memory at a time. The OS picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the main memory. If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU switches from that job to another job. Hence CPU is not idle at any time. Figure depicts the layout of multiprogramming system. The main memory consists of 5 jobs at a time, the CPU executes one by one.

Advantages:

Efficient memory utilization

Throughput increases

CPU is never idle, so performance increases.

Job 1

Job 2

Job 3

Job 4

Job 5

Multi Tasking / Time Sharing System:

Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU between them. In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so it is called as “Time sharing Systems”. Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time between processes. Examples: UNIX, etc.

Real Time System:

Real-time operating systems were designed for two general classes of applications: event response and closed-loop control. Event response applications, such as automated visual inspection of assembly line parts, require a response to a stimulus in a certain amount of time. In this visual inspection system, for example, each part must be photographed and analyzed before the assembly line moves.

By carefully programming an application that runs on a hard real-time operating system, designers working on event response applications can guarantee that a response will happen deterministically (within a certain maximum amount of time). Considering the parts inspection example, using a general-purpose OS could result in a part not being inspected in time - therefore delaying the assembly line, forcing the part to be discarded, or shipping a potentially defective part.

In contrast, closed-loop control systems, such as an automotive cruise control system, continuously process feedback data to adjust one or more outputs. Because each output value depends on processing the input data in a fixed amount of time, it is critical that loop deadlines are met in order to assure that the correct outputs are produced. What would happen if a cruise control system failed to determine what the throttle setting should be at a given point in time? Once again, hard real-time operating systems can guarantee that control system input data is processed in a consistent amount of time (with a fixed worst-case maximum).

It should also be noted that many applications that must run for extended periods of time can benefit from the reliability that an RTOS can provide. Because real-time operating systems typically run a minimal set of software rather than many applications and processes at the same time, they are well suited for systems that require 24-7 operation or where down-time is unacceptable or expensive.

Single Users Systems:

Provides a platform for only one user at a time, they are popularly associated with Desk Top operating system which runs on standalone systems where no user accounts are required. Example: DOS

Multi users Systems :

Provides regulated access for a number of users by maintaining a database of known users. Refers to computer systems that support two or more simultaneous users. Another term for multi-user is time sharing. Ex: All mainframes and are multi-user systems. Example: UNIX

What is Operating System?

2011-05-03T13:48:00.028+05:30

Operating System is a System Software. So Many People give many own views regarding Operating System. They all views Define the Operating System Like:

“Operating System Consist of Program and Data that run on Computer, Manage Computer Hardware.”

“Operating System enables the Computer Hardware to Communicate and Operate with the Computer Software.”

“Operating System Provide a Friendly Environment to user for use computer hardware and run application programs easily”

We can use following Structure of System for understand existence of The Operating System in Computer.

Structure of Operating System

Above Structure of Operating System have Four Layer.

Hardware : Hardware Consist of Hardware Devices of Computer like CPU, Hardisk, I/O Devices, Main Memory(RAM(Random Access Memory )).
Software (Operating System) : Operating System Software Includes Process Management Routines, Memory Management, I/O Control Routine, File Management Routines.
System Programs : This Layer of Compilers, Assemblers, linker etc.
Application Programs : This Customize Programs dependent on users needs. Like Tally, Ms office etc.

Now, We can say that "Computer is useless without Operating System."

Some name of Operating System is "DOS (Disk Operating System), UNIX, Linux, Windows 95, Windows NT, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows ME (Millennium Edition), Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Mac Os etc."

Data Mining

2011-01-14T12:04:00.003+05:30

Data mining methodologies have been widely adopted in various business domains, such as database marketing, credit scoring, fraud detection, to name only a few of the areas where data mining has become an indispensable tool for business success. Increasingly data mining methods are also being applied to industrial process optimization and control. While the general approach is similar regardless of application (finding "nuggets" of new information in data), some specific methodologies and techniques for optimizing continuous processes, such as boiler performance in a coal-burning power plant, have proven particularly useful for those applications, and superior to existing traditional analytic approaches such as DOE (design of experiments), CFD (computational fluid dynamics), or statistical modeling. This paper will provide an introduction to data mining, and specifically contrast the methods used in data mining with traditional optimization techniques.

Data mining, "knowledge discovery", or "Machine Learning" methods have many origins, drawing on insights from research on learning as it naturally occurs in humans (cognitive science), advances in computer science and algorithm design on how to best detect automatically patterns in "unstructured" data, engineering and advances in machine learning (e.g., neural networks), to name a few. While traditional statistical methods for analyzing data, based on statistical theories and models, are now widely accepted throughout various industries, data mining methods have only been widely embraced in business for a decade or two. However, their effectiveness for modeling and optimizing and improving "difficult" processes are making these techniques increasingly popular – and even necessary – in many real-world process application.

What is Data Mining

Suppose you wanted to optimize a cyclone furnace (an older-type design for burning coal, still in use in many power plants) for stable high flame temperatures. Stable temperatures are necessary to ensure cleaner combustion, and less build-up of undesirable slag that may interfere with heat transfer. Typically, most power plants are equipped with very effective data gathering and storage technologies, so there are easy ways to extract the data that describe various parameter settings, as well as flame temperatures, on a minute-by-minute interval.

How Effective is Data Mining?

Shown below is an example of a real data mining application to a furnace, with the goal to achieve stable flame temperatures above 2,100F. After going through the steps described above – extracting important parameters, and building and then optimizing data mining models, careful validation experiments were performed to verify that the recommendations from the data mining models indeed improve flame temperatures:

In short, there is little doubt that data mining methods were useful and successful in this application, to stabilize the flame temperatures. By making relatively small adjustments to a subset of specific parameters that operators routinely manipulated and adjusted to control the furnace. Specifically, minor adjustments were made to parameters such as coal flow stoichiometric ratios, and primary/secondary/tertiary airflows, to achieve much more robust operations and consistently higher flame temperatures.

To continue the metaphor of the furnace, that is "talking" to the operators through the data, data mining techniques were successful in "interpreting" this language, and using the information to identify the "sweet spot", where the furnace can provide consistent and robust performance.

WHAT IS CRYPTOGRAPHY

2010-11-26T09:55:00.001+05:30

Everyone has secrets; some have more than others. When it becomes necessary to transmit those secrets from one point to another, it's important to protect the information while it's in transit. Cryptography presents various methods for taking legible, readable data, and transforming it into unreadable data for the purpose of secure transmission, and then using a key to transform it back into readable data when it reaches its destination.

Predating computers by thousands of years, cryptography has its roots in basic transposition ciphers, which assigns each letter of the alphabet a particular value. A simple example is to assign each letter a progressively higher number, where A=1, B=2, and so forth. Using this formula for example, the word "wise GEEK", once encrypted, would read "23 9 19 5 7 5 5 11". During World War Two, machines were invented that made the ciphers more complicated and difficult to break, and today, computers have made cryptography even stronger still.

The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a common encryption protocol used in e-commerce. When you make a purchase over the Internet, this is the technology the merchant uses to make sure you can safely transmit your credit card information. Using this protocol, your computer and the online merchant's computer agree to create a type of private "tunnel" through the public Internet. This process is called the "handshake." When you see a URL in your Web browser that starts with "https" instead of "http", it is a secure connection that is using SSL.

Some methods of cryptography used a "secret key" to allow the recipient to decrypt the message. The most common secret key cryptosystem is the Data Encryption Standard (DES), or the more secure Triple-DES which encrypts the data three times.

More common are systems that use a public key cryptography system, such as the Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol. This system uses two keys that work together; a public one, which anyone can access, and a private one, which is kept secret by the party receiving the data. When you want to send a secure message to someone, you encrypt that message using the recipient's public key. But once encrypted, the recipient must use his or her private key to decrypt it.

The goal of cryptography extends beyond merely making data unreadable, it also extends into user authentication that is, providing the recipient with assurance that the encrypted message originated from a trusted source. Hash functions are sometimes used in conjunction with private key or public key cryptography. This is a type of one-way encryption, which applies an algorithm to a message, such that the message itself cannot be recovered. Unlike key-based cryptography, the goal of the hash function is not to encrypt data for later decryption, but to create a sort of digital fingerprint of a message. The value derived from applying the hash function can be re-calculated at the receiving end, to ensure that the message has not been tampered with during transit. Then, key-based cryptography is applied to decipher the message.

Importance of IT in Commerce

2010-02-25T07:55:00.001+05:30

Importance of IT in Commerce

While we are taking about Importance of it in Commerce. So First we need that we fully Understand with IT and Commerce. After that we easily determine importance of IT in Commerce.

What Is IT

IT stands for Information Technology. Information Technology is the use of computers and software to manage information. In some companies, this is referred to as Management Information Services (or MIS) or simply as Information Services (or IS). The information technology department of a large company would be responsible for storing information, protecting information, processing the information, transmitting the information as necessary,
and later retrieving information as necessary.

What Is Commerce

The exchange of commodities for commodities. Considered in a legal point of view, it consists in the various agreements which have for their object to facilitate the exchange of the products of the earth or industry of man, with an intent to realize a profit.

In a narrower sense, commerce signifies any reciprocal agreements between two persons by which one delivers to the other a thing, which the latter accepts and for which he pays a consideration. If the consideration be money, it is called a sale; if any other thing than money, it is called exchange or barter.

The U.S. Congress has power by the Constitution to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the several states and with the Indian tribes. The sense in which the word commerce is used in the Constitution seems not only to include traffic, but intercourse and navigation

Now, we will easily understand the Importance of IT in Commerce. We all understood that one thing commerce is related to business or nearby of business. We are also use of commerce for business. In easy words we can say Commerce is a System and business has no rules.

Technology plays a vital role in Commerce. Over the years Commerce have become dependent on technology so much so that if we were to take away that technology virtually all Commercial operations around the globe would come to a grinding halt. Almost all fields of commerce around the world are using computers ranging from the most basic to the most complex of operations.

Technology played a key role in the growth of commerce and trade around the world. It is true that we have been doing business since time immemorial, long before there were computers; starting from the simple concept of barter trade when the concept of a currency was not yet introduced but trade and commerce was still slow up until the point when the computer revolution changed everything. Almost all businesses are dependent on technology on all levels from research and development, production and all the way to delivery. Small to large scale enterprises depend on computers to help them with their business needs ranging from Point of Sales systems, information management systems capable of handling all kinds of information such as employee profile, client profile, accounting and tracking, automation systems for use in large scale production of commodities, package sorting, assembly lines, all the way to marketing and communications. It doesn't end there, all these commodities also need to be transported by sea, land, and air. Just to transport your commodities by land already requires the use of multiple systems to allow for fast, efficient and safe transportation of commodities.

Without this technology the idea of globalization wouldn't have become a reality. Now all enterprises have the potential to go international through the use of the internet. If your business has a website, that marketing tool will allow your business to reach clients across thousands of miles with just a click of a button. This would not be possible without the internet. Technology allowed businesses to grow and expand in ways never thought possible.

The role that technology plays for the commerce sector cannot be taken for granted. If we were to take away that technology trade and commerce around the world will come to a standstill and the global economy would collapse. It is nearly impossible for one to conduct business without the aid of technology in one form or another. Almost every aspect of business is heavily influenced by technology. Technology has become very important that it has become a huge industry itself from computer hardware manufacturing, to software design and development, and robotics. Technology has become a billion dollar industry for a number of individuals.

The next time you browse a website to purchase or swipe a credit card to pay for something you just bought, try to imagine how that particular purchase would have happened if it were to take place without the aid of modern technology. That could prove to be a bit difficult to imagine. Without all the technology that we are enjoying now it would be like living in the 60's again. No computers, no cellular phones, no internet. That is how important technology is in Commerce.

What is An Artificial Intelligence

2010-01-19T13:20:00.006+05:30

“Artificial Intelligence is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “

Artificial intelligence includes

1. Expert systems: programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms).

2. Games playing: programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers.

3. Natural language: programming computers to understand natural human languages.

4. Neural networks: Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains.

5. Robotics: programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli

On the one hand, we can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On the other hand, most work in AI involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals. AI researchers are free to use methods that are not observed in people or that involve much more computing than people can do.

No. IQ is based on the rates at which intelligence develops in children. It is the ratio of the age at which a child normally makes a certain score to the child's age. The scale is extended to adults in a suitable way. IQ correlates well with various measures of success or failure in life, but making computers that can score high on IQ tests would be weakly correlated with their usefulness. For example, the ability of a child to repeat back a long sequence of digits correlates well with other intellectual abilities, perhaps because it measures how much information the child can compute with at once. However, "digit span" is trivial for even extremely limited computers.

Arthur R. Jensen [Jen98], a leading researcher in human intelligence, suggests "as a heuristic hypothesis" that all normal humans have the same intellectual mechanisms and that differences in intelligence are related to "quantitative biochemical and physiological conditions". I see them as speed, short term memory, and the ability to form accurate and retrievable long term memories.

Whether or not Jensen is right about human intelligence, the situation in AI today is the reverse.

Computer programs have plenty of speed and memory but their abilities correspond to the intellectual mechanisms that program designers understand well enough to put in programs. Some abilities that children normally don't develop till they are teenagers may be in, and some abilities possessed by two year olds are still out. The matter is further complicated by the fact that the cognitive sciences still have not succeeded in determining exactly what the human abilities are. Very likely the organization of the intellectual mechanisms for AI can usefully be different from that in people.

Whenever people do better than computers on some task or computers use a lot of computation to do as well as people, this demonstrates that the program designers lack understanding of the intellectual mechanisms required to do the task efficiently.

What Is An Application

2010-01-17T15:21:00.006+05:30

First, this is necessary, we known that what is program and Software. In Easy way we can say. Group of instruction called as a Program. And group of program is called as Software.

Software Defines in Two Categories.

1- System Software

2- Application Software

System Software

Systems software consists of low-level programs that interact with the computer at a very basic level. This includes operating systems, Anti-virus, compilers, and utilities for managing computer resources.

Application Software

Applications software Consist of High-Level Programs that includes database programs, word processors, and spreadsheets Like as Tally, Accounting Software and Other Customized Software. Figuratively speaking, applications software sits on top of systems software because it is unable to run without the operating system and system utilities.

What is an Algorithm

2009-11-14T23:44:00.018+05:30

We can give a Simple informal definition of an algorithm as "a set of instructions for solving a problem" and we illustrated this definition with a recipe, directions to a friend's house, and instructions for changing the oil in a car engine. You also created your own algorithm for putting letters and numbers in order. While these simple algorithms are fine for us, they are much too ambiguous for a computer. In order for an algorithm to be applicable to a computer, it must have certain characteristics.
We will specify these characteristics in our formal definition of an algorithm

We can identify five important characteristics of algorithms.

1. Algorithms are well-ordered.
2. Algorithms have unambiguous operations.
3. Algorithms have effectively computable operations.
4. Algorithms produce a result.
5. Algorithms halt in a finite amount of time.

Algorithms are well-ordered

An algorithm is a collection of operations or instructions. We must know the correct order in which to execute the instructions. If the order is unclear, we may perform the wrong instruction or we may be uncertain which instruction should be performed next. This characteristic is especially important for computers. A computer can only execute an algorithm if it knows the exact order of steps to perform.

Algorithms have unambiguous operations

Each operation in an algorithm must be sufficiently clear so that it does not need to be simplified. Given a list of numbers, you can easily order them from largest to smallest with the simple instruction "Sort these numbers." A computer, however, needs more detail to sort numbers. It must be told to search for the smallest number, how to find the smallest number, how to compare numbers together, etc. The operation "Sort these numbers" is ambiguous to a computer because the computer has no basic operations for sorting. Basic operations used for writing algorithms are known as primitive operations or primitives. When an algorithm is written in computer primitives, then the algorithm is unambiguous and the computer can execute it.

Algorithms have effectively computable operations

Each operation in an algorithm must be doable, that is, the operation must be something that is possible to do. Suppose you are giving an algorithm for planting a garden where the first step instructed you to remove all large stones from the soil. This instruction may not be doable if there is a four ton rock buried just below ground level. For computers, many mathematical operations such as division by zero or finding the square root of a negative number are also impossible. These operations are not effectively computable so they cannot be used in writing algorithms.

Algorithms produce a result

In our simple definition of an algorithm, we stated that an algorithm is a set of instructions for solving a problem. Unless an algorithm produces some result, we can never be certain whether our solution is correct. Have you ever given a command to a computer and discovered that nothing changed? What was your response? You probably thought that the computer was malfunctioning because your command did not produce any type of result. Without some visible change, you have no way of determining the effect of your command. The same is true with algorithms. Only algorithms which produce results can be verified as either right or wrong.

Algorithms halt in a finite amount of time

Algorithms should be composed of a finite number of operations and they should complete their execution in a finite amount of time. Suppose we wanted to write an algorithm to print all the integers greater than 1. Our steps might look something like this:

1. Print the number 2.
2. Print the number 3.
3. Print the number 4.
.
.
.

While our algorithm seems to be pretty clear, we have two problems. First, the algorithm must have an infinite number of steps because there are an infinite number of integers greater than one. Second, the algorithm will run forever trying to count to infinity. These problems violate our definition that an algorithm must halt in a finite amount of time. Every algorithm must reach some operation that tells it to stop.

" There is no universally accepted breakdown for the various types of algorithms, there are common classes that algorithms are frequently agreed to belong to. Among these are:"

• Dynamic Programming Algorithms: This class remembers older results and attempts to use this to speed the process of finding new results.

• Greedy Algorithms: Greedy algorithms attempt not only to find a solution, but to find the ideal solution to any given problem.

• Brute Force Algorithms: The brute force approach starts at some random point and iterates through every possibility until it finds the solution.

• Branch and Bound Algorithms: Branch and bound algorithms form a tree of sub problems to the primary problem, following each branch until it is either solved or lumped in with another branch.

• Randomized Algorithms: This class includes any algorithm that uses a random number at any point during its process.

• Backtracking Algorithms: Backtracking algorithms test for a solution, if one is found the algorithm has solved, if not it recurs once and tests again, continuing until a solution is found.

• Simple Recursive Algorithms: This type of algorithm goes for a direct solution immediately, and then backtracks to find a simpler solution.

• Divide and Conquer Algorithms: A divide and conquer algorithm is similar to a branch and bound algorithm, except it uses the backtracking method of recurring in tandem with dividing a problem into sub problems

Fields in Computer Science

2009-11-08T02:49:00.004+05:30

Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems. It is frequently described as the systematic study of algorithmic processes that create, describe and transform information. According to Peter J. Denning, the fundamental question underlying computer science is, "What can be (efficiently) automated?" Computer science has many sub-fields; some, such as computer graphics, emphasize the computation of specific results, while others, such as computational complexity theory, study the properties of computational problems. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations.
For example, programming language theory studies approaches to describing computations, while computer programming applies specific programming languages to solve specific computational problems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to people.

Computer science has a number of major sub-fields which can be classified as per mentioned below.

Ø Algorithms :- formal processes used for computation, and the efficiency of these processes

Ø Applications :- design and development software for everyday use

Ø Artificial intelligence :- implementation and study of systems that exhibit (either behaviorally or seemingly) an autonomous intelligence or behavior of their own, sometimes inspired by the characteristics of living beings. Computer science is closely tied with AI, as software and computers are primary tools for the development and progression of artificial intelligence

Ø Compilers :- ways of efficiently translating algorithms from one form (usually a programming language) to another

Ø Computational complexity theory :- fundamental bounds (esp. time and storage space) on computations

Ø Computer programming :- the act of writing algorithms in a programming language

Ø Computer graphics :- algorithms both for generating visual images synthetically and for integrating or altering visual and spatial information sampled from the real world

Ø Computer vision :- algorithms for extracting three dimensional objects from a two dimensional picture

Ø Cryptography :- algorithms for protecting private data, including encryption

Ø Data mining :- the process of sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information.; closely related to information retrieval

Ø Data structures :- the organization and storage of data

Ø Networking :- algorithms and protocols for reliably communicating data across long distances, often including error correction

Ø Operating systems :- systems for managing computer programs and data structures

Ø Programming languages :- formal languages for expressing algorithms and the properties of these languages

Ø Robotics :- algorithms for controlling the behavior of robots

Ø Scientific computing :- algorithms for use in the sciences, especially (but not exclusively) biology (as in bioinformatics), physics, and chemistry

Ø Search Engine Optimization (SEO) :- the process of increasing the amount of visitors to a Web site by ranking high in the search results of a search engine.

Ø Software engineering :- the process of designing, developing, and testing programs

Ø Steganography :- algorithms for covertly hiding data in seemingly unrelated documents, such as graphics

Ø Type Theory :-formal analysis of the types of data, and the use of these types to understand properties of programs, especially program safety

What Is The Importance Of Computers In Our Daily Lives?

2009-11-08T01:12:00.004+05:30

Computers today are one of the important things we are using. They have helped a lot in compiling a lot data which used to be in hard records. One of the uses or benefits of computers is that they are able to provide and retrieve information so quickly so they have increased the pace of our work. The increase in the speed of work has helped us to do many things with less resources like in past a lot of manpower was used for record keeping and files and other things were made to keep the records saved.

This is one use of computers in our lives other than that computers has helped us to work with machines which have the ability to produce the best quality of products with maximum speed and efficiency. In today's world it is necessary that to cater for such a heavy population things are made at the higher pace with best quality, so it is possible with the help of computer that we are able to cater for the need of quantity and quality of products required in daily life.

Computer is also helping us in education of children, it has enabled us to get the information form one part of the world to the other at a very rapid pace. So in summary computer today is in every walk of life, and is helping us a lot in developing at a fast pace.