COMPUTER GRAMMAR

Windows - Find MAC Address

noreply@blogger.com (DigiWind Global Solutions) — Sun, 16 Jan 2011 07:24:00 +0000

Windows - Find MAC Address

Problem: How do I find my IP address, MAC Address or check my network configuration?

Operating Systems: Windows XP, 2000, ME, 98, & NT

IPConfig Utility (Windows 98/ME/XP/2000/NT)
Winipcfg Graphical Tool (Windows 95/98)
Getmac Utility (Windows XP)

IPConfig Utility

Most versions of Windows allow you to view detailed network configuration information with the ipconfig utility. This utility will show your IP address, MAC address (also known as the physical or hardware address), and DNS servers in addition to other information.

To use the ipconfig utility, go to the Start button. Select Run.

Enter command into the Open box and click OK. This will open the MS-DOS (Command) Prompt window.

Microsoft(R) Windows 98
  (C)Copyright Microsoft Corp 1981-1999.

C:\WINDOWS\Desktop>

Enter ipconfig and press Enter. You should see something similar to the output below.

Example: Dialup Connection (Windows XP)

C:\WINDOWS\Desktop>ipconfig

Windows IP Configuration

Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:

   Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : expedient.net
   IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 216.151.124.X
   Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
   Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 216.151.124.1

PPP adapter Dialup Stargate:

   Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
   IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 209.166.149.121
   Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.255
   Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 209.166.149.121

Example: DSL Connection (Windows 98)

C:\WINDOWS\Desktop>ipconfig

Windows 98 IP Configuration

0 Ethernet adapter :

   IP Address. . . . . . . . . : 0.0.0.0
   Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . : 0.0.0.0
   Default Gateway . . . . . . :

1 Ethernet adapter :

   IP Address. . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.15
   Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
   Default Gateway . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1

Notice that the information shown depends on your version of Windows. In the Windows 98 example, 0 Ethernet adapter represents a dialup modem, and 1 Ethernet adapter represents the ethernet (network) card.

By using the ipconfig /all command, you can find out even more information about your configuration:

Example: Dialup Connection (Windows XP)

C:\WINDOWS\Desktop>ipconfig /all

Windows IP Configuration

   Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . : computer
   Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . :
   Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid
   IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . : No
   WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . : No

PPP adapter Dialup Stargate:

   Connection-specific DNS Suffix :
   Description . . . . . . . . . . : WAN (PPP/SLIP) Interface
   Physical Address. . . . . . . . : 00-53-45-00-00-00
   Dhcp Enabled. . . . . . . . . . : No
   IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 209.166.149.130
   Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.255
   Default Gateway . . . . . . . . : 209.166.149.130
   DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . : 209.166.161.121
   DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . : 209.166.161.120
   NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . : Disabled

Example: DSL Connection (Windows 98)

C:\WINDOWS\Desktop>ipconfig /all

Windows 98 IP Configuration

   Host Name . . . . . . . . . : customer.expedient.net
   DNS Servers . . . . . . . . : 209.166.160.45
   DNS Servers . . . . . . . . : 209.166.160.46
   Node Type . . . . . . . . . : Broadcast
   NetBIOS Scope ID. . . . . . :
   IP Routing Enabled. . . . . : No
   WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . : No
   NetBIOS Resolution Uses DNS : Yes

1 Ethernet adapter :

   Description . . . . . . . . : Fast Ethernet Adapter
   Physical Address. . . . . . : 00-10-AF-EC-21-3C
   DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
   IP Address. . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.15
   Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
   Default Gateway . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1
   Primary WINS Server . . . . :
   Secondary WINS Server . . . :
   Lease Obtained. . . . . . . :
   Lease Expires . . . . . . . :

If you have multiple modems or network cards installed, you will see information for each one.
Winipcfg - Graphical Tool

Some versions of Windows also have a graphical tool that allows you to view this information:

Click the Start button and select Run. Enter winipcfg and click OK.

PPP Adapter is the information for your dialup connection. If you are not connected this information will be blank. The drop down menu allows you to switch between ethernet adapters.

The image above shows information for a DSL connection using a Fast Ethernet Adapter. For even more information about a connection, click the More Info button:

Windows XP - Getmac Command Line Tool

Note that Windows XP has a command line tool, "getmac", that will allow you to ascertain the MAC address. To use the "getmac" command:

Open a command window - go to Start > Run and type "command" into the field then click "OK".
Type getmac.
The MAC address will be noted on the column on the left under "Physical Address"

Example

C:\>getmac

Physical Address Transport Name
=================== ==============================
00-D0-B7-B1-A7-14 \Device\Tcpip_{474E507B-4FCD-428C-A553-304B997C4D96}

Computer Hardware Course - Input/Output Devices

noreply@blogger.com (DigiWind Global Solutions) — Thu, 30 Dec 2010 21:55:00 +0000

These are of two types: Character Devices transfer one character of data at a time. Block devices transfer data in blocks of characters.

There are two ways of connecting I/O devices to the rest of the system. The first is the tree method (used in large systems). The CPU is connected via the memory to one or more channels, each connected to one or more control units, each connected to one or more I/O device. The second method is where memory and I/O devices are fed by the CPU via a common bus and identified by a unique address. Most micros use this system.
The Magnetic Tape Drive

The tape drops in two loops to either side of the drive so that it can pass at a constant speed across the heads. The reservoirs are triggered by lights and photo-sensors. The standard tape is 9 track, 1/2 inch wide (9 parallel tracks running along the tape - 8 are for data and the last is a parity bit).

Tape density is defined in terms of bytes/inch (the standard is 1600 bytes per inch, the maximum is 6250 bytes per inch). The standard tape is 2400 feet long. Between blocks stored on tape is the inter-record gap (0.6 inches). This is the smallest possible distance to allow the drive to stop and start again.
The Magnetic Drum

Each track is circular and has its own read/write head. A drum can't be removed from the hardware as it is in a sealed container. Typically there are hundreds of tracks. They are expensive devices because of the number of read/write heads. The time taken to find any block on any track depends on:
the time taken to select a particular read/write head (which is negligeable),
the rotational speed of the drum (quoted in terms of the average rotational delay for half a revolution).
Read/write heads are prevented from touching the drum only by the turbulent rotation air layer, so the power can't be turned off without risking damage to the magnetic surface. On each track there is an index point to mark the beginning ot the track.

A block of data on the disk consists of an address marker, a count area containing the record number and the data length (and perhaps a key length) and the actual data area. There is a gap between each of these. If a stored key is associated with each block, the key is placed between the count and the data (with associated gaps). With increasing block size, the drum is more efficiently used. A block size of 8000 bytes is within 10% of the maximum.

A key is a string of characters that describes uniquely a record. The drum drive can be given a search command to look for a particular key. There is software which tells it which track the key is on.
Pack of Exchangeable Discs

The tracks on the discs consist of concentric circles, but they do not extend to the centre of each disc (due to the decreasing circumference - each track must contain the same amount of data).

Records/blocks are written exactly as on the drum. The comb moves in and out and, if there are N recorded disk surfaces, at any position the comb can select any one of N tracks. The delay is mostly the time taken to move the comb (the arm access time). In terms of storage versus cost, discs are cheaper and of greater capacity than drums.
Printers
There are various types of printers:
Matrix printers (typically 120 to 200 characters per second).
Slow speed, high quality printers. These are again of two types:
Daisy wheels. Typically 40 characters/second. Bold characters are achieved by overprinting the text once.
High quality matrix printer. Typically 40 characters/second. Uses hammer wires but goes over each character four times (leaving not a series of dots, but blacked-in lines). They also have draught quality (one pass for every character at 180 characters/second). Bold characters are achieved by overprinting with a horizontal displacement of typically 0.004 inches (giving a total of 8 passes for each character). Lists of characters that can be printed are stored in fonts.
Ink-jet printers. These squirt tiny droplets of coloured inks at the paper which dry within seconds.
Laser-jet printers. These are similar to photocopiers (quite often they are hybrid photocopiers/scanners/printers). A low power laser is used to charge the paper with a small electrical charge wherever a black dot is required. The paper is then passed over a toner tray containing toner (fine black powder) which is then attracted to the paper wherever it is charged. The toner is then fixed in place with a heater which melts it onto the paper.
Punched Cards
Every character was a series of 12 bits of holes or unpunched areas in the card. The last few columns showed the position of the card in the sequence in case the whole stack of cards is dropped - it makes putting them back in order easier.
Paper Tape
5 or 8 channels running in parallel along the tape for recording data by punching holes. With 5 channels, there is a letter shift, which is a special sequence of 5 bits which enables all the characters after it to be interpreted as letters, and figure shift, after which everything is interpreted as numbers. Editing is done by splicing the tape or by leaving regularly spaced blank sections which can then be filled with amendments.
Data Transmission
Full duplex transmission occurs where the computer echoes back characters typed in from the keyboard to the screen. In Half duplex transmission, characters typed appear on the screen via a keyboard-screen connection only, and are sent down the line to the computer separately.
Input/output control for the PDP
The example considered here is the paper-tape reader PC-11. The address in memory connected to I/O devices are high in memory. The PC-11 has two registers, the status register (PRS) at octal address 777550 and data (PRB) at octal address 777552. Each is a 16-bit address, although not all bits are used. The following bits are the connections to the PRS:
Bit 15 Error flag. It is set when
a physical malfunction occurs, or
there is no tape in the reader, or
the reader is disconnected, or
the reader has no program.
Bit 11 Busy flag. Set when a character is being read and when Reader Enable is set, and cleared when the present operation is complete, i.e. when the Done flag is set.
Bit 7 Done flag. Set when a character is available in the data buffer, PRB, or by setting Reader Enable.
Bit 6 Reader Interrupt Enable. Must be set in order to generate an interrupt either by Bit 15 being set or Bit 7 being set.
Bit 0 Reader Enable. Set by the program to start the reader. When set, it clears bit 7, sets bit 11 and clears the buffer. After a short while, it clears itself.

Here are the assembly language routines. The first is for where there is no interrupt mechanism. PRS and PRB are mnemonics for their respective addresses:

READ INC PRS (sets reader enable from 0 to 1, enables reader)
LOOP TST PRS (Error? Looks for negative numbers)

Welcome!

noreply@blogger.com (DigiWind Global Solutions) — Thu, 30 Dec 2010 21:16:00 +0000

Welcome!: "I connected Blogger to my http://flavors.me page - http://flavors.me/ashu_mtr88"