Computer Science-Everyone-Everywhere

October 2011 Web Server Survey

2011-10-18T11:40:00.000+08:00

Netcraft News: In the October 2011 survey we received responses from 504,082,040 sites, a growth of nearly 3.8% or around 18M sites on last month.

All of the main web server vendors gained hostnames this month with Apache again showing the largest increase of just over 10M; however, it continues to lose a small amount of market share. A gain of just over 4M hostnames sees nginx increase market share to an all-time high of 8.5%.

This month Apache lost 86k active sites, less than 0.1% of its total. However, this translates to a more significant loss in market share of 1.09% due to all three of the main competitors gaining sites. The largest gain was seen by nginx, where an increase of just over 1.6M active sites resulted in its market share rising to 11.28%. If current trends continue nginx will soon overtake Microsoft to have the second largest number of active sites.

Across the million busiest sites Apache and Microsoft each lose market share this month whilst nginx and Google see small increases.

Total Sites Across All Domains
August 1995 - October 2011

Market Share for Top Servers Across All Domains
August 1995 - October 2011

Developer	September 2011	Percent	October 2011	Percent	Change
Apache	315,605,335	65.05%	326,008,432	64.67%	-0.38
Microsoft	76,323,018	15.73%	78,937,065	15.66%	-0.07
nginx	38,970,683	8.03%	43,037,079	8.54%	0.51
Google	17,265,308	3.56%	17,487,924	3.47%	-0.09

Totals for Active Sites Across All Domains
June 2000 - October 2011

Developer	September 2011	Percent	October 2011	Percent	Change
Apache	99,963,635	59.99%	99,883,550	58.90%	-1.09
Microsoft	20,548,834	12.33%	21,137,071	12.46%	0.13
nginx	17,495,435	10.50%	19,121,348	11.28%	0.78
Google	13,270,024	7.96%	13,781,508	8.13%	0.16

For more information see Active Sites

Market Share for Top Servers Across the Million Busiest Sites
September 2008 - October 2011

Developer	September 2011	Percent	October 2011	Percent	Change
Apache	655,308	65.88%	649,397	65.28%	-0.60
Microsoft	153,015	15.38%	151,245	15.20%	-0.18
nginx	72,511	7.29%	77,980	7.84%	0.55
Google	21,804	2.19%	22,226	2.23%	0.04

Steve Passed away

2011-10-07T20:55:00.002+08:00

Rest in peace Mr. Jobs

You changed a world

I need your help

2011-09-10T04:17:00.000+08:00

These days, some of the websites can accept other accounts for log in. Which account do you prefer for sign up or log in on other websites?

Please click on the below link and answer to this question

http://www.facebook.com/questions/10150308754454138/?qa_ref=pt

Who is smarter?

2011-08-08T00:08:00.000+08:00

I returned with a classical question in Computer Science.

We know that these days electronic gadgets and devices are very helpful in our life.

Are you believed that some of them are smarter than humans? which one do you think and why?

P.N: If you really interested to improve your computer vision and job position in the future, you should trying to answer this question and another classical questions like this.

Google Image Search

2011-06-21T12:54:00.001+08:00

These days, we watch Google adding new methods for searching on the web. Photo and Audio search. I haven't access for audio search, but I trying photo search last week. By a short story I would like to propose new Google image services.

We are traveling to another countries and visit many places. So we were taking some photos of historical palace, buildings, rivers, flowers, birds, fishes, cathedral, and museums. After coming back, when we show photos to our friends, they are asking where are there or what flower name is? Maybe we can remember the names of buildings or places and maybe not. In this situation, Google help us to find them on the cloud. We should just drag and drop the photo to image Google search bar and waiting for results. The results are not only the same as pictures, there exists all the information that Google found for that photo on the web.

This online tool is too useful when the provider is Google because they search very fast on the net and also they have related tools for marvelous results. Think about that when you search your photos, you can find the Wiki information, GPS location or can find same places or buildings at the world like your photos. If you don't remember the name of bird or fish, you can easily google its photos that you take or found. We can find which design of painting is not original and also we can create a unique logo for our company that is not looks like as the others at world.

This method is new and should improve in the future like Google maps and earth. Last week I tried Google image with a passport size photo of myself. The results were amazing (you can see in below).

These results are like normal web search when the phrase for searching is not popular, low rank or not indexed on Google. This problem will be solving when users searching more and more and also need a SEO for photos. Few important points that I found on this search was on the color, bright, contrast and shape on photo. I believed that these elements are the early factors for searching. By the shape Google can recognize what type of picture is and by the color, bright and contrast can find the similar pictures.

For example, for my photo, all the results are face of people. When we focus on the results, we are known that the color/brightness balance and shapes are closed to my photo. As well as I have a complete profile on Google profile, if Google can recognize my face and compare it with my profile photo, the result is very useful.

While I continued my search with Obama photo, PETRONAS Twin Towers photo which I take it last year, a cathedral at Montréal, a picture of my mobile phone, sunflower seeds, tulip flower and some logos, the results were satisfactory.

You can try it now and suggest your idea for more applications.

Wordpress CMS - Part 4

2011-06-12T02:38:00.000+08:00

In the previous posts, we talked about how we can install a wordpress CMS and what sections are in the dashboard. Today, we are talking for how to create a new posts or pages?

We are able to create some pages for categorizing our activities by the wordpress. Top page that call Home is a first page that visitors looking your weblog. In the main menu under "Posts" item of Dashboard "Categories" is for listing posts related together. By the click on "Add new" appearing an editor with Title and Body section.

Title phrase is the most important for search engines, so author should use of words or sentence that are near to body of article. In the side panel (usually right panel) Publish, Categories and Post Tags boxes exist that all of them are related to current post. We can Save Draft when we don't like to publish our post immediately also we can Preview before publishing. In categories box we can select one or more categories for current post. Post Tags are most important for SEO when search engines use of Tags for finding contents on the web. Each tag should be separate with a comma. We can manage all Tags from the main menu under the Posts item.

Another place that an author can write something’s for weblog is on the page. Pages item in the main menu contain two submenu which are “All pages” for showing all pages that we created and “Add new” for adding new page. Same as the new post, we have an editor when we would like to add new page, but some things are different. Title in new page is a button on the weblog (usually on the top - that is related to theme). In the Page Attributes from the side menu, we can make a “Parent” for our pages or use of “Template” if our theme supports it. Also we can set ordering manually of that box.

For example if we have a Parent page with Computer title, we are able to create Software and hardware pages under the Computer page and we can set Hardware by number 1 and Software by number 2 for ordering. Other boxes are containing optional fields that are not important for the beginner.

Enjoy Weblog. Enjoy Wordpress. Enjoy Open Source

How many domains are currently registered?

2011-05-30T22:27:00.006+08:00

According to domaintools.com which is the recognized leader in domain research and monitoring, 6 common domain names are .com, .net, .org, .info, .biz and .us .

Around 95,134,749 dot com domain name is active today when 325,094,725 dot com has been deleted from the 1985. First dot com domain name has been registered in 15/03/1985 under symbolics.com name.

Today more than 130,191,954 domains are available under 6 common domain names as well as 400,268,969 domain names had been deleted.

The below table show that a briefly of domains status.

		Daily Changes(last 24hrs)
Active	Deleted	New	Expired	Transfered	TLD
95,134,749	325,094,725	51,638	76,252	68,502	.Com
13,950,773	35,644,368	7,370	15,351	7,605	.Net
9,250,413	22,160,133	4,360	31,046	4,393	.Org
7,871,059	11,939,680	8,520	32,199	9,409	.Info
2,111,759	2,606,542	1,065	10,741	841	.Biz
1,740,784	2,160,482	1,348	10,844	782	.Us

130,191,954	400,268,969	74,301	176,433	91,532	Total
Last Updated : 2011-05-30

references: domaintools.com

CompTIA A+ Certificate

2011-05-28T15:10:00.003+08:00

CompTIA A+ is one of the basic certificates for users would like to improve their knowledge about how a computer system is work and troubleshooting. This program is started by Introduction and overview of what a computer system is and will be continue for presenting computer components. As well as these topics are discussed in the A+ certificate: Motherboard, Processor, Memory, BIOS, Storage, Power, Connectors, Adapter Cards, Cooling systems, Input Output hardware peripheral, Printers and Scanners, Laptop and Portable Devices, Operating Systems, Disks and Files, Networking and Security.

What does this mean? It means applicant have a good understanding of most PC hardware and can perform many troubleshooting tasks on computer hardware and software. In addition, it shows candidate have a general understanding computer security and networking. On the non-technical side there is a professionalism element, this means candidate have a basic understanding on how to support customers in a professional way.

An applicant to get A+ certificate should learn all the topics and troubleshooting methodology. Over 800,000 people have earned the A+ credential worldwide, to date. (Wikipedia)

This exam is dividing by two sections. First section is CompTIA A+ Essentials and the second one is CompTIA A+ Practical Application. Each exam contains 100 questions and length of test is 90 minute per each test. For passing the exam, applicant should get 675 of 900 in first exam and 700 of 900 in second exam (%75). Today exam codes are 220-701 or JK0-701 for A+ Essential and 220-702 or JK0-702 for A+ Practical App. The exam price is around USD 170 (Euro 180).

All the certificates that achieved after 31/Dec/2010 are valid for 3 years.

For more information, you can look the CompTIA official website

www.comptia.org

5. Human Computer Interaction

2011-05-27T17:25:00.000+08:00

One of the interesting and applicable studies in Computer Science is Human Computer Interaction or HCI. According to ACM, HCI is “concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them” (ACM SIGCHI, 1992, p.6)

Also a simple definition of HCI is "A study of interaction and communication between "man" and "machine" that's in this case "Human" and "Computer". For example, how to design an interface for a vending machine? Or, how to design an effective and efficient web pages? HCI involved wide range of tasks and knowledge’s which are related directly or indirectly to it. This includes the analysis design, implementation, and evaluation of computing systems with a keen interest in user interfaces and user performance. With the recent global deployment of computers and software, both organizational and cultural issues have become critical factors in the design of interfaces that people can use in increasingly diverse professional and personal settings. The essential topics related to HCI are, Organizational Analysis in Human Computer Interface Design, Usability Engineering, Task Analysis, Human-Center Systems Development, GUI Programming, Multimedia, Computer-Supported Collaborative Work and Applying International Usability Standards.

Six usability goals are Effectiveness, Efficiency, Safety, Utility, Learnability and Memorability. As well as five design principles are Visibility, Feedback, Constraint, Consistency and Affordance.

This topic is more interesting and I would like to talk about more and more. After finishing the introduce CS categories, I will describe details of this topic. Follow my weblog every day.

If you are really interested to this category, you should reading chapter V of "2nd edition, Computer Science Handbook" which is edited by Allen B.Tucker that published by "ACM".

Computer Science Degree Salary - PayScale

2011-05-24T21:28:00.004+08:00

Median Salary by Job - Degree: Bachelor of Science (BS/BSc/SB), Computer Science (CS) (United States)

Compare your salary: Get a free Salary Report

Wordpress CMS - Part 3

2011-05-23T04:49:00.002+08:00

Wordpress is a weblog platform for writing posts and giving feedback from the comments. As respect wordpress provide an opportunity for making some of the pages to improving dynamically weblog. The Pages link on the main menu is focused on this issue. The last item in the first part of main menu is Comments that's managing weblog comments and feedbacks.

In the previous posts, we mentioned that second part of main menu is important on the server side. First option is Appearance that involved weblog Theme and widgets. Hundreds of themes are located in the wordpress.org for installation. Today more than 32 million themes were downloaded by the wordpress bloggers. Next item is Plugins which can improve weblog on the both user side and server side. Same as themes Plugins are downloadable from official wordpress website. In this day more than 14,000 plugins are accessible that they were downloaded about 181,125,000 times. Users section can control and manage users profiles when the weblog is open for registration. By default each weblog has only admin user. If you had a weblog in the past on the other blogger services and would like migrate to wordpress, you can make a backup of contains and import on the wordpress with special tools that you can find on Tools item. As well as wordpress provide an Export tools for making a backup of your posts, comments, tags and everything! Last item in main menu is Settings which is include general settings of your weblog and hosting information needed and other special settings for Writing, Reading, Discussion, Media, Privacy, Permalinks and Miscellaneous.

These menus are easy to learn and easy to use. In the next posts, we will be continue by how creating a new post and how we can improve our weblog.

Online Storage

2011-05-22T03:19:00.002+08:00

Online Backup Storage

Last week I decided to make a backup of my photos and several of my university lecture notes which were located on my PC's hard disk. I have a box of CDs and DVDs of my data backup but I believe that they are not useful when I need. I thought that I should have an online backup with accessing from everywhere so I Google “cloud storage” and found useful articles. Although I have a personal web hosting with 20GB capacity on a satisfactory data center but after reading more I preferred using other company file hosting services. One of the questions that all users ask for file hosting services is how they can access to their data? In this article I would like to introduce two cloud storage services with advantages and disadvantages.

Dropbox:

Dropbox is an online storage system with 2GB initial free space. This system using web-based access and effective application those users can download and install it. It's really easy to use and easy to learn. After finishing installation, an icon showing at “My Documents” like other folders and with the same properties. Users can copy/rename/delete files to/from Dropbox folder. As well as make a sharing folder on Dropbox is possible that help users to share files with other Dropbox users. Registration is so easy by a right email address and a suitable password each internet users can have a free web-based file hosting for keeping data or create an online backup of the most important files. These days Dropbox offer to get more space by inviting friends to using Dropbox services. Dropbox will be awarded 250MB bonus (up to 8GB) space for each invitation accepted.

Advantages: Easy to use - Easy to learn - Fast - Sync with computer

Disadvantages: Free space is too small - Maximum space is 132GB with $200 cost per year

Skydrive:

Skydrive is one of the Microsoft live services. The free space is 25GB and users can not increase their spaces. It's not too fast because the Skydrive is designed under Silverlight system. One of the big problem on Skydrive is users have not any options for multi selecting files or folders for example for moving or deleting. Also the maximum size of file that is possible for uploading is 50MB so I break the large size files to 49MB with Winrar and after that upload on the Skydrive. Each MSN users (e.g. hotmail account) can access to 25GB Skydrive cloud storage with the web-based application.

Advantages: 25 GB free space - Easy to use by hotmail account

Disadvantages: No sync with computer - No multi selection - No more space

From the last week till today, I am uploading 21GB data on Skydrive for backup of my files and using of Dropbox for sharing and transferring my files to other places.

Computer Science Topics

2011-05-20T02:49:00.001+08:00

If you are a computer science student but don’t have any idea for majoring in CS or you don’t know what are the area that maybe you are interested it, I provide a list that contain interested topics in CS.

Look at the topics and pick 5 of them, then reading more and more about topics. Find news, articles, photos even movies related to them. You are the only one who can make the necessary changes in your life. As well as I will introduce some of the topics in the next posts.

Pick it, Read it, Enjoy it!

Algorithms and Data Structures	Artificial Intelligence
Communication and Wireless Systems	Computer Based Education
Computer Networks	Computer Networks and Data Communication
Computer Security	Cryptography
Data Communications	Data Encryption
Data Mining	Distributed Systems
E-commerce and E-learning	Electronic Devices in Communications
Emergency networks and dependable infrastructures	Emerging Technologies
Expert Systems	Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Human Computer Interaction	Information and Communication Engineering
Information Systems	Innovative Networking Technologies
Internet Engineering	Localization and internationalization of Web applications
Mobile Web applications	Network operations and management
Network Performance	Network Planning and Design
Network Security	Networking technologies in developing regions
QoS Provisioning and Architectures	Robotics
Security & Cryptography	Technology in Education
Technology Management	Theoretical Computer Science
Web application development	Web services-based applications

Wordpress CMS - Part 2

2011-05-18T00:24:00.005+08:00

After finishing installation, for adding new post you should going to your weblog Dashboard. By this address http://yourdomain.com/wp-admin you are looking for a page which is need username and password for login. after putting your authentication details first page that you will see is Dashboard.

Wordpress Dashboard

Dashboard is your weblog control panel that some parts are fixed and some parts are customizable. Two menu's are in the left side and right side is divided to Right Now that's included your posts, pages, comments and etc statistics, Also a QuickPress for inserting new post without any adjustment tools is there. Recent Comments, Recent Drafts and other windows are in right side that you can hide, change the positions or remove them.

Two menus in the left side are most important. First menu is focused on the posts and anythings that related to a post. The basic items are, Posts, Media, Links, Pages and Comments that all of them have containt sub-menu with other items. Second menu is the most related to server side when included Appearance, Plugins, Users, Tools and Settings.

A simple weblog contain some of the texts, a simple skin and maybe have useful widgets or plugins. For the writing new posts we use Post item on the first menu. We can orgnizing our posts by categories and labels. If our post have a media like pictures, videos, animations or sounds, we can upload our media to our web hosting and inserting those on the posts. Second item in top menu is Media that can help us for easy uploading and using media.

When we are a blogger, we have some follower that read our posts and maybe write their ideas on the comments section. We can make a list of our favourite blogs and showing the names on our weblog for easy accessing to their. Third item in the first menu is Links that can orgnized this list.

We will continue " How to use of wordpress " in the next posts.

4. Graphics and Visual Computing

2011-05-17T10:46:00.002+08:00

Graphics and Visual Computing is the study and realization of complex processes for representing physical and conceptual objects visually on a computer screen. Fundamental to all graphics applications are the processes of modeling objects abstractly and rendering them on a computer screen.

Also important are object identification, light, color, shading, projection, and animation. The reconstruction of scanned images and the virtual simulation of reality are also of major research interest, as is the ultimate goal of simulating human vision itself. 3D,Geometric, Advanced geometric, Mainstream rendering methods, Sampling-Reconstruction-Antialiasing, Animation, Volume visualization, Virtual reality and Computer vision re sub-categories of graphic and visual computing.
If you are really interested to this category, you should reading chapter IV on page 884 of "2nd edition, Computer Science Handbook" which is edited by Allen B.Tucker that published by "ACM".

Top 10 Facebook Pages

2011-05-16T02:27:00.001+08:00

Top 10 pages with the most fans on Facebook. 2011/05/15

#	Name	Fans
1	Facebook	40,319,140
2	Lady Gaga	33,996,371
3	Michael Jackson	32,969,159
4	Youtube	33,223,549
5	Rihanna	32,618,732
6	LinkinPark	27,561,919
7	Coca-Cola	26,771,635
8	SouthPark	26,616,666
9	Vin Diesel	23,452,497
10	Starbucks	21,888,945

The applications or online games are not included.

Do you know any more? Please leave a comment.
Updated in: Friday 20/5/2011

Wordpress CMS - Part 1

2011-05-14T10:37:00.000+08:00

If you are a blogger, definitely you know wordpress.com or heard about it. Wordpress is a powerful tools to creating a weblog on the internet when registration is simple and easy for everyone. When we create a user we can access to our weblog control panel that calls Dashboard. Dashboard is included some of the parts that we can change our weblog configuration and also write new articles. We can adding utilize widgets or changing the theme. as well as importing data from other weblog systems and exporting to popular formats are applicable.

Why we should use wordpress on personal hosting?

On the one hand when we use a wordpress weblog our address is like www.OurBlogName.wordpress.com, on the other hand using of Themes, Plug-ins and Widgets are limited. Wordpress have a good CMS for solving this problems. Now, let's go to setting up a wordpress weblog/website under wordpress CMS.

Download CMS:

Go to www.wordpress.org
Download the latest version that released

Choose a name for registering Domain
When you ordered your domain you should set NameServer (NS) for finding your web hosting.
If you know any web hosting provider company so looking their web sites for plans.
If you don't know, just google it! ... "web hosting services"
Your plan should be support php 4.3, mysql 4.1.2 and apache. I prefer Linux web hosting with cPanel
After you ordered webhosting you recieve an email that contain your NS's ,user name, password and how you can access to your host control panel.
Come in back to domain control panel and set NS's. Each new domain should be introduce to more router on the internet for routing from everywhere. This process will be done in approximately 72hours.

Install Wordpress

Go to web hosting control panel (for cPanel youraddress.com:2082 or youraddress.com/cpanel)
Using User name and Password for accessing to options
Find Database and create data base. create it and remembered it name and password
It's better create a user name and set access to data base for all control
Next Uploading wordpress compress file in your root folder of web server
After that extract the compressed file with the file manager tools
You are looking a Wordpress folder. Open it and change the wp-config-sample.php to wp-config.php
Edit wp-config.php and set user name, data base name and password on the specific field and save
Open a browser and visit http://youraddress.com/wp-admin/install.php
That's it! Installation is done

We will continue for how to use of wordpress in the next post.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask in comments.

Content Management System (CMS)

2011-05-08T02:55:00.002+08:00

One of the favorite field in computer science is building website that is a subcategory of human-computer interaction.

Each computer scientist should know how a website is working or designing.It's not important if a computer scientist can not design or implement a web site because this work is done on the website builder team. For setting up a professional or large website, academic persons like, psychologist, copywriter, business man, project manager and etc are the first team who providing requirement information on the paper. The second group are multimedia team included web designer, graphist, animator, photographer, and the last group are computer experts team included programmer who are coding website and network experts for providing domain and host for implementing. A successful computer scientist on top of the pyramid should have information for all the parts and surveying all parts in general. If you would like to easy and fast learn web designing it's better to exploring and developing a Content Management System (CMS). I would like to start training CMS in 4 series. I will propose Wordpress, Joomla and Opencart which the last one is an on-line store.

If you have any suggestion before the start our training, leave a comment in this post.

3. Computational Science

2011-05-08T01:40:00.002+08:00

Computational Science unites computational simulation, scientific experimentation, geometry, mathematical models, visualization, and high performance computing to address some of the “grand challenges” of computing in the sciences and engineering. Advanced graphics and parallel architectures enable scientists to analyze physical phenomena and processes, providing a virtual microscope for inquiry at an unprecedented level of detail. The most of the computational fields are ocean modeling, chemistry, astrophysics, structural mechanics, biology, electromagnetic, fluid dynamic and ocean modeling,

Scientists and engineers develop computer programs, application software, that model systems being studied and run these programs with various sets of input parameters. Typically, these models require massive amounts of calculations (usually floating-point) and are often executed on supercomputers or distributed computing platforms. Numerical analysis is an important underpinning for techniques used in computational science. The term computational scientist is used to describe someone skilled in scientific computing. This person is usually a scientist, an engineer or an applied mathematician who applies high-performance computers in different ways to advance the state-of-the-art in their respective applied disciplines in physics, chemistry or engineering. Scientific computing has increasingly also impacted on other areas including economics, biology and medicine.

Scientific computation is most often studied through an applied mathematics or computer science program, or within a standard mathematics, sciences, or engineering program. At some institutions a specialization in scientific computation can be earned as a "minor" within another program (which may be at varying levels). However, there are increasingly many bachelor's and master's programs in computational science. Some schools also offer the Ph.D. in computational science, computational engineering, computational science and engineering, or scientific computation. A big picture of computational science under this name or scientific computing is a subject in bachelor of computer science in the university.

(Ref: Computer Science Handbook 2nd edition & wikipedia)

5+1 man who changed the IT world.

2011-05-02T02:57:00.009+08:00

Tim Berners-Lee - WWW

Is a British physicist, computer scientist and MIT professor who is invented World Wide Web in March 1989. He built the first Web browser which also functioned as an editor (WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon). The first web site built was at CERN, and was first put on line on 6 August 1991. In 1999, Time Magazine named Berners-Lee one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.

Alan Kay - Laptop

As the personal computer became feasible in the early 1970s, the idea of a portable personal computer followed. A "personal, portable information manipulator" was imagined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1968, and described in his 1972 paper as the "Dynabook". He conceived the Dynabook concept which defined the conceptual basics for laptop and tablet computers and E-books, and is the architect of the modern overlapping windowing graphical user interface (GUI). Because the Dynabook was conceived as an educational platform, Kay is considered to be one of the first researchers into mobile learning, and indeed, many features of the Dynabook concept have been adopted in the design of the One Laptop Per Child educational platform, with which Kay is actively involved.

Bill Gates: Microsoft OS

Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. He established Microsoft in 1975 with Paul Allen. Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, called Xenix. However, it was DOS (Disk Operating System) that solidified the company's dominance. Microsoft is King of Operation Systems at the world. Bill Gates handed over the CEO position on January 13, 2000 to Steve Ballmer. Gates like a candle, lighting a way to using of computers.

Steve Jobs: Apple i Products

He is a talent inventor also He is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Jobs leaved Apple in 1985 and established NeXT company but in 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $429 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996, bringing Jobs back to the company he had co-founded.In recent years, the company has branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. In 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene.Jobs has always aspired to position Apple and its products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. The iPad was announced on January 27, 2010, by Steve Jobs at an Apple press conference at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco.

Eric Shmidt - Google

He earned an MS in 1979 for designing and implementing a network linking the campus computer center, the CS and the EECS departments,and a PhD in 1982 in EECS with a dissertation about the problems of managing distributed software development and tools for solving these problems. Schmidt changed the IT world by some Google products. AdSense is the largest advertising network on the internet with $8.44 billion income for the 3 last month of 2010. As well as he buy Youtube with $1.65 billion in 2006. Today youtube show more than 12 billion advertisment each month. Google maps, Gmail, Android and Chrome are the top products of Google when Shmidt was the CEO for 10 years.

Mark Zuckerberg - Facebook Social Network

Zuckerberg with Facebook is one of the person who revolutionize the social networking on the internet. Facebook with more than 600 million active users from Feb 2004 to Jan 2011 is 3rd largest community in the world after China and India. Facebook is growing with 240,000 users registration each day and have one of the largest data center at the world.

(Ref: Internet, wikipedia.com)

See also: Top 10 IT companies at the world

Top 10 IT Companies in the World

2011-04-25T02:41:00.008+08:00

Tonight, I would like to introduce Top Ten IT companies in 2010 that sorted by revenue in the year 2010.

#	Name	Billion )USD)
1	HP	126
2	IBM	99.9
3	Apple Inc	65.3
4	Microsoft	62.5
5	Dell	61.5
6	Intel	43.6
7	Cisco	40
8	Amazon.com	34.2
9	Google	29.3
10	Oracle	26.8

Maybe you ask me why I didn't recognize some companies like Sony, Toshiba, Samsung and etc in my list. I told you that companies are electronics producer such as Home appliance and IT products so I can not find the separate revenue for IT products anywhere. As well as those companies that working only on telecommunications area are not listed.

I will discuss about each company in the next posts.

2. Architecture and Organization

2011-04-23T19:12:00.005+08:00

Computer architecture is the design and organization of efficient and effective computer hardware at all levels from the most fundamental aspects of logic and circuit design to the broadest concerns of RISC, parallel, and high-performance computing.

Computer architecture is included, Digital logic, Digital computer architecture, Memory systems, Buses, Input/Output devices and interaction techniques, Secondary storage systems,High-speed computer interaction, Parallel architecture, Architecture and networks and finally Fault tolerance.

This part is hardware based in computer science which is important for diploma and bachelor students to learn and understanding how the computer devices are working. Digital systems and Machine architecture are two common subjects that educated in the faculty of computer in universities.

If you are interested,you can following this introduction:

In describing computer system, a distinction is often made between computer architecture and computer organization. Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer, or put another way, those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnection that realize the architecture specification.

Examples of architecture attributes include the instruction set, the number of bit to represent various data types (e.g.., numbers, and characters), I/O mechanisms, and technique for addressing memory. Examples of organization attributes include those hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals, interfaces between the computer and peripherals, and the memory technology used.

As an example, it is an architectural design issue whether a computer will have a multiply instruction. It is an organizational issue whether that instruction will be implemented by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism that makes repeated use of the add unit of the system. The organization decision may be bases on the anticipated frequency of use of the multiply instruction, the relative speed of the two approaches, and the cost and physical size of a special multiply unit.

Historically, and still today, the distinction between architecture and organization has been an important one. Many computer manufacturers offer a family of computer model, all with the same architecture but with differences in organization. Consequently, the different models in the family have different price and performance characteristics. Furthermore, an architecture may survive many years, but its organization changes with changing technology.

(Ref: 2nd edition, Computer Science Handbook, edited by Allen B.Tucker)

(Ref: Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture )

1.3 Cryptography

2011-04-22T01:49:00.004+08:00

Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce.

Another definition involved, Cryptography is the study of mathematical techniques related to aspects of information security such as confidentiality, data integrity, entity authentication, and data origin authentication.

Cryptographic goals

1. Confidentiality is a service used to keep the content of information from all but those authorized to have it. Secrecy is a term synonymous with confidentiality and privacy. There are numerous approaches to providing confidentiality, ranging from physical protection to mathematical algorithms which render data unintelligible.

2. Data integrity is a service which addresses the unauthorized alteration of data. To assure data integrity, one must have the ability to detect data manipulation by unauthorized parties. Data manipulation includes such things as insertion, deletion, and substitution.

3. Authentication is a service related to identification. This function applies to both entities and information itself. Two parties entering into a communication should identify each other.Information delivered over a channel should be authenticated as to origin, date of origin, data content, time sent, etc. For these reasons this aspect of cryptography is usually subdivided into two major classes: entity authentication and data origin authentication. Data origin authentication implicitly provides data integrity.

4. Non-repudiation is a service which prevents an entity fromdenying previous commitments or actions. When disputes arise due to an entity denying that certain actions were taken, a means to resolve the situation is necessary. For example, one entity may authorize the purchase of property by another entity and later deny such authorization was granted. A procedure involving a trusted third party is needed to resolve the dispute.

A fundamental goal of cryptography is to adequately address these four areas in both theory and practice. Cryptography is about the prevention and detection of cheating and other malicious activities.

Cryptology prior to the modern age was almost synonymous with encryption, the conversion of information from a readable state to apparent nonsense. The sender retained the ability to decrypt the information and therefore avoid unwanted persons being able to read it.

Cryptography is a vast subject and one of the area under the algorithms and complexity on computer science field. The development of digital computers and electronics after world war II made possible much more complex ciphers.

(Ref: en.wikipedia.com/wiki/cryptography & Computer Science Handbook-Allen B. Tucker & Handbook of Applied Cryptography, by A. Menezes, P. van Oorschot, and S. Vanstone, CRC Press, 1996.)

Where is the heart of technology?

2011-04-18T02:35:00.006+08:00

When we are talking about IT, computer technology and industries, which names are passing rapidly on your mind? IBM, Intel, hp, DELL, Microsoft, Apple, Yahoo, Google, Motorola, Sony, Toshiba.

After the World War II, some countries had been trying to growth in new technologies especially in electronic. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The most computer related companies are started from US when Americans had been investment in high technology. IBM and Motorola are famous companies that produced the first generation of personal computer and processor chips.

Today the successful High-tech companies are very close to the universities and they support students for completing their project and have competing to hiring the top researchers and developers to their companies. One of the largest universities that focused on high technologies is Stanford University when it's located near to Silicon Valley. Undoubtedly, Silicon Valley is the heart of high technology at the world when thousands of high technology companies are head-quartered in there. Adobe, Apple, Cisco, eBay, Google, HP, Intel, Juniper, Oracle, NVIDIA, Yahoo!, Symantec, SanDisk, Facebook, VMware are few of the pioneer companies in Silicon valley.

When we moving from the west to east, on the other side of the world, we can see Japan that is the second high tech country at the world. Sony, Toshiba, Panasonic, Hitachi, NEC, Brother, JVC, TDK, Fujitsu, Oki are the well known companies in high tech in Japan. Also we know that, Japanese companies are providing the most electrical components for the top high-tech companies like apple, dell, hp and etc.

Without any references, I believe that USA and Japan covering 70% of the high technologies at the world in these days. EU, China, Canada, South Korea and India are the next countries.

If you need more information, Please leave a comment.

Computer Security

2011-04-16T20:50:00.001+08:00

I will be coming back to Computer Science definition for describing 11 parts as soon as possible.

I would like to inform you that I decided to gathering the information about computer science that are the most important for CS students. These articles are like a candle for lighting the computer science way in the future for the students.

More than 80% of my classmate have not any background or enough information about IT and computer majors. They take some subject in each trimester and passing with the good mark. They read, write, code and doing assignments when they don't know how can they use of their information.

I am trying to join my friends to IT industries by providing information. For today, I find an article from Wikipedia.org that is Computer Security, on of the most important fields under Computer Science.

Enjoy It!

Computer security is a branch of computer technology known as information security as applied to computers and networks. The objective of computer security includes protection of information and property from theft, corruption, or natural disaster, while allowing the information and property to remain accessible and productive to its intended users. The term computer system security means the collective processes and mechanisms by which sensitive and valuable information and services are protected from publication, tampering or collapse by unauthorized activities or untrustworthy individuals and unplanned events respectively. The strategies and methodologies of computer security often differ from most other computer technologies because of its somewhat elusive objective of preventing unwanted computer behavior instead of enabling wanted computer behavior.

(Ref: http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/computer_security)

If you need more information, please leave a comment on this post.