Computer Science Education

Android Software-android history, official name with Hidden codes

2020-08-26T14:08:00.001+05:45

Android Hidden codes

This article, we will know about the different versions of android with version, Release date with Offical code. you will also know about the different codes of Android software. Which will help; you to know your mobile and help you to maintain and solve the problem

Android Code	For what purpose
##7764726	To hide the service menu for Motorola Droid.
##778 dial	Brings up Epst menu
#7353#	To hide test menu 2/Self Test Mode.
**##0##***	To check LCD display testing
**##0##***	check LCD display testing
**##0283##**	for Packet Loopback testing
**##0283##**	To perform a packet loop-back test.
**##0289##**	for Audio test
**##0289##**	For the Audio test.
**##0588##**	Proximity sensor testing
**##0588##**	To perform a proximity sensor test.
**##0673##**	For Audio testing
**##0842##**	Vibration and Backlight test
**##0842##**	To test light/vibration.
**##1111##**	Check FTA Software version
**##1111##**	Check For the FTA Software version.
**##1234##**	To check PDA and Phone firmware info
**##1234##**	To know about PDA and firmware version.
**##1472365##**	For a quick GPS testing
**##1472365##**	To Perform a quick GPS testing.
**##1575##**	A Different type of GPS testing
**##1575##**	For advanced GPS testing
**##197328640##**	Enabling test mode for service activity
**##197328640##**	It enables the test mode for service.
**##2222##**	To checkFTA Hardware version
**##2222##**	For checking the FTA Hardware version.
**##232331##**	Bluetooth testing
**##232331##**	To test the Bluetooth of any Android device.
##232337#*#	Displays Bluetooth device address
##232337#*#	To see or display the device’s Bluetooth address.
**##232338##**	Displays Wi-Fi Mac-address
**##232338##**	It displays the Wi-Fi mac address.
**##232339##**	Testing Wireless LAN.
**##232339##**	Wireless Lan Tests
**##2663##**	Displays touch-screen version
**##2664##**	Touch-Screen test
**##2664##**	To test the touch-screen.
**##273283255663282##***	For a quick backup to all your media files
**##273283255663282##***	For backup of our all media files.
**##3264##**	Ram version
**##3264##**	To show the RAM version.
**##34971539##**	Shows complete information about the camera
**##34971539##**	To get all information about the camera.
**##44336##**	Displays Build time and change list number
**##44336##**	To display build time and change list number.
**##4636##**	Display information about Phone, Battery and Usage statistics
**##4636##**	To get information about battery, usage statistics, and device.
**##49862650468##***	PDA, Phone, Hardware, RF Call Date firmware info
**##49862650468##***	To get PDA, Phone, H/W, and RF Call Date.
**##526##**	Wireless Lan Tests
**##7262626##**	Field test
**##7262626##**	To perform the field tests.
**##7594##**	Changing the power button behavior-Enables direct power off once the code enabled
**##7594##**	To change power button behavior once code enabled.
**##7780##**	Resetting your phone to factory state-Only deletes application data and applications
**##7780##**	Reset to factory state.
**##8255##**	For Google Talk service monitoring
**##8255##**	To launch Google Talk service monitor.
**##8350##**	Disables voice dialing logging mode
**##8350##**	To disable the voice dial mode.
**##8351##**	Enables voice dialing logging mode
**##8351##**	To enable voice dial mode.
#0#	To enter the service menu on the very new Android phones.
*#0228#	To check battery status.
*#06#	Displays IMEI number
*#06#	To check IMEI of your device, enter this code.
#12580369#	To get software and hardware info.
*#228#	For ADC Reading.
*#7465625#	To view the status of the lock-phone.
*#872564#	To control U-S-B logging.
*#9090#	To Diagnose the configuration of the device.
#9090# / #1111#	To make the device in Service mode.
*#9900#	System dump mode.
27673855#	It’s a complete wiping of your mobile also it reinstalls the phone's firmware
27673855#	To format the Android device.

Nepal Telecom Hidden Tips & Tricks

Android Versions with release date and Official code

Android Version	Release Date	Official Code
Android 1	23-Sep-08	NA
Android 1.1	9-Feb-09	NA
Android 1.5	27-Apr-09	cupcake
Android 1.6	15-Sep-09	Donut
Android 2.0	26-Oct-09	Éclair
Android 2.2	20-May-10	Froyo
Android 2.3	6-Dec-10	Gingerbread
Android 3.0	22-Feb-11	Honeycomb
Android 4.0	18-Oct-11	ice Cream Sandwich
Android 4.1	9-Jul-12	Jelly Bean
Android 4.4	31-Oct-13	Kitkat
Android 5.0	12-Nov-14	Lollipop
Android 6.0	5-Oct-15	Marshmallow
Android7.0	22-Aug-16	Nougat
Android 8.0	21-Aug-17	Oreo
Android 9 pie	6-Aug-18	Pie
Android 10	3-Sep-19
Android 11	To be determined

Nepal Telecom-The secret code tips, tricks, offer and support

2020-08-26T10:35:00.002+05:45

Overview

Nepal Telecom is one and only leading Government Telecom Company. It is serving the nation from 1973 B.S. It is also known for its quality service in comparison to the Private sector. Nepal Telecom gives its service from Himalayan Range to Terai Belt. In whole 77 districts of Nepal.

History

Originally telecom service was established in 1973 B.S. with different names and work modules. In 2005B.S. Nepal Telecom provided its services formally As MOHAN AKASHWANI. In 2016 B.S. Telecommunication Department was Established and making it further better it converted into Telecommunications Development Board in 2026. To run systematically a Communication Act 2028 was also Created. But in 2032 B.S. it was established as a fully owned Government Corporation called as Nepal Telecommunication Corporation.

As Nepal Telecommunication Corporation serves the nation for 29 quality years. In 2061 Baisakh 1 it was transformed into Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited in Company Act of 2053. However, in Nepal, the general People called it Nepal Telecom by the Brand name.

Today we are talking about its Mobile services which have spread all over the Country. We will also know the Secret code for a different purpose and its Schemes.

Nepal telecom Mobile service code and their use

Different Service	Mobile Code	Method
know Packages	*1415#	Dial
check Balance	*400#	Dial
know Mobile Number	*9#	Dial
CheckSIM Owner	*922#	Dial
how to Call Forward	*2198xxxxxxxx*Forwarding Number#	Dial
Erase Call Forward	##002#	Dial
Call Waiting Activate	*43#	Dial
Call Waiting Deactivate	#43#	Dial
Balance Transfer	422SecurityCodeMobileNumberRs.#	Dial
To know the Security Code	SCODE and Send to 1415	SMS
ISD Activate	#331*0000#	Dial
ISD Deactivate	3310000#	Dial
Subscribe CRBT	SUB to 1455	SMS
Uns scribe CRBT	Unsub to 1455	SMS
Take Credit facility	START to 1477	SMS
Stop Credit facility	STOP to 1477	SMS
MCA function	14001#	Dial
MCA Function	14002#	Dial
FNF	FNFSUB9841xxxxxx to 1415	SMS
FNF	FNFADD01488xxxx to 1415	SMS
You can Check Your Handset Compatibility at Nepal Telecom, Click Here

Telephone, ADSL Customer Support

Service	Purpose	Code	Method
Landline	Bill Inquiry	CB*01488xxxx to 1415	SMS
ADSL	ADSL Offer Validity	VL*NTADSL01488xxxx to 1415	SMS
ADSL	ADSL Balance Inquiry	BL*NTADSL01488xxxx to 1415	SMS
Landline	Repair	198	Dial
FTTH	Repair	198	Dial
Landline	Inquiry	197	Dial
Mobile	Customer support	1498

To Know about Nepal Telecom Service

1. How to Check Balance of Nepal telecom?

- Dial *400#

2. How to know your Nepal telecom Mobile Number?

-Dial *9#

3. How to check my Registered Mobile Number?

*922#

4. How to divert my mobile number in another Phone number?

-Dial **21*98********(number in which you want to forward)#

5. How to deactivate Call forwarding?

-Dial ##002#

6. how to Activate Call waiting Service?

Dial *43#

7. How to Deactivate Call waiting Services?

Dial #43#

8. How to Activate FNF(Friends and Family)?

Type FNFSUB*98******** and send to 1415(SMS) you can add up to 4 number

9. How to Transfer balance form Prepaid mobile number

Dial *422*security code*98XXXXXXXX*amt#

10. How to know the Validity of ADSL?

Type VLADSL046520XXX and Send to 1415

11. How to check the balance of ADSL?

Type BLADSL046520XXX and send to 1415

12. How to watch Television with Nepal telecom Facility?

Go to play store and download WOW Times app

13. How to check the balance of Landline Phone?

Type CB*046520XXX and send to 1415

14.How to check my postpaid bill and landline bill through Internet

15.What to do if my recharge code in recharge card erased?

Go this link https://pinrecovery.ntc.net.np/?fbclid=IwAR3U_xheIjyE-sg6xCpyDSi-L-Ec8GknRSKUJjsoxx7ONSU1Nlet2h8EKAE and follow the steps.

Freeware/shareware- A program launched by Andrew Flugelman

2013-10-09T12:50:00.008+05:45

Freeware

The term shareware was coined by Andrew Flugelman in 1982 A.D. Because he wanted to sell his communication Application “PC-Talk”.

Freeware is that kind of software which is available for free of cost without any cost. It is available for as long as it remains Unmodified. The complete opposite of freeware is commercial software. It is a kind of freely used software and can be modified and redistributed with some terms and conditions.

For example Internet Browsers,

#note:- Andrew flugelman coined the term ‘freeware’, he was the father of a program called ‘PC-talk’.

what is liveware ?

2013-10-09T12:38:00.006+05:45

"Liveware" is a term used primarily in human factors and ergonomics to refer to the human element in systems and processes. It contrasts with hardware (physical components) and software (programs and applications) by focusing on the people who interact with technology or systems.

Here's a more detailed breakdown of what "liveware" encompasses:

Definition and Context

Human Element in Systems: In any technological or organizational system, liveware represents the people who operate, manage, or are affected by the system. This includes users, operators, managers, and any other individuals who interact with the system or technology.
Human Factors and Ergonomics: The study of liveware is crucial in fields like human factors engineering and ergonomics. These disciplines aim to design systems and technologies that are user-friendly, reduce human error, and enhance performance and safety by considering human capabilities, limitations, and needs.
Interaction with Hardware and Software: Liveware is involved in interacting with both hardware (physical components of a system) and software (programs and applications). The effectiveness of a system often depends on how well the liveware interacts with these elements.

Importance in Design and Development

User-Centered Design: Considering liveware is essential for user-centered design, which focuses on creating products and systems that are tailored to the needs and abilities of the people who use them. This approach helps in developing intuitive interfaces, reducing cognitive load, and improving overall user satisfaction.
Error Prevention: By understanding liveware, designers and engineers can identify potential sources of error and develop solutions to minimize them. This includes creating error-resistant interfaces, providing clear instructions, and designing feedback mechanisms that help users understand and correct mistakes.
Training and Support: Liveware also encompasses the need for effective training and support systems. Ensuring that users are adequately trained and have access to support resources is vital for the successful operation of complex systems.

Applications and Examples

Aviation: In aviation, liveware considerations are crucial for cockpit design, pilot training, and communication systems. Understanding how pilots interact with cockpit controls and displays helps in designing more intuitive and safer aircraft systems.
Healthcare: In healthcare, liveware involves the interaction between medical staff and technology, such as electronic health records (EHR) systems. Designing systems that are user-friendly and supportive of medical workflows can improve efficiency and reduce the risk of errors.
Manufacturing: In manufacturing, liveware considerations impact how operators interact with machinery and control systems. Ergonomic design of workstations and interfaces can enhance productivity and reduce the risk of repetitive strain injuries.
Consumer Electronics: For consumer electronics, liveware includes the end-users who interact with devices like smartphones, computers, and smart home systems. Ensuring that these devices are easy to use and understand is key to their success in the market.

Challenges and Considerations

Diverse User Needs: Liveware encompasses a wide range of users with varying abilities, preferences, and experiences. Designing for this diversity requires understanding and addressing the needs of different user groups.
Adaptation and Learning: Users may need to adapt to new systems and technologies, which involves learning and adjusting. Systems should be designed to facilitate this learning process and provide support as users adapt.
Human Error: Despite careful design, human error can still occur. Systems should be designed to minimize the impact of errors and provide mechanisms for users to recover from mistakes.
Changing Environments: As technology and systems evolve, liveware considerations must also adapt. Continuous feedback from users and ongoing evaluation are necessary to ensure that systems remain effective and user-friendly.

Conclusion

Liveware is a critical concept in understanding and improving the interaction between people and technology. By focusing on the human element in system design and development, organizations can create more effective, user-friendly, and safe systems. Whether in aviation, healthcare, manufacturing, or consumer electronics, considering liveware helps in addressing the complexities of human interaction with technology and contributes to overall system success.

Definition of Firmware.

2013-10-09T12:30:00.006+05:45

Firmware

Data stored in a computer or other hardware device read only memory (ROM) or elsewhere in the circuitry that provides instruction on how that device should operate. Unlike normal software, firmware cannot be changed or deleted by any end-user without the aid of special programme and remains on that device regardless if it’s on or off.

Firmware means- Combination of HARDWARE + SOFTWARE

Firmware is a specialized type of software that provides low-level control for a device's hardware. It is essentially a set of instructions programmed into a device's non-volatile memory, such as ROM (Read-Only Memory) or flash memory. Firmware acts as the intermediary between the hardware and higher-level software, enabling the hardware to function correctly and interact with other software systems.

Here’s a detailed explanation of firmware, its functions, and its significance:

Definition and Characteristics

Definition: Firmware is software embedded directly into hardware components to control and manage their operation. Unlike general software applications that run on operating systems, firmware is closely tied to the hardware and provides fundamental instructions that allow the hardware to operate.
Non-Volatile Memory: Firmware is stored in non-volatile memory, meaning it remains intact even when the device is powered off. This type of memory includes ROM, EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), and flash memory. The non-volatile nature ensures that firmware persists across power cycles.
Embedded Software: Firmware is often referred to as embedded software because it is embedded into the hardware itself, often as part of the hardware’s integrated circuits (ICs). This distinguishes it from general-purpose software that runs on a computer’s operating system.

Functions of Firmware

Hardware Control: Firmware provides the necessary instructions for hardware components to operate correctly. It controls the basic functions of hardware, such as initializing hardware, managing I/O operations, and executing low-level operations.
System Initialization: Upon powering on a device, firmware is responsible for initializing the hardware components and performing the startup routines required for the system to become operational. This process is often referred to as the boot sequence.
Hardware Abstraction: Firmware abstracts the hardware details from higher-level software. This abstraction allows the operating system and applications to interact with the hardware through standardized interfaces, without needing to understand the specific hardware details.
Device Communication: Firmware facilitates communication between hardware and other software components. It ensures that data can be transmitted and received correctly between the device and connected peripherals or other systems.
Updates and Patches: Firmware can be updated or patched to fix bugs, add new features, or improve performance. Firmware updates are typically distributed by device manufacturers and may be applied through software tools or during system maintenance.

Examples of Firmware

Embedded Systems: Many consumer electronics, such as smartphones, routers, and smart TVs, rely on firmware to manage hardware functions and interactions. For example, a smartphone’s firmware controls its touch screen, camera, and connectivity functions.
Computer Hardware: In computers, firmware is found in components like BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface). These firmware systems manage the initial hardware setup and boot process before loading the operating system.
Peripheral Devices: Devices such as printers, keyboards, and USB drives have firmware that controls their operations and ensures compatibility with various systems. For instance, a printer's firmware handles printing commands and communication with the computer.
Automotive Systems: Modern vehicles use firmware in various electronic control units (ECUs) to manage functions like engine control, transmission, and infotainment systems. Firmware updates in vehicles can enhance performance and add new features.

Importance of Firmware

Reliability and Stability: Firmware is crucial for the reliable and stable operation of hardware. It ensures that hardware components function correctly and consistently, providing a solid foundation for higher-level software.
Security: Firmware plays a critical role in security. Vulnerabilities in firmware can be exploited by attackers to gain unauthorized access or control over a device. Therefore, firmware must be updated regularly to address security vulnerabilities and protect against threats.
Performance Optimization: Firmware updates can improve the performance of hardware components by optimizing their functionality and fixing inefficiencies. Manufacturers often release firmware updates to enhance device performance and address issues reported by users.
Device Longevity: Properly maintained and updated firmware can extend the lifespan of a device by ensuring it operates efficiently and remains compatible with new software and technologies.

Challenges and Considerations

Update Mechanisms: Updating firmware can be complex and may require specific tools or procedures. Improper updates can potentially render a device inoperable, so manufacturers provide detailed instructions and safeguards for firmware updates.
Compatibility: Firmware must be compatible with both the hardware it controls and the software that interacts with it. Compatibility issues can arise if firmware updates are not synchronized with changes in hardware or software.
Customization and Development: Developing and customizing firmware requires specialized knowledge of both hardware and low-level programming. Firmware development often involves working closely with hardware engineers and requires rigorous testing to ensure reliability.

Conclusion

Firmware is a critical component of modern electronic devices and systems, providing essential control and management functions for hardware. It bridges the gap between hardware and higher-level software, ensuring that devices operate correctly and efficiently. Understanding firmware’s role and importance is key to appreciating how technology works at a fundamental level and how it can be optimized and secured.

Definition of Utility software with examples.

2013-10-09T12:23:00.010+05:45

Utility software

On advance level utility software falls on the System software. Utility means to repair or maintain, so Utility software is that kind of software which helps system to work correctly and smoothly. For example Antivirus software, debugger, dis- de fragment software, Scan disk tools, tune up utilities software, System Profilers, Application launchers, network managers, Encryption utilities.

Utility software refers to a category of software designed to help manage, maintain, and optimize computer systems and devices. Unlike application software, which performs specific tasks for the user (like word processing or web browsing), utility software focuses on system management and maintenance tasks. Its primary role is to enhance the performance, security, and usability of computer systems.

Here’s a comprehensive overview of utility software:

1. Definition and Purpose

Utility software is essential for ensuring that computer systems run smoothly, securely, and efficiently. It performs various maintenance tasks that help manage and optimize the performance of hardware and software. Utility programs can range from basic tools to complex applications that address specific needs in system management.

2. Types of Utility Software

Utility software can be categorized into several types, each serving different functions:

a. System Utilities

Disk Management Tools: These tools manage and optimize disk storage. Examples include:
- Disk Defragmenters: Reorganize fragmented data on a hard drive to improve access speed.
- Disk Cleaners: Remove temporary files, cache, and other unnecessary data to free up disk space.
Backup and Recovery Tools: Ensure that data is regularly backed up and can be recovered in case of loss or corruption. Examples include:
- Backup Software: Automates the process of backing up files and system images.
- Recovery Software: Restores lost or damaged files from backups or through data recovery processes.
System Monitors: Track system performance and resource usage. Examples include:
- Task Managers: Monitor and manage running processes, applications, and system performance.
- Resource Monitors: Provide insights into CPU, memory, disk, and network usage.

b. Security Utilities

Antivirus Software: Protects the system from malicious software (malware) like viruses, worms, and trojans by scanning and removing threats.
Firewall Software: Monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules to prevent unauthorized access.
Anti-Malware Software: Detects and removes various types of malware, including spyware, adware, and ransomware.
Encryption Tools: Secure sensitive data by converting it into an unreadable format that can only be decrypted with a specific key.

c. File Management Utilities

File Compression Tools: Reduce the size of files and folders to save space and make them easier to transfer. Examples include:
- Zip Utilities: Create and extract ZIP files.
- RAR Utilities: Handle RAR file compression and extraction.
File Recovery Tools: Recover accidentally deleted or lost files. Examples include:
- Data Recovery Software: Restores files from damaged or corrupted storage media.
File Organization Tools: Help in organizing and managing files and directories. Examples include:
- Duplicate File Finders: Identify and remove duplicate files to free up space.

d. System Optimization Utilities

Registry Cleaners: Clean and repair the Windows registry to improve system stability and performance.
System Tune-Up Tools: Optimize various system settings and configurations to enhance performance. Examples include:
- Startup Managers: Control which programs start with the operating system.
- System Cleaners: Remove junk files and optimize system settings.

3. Examples of Utility Software

CCleaner: A popular tool for cleaning temporary files, managing startup programs, and fixing registry issues.
WinRAR: A file compression tool that supports creating and extracting RAR and ZIP files.
Norton Utilities: A suite of tools for optimizing and maintaining system performance and stability.
Malwarebytes: An anti-malware tool that detects and removes malware threats.

4. Importance of Utility Software

Performance Optimization: Utility software helps improve system performance by managing resources, cleaning up unnecessary files, and optimizing settings.
System Security: Security utilities protect against malware, unauthorized access, and data breaches, helping to safeguard sensitive information and maintain system integrity.
Data Protection: Backup and recovery tools ensure that critical data is regularly saved and can be restored in case of accidental loss or system failure.
Maintenance and Troubleshooting: Utility software assists in diagnosing and resolving system issues, ensuring smooth and reliable operation of computer systems.

5. Challenges and Considerations

Compatibility: Utility software must be compatible with the operating system and hardware it is designed to manage. Incompatibilities can lead to system conflicts or inefficiencies.
Security Risks: Some utility software, particularly those that perform system-level operations, can pose security risks if not properly managed or if sourced from untrusted vendors.
User Expertise: Effective use of utility software often requires a certain level of technical knowledge. Incorrect usage can potentially lead to system issues or data loss.
Overuse: Excessive use of optimization tools can sometimes lead to unintended consequences, such as system instability or loss of functionality. It is important to use these tools judiciously and according to best practices.

Conclusion

Utility software plays a vital role in managing, maintaining, and optimizing computer systems. By performing essential tasks related to system performance, security, and file management, utility software helps ensure that systems run efficiently and securely. Whether for personal or professional use, utility software is an indispensable part of modern computing, providing users with the tools needed to keep their systems in top condition.

What is the definition of Software? Types of different software

2013-10-09T11:52:00.004+05:45

What is Software and types of software?

Software is that part of the computer which we can not see touch or feel, other ways we can say that software is the soul of Any Computer.

Software is Mainly divided into 2 parts:

· The System Software

· The Application Software

But on the Basic level Software is divided into 3 parts

1. System software - Operate

2. Application Software - User tools

3. Utility Software - Maintain the System

System Software

System Software is a Software that gives a platform to other Application software to work on or to do another task. It bridges between user and hardware and performs the user-related task. The system software is a collection of program designs to operate, control, and manage the actual operation of the computer equipment. The system software is developed by the manufacturer to provide software tools that enable the user to write and runt application software. System software can be divided into 3 categories.

· System control software

· System support software

· System development software

#note:- System software began to be used with 2nd generation computers in the early 1960s.

Some examples of system software are as follows:-

· Microsoft Windows

· Linux

· Unix

· Mac OS X

· DOS

· BIOS Software

· HD Sector Boot Software

· Device Driver Software i.e Graphics Driver etc

· Linker Software

· Assembler and Compiler Software

Android hidden codes

Application Software

Application software is that kind of software that helps the user to do their task, work, etc. let's see an example, if we have to do any typing work, we work on word processing software like Ms word, For graphical work, we do that on Adobe page maker, Adobe Photoshop, Dreamweaver, etc they all are application software. Application software is a completely self-contained program. This application the software can be classified into two categories

· Package software

· Tailored or custom software

Package software: -

It is a set of pre-written software program different kinds of program related to an application are combined together to form a package. They are Ms. Office package (word, excel, PowerPoint, groove, access, etc), Adobe collection (Page Maker, Photoshop), etc.

Tailored or custom software (Vertical market software):-

This kind of software is developing for solving a particular problem. Software developed in higher-level language to perform certain functions. We can also say that kind of software that is made on demand for any offices or multinational companies according to their uses. like BVRS for Nepal Election Commission

Utility software

On advanced level utility software falls on the System software. Utility means to repair or maintain, so Utility software is that kind of software that helps the system to work correctly and smoothly. For example, Antivirus software, debugger, dis- defragment software, Scan disk tools, tune-up utility software, System Profilers, Application launchers, network managers, Encryption utilities.

Firmware

Data stored in a computer or other hardware device read-only memory (ROM) or elsewhere in the circuitry that provides instruction on how that device should operate. Unlike normal software, firmware cannot be changed or deleted by any end-user without the aid of a special program and remains on that device regardless if it’s on or off. Firmware means- Combination of HARDWARE + SOFTWARE

Liveware

This term was used in 1966 to computer users. A Person who operates a computer online.

Some useful notes of Photoshop cs

2010-05-25T09:10:00.000+05:45

Adobe® Photoshop® CS

Photoshop is a very exciting bitmap image editing application. In windows based no other bitmap image editing application is better than Photoshop 7. It gives you so many facilities by which you can make changes in your Photos or in Graphic designing and for this some useful tools name and their function are given below.

Rectangular Marquee tool :- It is used for selecting a rectangular portion of image for using this tool, click on the tool and drag the mouse- cursor on the image diagonally when you drag the mouse-cursor a dotted rectangle appears. For deselecting click somewhere else on the image or press ctrl+D.

Polygon lasso tool:- with this tool you don’t have to drag just simply click and move and click there only which you want to select. If you finish selecting than double click or click on the straight point.

Lasso tool:- This is free selection tool, just click the tool and drag it on the image to select the desired portion of image. Photoshop connects your starting point to the ending point.

Move tool:- This tool is used to move the selected part of image, layers and guides. To move a layer make the desired layer active and drag it with move tool.

Single Row marquee tool:- This is used for selecting a single row of pixels . just click the tool, than click at the desired spot on the image and a horizontal dotted line appears there. It is used for removing the borders of picture.

Single column Marquee tool:- This is used for selecting a single column of pixels just click the tool. Than click at desired spot on the image and a vertical dotted line appears there. It is also used for removing the borders of picture.

Elliptical marquee tool :- this is used for selecting an elliptical portion of image. Click the tool and drag the mouse cursor on the image diagonally when desired portion of image is selected, stop dragging the mouse.

Magic wand tool :- this is used for selecting the whole portion of a particular color for example if you want to select the all red part of the image than click the tool and click the yellow spot in the image.

Magnetic lasso tool :- this tool is use for selecting the portion of image with a distinc boundary for this click the tool, click at the starting point, now move the mouse along the distinct edge to finish the selection and click again at the starting point.

Crop tool :- This is used to crop the image for this click the tool. Drag the tool on the image diagonally to draw a dotted rectangle. If you don’t want to crop the image than press esc key.

Here are the few steps which will guide you in working on Photoshop cs

The Photoshop work area is arranged to help you focus on creating and editing images.

A. Menu bar: The menu bar contains menus for performing tasks. The menus are organized by topic. For example, the Layers menu contains commands for working with layers.

B. Options bar: The options bar provides options for using a tool.

C. Toolbox: The toolbox holds tools for creating and editing images.

D. Active image area: Active image can be seen.

E. Palette well: The palette well helps you organize the palettes in your work area.

F. Palettes: Palettes help you monitor and modify images.

Using the toolbox

A. The marquee tools: These tools help you to make rectangular, elliptical, single row, and single column selections.

B. The Move tool: These tools help you to moves selections, layers, and guides.

C. The lasso tools: These tools help you to make freehand, polygonal (straight-edged), and magnetic* (snap-to) selections.

D. The Magic Wand tool : These tools help you to selects similarly colored areas.

F. The Crop tool: These tools help you to trims images.

G. The Slice tool: These tools help you to creates slices.

The Slice Select tool: These tools help you to selects slices.

H. The Healing Brush tool: These tools help you to paints with a sample or pattern to repair imperfections in a image.

The Patch tool: These tools help you to repairs imperfections in a selected area of an image using a sample or pattern.

The Color Replacement tool : These tools help you to replaces a selected color with a new color.

I. The Brush tool : These tools help you to paints brush strokes.

The Pencil tool : These tools help you to paints hard-edged strokes.

J. The Clone Stamp tool: These tools help you to paints with a sample of an image.

The Pattern Stamp tool: These tools help you to paints with part of an image as a pattern.

K. The History Brush tool: These tools help you to paints a copy of the selected state or snapshot into the current image window.

The Art History brush tool : These tools help you to paints with stylized strokes that simulate the look of different paint styles, using a selected state or snapshot.

L. The Eraser tool: These tools help you to erases pixels and restores parts of an image to a previously saved state.

The Background Eraser tool: These tools help you to erases areas to transparency by dragging.

The Magic Eraser tool: These tools help you to erases solid-colored areas to transparency with a single click.

M. The gradient tools: These tools help you to create straight-line, radial, angle, reflected, and diamond blends between colors.

The Paint Bucket tool: These tools help you to fills similarly colored areas with the foreground color.

N. The Blur tool: These tools help you to blurs hard edges in an image.

The Sharpen tool: These tools help you to sharpens soft edges in an image.

The Smudge tool: These tools help you to smudges data in an image.

O. The Dodge tool: These tools help you to lightens areas in an image.

The Burn tool: darkens areas in an image.

The Sponge tool: These tools help you to changes the color saturation of an area.

P. The path selection tools: These tools help you to make shape or segment selections showing anchor points, direction lines, and direction points.

Q. The type tools: These tools help you to create type on an image.

The type mask tools: These tools help you to create a selection in the shape of type.

R. The pen tools: These tools help you to let you draw smooth-edged paths.

S. The Custom Shape tool: These tools help you to makes customized shapes selected from a custom shape list.

T. The annotation tools: These tools help you to make notes and audio annotations that can be attached to an image.

U. The Eyedropper tool: These tools help you to samples colors in an image.

The Measure tool: These tools help you to measures distances, locations, and angles.

V. The Hand tool: These tools help you to moves an image within its window.

W. The Zoom tool: These tools help you to magnifies and reduces the view of an image.

To display or hide tool tips:

· Choose Edit > Preferences > General. Select or deselect Show Tool Tips.

· To display or hide rulers: Choose View > Rulers.

· To change the rulers' settings:

· Do one of the following:

• Double-click a ruler.

• Choose Edit > Preferences > Units & Rulers.

• Right-click the ruler and then choose a new unit from the context menu.

· For Rulers, choose a unit of measurement.

· For Point/Pica Size, choose from the following options:

• PostScript (72 points per inch) if you are printing to a PostScript device.

• Traditional to use printer's 72.27 points per inch. Click OK.

To duplicate an image:

· Open the image you want to duplicate. Choose Image > Duplicate.

· Enter a name for the duplicated image. If you want to duplicate the image without merging the layers, select Duplicate Merged Layers Only. Click OK.

To show or hide a grid or guides:

· Do one of the following:

• Choose View > Show > Grid.

• Choose View > Show > Guides.

• Choose View > Extras. This command also shows or hides selection edges, target path, slices, and notes.

To place a guide:

· If the rulers are not visible, choose View > Rulers. Create a guide:

• Choose View > New Guide. In the dialog box, select Horizontal or Vertical orientation, enter a position, and click OK.

• Drag from the horizontal ruler to create a horizontal guide.

· Dragging to create a horizontal guide

• Hold down Alt, and drag from the vertical ruler to create a horizontal guide.

• Drag from the vertical ruler to create a vertical guide.

• Hold down Alt, and drag from the horizontal ruler to create a vertical guide.

• Hold down Shift and drag from the horizontal or vertical ruler to create a guide that snaps to the ruler ticks.

· The pointer changes to a double-headed arrow when you drag a guide.

To lock all guides:

1. Choose View > Lock Guides.

About bitmap images

Bitmap images; technically called raster images-are made up of a grid of dots known as pixels. When working with bitmap images, you edit pixels rather than objects or shapes. Bitmap images are the most common electronic medium for continuous-tone images, such as photographs or digital paintings, because they can represent subtle gradations of shades and color.

Bitmap images can lose detail when scaled on-screen because they are resolution-dependent, they contain a fixed number of pixels, and each pixel is assigned a specific location and color value. Bit mapped images can look jagged if they're printed at too low a resolution because the size of each pixel is increased.

About vector graphics

Vector graphics are made up of mathematically defined lines and curves called vectors. This means that you can move, resize, or change the color of a line without losing the quality of the graphic.

Vector graphics are resolution-independent--that is, they can be scaled to any size and printed at any resolution without losing detail or clarity. As a result, vector graphics are the best choice for representing bold graphics that must retain crisp lines when scaled to various sizes.

To change the pixel dimensions of an image:

· Choose Image > Image Size.

· To maintain the current proportions of pixel width to pixel height, select Constrain Proportions. This option automatically updates the width as you change the height, and vice versa.

· Under Pixel Dimensions, enter values for Width and Height. To enter values as percentages of the current dimensions, choose Percent as the unit of measurement. The new file size for the image appears at the top of the Image Size dialog box, with the old file size in parentheses.

· Make sure that Resample Image is selected, and choose an interpolation method.

· When you're done setting options, click the OK button.

To view the print size on-screen:

· Choose View > Print Size. Or, Select the Hand tool or Zoom tool, and click Print Size in the options bar.

To determine a suggested resolution for an image:

· Choose Image > Image Size. Click Auto.

· For Screen, enter the screen frequency for the output device. If desired, choose a new unit of measurement. Note that the screen value is used only to calculate the image resolution, not to set the screen for printing.

· For Quality, select an option:

• Draft to produce a resolution the same as the screen frequency (no lower than 72 pixels per inch).

• Good to produce a resolution 1.5 times the screen frequency.

• Best to produce a resolution 2 times the screen frequency.

To open a file using the Open command:

· Choose File > Open. Select the name of the file you want to open. Click Open.

To open a recently used file:

· Choose File > Open Recent, and select a file from the submenu.

To specify the number of files that are available in the Open Recent submenu:

· Choose Edit > Preferences > File Handling.

· Enter a number in the Recent File List Contains text box. Click OK.

To specify the file format in which to open a file:

· Choose File > Open As, and select the file you want to open. Then choose the desired format from the Open As pop-up menu, and click Open.

An introduction to color management

RGB Color mode

Photoshop's RGB Color mode uses the RGB model, assigning an intensity value to each pixel ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white) for each of the RGB (red, green, blue) components in a color image.

RGB images use three colors, or channels, to reproduce colors on-screen. The three channels translate to 24 (8 bits x 3 channels) bits of color information per pixel. With 24-bit images, up to 16.7 million colors can be reproduced. With 48-bit images (16 bits per channel), even more colors can be reproduced.

Although RGB is a standard color model, the exact range of colors represented can vary, depending on the application or display device. Photoshop's RGB Color mode varies according to the working space setting that you have specified in the Color Settings dialog box.

CMYK Color mode

In Photoshop's CMYK mode, each pixel is assigned a percentage value for each of the process inks. The lightest (highlight) colors are assigned small percentages of process ink colors, the darker (shadow) colors higher percentages.

Use the CMYK mode when preparing an image to be printed using process colors. Converting an RGB image into CMYK creates a color separation. If you start with an RGB image, it's best to edit first in RGB and then convert to CMYK at the end of your process. You can also use CMYK mode to work directly with CMYK images scanned or imported from high-end systems.

Although CMYK is a standard color model, the exact range of colors represented can vary, depending on the press and printing conditions. Photoshop's CMYK Color mode varies according to the working space setting that you have specified in the Color Settings dialog box.

Lab Color mode

In Photoshop, the Lab Color mode has a lightness component (L) that can range from 0 to 100. In the Adobe Color Picker, the a component (green-red axis) and the b component (blue-yellow axis) can range from +127 to -128. In the Color palette, the a component and the b component can range from +120 to -120.

Lab images can be saved in Photoshop, Photoshop EPS, Large Document Format (PSB), PDF, Photoshop Raw, TIFF formats. 48-bit (16 bits per channel) Lab images can be saved in Photoshop, Large Document Format (PSB), Photoshop PDF, Photoshop Raw, or TIFF formats.

Lab color is the intermediate color model Photoshop uses when converting from one color mode to another.

Bitmap mode

This mode uses one of two color values (black or white) to represent the pixels in an image. Images in Bitmap mode are called bitmapped 1-bit images because they have a bit depth of 1.

Grayscale mode

Grayscale mode uses up to 256 shades of gray. Every pixel of a grayscale image has a brightness value ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white). Grayscale values can also be measured as percentages of black ink coverage (0% is equal to white, 100% to black). Images produced using black-and-white or grayscale scanners typically are displayed in Grayscale mode.

These guidelines apply to converting images to and from Grayscale mode:

• You can convert both Bitmap-mode and color images to grayscale.

• To convert a color image to a high-quality grayscale image, Photoshop discards all color information in the original image. The gray levels (shades) of the converted pixels represent the luminosity of the original pixels.

• When converting from grayscale to RGB, the color values for a pixel are based on its previous gray value. A grayscale image can also be converted to a CMYK image or to a Lab color image.

To select a color display option:

· Choose Edit > Preferences > Display & Cursors.

· Select Use Diffusion Dither to minimize dither patterns produced by dithering.

To convert an image to another mode:

· Choose Image > Mode and the mode you want from the submenu. Modes not available for the active image appear dimmed in the menu.

· Images are flattened when converted to Multichannel, Bitmap, or Indexed Color mode, because these modes do not support layers.

To adjust tonal range using Levels:

· Choose Image > Adjustments > Levels. Or, Layer > New Adjustment Layer > Levels. Click OK in the New Layer dialog box.

· To adjust tones for a specific color channel, choose an option from the Channel menu.

· To adjust the shadows and highlights manually, drag the black and white Input Levels sliders to the edge of the first group of pixels on either end of the histogram. Moving the middle slider adjusts the image gamma. Click OK.

To open the Curves dialog box:

· Choose Image > Adjustments > Curves. Or, Choose Layer > New Adjustment Layer > Curves. Click OK in the New Layer dialog box.

· To make the Curves grid finer, hold down Alt, and click the grid. Alt -click again to make the grid larger.

To use the Color Balance command:

· Choose Image > Adjustments > Color Balance. Or, choose Layer > New Adjustment Layer > Color Balance. Click OK in the New Layer dialog box.

· Select Shadows, Midtones, or Highlights to select the tonal range on which you want to focus the changes.

· Select Preserve Luminosity to prevent changing the luminosity values in the image while changing the color. This option maintains the tonal balance in the image.

· Drag a slider toward a color you want to increase in the image; drag a slider away from a color you want to decrease in the image.

To use the Brightness/Contrast command:

· Choose Image > Adjustments > Brightness/Contrast. Or, Choose Layer > New Adjustment Layer > Brightness/Contrast. Click OK in the New Layer dialog box.

· Drag the sliders to adjust the brightness and contrast.

To use the Variations command:

· Choose Image > Adjustments > Variations.

· Select the Show Clipping option if you want to display a neon preview of areas in the image that will be clipped--converted to pure white or pure black-- by the adjustment.

· Select what to adjust in the image:

• Shadows, Midtones, or Highlights to indicate whether you want to adjust the dark, middle, or light areas.

• Saturation to change the degree of hue in the image. If you exceed the maximum saturation for a color, it may be clipped.

· Drag the Fine/Coarse slider to determine the amount of each adjustment. Moving the slider one tick mark doubles the adjustment amount.

· Adjust the color and brightness:

• To add a color to the image, click the appropriate color thumbnail.

• To subtract a color, click the thumbnail for its opposite color.

• To adjust brightness, click a thumbnail on the right side of the dialog box.

To sharpen a selection:

· With the image layer selected in the Layers palette, draw a selection.

· Choose Filter > Sharpen > Unsharp Mask. Adjust the options and click OK.

· The image area within the selection will be sharpened, leaving the rest of the image untouched.

· To selectively sharpen an image using an edge mask:

Create an edge mask.

• Open the Channels palette and select the channel that displays the grayscale image with the greatest contrast in the document window. Often, the green or the red channel will be the one you select.

Showing a channel with the greatest contrast

• Duplicate the selected channel.

• With the duplicate channel selected, choose Filter > Stylize > Find Edges.

• Choose Image > Adjustments > Invert to invert the image. Find Edges filter applied and image inverted

• With the inverted image still selected, choose Filter > Other > Maximum. Set the radius to a low number and click OK to thicken the edges and randomize the pixels.

• Choose Filter > Noise > Median. Set the radius to a low number and click OK.

• Choose Filter > Blur > Gaussian Blur to feather the edges.

• Choose Image > Adjustment > Levels and set the black point high to get rid of random pixels.

· In the Channels palette, Ctrl-click the duplicate channel to make the edge mask a selection.

· In the Layers palette, select the image layer. Make sure the selection is visible on the image.

· Choose Select > Inverse.

· With the selection active on the image layer, choose Filter > Sharpen > Unsharp Mask. Set the desired options and click OK.

To deselect selections:

· Choose Select > Deselect (Ctrl+D). Or, If you are using the Rectangle Marquee tool, the Elliptical Marquee tool, or the Lasso tool, click anywhere in the image outside the selected area.

· To reselect the most recent selection: Choose Select > Reselect(Shift+Ctrl+D).

To select a color range using preset colors:

· Choose Select > Color Range. For Select, choose a color or tonal range.

· Click Selection to display the selected areas in the preview area.

· To preview the selection in the image window, choose an option for Selection Preview. Click OK.

To add to a selection or select an additional area:

· Make a selection. Using any selection tool, do one of the following

• Select the Add to Selection option in the options bar, and drag.

• Hold down Shift, and drag to add another selection.

· A plus sign appears next to the pointer when you're adding to a selection.

· To subtract from a selection:

· Make a selection. Using any selection tool, do one of the following:

• Select the Subtract from Selection option in the options bar, and drag to intersect with other selections.

• Hold down Alt, and drag to subtract another selection.

· A minus sign appears next to the pointer when you're subtracting from a selection.

· To select only an area intersected by other selections:

· Make a selection. Using any selection tool, do one of the following:

• Select the Intersect with Selection option in the options bar, and drag.

• Hold down Alt+Shift and drag over the portion of the original selection that you want to select.

· An "x" appears next to the pointer when

To expand or contract a selection by a specific number of pixels:

· Choose Select > Modify > Expand or Contract.

· For Expand By or Contract By, enter a pixel value between 1 and 100, and click OK.

· To frame an existing selection with a new selection:

· Use a selection tool to make a selection. Choose Select > Modify > Border.

· Enter a value between 1 and 200 pixels for the border width of the new selection, and click OK.

To expand a selection to include areas with similar color:

· Choose Select > Grow to include all adjacent pixels falling within the tolerance range specified in the magic wand options. Or, Choose Select > Similar to include pixels throughout the image, not just adjacent ones, falling within the tolerance range. [Note: You cannot use the Grow and Similar commands on images in Bitmap mode.]

To clean up stray pixels left inside or outside a color-based selection:

· Choose Select > Modify > Smooth.

· For Sample Radius, enter a pixel value between 1 and 100, and click OK.

To define a feathered edge for a selection tool:

· Select any of the lasso or marquee tools. Enter a Feather value in the options bar. This value defines the width of the feathered edge and can range from 0 to 250 pixels.

To define a feathered edge for an existing selection:

· Choose Select > Feather. Enter a value for the Feather Radius, and click OK.

· [Note: A small selection made with a large feather radius may be so faint that its edges are invisible and thus not selectable. If a message appears stating "No pixels are more than 50% selected," either decrease the feather radius or increase the selection's size. Or click OK to accept the mask at its current setting and create a selection in which you cannot see the edges.]

To copy a selection:

· Select the area you want to copy. Choose Edit > Copy or Edit > Copy Merged.

To copy a selection while dragging:

· Select the Move tool , or hold down Ctrl to activate the Move tool.

· Hold down Alt, and drag the selection you want to copy and move.

· When copying between images, drag the selection from the active image window into the destination image window.

To create multiple copies of a selection within an image:

· Select the Move tool , or hold down Ctrl to activate the Move tool. Copy the selection:

• Hold down Alt, and drag the selection.

• To copy the selection and offset the duplicate by 1 pixel, hold down Alt, and press an arrow key.

• To copy the selection and offset the duplicate by 10 pixels, press Alt+Shift, and press an arrow key.

· As long as you hold down Alt, each press of an arrow key creates a copy of the selection and offsets it by the specified distance from the last duplicate. In this case, the copy isn't made on a new layer.

To paste one selection into another:

· Cut or copy the part of the image you want to paste.

· Select the part of the image into which you want to paste the selection. The source selection and the destination selection can be in the same image or in two different Photoshop images.

· Choose Edit > Paste Into. The contents of the source selection appear masked by the destination selection.

· Select the Move tool , or hold down the Ctrl key to activate the Move tool. Then drag the source contents until the part you want appears through the mask.

To save a selection: Choose Select > Save Selection.

· To load a saved selection:

· Choose Select > Load Selection, and then enter the options in the Load Selection dialog window.

· Click OK to load selection.

To use the Canvas Size command:

· Choose Image > Canvas Size. Do one of the following:

• Enter the dimensions you want the canvas to be in the Width and Height boxes. Choose the units of measurement you want from the drop-down menus next to the Width and Height boxes.

• Select Relative, and enter the amount by which you want to increase or decrease the size of the canvas.

· For Anchor, click a square to indicate where to position the existing image on the new canvas.

· Choose an option from the Canvas Extension Color menu. Click OK.

To rotate or flip an entire image:

· Choose Image > Rotate Canvas, and choose one of the following commands from the submenu:

• 180° to rotate the image by a half-turn.

• 90° CW to rotate the image clockwise by a quarter-turn.

• 90° CCW to rotate the image counterclockwise by a quarter-turn.

• Arbitrary to rotate the image by the angle you specify. If you choose this option, enter an angle between -360 and 360 in the angle text box. Then click OK.

• Flip Canvas Horizontal to flip the image horizontally, along the vertical axis.

• Flip Canvas Vertical to flip the image vertically, along the horizontal axis.

To crop an image using the Crop tool:

· Select the Crop tool .

· Drag over the part of the image you want to keep to create a marquee. The marquee doesn't have to be precise--you can adjust it later.

· If necessary, adjust the cropping marquee:

• To move the marquee to another position, place the pointer inside the bounding box and drag.

• To scale the marquee, drag a handle. To constrain the proportions, hold down Shift as you drag a corner handle.

• To rotate the marquee, position the pointer outside the bounding box (the pointer turns into a curved arrow), and drag. To move the center point around which the marquee rotates, drag the circle at the center of the bounding box.

· To complete the crop, press Enter or click the Commit button in the options bar, or double-click inside the cropping marquee. Or, To cancel the cropping operation, press Esc or click the Cancel button in the options bar.

To crop an image using the Crop command:

· Select the part of the image you want to keep. Choose Image > Crop.

· To scale, rotate, skew, distort, or apply perspective:

· Select what you want to transform.

· Choose Edit > Transform > Scale, Rotate, Skew, Distort, or Perspective.

· In the options bar, click a square on the reference point locator .

· Do one or more of the following:

• If you chose Scale, drag a handle on the bounding box. Press Shift as you drag a corner handle to scale proportionately. When positioned over a handle, the pointer becomes a double arrow.

• If you chose Rotate, move the pointer outside of the bounding border (it becomes a curved, two-sided arrow), and then drag. Press Shift to constrain the rotation to 15° increments.

• If you chose Skew, drag a side handle to slant the bounding box.

• If you chose Distort, drag a corner handle to stretch the bounding box.

• If you chose Perspective, drag a corner handle to apply perspective to the bounding box.

· If desired, switch to a different type of transformation by selecting a command from the Edit > Transform submenu.

· When you're satisfied with the results, do one of the following:

• Press Enter or, click the Commit button in the options bar, or double-click inside the transformation marquee.

• To cancel the transformation, press Esc or click the Cancel button in the options bar.

To flip or rotate precisely:

· Select what you want to transform.

· Choose Edit > Transform and choose one of the following commands from the submenu:

• Rotate 180° to rotate by a half-turn

• Rotate 90° CW to rotate clockwise by a quarter-turn

• Rotate 90° CCW to rotate counterclockwise by a quarter-turn

• Flip Horizontal to flip horizontally, along the vertical axis

• Flip Vertical to flip vertically, along the horizontal axis

To duplicate an item when transforming it: Hold down Alt when selecting the Transform command.

· Retouching and repairing images

· You can use the Clone Stamp tool, Pattern Stamp tool, Healing Brush tool, and Patch tool to clone pixels and repair images.

To use the Clone Stamp tool:

· Select the Clone Stamp tool .

· Choose a brush tip and set brush options for the blending mode, opacity, and flow in the options bar.

· Next, determine how you want to align the sampled pixels. Select Aligned in the options bar to sample pixels continuously, without losing the current sampling point, even if you release the mouse button. Deselect Aligned to continue to use the sampled pixels from the initial sampling point each time you stop and resume painting.

· Select Use All Layers in the options bar to sample data from all visible layers; deselect Use All Layers to sample only from the active layer.

· Set the sampling point by positioning the pointer in any open image and Alt-clicking.

· Drag over the area of the image you want to correct.

To use the Pattern Stamp tool:

· Select the Pattern Stamp tool .

· Choose a brush tip and set brush options (blending mode, opacity, and flow) in the options bar.

· Select Aligned in the options bar to sample pixels continuously, without losing the current sampling point, even if you release the mouse button.

· Select a pattern from the Pattern pop-up palette in the options bar.

· If you'd like to apply the pattern with an impressionistic effect, select Impressionist.

· Drag in the image to paint with the pattern.

To use the Healing Brush tool:

· Select the Healing Brush tool .

· Click the brush sample in the options bar and set brush options in the pop-up palette:

• For more information on the Diameter, Hardness, Spacing, Angle, and Roundness options.

• If you're using a pressure-sensitive digitizing tablet, choose an option from the Size menu to vary the size of the healing brush over the course of a stroke. Choose Pen Pressure to base the variation on the pen pressure. Choose Stylus Wheel to base the variation on the position of the pen thumbwheel. Choose Off to not vary the size.

· Choose a blending mode from the Mode pop-up menu in the options bar:

• Choose Replace to preserve noise, film grain, and texture at the edges of the brush stroke.

• For more information on the Normal, Multiply, Screen, Darken, Lighten, Color, and Luminosity modes.

· Choose a source to use for repairing pixels in the options bar: Sampled to use pixels from the current image, or Pattern to use pixels from a pattern. If you chose Pattern, select a pattern from the Pattern pop-up palette.

· Select Aligned in the options bar to sample pixels continuously, without losing the current sampling point, even if you release the mouse button. Deselect Aligned to continue to use the sampled pixels from the initial sampling point each time you stop and resume painting.

· Select Use All Layers in the options bar to sample data from all visible layers. Deselect Use All Layers to sample only from the active layer.

· For the Healing Brush tool in sampling mode, set the sampling point by positioning the pointer in any open image and Alt-clicking.

· Drag in the image.

To repair an area using sampled pixels:

· Select the Patch tool . Do one of the following:

• Drag in the image to select the area you want to repair, and select Source in the options bar.

• Drag in the image to select the area from which you want to sample, and select Destination in the options bar.

· To adjust the selection, do one of the following:

• Shift-drag in the image to add to the existing selection.

• Alt-drag in the image to subtract from the existing selection.

• Alt-Shift-drag in the image to select an area intersected by the existing selection.

· Position the pointer inside the selection, and do one of the following:

• If Source is selected in the options bar, drag the selection border to the area from which you want to sample. When you release the mouse button, the originally selected area is patched with the sampled pixels.

• If Destination is selected in the options bar, drag the selection border to the area you want to patch. When you release the mouse button, the newly selected area is patched with the sampled pixels.

To use the Color Replacement tool:

· Select the Color Replacement tool .

· Choose a brush tip in the options bar. Generally, you'll want to keep the blending mode set to Color.

· For the Sampling option, choose one of the following:

• Continuous to sample colors continuously as you drag

• Once to replace the targeted color only in areas containing the color that you first click

• Background Swatch to erase only areas containing the current background color

· For the Limits option, select one of the following:

• Discontiguous to replace the sampled color wherever it occurs under the pointer

• Contiguous to replace colors that are contiguous with the color immediately under the pointer

• Find Edges to replace connected areas containing the sampled color while better preserving the sharpness of shape edges

· For tolerance, enter a percentage value (ranging from 0 to 255) or drag the slider. Choose a low percentage to replace colors very similar to the pixel you click, or raise the percentage to replace a broader range of colors.

· To define a smooth edge to the areas you correct, select Anti-aliased.

· Choose a foreground color to use to replace the unwanted color.

· Click the color you want to replace in the image. Drag in the image to replace the targeted color.

To use the Smudge tool:

· Select the Smudge tool .

· Choose a brush tip and options for the blending mode in the options bar.

· Select Use All Layers in the options bar to smudge using color data from all visible layers. If this is deselected, the Smudge tool uses colors from only the active layer.

· Select Finger Painting in the options bar to smudge using the foreground color at the beginning of each stroke. If this is deselected, the Smudge tool uses the color under the pointer at the beginning of each stroke. Drag in the image to smudge the pixels.

To use the Blur tool:

· Select the Blur tool .

· Choose a brush tip and set options for the blending mode and strength in the options bar.

· Select Use All Layers in the options bar to blur using data from all visible layers. If this is deselected, the tool uses data from only the active layer. Drag over the part of the image you want to blur.

To use the Sharpen tool:

· Select the Sharpen tool .

· Choose a brush tip and set options for the blending mode and strength in the options bar.

· Select Use All Layers in the options bar to sharpen using data from all visible layers. If this is deselected, the tool uses data from only the active layer. Drag over the part of the image you want to sharpen.

To use the Dodge tool or the Burn tool:

· Select the Dodge tool or the Burn tool .

· Choose a brush tip and set brush options in the options bar. In the options bar, select one of the following:

• Midtones to change the middle range of grays.

• Shadows to change the dark areas

• Highlights to change the light areas

· Specify the exposure for the Dodge tool or the Burn tool.

· Click the airbrush button to use the brush as an airbrush. Alternately, select the Airbrush option in the Brushes palette. Drag over the part of the image you want to lighten or darken.

To use the Sponge tool:

· Select the Sponge tool . Choose a brush tip and set brush options in the options bar.

· In the options bar, select the way you want to change the color.

• Saturate to intensify the color's saturation. Desaturate to dilute the color's saturation

· Specify the flow for the Sponge tool. Drag over the part of the image you want to modify.

To distort an image:

· Select the layer you want to distort. To change only part of the current layer, select that area.

· Choose Filter > Liquify.

· Freeze areas of the image that you don't want to alter.

· Choose any of the liquify tools to distort the image. Drag in the preview image to distort the image.

· After distorting the preview image, you can use the Reconstruct tool or other controls to fully or partially reverse the changes or to change the image in new ways.

· Do one of the following:

• Click OK to close the Liquify dialog box and apply the changes to the active layer.

• Click Cancel to close the Liquify dialog box without applying changes to the layer.

• Click Restore All to revert all distortions to the preview image, leaving all options in their current settings.

• Hold down Alt and click Reset to revert all distortions to the preview image and reset all options to their defaults. You can use the Edit > Fade command to create additional effects.

Drawing

To create a new shape:

· Select a shape tool or a Pen tool. Make sure that the Shape Layers button is selected in the options bar.

· To choose the color of the shape, click the color swatch in the options bar, and then choose a color from the Color Picker.

· If you want to apply a style to the shape, select a preset style from the Style pop-up menu.

· Set additional tool-specific options. Drag in your image to draw a shape. You can then resize or edit the shape.

To fill a shape with a pattern or gradient:

· Select a shape layer in the Layers palette. Do one of the following:

• Choose Layer > Change Layer Content > Gradient, and set gradient options.

• Choose Layer > Change Layer Content > Pattern, and set pattern options.

To draw with the Pen tool:

· Select the Pen tool . Set the following tool-specific options:

• To add an anchor point when you click a line segment and delete an anchor point when you click it, select Auto Add/Delete in the options bar.

• To preview path segments as you draw, click the inverted arrow next to the shape buttons in the options bar, and select Rubber Band.

· Position the pen pointer where you want to begin to draw, and click to define the first anchor point.

· Click or drag to set anchor points for additional segments. Complete the path:

• To end an open path, Ctrl-click away from the path.

• To close a path, position the pen pointer over the first anchor point. A small loop appears next to the pen tip when it is positioned correctly. Click to close the path.

· To display the Paths palette: Choose Window > Paths.

To align components:

· Use the Path Selection tool to select the components you want to align, and select one of the alignment options from the options bar: Top , Vertical Center , Bottom , Left , Horizontal Center , or Right .

To stroke a path using the current Stroke Path settings:

· Select the path in the Paths palette.

· Click the Stroke Path button at the bottom of the Paths palette. Each click of the Stroke Path button builds up the opacity of the stroke and in some cases makes it look thicker.

To use the Brush tool or Pencil tool:

· Specify a foreground color. Select the Brush tool or Pencil tool . Do the following in the options bar:

• Choose a brush and set brush options.

• Choose a bending mode from the Mode menu.

• Specify an opacity by dragging the Opacity slider.

• For the Brush tool, specify a flow rate by dragging the Flow slider.

• Click the Airbrush button to use the brush as an airbrush.

• For the Pencil tool, select Auto Erase to paint the background color over areas containing the foreground color.

· Do one or more of the following:

• Drag in the image to paint.

• To draw a straight line, click a starting point in the image. Then hold down Shift, and click an ending point.

• When using the Brush tool as an airbrush, hold down the mouse button without dragging to build up color.

To use the Art History Brush tool:

· Select the Art History Brush tool . Do the following in the options bar:

• Choose a brush and set brush options.

• Specify a blending mode and opacity for the paint.

• Choose an option from the Style menu to control the shape of the paint stroke.

• For Area, enter a value to specify the area covered by the paint strokes. The greater the size, the larger the covered area and the more numerous the strokes.

• For Tolerance, enter a value or drag the slider to limit the regions where paint strokes can be applied. A low tolerance lets you paint unlimited strokes anywhere in the image. A high tolerance limits paint strokes to areas that differ considerably from the color in the source state or snapshot.

· Drag in the image to paint.

To create a new brush tip shape:

· Use any selection tool to select a part of an image to use as a custom brush. Feather should be set to 0 pixels if you want to create a brush with a sharp edge. The brush shape can be up to 2500 pixels by 2500 pixels in size.

· Choose Edit > Define Brush Preset. Name the brush, and click OK.

To delete a preset brush:

· Do one of the following:

• In the Brush pop-up palette or Brushes palette, select a brush, and choose Delete Brush from the palette menu.

• In the Brush pop-up palette or Brushes palette, Alt-click the brush you want to delete.

• In the Brushes palette, select a brush and click the Trash button , or drag a brush to the Trash button.

To use the Eraser tool:

· Select the Eraser tool . Do the following in the options bar:

• Choose a brush and set brush options. This option is not available for Block mode.

• Choose a mode for the eraser--Brush, Pencil, or Block.

• Specify an opacity to define the strength of the erasure. An opacity of 100% erases pixels completely. A lower opacity erases pixels partially. (This option is not available for Block mode.)

• In Brush mode, specify a flow rate.

• In Brush mode, click the airbrush button to use the brush as an airbrush. Alternately, select the Airbrush option in the Brushes palette.

• To erase to a saved state or snapshot of the image, click the left column of the state or snapshot in the History palette, and then select Erase to History in the options bar.

· Drag through the area you want to erase.

To apply a gradient fill:

· To fill part of the image, select the desired area. Otherwise, the gradient fill is applied to the entire active layer.

· Select the Gradient tool . Choose a gradient fill in the options bar:

• Click the triangle next to the gradient sample to pick a preset gradient fill.

• Click inside the gradient sample to view the Gradient Editor. Select a preset gradient fill, or create a new gradient fill. Then click OK.

· Select an option for applying the gradient fill in the options bar:

• Linear gradient to shade from the starting point to the ending point in a straight line.

• Radial gradient to shade from the starting point to the ending point in a circular pattern.

• Angle gradient to shade in a counterclockwise sweep around the starting point.

• Reflected gradient to shade using symmetric linear gradients on either side of the starting point.

• Diamond gradient to shade from the starting point outward in a diamond pattern. The ending point defines one corner of the diamond.

· Do the following in the options bar:

• Specify a blending mode and opacity for the paint.

• To reverse the order of colors in the gradient fill, select Reverse.

• To create a smoother blend with less banding, select Dither.

• To use a transparency mask for the gradient fill, select Transparency.

• Position the pointer in the image where you want to set the starting point of the gradient, and drag to define the ending point. To constrain the line angle to a multiple of 45°, hold down Shift as you drag.

To use the Paint Bucket tool:

· Specify a foreground color. Select the Paint Bucket tool .

· Specify whether to fill the selection with the foreground color or with a pattern.

· Specify a blending mode and opacity for the paint.

· Enter the tolerance for the fill.

· To smooth the edges of the filled selection, select Anti-aliased.

· To fill only pixels contiguous to the one you click, select Contiguous; leave unselected to fill all similar pixels in the image.

· To fill pixels based on the merged color data from all visible layers, select All Layers.

· Click the part of the image you want to fill. All specified pixels within the specified tolerance are filled with the foreground color or pattern.

To fill a selection or a layer with a foreground or background color:

· Specify a foreground or background color.

· Select the area you want to fill. To fill an entire layer, select the layer in the Layers palette.

· Choose Edit > Fill to fill the selection or layer. Or to fill a path, select the path and choose Fill Path from the Paths palette menu.

· In the Fill dialog box, for Use, choose one of the following options or select a Custom Pattern:

• Foreground Color, Background Color, Black, 50% Gray, or White to fill the selection with the specified color.

• Color to fill with a color you select from the Color Picker.

• Pattern to fill the selection with a pattern. Click the inverted arrow next to the pattern sample and select a pattern from the pop-up palette. You can load additional patterns using the pop-up palette menu. Select the name of a library of patterns or choose Load Patterns and navigate to the folder containing the patterns you want to use.

• History to restore the selected area to a state or snapshot of the image.

· Specify the blending mode and opacity for the paint.

· If you're working in a layer and want to fill only areas containing pixels, choose Preserve Transparency.

· Click the OK button to apply the fill.

To fill a selection with a pattern:

· Select the part of the image you want to fill. Do one of the following:

• Choose Edit > Fill. In the Fill dialog box, for Use, choose Pattern, select a pattern from the pop-up palette, and click OK.

• Select the Paint Bucket tool . In the options bar, choose Pattern from the Fill pop-up menu and select a pattern from the Pattern pop-up palette. Then click to fill the selected area with the pattern.

To stroke a selection or layer:

· Specify a foreground color. Select the area or layer you want to stroke.

· Choose Edit > Stroke. In the Stroke dialog box, specify the width of the hard-edged border.

· 5. For Location, specify whether to place the border inside, outside, or centered over the selection or layer boundaries.

· 6. Specify an opacity and a blending mode.

· 7. If you're working in a layer and want to stroke only areas containing pixels, select the Preserve Transparency option. Click OK.

To define a preset pattern:

· Use the Rectangle Marquee tool on any open image to select an area to use as a pattern. Feather must be set to 0 pixels. Note that large images may become unwieldy.

· Choose Edit > Define Pattern.

· Enter a name for the pattern in the Pattern Name dialog box.

· To delete a preset pattern:

· Do one of the following:

• Select the pattern you want to delete, and choose Delete Pattern from the palette menu.

• Hold down Alt, position the pointer over a pattern (the pointer turns into scissors), and click.

To change the foreground or background color:

· Do one of the following:

• To change the foreground color, click the upper color selection box in the toolbox.

• To change the background color, click the lower color selection box in the toolbox.

· Choose a color in the Adobe Color Picker.

· To reverse the foreground and background colors: Click the Switch Colors icon in the toolbox.

· To restore the default foreground and background colors: Click the Default Colors icon in the toolbox.

To select the foreground or background color:

· Select the Eyedropper tool .

· To change the sample size of the eyedropper, choose an option from the Sample Size menu:

· Do one of the following:

• To select a new foreground color, click in the image.

• To select a new background color, Alt-click in the image.

To use the Apply Image command:

· Open the source and destination images, and select the desired layer and channel in the destination image. The pixel dimensions of the images must match for image names to appear in the Apply Image dialog box.

· Choose Image > Apply Image.

· Choose the source image, layer, and channel you want to combine with the destination.

· Select Preview to preview the results in the image window.

· Select Invert to use the negative of the channel contents in the calculation.

· For Blending, choose a blending option. Enter an opacity to specify the effect's strength.

· Select Preserve Transparency to apply the results only to opaque areas in the result layer.

· Select Mask if you want to apply the blending through a mask. Then choose the image and layer containing the mask. Click OK.

To use the Calculations command:

· Open the source image or images. Choose Image > Calculations.

· Select Preview to preview the results in the image window. Choose the first source image, layer, and channel.

· Select Invert to use the negative of the channel contents in the calculation. For Channel, choose Gray to get the same effect as would be obtained by converting the image to a grayscale image.

· Choose the second source image, layer, and channel, specifying further options as described in further step.

· For Blending, choose a blending mode. Enter an opacity to specify the effect's strength.

· Select Mask if you want to apply the blending through a mask.

· For Result, specify whether to place the blending results in a new document or in a new channel or selection in the active image.

Displaying the Layers palette

· Choose Window > Layers. Be sure to move the palette from the dock to enable the palette menu.

To create a new layer or layer set using default options:

· Click the New Layer button or New Layer Set button in the Layers palette.

To create a new layer or layer set and specify options:

· Do one of the following:

• Choose Layer > New > Layer or choose Layer > New > Layer Set.

• Choose New Layer or New Layer Set from the Layers palette menu.

• Alt-click the New Layer button or New Layer Set button in the Layers palette.

· Set layer options, and click OK.

• Name to specify a name for the layer or layer set.

• Use Layer Below to Create Clipping Mask. This option is not available for layer sets.

• Color to assign a color to the layer or layer set.

• Mode to specify a blending mode for the layer or layer set.

• Opacity to specify an opacity level for the layer or layer set.

• Fill with Mode-neutral color to fill the layer with a preset, neutral color.

· To copy a layer set: Drag an existing layer set to the New Layer button.

To change the order of layers and layer sets:

1. Drag the layer or layer set up or down in the Layers palette. Release the mouse button when the highlighted line appears where you want to place the layer or layer set.

To align the contents of layers:

· Do one of the following:

• To align the content of a layer to a selection border, make a selection in the image. Then select a layer in the Layers palette.

• To align the contents of multiple layers to a selection border, make a selection in the image. Then link the layers you want to align in the Layers palette.

· Choose Alignment buttons in the Move tool options bar:

• Top Edges aligns the top pixel on the linked layers to the top pixel on the active layer or the top edge of the selection border.

• Vertical Centers aligns the vertical center pixel on the linked layers to the vertical center pixel on the active layer or the vertical center of the selection border.

• Bottom Edges aligns the bottom pixel on the linked layers to the bottom pixel on the active layer or the bottom edge of the selection border.

• Left Edges aligns the left pixel on the linked layers to the left pixel on the active layer or the left edge of the selection border.

• Horizontal Centers aligns the horizontal center pixel on the linked layers to the horizontal center pixel on the active layer or the horizontal center of the selection border.

• Right Edges aligns the right pixel on the linked layers to the right pixel on the active layer or the right edge of the selection border.

To lock all properties of a layer or layer set:

· Select a layer or layer set. Click the Lock All option in the Layers palette.

· To partially lock a layer:

· Select a layer. Click one or more lock options in the Layers palette. Select one or more lock options:

• Lock Transparency to confine editing to the opaque portions of the layer.

• Lock Image to prevent modification of the layer's pixels using the painting tools.

• Lock Position to prevent the layer's pixels from being moved.

· Note: For type layers, Lock Transparency and Lock Image are selected by default and cannot be deselected.

To rename a layer or layer set:

· Do one of the following:

• Double-click the layer or layer set's name in the Layers palette, and enter a new name.

• Press Alt, and double-click the layer set's name in the Layers palette. Enter a new name in the Name text box, and click OK.

To rasterize a single layer:

1. Select the layer you want to rasterize. Choose Layer > Rasterize, and choose an option from the submenu.

To merge two layers or layer sets:

· Position the layers or layer sets you want to merge next to each other in the Layers palette, and make sure that the visibility for both items is enabled.

· Select the top item in the pair. Do one of the following:

• If the top item is a layer, choose Merge Down from the Layers menu or the Layers palette menu.

• If the top item is a layer set, choose Merge Layer Set from the Layers menu or the Layers palette menu.

To flatten an image:

· Make sure that all the layers you want to keep are visible.

· Choose Layer > Flatten Image, or choose Flatten Image from the Layers palette menu.

To specify a blending mode for a layer or layer set:

· Select a layer or layer set in the Layers palette. Choose a blending mode:

• In the Layers palette, choose an option from the Blend Mode pop-up menu.

• Choose Layer > Layer Style > Blending Options, and then choose an option from the Blend Mode pop-up menu.

· To display the Styles palette: Choose Window > Styles.

· To set a global lighting angle:

· To set a global lighting angle for all layers, do one of the following:

• Choose Layer > Layer Style > Global Light. In the Global Light dialog box, enter a value or drag the angle radius to set the Angle and Altitude, and click OK.

• In the Layer Style dialog box for Drop Shadow, Inner Shadow, or Bevel, select Use Global Light. For Angle, enter a value or drag the slider, and click OK.

To remove a style from a layer:

· In the Layers palette, select the layer containing the style you want to remove. Do one of the following:

• In the Layers palette, drag the Effects bar to the Trash button.

• Choose Layer > Layer Style > Clear Layer Style.

• Select the layer, and then click the Clear Style button at the bottom of the Styles palette.

To add a mask that shows or hides a selection:

· In the Layers palette, select the layer or layer set to which to add a mask.

· Select the area in the image, and do one of the following:

• Click the New Layer Mask button in the Layers palette to create a mask that reveals the selection.

• Choose Layer > Add Layer Mask > Reveal Selection or Hide Selection.

· To create a clipping mask:

· Do one of the following:

• Hold down Alt, position the pointer over the line dividing two layers in the Layers palette (the pointer changes to two overlapping circles ), and click.

• Select a layer in the Layers palette, and choose Layer > Create Clipping Mask.

• Link the desired layers in the Layers palette. Then choose Layer > Create Clipping Mask from Linked.

To apply filters:

1. Do one of the following:

• To apply a filter to an entire layer, make sure that the layer is active or selected.

• To apply a filter to an area of a layer, select that area.

· Choose Filter > Filter Gallery. To apply a filter, click the filter's name.

· Enter values or select options for the filter you've selected. Do any of the following:

• Choose additional filters to apply.

• Rearrange applied filters.

• Remove applied filters.

· 6. When you're satisfied, click the OK button.

To use the Lighting Effects filter:

· Choose Filter > Render > Lighting Effects. For Style, choose a style.

· For Light Type, choose a type. If you're using multiple lights, select and deselect On to turn individual lights on and off.

· To change the color of the light, click the color box in the Light Type area of the dialog box.

· To set light properties, drag the corresponding slider for the available options:

· To use a texture fill, choose a channel for Texture Channel. Click OK.

To display the Character palette:

Do one of the following:

• Choose Window > Character, or click the Character palette tab if the palette is visible but not active.

• With a type tool selected, click the palette button in the options bar.

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2010-04-20T09:58:00.000+05:45

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Some important year in computer History for general knowledge

2010-04-18T19:36:00.000+05:45

• In 3000B.C. Abacus was invented by Chinese people. Abacus was the earliest counting device. It was used for calculation purposes.

• In 1617 Napier’s bone was invented by John Napier. Napier’s bone was used for multiplying, dividing, and find square root and cube root.

• In 1622 A.D. Slide rule was invented by William ought. The slide rule was also used for Multiplication, division and find “scientific” function. Such as roots, logarithms, and trigonometry

• In 1642 Pascal’s calculator was invented by Blaise pascal. Pascal’s calculator was used for Addition and Subtraction.

Types of Software

• In 1673 Leibniz's calculator was invented by William von Leibniz. Leibniz calculator was used to adding, subtract, multiply, divide, and extract roots.

• In 1801 punch card was developed by Joseph Marie jacquard. A punch card was used for automatic information processing.

• In the 1821 Difference engine was invented by Charles Babbage. It was used for complex mathematical calculations with 31 digits of precision by using rods, gears, levers, and linkages and also used to solve polynomial equation.

• In 1837 Analytical Engine was used for Charles Babbage. it was used for adding and multiplying by one set of cards.

• In 1840 Boolean algebra was invented by George Boole. Due to this invention, modern digital computers are operated.

2 • In the 1843 machine algorithm was invented lady Augusta Ada love lace. Lady Ada is the first programmer.

• In 1980 the tabulating machine was invented by Herman Hollerith. The tabulating machine was an electrical device designed to assist in summarizing information and accounting. It was originally developed to help process data for U.S. census

• In 1904 Fleming valve or “ Vaccum tube” was invented by John Ambrose Fleming

• In 1906 Triode was invented by lee de forest. Lee de forest invented audition, an improvement on the Fleming valve.

• In 1927 Analog computer developed by Vannevar Bush and his two colleagues for solving the simple equations.

• In 1928 Magnetic tape was invented by Fritz Pflemer. Magnetic tape was first used by IBM computers in 1951.

• In 1932 Magnetic Drum was invented by G.Taushek. The magnetic drum was an early computer memory that was widely used in the 1950s and into the 1960s.

• In 1936 z1 computer was developed by Konard Zuse. Z1 was the first programmable computer.

• In 1942 electronic digital computer(ABC) was developed by john Atanasoft & Berry. ABC was the first electronic special-purpose digital computer.

• In 1943 colossus was invented by Tommy Flowers and Allen combs. Colossus was the first program able digital electric computing machine was used in world war II.

• In 1944 Harvard Mark I was developed by Howard Aiken and Grace hopper it was used for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and reference to the previous result.

• In 1946 ENIAC was developed by John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert. ENIAC was used for ballistics computation.

• In 1947 Transistor was developed by William Shockley John Barden and Walter Brattain. The First Transistor was invented at bell laboratories.

• In 1947 Transistor John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain this transistor were invented at bell telephone laboratories.

• In 1949 Magnetic core was developed by wang. Magnetic core memory was used by the late 50s.

• In 1949 EDSAC(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) was developed by Maurice Wilkes. It was the first stored-program computer was built.

• In 1949 EDVAC ( Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)was developed by Eckert and Mauchly. EDVAC was one of the earliest stored-program machines.

• In 1951 UNIVAC-I was developed by J.Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. The UNIVAC- I was the first commercial computer produced in the United States.

• In 1951 Mainframe was developed by J.Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. The first UNIVAC-I mainframe computer was delivered to the Census Bureau.

• In 1956 Hard disk was developed by the IBM team lead by Reynolds Johnson. Reynolds Johnson was considered as “Father of the Disk drive”. The hard disk was used in IBM 305 computer.

• In 1957 PC was developed By IBM(John Lentz). The first PC was built IBM-610 for office use.

• In 1958 Integrated circuit (IC) was developed by Jack St.clair kill and Robert Noyce. The IC is commercially available since 1961.

• In 1964 mouse and windows were developed by Douglas Engelbart. Douglas developed the GUI and pointing device.

• In 1965 compact disk was developed by James Russel. It was originally developed to store sound but later on, it allowed to store other types of data.

• In 1965 Minicomputer was developed by Kenneth H.Olsen. The first mini computer 12-bit PDP-8 was launched by digital Equipment corporation.

• In 1970 Bubble Memory was developed by An drew Bobeck. It was used in the computer by the mid-1970s.

• In 1971 Floppy disk was developed by IBM engineers led by Alan Shugart. The first eight-inch floppy disk was used in IBM 3330 computer and later on 1976 the 5-inch floppy disk was developed.

• In 1971 intel 4004 was developed by INTEL. The world's first single-chip 4-bit Microprocessor.

• In 1972 Intel 8008 was developed by intel. This was the world’s first Microprocessor.

• In 1975 Microcomputer was invented by Ed Roberts.

• In 1975 Microsoft was established by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. Microsoft is a manufacture of computer software and Hardware.

• In 1976 Supercomputer was developed by cray. Cray-I is first supercomputer.

• In 1979 Laptop was designed by William Moggridge. The first Laptop computer was designed by William Moggriedge.

• In 1979 Visi Calc was developed by Daniel Bricklin and Bob Frankston. Visi calc was designed for the Apple II computer.

• In 1981 Dos was developed by Microsoft. Dos was designed for the IBM computer with and intel 8088 Microprocessor.

• In 1983 Apple Lisa computer was developed. The first home computer with a GUI, Graphical user interface.

• In 1985 Intel 80386 or i386 was developed by Intel. I386 was a 32-bit microprocessor used by various personal computers and workstations.

• In 1985 MS Windows was developed by Microsoft. It was the first GUI for the IBM computer.

• In 1989 Intel 80486 or i486 was developed by Intel. This was the i486 was the first pipelined designed 32-bit Microprocessor.

• In 1995 Digital video disk(DVD) was developed by Philips, Samsung, and Sony.

• In 1995 Pentium Pro Microprocessor was developed by Intel. The Pentium and Pentium MMX were used for server and high-end Processors.

• In 1997 Pentium II was developed by Intel. The P-II was used for servers and high-end work stations.

• In 1999 Pentium III was developed by Intel. The Pentium III 32 bit microprocessor used in desktop and mobile processors.

• In 2000 Pentium IV was developed. The Pentium IV was used for high-end desktop and laptops. It was extended by the 64 Bit Microprocessor.

• In 2005 Dual-core was developed by Intel. The 64 bit Pentium D based on a Multi-chip module package with net brust microarchitecture.

• In 2006 core 2 duos and core 2 extremes were developed by Intel. The 64-bit Micro-Processor based on core technology.

• In 2009 Intel Atom was developed by Intel. The 64 Bit Microprocessor used for ultra-small ultra-light versions of the laptop computer.

Preparation for computer operator for Lok Sewa aayog Nepal

2010-04-18T10:01:00.385+05:45

Overview

The above picture is not just for any content. This is the success story of MIT Park and Er. Chhatra Bhattarai. They all are computer operators and placed somewhere. Many of them are in Government jobs, some of them are in semi-government jobs and likewise. If you want to see you as a perfect Computer Operator and want to do Job in Government Sector Semi-Government sector, Corporation or somewhere else. Then You must visit Er. Chhatra Bhattarai in MIT park Bagbazar Kathmandu.

Preparation of computer operator for Lok Sewa aayog. If you are preparing for the computer operator for Lok Sewa aayog than you must have the knowledge of basic, database, and basic webpage designing if you are perfect in these three then you are a perfect candidate for Lok Sewa aayog. In the exam of Lok Sewa aayog, you will mainly ask 50 questions for the written exam. In that twelve questions will ask from computer fundamental(History of the computer) six-question form operating system, eight-question from word processing, eight-question from electronic spreadsheet, eight-question form database system, five-question from presentation system, and three question form webpage designing. Every question will for one mark and note that 20% of marks will deduct (less) for every mistake. The pass mark is 20.

Introduction To Teacher

Er. Chhatra Bhattarai is from Jhapa, Nepal. He has 27 years of teaching Experiences. He has completed his Graduation in Engineering field. he has done Engineering in Electronics & Communication from India. And also other courses like

Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Application
Diploma in Electronics maintenance and support-Chennai India
Diploma in information system management-Chennai India
Diploma in windows Programming-Chennai India.
Diploma in Computer Maintenance-Kathmandu, Nepal

Secret tips and codes of Nepal Telecom

Professional Carrier

Senior Program & System Analyst- G.G. software, Chennai, India
Course coordinator-Computer skills center, Kathmandu, Nepal
Course Coordinator-Computer concern, Kathmandu, Nepal
General Director- National Microsystem Pvt ltd
Lecturer- Kantipur Engineering college Kathmandu, Nobel Academy, Kathmandu
Department Head-Kathamndu Community College. Kathmandu, Nepal
Financial Head-G.N. Trading & smile Electronics, Kathmandu, Nepal
CEO- Mit Park, Bagbazar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Patent Books

He has also written many Books for helping those students who can not or those who can not afford to read computer operators at Kathmandu because its an expensive place.

His books are

Interactive Operator Guru
Operative Encyclopedia
Operative Guru and many more

Skills & Technique

Er. Chhatra Bhattarai is an excellent Teacher. He has got good commanding skills and Technique. He can motivate you in a minute with his taking technique, which he used in the classroom. He will share his all experiences and past activities which help students a lot with being computer operators. well, I just want to say that if you want to set your carrier in Computer then you must have to visit him.

The model question is as follows:-

1. which of the following is not the input device?

a. Mouse

b. Light pen

c. Joystick

d. Plotter.

2. What is the command to delete a directory?

a. delete

b. del

c. rd

d. all the above

3. what is the output if a cell containing a number 3245.45 is formatted to ‘#,###’ number format?

a. 3245.45

b. 3245.450

c. 3245

d. 3,245

4. What is the short-cut key for ‘undo’?

a. ctrl+v

b. ctrl+p

c. ctrl+a

d. ctrl+z

5. what is the function of alt+f9?

a. to insert the field code

b. switching the field code

c. run macro

d. none of the above

6. To make directory

a. MKD

b. MKDIR

c. CD

d. All the above

7. The data bus is

a. Bi-directional

b. Uni-directional

c. Multi-directional

d. None of the above

8. Pico means

a. 1 million part

b. 1 billion part

c. 1 trillion part

d. 1 quillinarth part

9. The full form of PDA is

a. Personal Digital Assistant

b. Personal Diary Assistant

c. Personal Data Assistant

d. Professional computer operator

10. Which is an external command?

a. Path

b. Prompt

c. Vol

d. None

Practical Exam for computer Operator

In the Practical Exam, you will ask 7 questions. In that, you will ask English typing for 5 marks and you will get 5 minutes in this you will get a text of 225 words and you have to type within five minutes. You will get the following marks for your typing.

• Less than 8 words/ minute- 0 marks

• More than 8 and less than 16 words/ minute – 1 marks

• More than 16 and less than 24 words/ minute – 2 marks

• Mote than 24 and less than 32 words/ minute – 3 marks

• More than 32 and less than 40 words/ minute – 4 marks

• More than 40 words per minute – 5 marks And you will get Nepali typing for 5 marks . in this you will get Nepali text of 225 words and you have to type within 5 minutes. You will get the following marks for your typing.

• Less than 7 words/ minute- 0 marks

• More than 7 and less than 14 words/ minute – 1 marks

• More than 14 and less than 21 words/ minute – 2 marks

• Mote than 21 and less than 28 words/ minute – 3 marks

• More than 28 and less than 35 words/ minute – 4 marks

• More than 35 words per minute – 5 marks # Note formula for calculation of correct word/minute =correct words/minute=(total words typed –wrong words)/5 From the word, excel and Acess you will ask for ten marks each and form Powerpoint you will ask for 5 marks . from webpage designing you will ask for 5 marks. you will be asked for a total of 5o marks and you will get a total of 45 minutes. The pass mark is 25.

You will be asked to form these model questions.

1. Computer Fundamentals 2. Operating System 3. Windows 4. Word processing 5. Electronic Spreadsheet (Excel) 6. Database system 7. Presentation system 8. webpage designing

1. Computer Fundamentals

i. Computer:- Definition, History, Generation, Characteristics, Types & Applications

ii. Overview of a computer system:-

iii. Data and data processing

iv. Hardware

1. Definition of Hardware

2. Input Unit:- Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, etc

3. CPU:- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU), v. Memory Unit (MU) a. Output Unit:- Monitor, Printer, etc Storage devices:- Primary & Auxiliary Memory (Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, Compact Disk, Super Disks, Zip Disks, Cartridge tape, etc.)

1.2.2.6 Others:- Network card, Modem, Sound card, etc.

1.2.3 Software

1.2.3.1 Definition & Types of Software

1.2.3.2 Programming Language

1.2.4 Liveware

1.2.5 Firmware and Cache Memory

1.3 Setting & protection of Computer Room and Computer

1.4 Concept of Computer Viruses and remedies

1.5 Concept of Multimedia

1.6 IT Policy of Nepal, 2000 1.7 Computer Networking

1.7.1 Introduction to Networking

1.7.2 Types of Network like LAN, MAN, WAN

1.7.3 Concept about E-mail / Internet / Extranet/Intranet

2. Operating System

2.1 Introduction to Operating System

2.2 Types of Operating System

2.3 Functions of Operating Systems

2.4 Disk Operating System(DOS)

2.4.1 Introduction to DOS

2.4.2 Different versions of DOS

2.4.3 Physical Structure of the disk

2.4.4 Types of DOS commands

2.4.5 Use of common DOS commands

2.4.6 Concept of File and Directory

2.4.7 Wildcards and Pathname

2.4.8 System files of MS-DOS and their functions

2.4.9 Using AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files

2.5 Windows

2.5.1 Introduction to GUI

2.5.2 Introduction of Windows Operating System

2.5.3.1 Basic Windows Elements - Desktop, Taskbar, My Computer, Recycle Bin, etc.

2.5.3.2 Starting and shutting down Windows

2.5.3.3 File Management with Windows Explorer

2.5.3.4 Windows applications: Notepad, WordPad, MS Paint, MS-DOS Prompt, Calculator, Character Map, Control Panel, etc

2.5.3.5 Finding files of folders and saving the result

2.5.3.6 Starting a program by using the Run command

2.5.3.7 Changing window settings

2.5.3.7.1 Adding/Removing programs to/from the start menu

2.5.3.7.2 Clearing the contents of document menu

2.5.3.7.3 Customizing the taskbar

2.5.3.7.4 Control panel

2.5.3.7.4.1 Date & Time

2.5.3.7.4.2 Keyboard

2.5.3.7.4.3 Mouse

2.5.3.7.4.4 Multimedia

2.5.3.7.4.5 Fonts

2.5.3.7.4.6 Display

2.5.3.7.4.7 Printer

2.5.3.7.5 Creating shortcut(icons) on desktop

2.5.3.7.6 System tools:- Scandisk, Disk Defragmenter, DriveSpace, Backup, Format

3. Word Processing

3.1 Concept of Word Processing

3.2 Types of Word Processing

3.3 Introduction to MS-Word

3.3.1 Creating, Saving and Opening the documents

3.3.2 Elements of MS-Word Environment (Menu, Toolbars, Status bar, Rulers, Scrollbars, etc.)

3.3.3 Copying, Moving, Deleting and Formatting Text (Font, Size, Color, Alignment, line & paragraph spacing)

3.3.4 Finding and Replacing Text

3.3.5 Familiar with Devnagari Fonts

3.3.6 Creating lists with Bullets and Numbering

3.3.7 Creating and Manipulating Tables

3.3.8 Borders and Shading

3.3.9 Use of Indentation and Tab Setting

3.3.10 Creating Newspaper Style Documents Using Column.

3.3.11 Inserting Header, Footer, Footnotes, Endnotes, Page Numbers, file, page break, section break, Graphics, Pictures, Charts, Word Art & Symbols

3.3.12 Opening & Saving different types of document

3.3.13 Changing Default setting of the MS-Word

3.3.14 Mail Merge

3.3.15 AutoCorrect, Spelling and Grammar Checking, and Thesaurus

3.3.16 Security Technique of Documents

3.3.17 Concept of OLE (Object Linking Embedding)

3.3.18 Setting Page Layout, Previewing and Printing Documents

4. Electronic Spreadsheet

4.1 Concept of Electronic Spreadsheet

4.2 Types of Electronic Spreadsheet

4.3 Organization of Excel Spreadsheet (Cells, Rows, Columns, Worksheet, Workbook, and Workspace) 4.4 Introduction to MS-Excel

4.4.1 Creating, Opening and Saving Work Book

4.4.2 Elements of MS-Excel Environment (Menu, Toolbars, Status bar, Rulers, Scrollbars, etc.)

4.4.3 Editing, Copying, Moving, Deleting Cell Contents

4.4.4 Familiar with Devnagari Fonts

4.4.5 Formatting Cells (Font, Border, Pattern, Alignment, Number and Protection)

4.4.6 Formatting Rows, Column, and Sheets

4.4.7 Using Formula - Relative Cell and Absolute Cell Reference

4.4.8 Using basic Functions

4.4.9 Generating Series

4.4.10 Changing the default option of the MS-Excel

4.4.11 Sorting and Filtering Data.

4.4.12 Summarizing Data with Sub Totals

4.4.13 Creating Chart

4.4.14 Inserting Header and Footer

4.4.15 Spell Checking

4.4.16 Importing from and Exporting into other Formats.

4.4.17 Page Setting, Previewing and Printing

5. Database System

5.1 Introduction to Data, Database, and DBMS

5.2 Basic Concept of Tables, Fields, Records, Relationships, and Indexing

5.3 Introduction to Ms- Access

5.3.1 Data Types

5.3.2 Creating Tables and Formatting & Validating Field Data

5.3.3 Creating & Using Simple Queries

6. Presentation System and Internet

6.1 Introduction to PowerPoint

6.1.1 Creating, Opening, Saving Slides

6.1.2 Formatting Slides

6.1.3 Slide Show

6.2 Internet

6.2.1 Concept of Internet

6.2.2 Wet Searching Technique

6.2.3 Advantage of information available on the web and its application

Web page designing

Introduction to the web page. www, front page. Introduction to HTML -Html document a. Html document b. Tags c. Skeleton & Flesh -text -Hyperlinks -Images -Lists & forms -Tables -Frames

Important tips

Do not mark on the examination question paper.
Read the question carefully and check the answer one by one before writing an answer in the answer sheet.
Do not strike or overwrite answer twice or more time
Write the answer in Capital character with a simple script
Write the answer in the proper column
Be passion while writing your examination.

Some common problem and their solution in computer.

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Your Problem our solution

You can get different kinds of problem time to time in your computer. You can face both problem hardware and software. You can get small and big problem. For advance problem you need specialist but for minor problem you can solve by yourself . Every user should know the basic problem and their solution. If you don’t know the basic knowledge of maintenance than you should suffer more problem by paying much money and another thing is that minor problem can let you to disturb your valuable work and you should get mental pressure. In computer mainly you can get mental pressure. Mainly you can get following problems in your computer.

Taking time for opening computer.

Hanging computer

Computer responding slowly.

No display in monitor

DVD drive not working

Drive are not opening while double clicking

Virus problem

Hanging mouse

Hanging keyword

Sometime windows not responding

Sound not coming

Folder properties, task bar properties etc are not opening

Run, search command are not coming

While opening you can get different error messange

While opening computer, you can hear different kinds of sound beep etc

These problems are minor and if you know the basic terms than you can easily solve that problem.
For solving the problem, there are four point you should remember and that point are given below.

First check the all cable like data cable, power cable because several computer problem are related to cable.
Think problem are related with what like in your monitor if mouse does not move than what will you do ? if you have another mouse than try it ?
For being sure mouse is main problem. Checkout with key board arrow key that cursor is moving or not.
Note down the error message of computer . if your computer gives an error message that note it how much you can. This notes are important for future reference.
Write down your steps which you have done in your computer. Once you started doing repairing you should remember what you have done. If you don’t than write down.

Some steps are given below.

If you are using computer several time in a day and not using for sometime than I suggest you to not to close your computer every time better close It at the last moment for saving electricity close the monitor only. Closing and opening computer for several time than temperature cycle increase and decreases and due to this computer parts can not work for longtime, mainly Hard disk, CPU and memory if computer that goes in control way than it works for much time .

Suddenly power fall causes the running system to have problem and mainly to hard drive. So you should use UPS.

Take the backup of important data in CD or DVD

Time to time check the upper part that it is heated or not it heated than see that CPU fan and smps fan is working or not

Several problem and their solution
Freezing and hanging the problem

Press CTRL+ALT+DEL at a time.

You will get window task manager dialog box.

Select application tab and choose the program which you want to close from task.

Now press on end task button.

#Note = if you have to end several programs than repeat this process if freezing continue than restart computer.
Windows shutting down message not going.
Sometime when you do shutdown process than it becomes freezes and the message “windows is shutting down” continue sitting on screen. In this condition switching off computer is good option for that press power button for 10 seconds or press power button until your computer shutdown.
Suddenly re-starting computer

If your computer fan is not working properly and motherboard become heated than this problem takes place. Sometimes due to virus also this problem occur.
Solution:-

Keep computer In well ventilation place when air can come and go.
Clean the fan with air blower, never try with your mouth because the dust are harmful.
Scan your computer online or use anti virus software .
Don’t think that after switch on and plunging the power computer will work
For checking power supply, it is working or not, it is good to check with other SMPS than think……..

If ‘Microsoft windows.dll’ file removed than what to do ?
- First I will suggest you. If you have received only one missing error report than find .dll file in computer hope. You can copy .dllfile from another computer or today so many websites are there who provide this service. If you are having problem to open computer than open it in safe mode

Not valid win 32 application
This message will come as following.
C:/program files/my program/program.exe is not a valid win 32 application
Causes:-

if file corrupt or removed.

If there is virus, worm or malware in file.

If hardware incompatibility

Operating system not opening
If there is power in both computer and monitor than use boo table disk and restart your computer, if your computer opens with this disk than the problems is in your hard disk drive. Now you have to format your hard disk.
Some of application software not working

Go to start menu
Go to control panel.
Click on add or remove programs.
Choose the software which not working
Now click on remove button
You will be ask for conformation click on yes.
Now restart your computer
If you need that program than re-install again

No display in Monitor.

Check the power cable and other cable

Check out there is current in power cable or not.

Check the brightness controls button

Check weather the ram is well connected or not or remove it and fit it again.

If nothing happen than consult to specialist.

Problem and solution of SMPS(Switch Mode Power Supply)

The main part of casing is SMPS and Unfortunately the problem area is also this

Today mostly casing are made in china and Asian country's, where 220 voltage are used. The power supply of desktop computer are not living voltage with themselves after checking if the factory for got to rotate manual switch 110 volt than power supply will not work. So check the voltage setting at the backside of power supply.

Some computer name are missing from the entire network.

The network has elected a browser master that does'nt have all the protocols used by windows networking computer on your LAN. This is a random selection, so be sure to install and bind the same set of protocols on every workstation in your LAN.

Who would be intersted in my computer ?
Hackers are not at all interested in the public part of it. They are trying to find any kind of hole of lickage- a security breach- through which they can get into the rest of your computer or into your larger network. After they get inside, the hackers aim to gain access to valuable data and critical system function. Your credit cards might end up financing someone's excessive and dubious tastes. your website might become a trafficking center for stolen information or pornography. If your internet server is connected to internal networks, hackers may have a free ride deep inside your company. Even a single computer at home must have some thing worth using in future exploits.

Cannot uninstalled deep freeze
I had installed deep freeze, but it isn't getting uninstalled it does not show up in the control pannel or in the system tray.
One of the easiest ways is to tray installing the software once again and then removing it from the control panel. Also, look for an uninstallation application in the installation in the installation folder or within the start menu.

My system is attacked with Khatarnakh virus what to do ?

The khatarnakh virus spawned a process called khatra.exe and other two virus spawned ghost.exe and xplorer.exe
These virus have disabled my control panel and are not letting me change any setting.

solution
The virus problem is a little too complicated to get rid of manually. it would be easier to install an antivirus solution form kaspersky, ESET. You should use an antivirus to remove the infection. if all fails. you might have to do a clean install of windows.

My Ram not Recognised

My Pc configration is Biostar TA790GXBE motherboard and Athlon Z2245 with windows XP SP2. The problem is that my computer recognises only 768 MB ram instead of the 1GB installed.
solution:-
Most motherboards with on-board graphics use a part of the system memory as graphics memory. this has to be set from the BIOS itself. if you haven't chandged it, then it might bu using the default 256MB. we sugest upgrading to 2 GB of memory anyway.
Most canibets don't support HD audio on the front ports. you'll have to use the AC97 codec option in the BIOS and use connectors form the motherboard to the front panel for it to work.

Master and Slaves problems
My BIOS detects the hard drive. i'm unable to boot from the DVD drive. The HDD and the DVD drive are both IDE. I am using a single IDE cable to connect them. The DVD drive powers up properly and i can eject the tray normally.
Solution Make sure that the hard drive is set as the master drive and the DVD drive as slaves. Here. MA stands for Master. Sl for Slaves and CS for cable select. There cannot be two master drives or slave drives on a single IDE interface. A good 460 w PSU should be just about sufficient for your configuration. An additional hard drive shouldn't be a problem.

Windows Error
My desktop PC configuration is as follows:

Motherboard-GIGABYTE S series
Processor- Intel core 2 duo E7400
Ram-U max 1 GB
HDD-Seagate 250 GB
Moniter- Dell 18.5"

I have installed windows xp sp3 on my system. but after booting it started hanging. showing errors and was not able to access any application on my system. I reinstalled the OS but it failed , i would also like to know wheather i can install windows 7 on my system.
solution:-
The problem might be with the hard drive or memory. you'll have to run a thorough disk scan and use Memtest86+ to ensure that there are no problems with it. yes you can install windows 7 on your system.

Your Problem our Solution
Q. How to Remove Virus of USB Drives.
Q. How to check the worms of USB Flash drive and remove it.
- Press Windows button + R
- Type CMD and click on Ok
-At prompt type your USB drive letter (For eg. E:, F:, G:, H:,)
-Now type dir/ah to list all hidden files.
-your computer will show all hidden files of your USB drive.
-Now if you find the files AUTORUN.INF and virus removal.vbs, type Attrib-r-s-h . to unhide and remove the read only permission from it. Then, delete the file using the Del command (eg. Del Autorun.inf) or using window explorer.
Note: - RECYCLER is another folder that is home to some other worms.
Use USB antivirus software this is small software which take small place.

Q. Please somebody help me my pc “Microsoft windows.dll” file is missing what to do ?
- First search in computer hope, if you have got only one message.
- You can copy from another computer or download it.
- There are many site which provide this service.
- If you are suffer from .dll errors than open computer in safe mode and solve the problem
Q. Restarting computer without any warning ?
CAUSES
-Heat
-Harware problem
-Virus
-Operating system

SOLUTION
- First Maintain room temperature
- Check smps fan and cuu fan.
- If you have added new hardware than remove and check it.
- Use good antivirus or format system with bootable cd/dvd.
- Or
- Re-start your computer, go in CMOS setup for going in CMOS press Del when switch on your computer.
- Leave your computer in CMOS setting.
- If your computer does not reboot than it is problem of Windows, now install fresh copy of windows.
- If now also not solve your problem than now check RAM, CPU, M.board, SMPS and remove it.
Q. How to remove Temporary files?
- Click on Start button
- Click on RUN
- Type ‘%tmp%’ in run and click on ok.
- Now remove all tmp files.
Q. My computer is being hang time to time what to do?
- Press CTRL +ALT+DEL at a time
- You will get a dialogue box.
- in that see which program is showing ‘Not Responding’
- Click on that program and click on end task.
- your computer will recover from Freeze option.

Q. My mouse is being freeze, screen also being hault, keyboard also not response what to do ?
- Click on Start button
- Click on my computer icon.
Or
- Double click on my computer icon
- Click on tools menu.
- Click on folder option.
- Click on view tab.
- Remove tick mark from ‘Automatically search for network folder and printers
- Now click on ok.
My computer is showing ‘rundll32.exe’ application error. What to do?
- Use windows CD of your operating system and replace that file.
- Steps
- Insert CD in CD-rom
- Go to start menu and click on run.
- Type ‘expand x:\i386\rundll32.ex_c:\windows\ system32\rundll.32exe’
- Click on ok.
- Re-start your system.
What to do if dll file is being corrupt than?
- Insert XP CD in CD-Rom or DVD Rom and repair it.

Your Problem our Solution
Q. How to Remove Virus of USB Drives.
Q. How to check the worms of USB Flash drive and remove it.
- Press Windows button + R
- Type CMD and click on Ok
-At prompt type your USB drive letter (For eg. E:, F:, G:, H:,)
-Now type dir/ah to list all hidden files.
-your computer will show all hidden files of your USB drive.
-Now if you find the files AUTORUN.INF and virus removal.vbs, type Attrib-r-s-h . to unhide and remove the read only permission from it. Then, delete the file using the Del command (eg. Del Autorun.inf) or using window explorer.
Note: - RECYCLER is another folder that is home to some other worms.
Use USB antivirus software this is small software which take small place.

Q. Please somebody help me my pc “Microsoft windows.dll” file is missing what to do ?
- First search in computer hope, if you have got only one message.
- You can copy from another computer or download it.
- There are many site which provide this service.
- If you are suffer from .dll errors than open computer in safe mode and solve the problem
Q. Restarting computer without any warning ?
CAUSES
-Heat
-Harware problem
-Virus
-Operating system

SOLUTION
- First Maintain room temperature
- Check smps fan and cuu fan.
- If you have added new hardware than remove and check it.
- Use good antivirus or format system with bootable cd/dvd.
- Or
- Re-start your computer, go in CMOS setup for going in CMOS press Del when switch on your computer.
- Leave your computer in CMOS setting.
- If your computer does not reboot than it is problem of Windows, now install fresh copy of windows.
- If now also not solve your problem than now check RAM, CPU, M.board, SMPS and remove it.
Q. How to remove Temporary files?
- Click on Start button
- Click on RUN
- Type ‘%tmp%’ in run and click on ok.
- Now remove all tmp files.
Q. My computer is being hang time to time what to do?
- Press CTRL +ALT+DEL at a time
- You will get a dialogue box.
- in that see which program is showing ‘Not Responding’
- Click on that program and click on end task.
- your computer will recover from Freeze option.

Q. My mouse is being freeze, screen also being hault, keyboard also not response what to do ?
- Click on Start button
- Click on my computer icon.
Or
- Double click on my computer icon
- Click on tools menu.
- Click on folder option.
- Click on view tab.
- Remove tick mark from ‘Automatically search for network folder and printers
- Now click on ok.
My computer is showing ‘rundll32.exe’ application error. What to do?
- Use windows CD of your operating system and replace that file.
- Steps
- Insert CD in CD-rom
- Go to start menu and click on run.
- Type ‘expand x:\i386\rundll32.ex_c:\windows\ system32\rundll.32exe’
- Click on ok.
- Re-start your system.
What to do if dll file is being corrupt than?
- Insert XP CD in CD-Rom or DVD Rom and repair it.
How to Identify Fake CSRSS file or CSRSS
- These are just like system file which can execute. For eg. CSRSS.exe these fake file are being run and creating rundll 32 error
Solution:-
- Go to Start button and Click on Search.
- Search for the filename.
- Type CSRSS in Search for file name and Search it.
- If you find more than one of same file in prefetch folder or in other location, and if they don’t have .exe extension than they are croupt file or virus.
My computer is showing ‘Non system disk or disk error message
- Causes:-
- there is no cd/dvd in Cd/Dvd Rom.
- Boot loader is being corrupt
- Problem in hard disk drive.
- If your remove your CD or DVD and the problem is continue than may be the problem is of boot loader.
- For solving this you must repair boot loader.
- For that insert XP CD in Cd/Dvd Rom and when it execute press ‘R’ Key to run recover setup.
- Now your computer will run in Recover mode, after some time you will see command prompt.
- Type ‘flxmbr’ and press enter key.
My computer is not showing ‘safely remove hardware Icon’ in taskbar when trying to remove any external hardware device. Please say what to do ?
- Click on Start button.
- Click on run.
- Type ‘rundll32.exe shell32.dll,control_run dll hotplug.dll’ and press OK.
# Now you will get your safely remove Icon in your Taskbar.
OR
- Right click on taskbar and go to properties
- Remove tickmark from ‘Hide inactive icons’.
My Drive are not opening by Double clicking. Please help.
- This is due to computer virus. These king of virus is attacking in winsystem so there is no acess in other drive.
- The main idea is to remove the virus AUTORUN.INF
- Go to start button click on Run
- Type CMD and click on OK.
- Type cd\ and press enter key.
- Attrib-r-h-s autorun.inf(Type this)
- Now go to another drive and do the above process.
- Re-start your system.

Some useful tools of Photoshop 7

2010-02-27T07:03:00.000+05:45

Photoshop is a very exciting bitmap image editing application. In windows based no other bitmap image editing application is better than photoshop 7. It gives you so many facilities by which you can make changes in your Photos or in Graphic designing and for this some useful tools name and their function are given below.
Rectangular Marquee tool :- It is used for selecting a rectangular portion of image for using this tool, click on the tool and drag the mouse- cursor on the image diagonally when you drag the mouse-cursor a dotted rectangle appers. For deselecting click somewhere else on the image or press ctrl+D.

Polygon lasso tool:- with this tool you don’t have to drag just simply click and move and click there only which you want to select. If you finish selecting than double click or click on the straight point.

Lasso tool:- This is free selection tool, just click the tool and drag it on the image to select the desired portion of image. Photoshop connects your starting point to the ending point.

Move tool:- This tool is used to move the selected part of image, layers and guides. To move a layer make the desired layer active and drag it with move tool.

Single Row marquee tool:- This is used for selecting a single row of pixels . just click the tool, than click at the desired spot on the image and a horizontal dotted line appers there. It is used for removing the borders of picture.

Single column Marquee tool:- This is used for selecting a single column of pixels just click the tool. Than click at desired spot on the image and a vertical dotted line appears there. It is also used for removing the borders of picture.

Eliptical marquee tool :- this is used for selecting an elliptical portion of image. Click the tool and drag the mouse cursor on the image diagonally when desired portion of image is selected, stop dragging the mouse.

Magic wand tool :- this is used for selecting the whole portion of a particular color for example if you want to select the all red part of the image than click the tool and click the yellow spot in the image.

Magnetic lasso tool :- this tool is use for selecting the portion of image with a distinc boundary for this click the tool, click at the starting point, now move the mouse along the distinct edge to finish the selection and click again at the starting point.
Crop tool :- This is used to crop the image for this click the tool. Drag the tool on the image diagonally to draw a dotted rectangle. If you don’t want to crop the image than press esc key.

Basic concept of Internet

2010-02-23T23:58:00.001+05:45

-The Internet consists of two types of computer servers and cliets.

Computer which offer information to be read are called servers.
Computer that read the information offered are called clients.

-Server run special software(web server software) that allows them to

Respond to client requests for information
Accept data from clients

-Some of the most popular software which servers run to allow them to respond to client requests for information are internet information server(iis), Apache web server, Microsoft Personal web server.
-TCP/IP is the only protocal used to send data all around the internet.
-TCP si a set of communication Protocals
-IP is a unique address . every machine connected to the internet most have an address by which it can be located on the internet.
-Each machine connected to the internet must have a unique IP address which identifies that machine.

-Domain Name Extension

.edu-server that provide educational services.
.gov- server that provide information about the government of a country.
.mil- server that provide Militery Information.
.org- server that provide information about the organozation in the world.
.com- server that providing commercial services takes care of connecting a client to the virtual domain as required.

-Web server software running on the internet servers takes care of connecting a client to the virtual domain as required.
-The structure of an Internet address
http://www.microsoft.com
http-is the communication protocal to be used.
www-is the notation for world wide web.
microsoft-is the registered domain name associated with the IP address of an internet server.
com-the server provides commercial services to clinets who connect to it.
-The structure of IP address
an IP address is a 32 bit number, divided into two sections, the network number and the host number. address are written as four fields, eight bits each seperated by a period, each field can be a number ranging from 0 to 255. this method of addressing is called dotted decimal notation.
-A web server supports multiple protocals for example, a web server may support two protocals viz. HTTP, FTP

Something about CD-ROM

2010-02-12T23:59:00.000+05:45

CD-ROM is an internal and external part of computer. CD-ROM comes in Hardware departments. It is used to Play cds in computer. It is prounced as "see dee rom" is the abbreviation of compact disk. Read Only Memory. A single capacity CD-ROM has the storage capacity of 700 Floppy disks. CD-ROM are recorded by the vendor and once recorded in cds cannot be erased and filled with new data. there are many feature that distinguish cd-rom players are generally classified as a single-speed or some multiple of single-speed. for example a 4*Player aceess data at four times the speed of a single speed player within these groups, however there is some variation you need to be aware of whatever the cd-rom uses the clv(constant linear velocity) or cav (constant Angualr velocity) Technology. The reported speed of players that use cav are generally not accurate because they refer only to the access speed for outer tracks. Inner tracks are accessed more slowly. if you plan to run cd-rom on windows environment than you need a plalyer that conforms to the MPCIII standard. If you want to view photos stored on cd-player, make sure your cd-player conforms to kodak photo cd format

How to start and Define site

2010-02-10T05:15:00.000+05:45

Starting Dreamweaver

Click on start button.
choose Program.
choose Dreamweaver
click on Dreamweaver

Click on Start button.
Click on Run button.
Type Dreamweaver
Click on OK.

than you will see a dialog box.
Choose HTML from the create new option.

In Dream weaver planning is the most important before creating a website, if you not plan than you would encounter numerous problems regarding the site at the time of publishing or at the time of accessing. It is necessary to create structure in a plain paper which you can place all of the contents for a site. Creating a structure reduces the problem and helps to manage anythings easily.
Before creating a site structure , It will be good idea to decide where you will store your site on your computer harddrive. Create a root directory(main folder) at your drive(C:\) and create sub-folders as per your requirement under the root directory.
To create root directory

First select the location or drive
and make a new folder.
choose that folder and give the required name for folder.
Press enter key.

like this you can create other sub-folders inside the main folder(if needed)

Creating your first website in Dreamweaver

Set up a local site

The most common approach to creating a website using dreamweaver is to create and edit pages on your local disk. and then uoload copies of those pages to remote web server

A website

A set of pages on a server, to be viewed by a visitor to the site using a web browser.

A Remote site

The files on a server that make up a website.

A Local site

Those files which are on your local disk that correspond to the files in the remote site. In local site you can edit and make change than upload to remote site.
Normally, you would start creating a website by planning it, figuring out how many pages to create. how the pages connect to each other what content appears on each page.

How do defiine a site ?
To define a site

Choose site>Manage site
Choose new>site
If the dialog box is showing advance tab, click on basic.
In the text box, Enter a sitename.
Click Next to proceed to the next step
Now computer will ask you want to work with a server Technology.
Select no Option.
Click on Next to go in another step.
In this computer will ask you, how you want to work with your files.
Select the Option"Edit local copies on My machine, than upload to server when ready".
The text box allows you to specify a folder on your local disk where dreamweaver should store the local version of the site's files. It's easier to specify on accurate folder name if you browse to the folder rather than typing the path, so click on the folder icon next to the box.
Click Next to proceed in Next step.
In this step computer will ask you "How you connect to your remote server."
Choose none from the pop-up menu.
Click on next to proceed to the next step.
In this dialog box, you will get summary of your setting.
Click done to finish
Click done to allow Dreamweaver to create the site cache.

#Note:- if you to know about the tool bar of dreamweaver than type"How to work in Dreamweaver" in Google custom search.

C

Something about Dreamweaver

2010-02-10T04:48:00.000+05:45

In the early days for web designing HTML code was used. That was time consuming business to create complicated web pages and mainly the designer should know the vast amount of tags which was very difficult.

To solve this problem web programmers developed WYSIWYG type program that means what you see is what you get By using this type, People can design their own Web Pages in a similar way to a word processing or a desktop publishing program. Just what you layout on the screen is what the user will see on their screen. People don’t have to remember any HTML code but it is still present and generated automatically in the background and the great thing is that if you have knowledge of HTML than you can edit it manually if you desire.

Dream weaver is a WYSIWYG web designing program or Application software. Dream weaver means build your imagine what you see in dream. Dream weaver is an effective interface for quickly creating high quality Web Pages .Dream weaver contains huge amount of powerful tools for in corpora ting the latest web design elements into site to give them dynamic look.

Dream weaver is a professional HTML editor for designing, Coding and developing websites, web pages and web application. The visual editing feature in Dream weaver let you to create web page without writing a line of code and Dream weaver helps you to build dynamic database backed web application using server language such as ASP.NET, ASP, CFML, JSP and PHP.

want to know how Dreamweaver works than type "How to start and define site" in Google custom search box

Beware of Using Netbanking

2010-02-10T03:51:00.000+05:45

Netbanking is been popular for kapill of years from online shopping to money transfer it has been so popular. the demand of internet and it's use has raised the graph of cyber crime and the hackers are also kept eyes on online banking.
Netbanking is a facility of internet through which user are making online shopping, eshopping, money transfer and many things before taking the facility of netbanking you should read the manual very carefully because the manual are not same for every bank they all have their own terms and condition generally people thinks net banking as a normal banking but in comparision of normal banking, net banking needs many careful steps. for this if you have used online banking for one time than you should check your account after every two three days and if you find any little doubt also than immediately inform to the bank. if you are not using net banking for long time and some thing happen (hacked) in your account than it is difficult to find out what happen and one thing also remember that the bank does not take any responsiblities if your account is being hacked or something else. that is no any law that bank will give you compensation.
Be sure of that website where you are going to make online shopping money transaction website is safe or not for this see the URL very carefully for this you can take advice from the bank or experts be careful and type correctly the url of your bank and if it possible than use only your laptop or computer for net banking . if you have to use other comuter than after using that computer change your password and don't for get to log off that website.

Website designing with FrontPage

2010-02-05T03:51:00.000+05:45

Front page

FrontPage is a big major family member of Microsoft corporation and popular webpage/website designing application package developed by Microsoft Corporation. With the help of this program we can create, manage and publish web pages in easiest way.

Creating a web page

Click on ‘Start’ button.
Select ‘Programs’ option and Click on ‘Microsoft Front Page’ option.
Click ‘File’ menu and click on ‘New’ and click ‘Page or web’ option.
Click on ‘Empty web’ from right pane and select ‘empty web’.
Type ‘z:\myweb’ or any location in the list box and click on ‘ok’.
Then click on Blank Page. Type the required text and format it.
Save the page as ‘default.htm’ or ‘index.htm’.

Importing image to your homepage

Select the ‘folders’ view and select the ‘Images’ folder.
Choose the ‘File’ menu option.
Select the ‘Import’ option.
Click on ‘Add folder’ button.
Choose the images folder from the list.
Click on ‘ok’ button.

Inserting background image

Go to ‘format’ menu option and click on ‘background’ option.
Click on the background picture check box.
Click on the Browse button and select the image and click on ‘open’ button.
Click on ‘ok’ button and save the page.
Preview the page in the browser.

Adding picture to home page

Place the cursor where you want to insert the picture.
Go to ‘Insert’ menu, select ‘Picture’ and click on ‘From file’.
Select the image from the list and click on ‘Insert’ button.
Select the picture, go to ‘Format’ menu and click on properties.
Click on the tab ‘Appearance’ and click on the check box labeled ‘Specify size’.
Set the width and height and the border thickness.
Click on ‘ok’ button.
Save the page and preview in browser.

Inserting horizontal line

Place the cursor where you want to insert horizontal line.
Go to Insert Menu and click on Horizontal Line.
Double click Horizontal line. Change the patterns like width, height and color etc.

Inserting inline frame

Go to Insert Menu and click on ‘Inline Frame’.
Click on ‘Set initial page’ button inside inline frame if you want to display previous page and click on ‘New page’ to insert new page.
To change the properties of inline frame-
Put the cursor inside inline frame box and right click on it.
Choose page properties tab from the page properties dialog box.
Tick mark on ‘Background Picture’ and click on ‘browse’ button to insert background picture.
Choose the background and text color and click on ok.

Inserting marquee text

Go to ‘Insert’ menu, click on ‘web component’, click on ‘marquee’ and click on ‘Finish’ button.
There appears a dialogue box, type your text in the text box.
Select the direction, behavior and background color as your requirement and click on ‘ok’ button.
Save the page and preview in browser.

Inserting marquee image

Insert the picture into your web page.
Select the picture and go to ‘Insert’ menu, click on ‘web component’, click on ‘marquee’ and click on ‘Finish’ button.
There appears a dialogue box, type ‘’ and click on ‘ok’ button.
Save the page and preview in browser.

Hover button

It is used to create links between different pages by using button.

Open index page and place the cursor on the first line of the page.
Go to ‘Insert’ menu, click on ‘web component’, click on ‘hover button’ and click on ‘Finish’.
A dialogue box appears. Type any name in the text box button text, browse the page where you want to create the link and click on ‘ok’ button.
Choose different effects such as: button color, effect color etc and click on ‘ok’ button.
Save the page and preview in browser.

Banner and manager

This component is used to display animated list of images for a specified number of seconds. It keeps switching to the successive image until it reaches the last image in the list. Once the last image is displayed it then starts again from the first image in the list.

Open any page like index.htm.
Place the cursor at the top of the page.
Go to ‘Insert’ menu, click on ‘web component’, click on ‘Banner Ad manager’ and click on ‘Finish’.
A dialogue box appears. Click on ‘Add’ button, select the images from the list and click on ‘open’ button. Similarly add two or more images and click on ‘ok’ button
Save the page and preview in browser.

Interactive button

1. From insert menu click on 'interactive button'.

2. Choose button type from 'Button' list box.

3. Enter button name in 'Text' box.

4. Click on 'Browse' button and choose location and select the file you want to link.

5. Click on ok.

6. Click on 'font' tab.

7. Choose font,size and style.

8. Choose 'Original font color','Hovered font color' and 'Pressed font color'.

9. Click on ok.

Photo gallery

Go to ‘Insert’ menu, click on ‘web component’, click on ‘Photo Gallery’.
Choose photo gallery option and click on ‘Finish’ button.
Click on ‘Add’, ‘picture from files’.
Select the image and click on ‘open’ button.
Again click on ‘Add’ and repeat the above process for more images.
Click on ‘ok’.
Save the page and preview in browser.

Creating hyperlink

Open the page index.htm or default.htm and click on blank page to make another page and save that page.
In the index page type any text and select the text.
Go to ‘Insert’ menu, click on ‘hyperlink’.
A dialogue box appears, select the page from the list and click on ‘ok’ button.
Save the page and preview in browser. Click the text.

Intra page linking

Type a long document. Go to the first line of the document and type ‘go to bottom’. Go to the last line of the document and type ‘go to top’.
Select the text ‘go to bottom’, click on ‘Insert’ menu, click on ‘Bookmark’.
A dialogue box appears. Type ‘top’ in the text box and click on ‘ok’ button.
Similarly select the text ‘go to top’, click on ‘Insert’ menu, click on ‘Bookmark’.
Type ‘bottom’ in the text box and click on ‘ok’ button.
Now select the text ‘go to bottom’, click on ‘Insert’ menu, click on ‘Hyperlink’.
A dialogue box appears. Click on ‘Place in this document’ from left pane, click on ‘bottom’ and click on ‘ok’.
Similarly select the text ‘go to top’ and do the above process and select ‘top’ and click on ‘ok’.
Preview in browser and click on both hyperlinks.

Selecting theme for webpage

The most familiar feature of any window-based application is to use a standard design for all the pages in an application. The theme is a collection of page design elements, such as banner at the top of the page, navigation bar.

Select the ‘Format’ menu and click on ‘Theme’ option.
Select any theme from the list and click on ok.
Save the page and preview in browser.

Navigation structure

It is used to navigate between different web pages if there are many pages.

Make two or more pages and select different themes on each page and save it.
Open index page and write the text ‘Home page’.
Switch to navigation view and drag different pages below the home page.
Switch to page view.
Go to ‘Insert’ menu, click on ‘Navigation’.
Click on ‘Link bars’, choose ‘bar based on navigation structure’ and click ‘next’.
Choose bar style from the list and click on ‘Next’.
Choose orientation and click on ‘Finish’.
Choose the option ‘Child level’ and click on ok.
Similarly repeat the above process for another pages and click on ‘save’.
Preview in browser and navigate the pages.

Page banner

It is used to insert page banner in the web page for good look and feel.

o After creating Themes and navigation structure, place the cursor at the top of the index page.

o Go to ‘Insert’ menu, click on ‘Page banner’, select the option ‘picture’ and type the text as ‘Home page’ and click on ‘ok’.

o Save the page and preview in browser.

Page transition

It is used to give different transition effects to web pages.

Create two or more pages using themes, hover button, hyperlinks etc.

Go to ‘Format’ menu, click on ‘Page Transition’.
Choose one event such as ‘Page Enter’ and choose transition effect and click on ‘ok’. Similarly use different transition effects to more pages.
Save the page and preview in browser. Click on hyperlinks to see different transition effects.

Croping image

1. Insert and select image.
2. From picture toolbar (view menu) click on 'Crop' button.
3. Resize the corp border and press enter key.
4. Save the file.
5. Click on rename and rename the image file.
6. Click on 'Change folder' and select 'Image' folder and click on ok.
7. Click on ok.

Image mapping

First of all insert the picture on your page.
If the picture toolbar is not visible then go to ‘View’ menu, select ‘Toolbars’ and click on ‘pictures’.
Click on the picture you have inserted. Then click on different shapes on picture toolbar and draw inside the picture.
A dialogue box display, select the html page to which you want to link and click on ‘ok’.
Save the page and preview in browser. Click on the place where you inserted hotspot.

Creating Table

Place the cursor on the page where you want to insert the table.
Go to ‘Table’ menu, select ‘Insert’ and click on ‘Table’.
Specify the number of rows and columns and choose different layouts.
Click on ‘ok’.

Merging Cells:

Select two rows or columns you want to merge.
Go to ‘Table’ menu and click on ‘Merge cells’ option.

Splitting Cells:

o Place the cursor on the cell you want to split.

o Go to ‘Table’ menu and click on ‘Split cells’ option.

o Set the number of columns to 2 and click on ‘ok’.

Table Properties:

Place the cursor inside the cell of the table.
Go to ‘Table’ menu, click on ‘Table properties’ and click on ‘Table’.
Set different layouts, borders and border colors and click on ‘ok’.

Table Caption:

Place the cursor inside any cell.
Go to ‘Table’ menu, click on ‘Insert’ and click on ‘Caption’.
Type the name of the table.

Using styles:

o First type any text in a blank page.

o Go to Format menu, click on style. Then choose any style such as p from the list.

o Click on Modify button, click on Format button and choose any option like border

o Then select the border type and shading type.

o Click on ok, again ok and ok.

o The style will be appeared in paragraph.

Using external stylesheet:

o Open a blank page in your web folder.

o Type any text using any headings and paragraph and save it.

o Then choose page templates from the right pane and click on style sheets tab.

o Select the Normal stylesheet and click on ok.

o Write the following codes in stylesheet and save it.

H1{color:red}

p{font-size:14pt;color:blue}

o Go to normal page. Go to Format menu, click on stylesheet link, and click on Add

o Then select the stylesheet page, click on ok, again ok and ok.

o The style will be appeared on the text you have written.

Creating a Frame page:

Go to ‘File’ menu, select ‘New’ and click on ‘Page or web’ option.
Click on ‘page templates’ from the right pane.
Click the tab labeled ‘Frame pages’.
Select the template style ‘Horizontal split’ and click on ‘ok’ button.
Save the page and give the name ‘frame.htm’.

Creating Target Setting:

Design a new page and save it to ‘linkpage.htm’.
Make different links from that page.
Open the frame page ‘frame.htm’.
Click on ‘Set initial page’, select the html page like “link page” and click on ‘ok’.
Select the hypertext, right click on it and click on ‘hyperlink properties’.
A dialogue box displays. Click on ‘Target frame’, select the current frame page where you want to display or select the common targets and click on ‘ok’ and again click on ‘ok.
Save the page and preview in browser. Click on hypertext.

Shared Borders:

Go to ‘Format’ menu and click on ‘Shared borders’.
Click on the radio button ‘current page’ and check on the check boxes top, left etc
Click on ‘Border properties’ and choose the background color or picture.
Click on ‘Ok’ and again click ‘Ok’.
Save the page and preview in browser.

Activate the Shared Border:

1. From tools menu click on 'page option'.
2. Click on 'Authoring' tab.
3. Click on 'Shared border' check box.

Dhtml Effects:

It is used to give different effects to texts, pictures etc.

Type any text like “My Home page”.
Select the text, go to ‘Format’ menu and click ‘Dynamic html effects”.
Choose an event like ‘mouse over’, Choose an event ‘Formatting’.
Choose settings ‘choose font’. Select a font face, font size, color etc
Click on ‘ok’.
Save the page and preview in browser.

Form:

Make a web folder inside the server as: “marketing08/nitish/myweb”.
Create blank page place the cursor at the top of the blank page.
Go to ‘Insert’ menu, select ‘Form’ and click on ‘Form’.
A form is displayed. Press Enter and place the cursor at the top of the form.
Again go to insert menu, select form and click on different elements of form such as textbox, radio button, checkbox etc as your requirement.
Save the page as “registrationform.asp” and preview in browser.
If you want to send those fields in a database then
Right click inside the form, click on ‘Form properties’, click on ‘send to database’ option button and click on ‘options’.
A dialogue box displays. Click on ‘create database’ and click on ‘ok’.
Preview in browser, fill the form and click on ‘submit’.
All the records are send to database inside “fpdb” folder.

What is Microsoft word 2007 and how can we work on it?

2010-02-03T05:29:00.000+05:45

Microsoft word is a big major family member of microsoft office group. it was developed by Microsoft corporation USA. Microsoft word is very important member of Microsoft group. In past Microsoft word was created in dos version.
Microsoft word is a computerized way to perform a task that has existed for centuries text creation and management. Microsoft word is a kind of text. like Articles, reports, Memos, Letters, Books, Newspaper etc. Microsoft word also saves the documents for future use with retrieving and revsion facility. In this program if you type any text, they are displayed on screen at first and it stores temporarily and when we save it than it stores for permanently. You can also save your document in other externtal device like pendrive, cd, dvd , jagdisk etc. Now a days microsoft word is used by many people and organization all over the world to save money and time. Microsoft word gives each and every facilities what the user wants. if you imagine that oh it will be good if this document looks like this or if i can make this or that change" than just simpli imagine and go and if you calculalte about it's feature and advantages than , it's features are

Preparation, Publishing, editing, printing of articles, letters, reports, memos, books etc.
Storage, retrieval and creation of document
Automatic word wrap, centering, underlining, change case, first letter capitalization, over typing, page numbering, justification, page counting, proportional space and many more.
Efficient search facility.
Find any word and replace.
Automatic correspondence.
Grammer and spelling check.
Fille extract and file merge.
Graphics facility.
Help and service.
Short facility.
Ability to work with other program.
Heavy password security.
Calculation with tables, and many more.

and it's advantages are

Higher quality output resulting form advance equipment.
Increased office efficiecy resulting in improved secretarial support for all word originators.
Automatic checks grammer and errosrs and replace it.
Faster output speed.
Reduction in amount of proof reading required.
Reduce ret-typing time for errors free hard copy.
Facilitation of print preview document revison and change before committing to print.
Elimination of stationery wastage.
Improved human resource utilization with better control and supervision of secreatarial personnel through a word processing center.

Short cut keys

CTRL+A=Select the whole page
CTRL+B= Making bold to selected document
CTRL+C= For copying the document
CTRL+E= For aligning in center
CTRL+F= For finding
CTRL+G= For goto options
CTRL+H= For Replace
CTRL+I= Changing the selected document in italic mode
CTRL+J= For Justyfying
CTRL+O= For opening our previous document
CTRL+P= For Printing
CTRL+R= for Aligning Right side
CTRL+S= For Saving our document
CTRL+U= For Underline in your selected text
CTRL+V= For Pasting
CTRL+W= For closing the current work
CTRL+X= For cutting the selected Text or document
CTRL+Y = For Redo option
CTRL+Z= For Undo option

How to open Microsoft word?
• Click on Start menu.
• Choose Program
• Choose the Ms- Office (or)
• Select Microsoft Word 2007
OR
• Click on Start Bottom
• Choose Run
• Then a dialogue box will display.

• Type the text "WinWord" into Run box.
• Click on OK
• Then your required program (Word) will open

Microsoft Office Button
The Microsoft Office Button performs many of the functions that were located in the File menu of older versions of Ms word. This button allows you to create a new workbook, Open an existing workbook, save and save as, print, send, or close.

The Ribbon
The Ribbon is the panel at the top portion of the document. It has seven tabs: Home, Insert, Page Layout, References, Mailings, Review, and View that contain many new and existing features of Word. Each tab is divided into groups. The groups are logical collections of features designed to perform functions that you will utilize in developing or editing your Word document. Commonly used features are displayed on the Ribbon, to view additional features within each group, click on the arrow at the bottom right of each group.
Each of the tabs contains the following tools:
Home: Clipboard, Fonts, Paragraph, Styles, and Editing.
Insert: Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Links, Header & Footer, Text, and Symbols
Page Layout: Themes, Page Setup, Page Background, Paragraph, Arrange
References: Table of Contents, Footnote, Citation & Bibliography, Captions, Index, and Table of Authorities
Mailings: Create, Start Mail Merge, Write & Insert Fields, Preview Results, Finish
Review: Proofing, Comments, Tracking, Changes, Compare, Protect
View: Document Views, Show/Hide, Zoom, Window, Macros

Quick Access Toolbar
The quick access toolbar is a customizable toolbar that contains commands that you may want to use. You can place the quick access toolbar above or below the ribbon. To change the location of the quick access toolbar, click on the arrow at the end of the toolbar and click on Show Below the Ribbon.
You can also add items to the quick access toolbar. Right click on any item in the Office Button or the Ribbon and click on Add to Quick Access Toolbar and a shortcut will be added to the Quick Access Toolbar.

Mini Toolbar
A new feature in Office 2007 is the Mini Toolbar. This is a floating toolbar that is displayed when you select text or right-click text. It displays common formatting tools, such as Bold, Italics, Fonts, Font Size and Font Color.

Working With Ms –word
Document Views
There are many ways to view a document in Word.
Print Layout: This is a view of the document as it would appear when printed. It includes all tables, text, graphics, and images.
Full Screen Reading: This is a full view length view of a document. Good for viewing two pages at a time.
Web Layout: This is a view of the document as it would appear in a web browser.
Outline: This is an outline form of the document in the form of bullets.
Draft: This view does not display pictures or layouts, just text.
To view a document in different forms, click the document views shortcuts at the bottom of the screen or:

Click the View Tab on the Ribbon
Click on the appropriate document view.

Create a New Page

Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click New or
Press CTRL+N (Depress the CTRL key while pressing the “N”) on the keyboard
Click on Blank document.

Opening anPrevious document

Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click Open, or
Press CTRL+O on the keyboard, or
If you have recently used the document you can click the Microsoft Office Button and click the name of the document in the Recent Documents section of the window Insert picture of recent docs

Saving a Document

Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click Save button

(Note:- if you’re sending the document to someone who does not have Office 2007, you will need to click the Office Button, click Save As, and Click Word 97-2003 Document), or

Press CTRL+S on the keyboard, or

Click the File icon on the Quick Access Toolbar.

Renaming Documents

To rename a Word document while using the program:
Click the Office Button and find the file you want to rename.
Right-click the document name with the mouse and select Rename from the shortcut menu.
Type the new name for the file and press the ENTER key.

Working on Multiple Documents
Several documents can be opened simultaneously if you are typing or editing multiple documents at once. All open documents will be listed in the View Tab of the Ribbon when you click on Switch Windows. The current document has a checkmark beside the file name. Select another open document to view it.

Close a Document

To close a document:
Click the Office Button
Click Close

Word Options
Word 2007 offers a wide range of customizable options that allow you to make Word work the best for you. To access these customizable options:
Click the Office Button
Click Word Options

Popular
These features allow you to personalize your work environment with language, color schemes, user name and allow you to access the Live Preview feature. The Live Preview feature allows you to preview the results of applying design and formatting changes without actually applying it.

Display
This feature allows you to modify how the document content is displayed on the screen and when printed. You can opt to show or hide certain page elements.

Proofing
This feature allows you personalize how word corrects and formats your text. You can customize auto correction settings and have word ignore certain words or errors in a document.

Save
This feature allows you personalize how your document is saved. You can specify how often you want auto save to run and where you want the documents saved.

Advanced
This feature allows you to specify options for editing, copying, pasting, displaying, printing and saving.

Customize
Customize allows you to add features to the Quick Access Toolbar. If there are tools that you are utilizing frequently, you may want to add these to the Quick Access Toolbar.

Page Setup
Modify Page Margins and Orientations
The page margins can be modified through the following steps:

Click the Page Layout Tab on the Ribbon
On the Page Setup Group, Click Margins
Click a Default Margin, or
Click Custom Margins and complete the dialog box.

To change the Orientation, Size of the Page, or Columns:

Click the Page Layout Tab on the Ribbon
On the Page Setup Group, Click the Orientation, Size, or Columns drop down menus
Click the appropriate choice

Apply a Page Border and Color

To apply a page border or color:
Click the Page Layout Tab on the Ribbon
On the Page Background Group, click the Page Colors or Page Borders drop down menus

Insert Common Header and Footer Information
To insert Header and Footer information such as page numbers, date, or title, first, decide if you want the information in the header or in the Footer, then:

Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click Header or Footer
Choose a style

The Header/Footer Design Tab will display on the Ribbon
Choose the information that you would like to have in the header or footer (date, time, page numbers, etc.) or type in the information you would like to have in the header or footer

Create a Page Break

To insert a page break:
Click the Page Layout Tab on the Ribbon
On the Page Setup Group, click the Breaks Drop Down Menu
Click Page Break

Insert a Cover Page

To insert a cover page:
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click the Cover Page Button on the Pages Group
Choose a style for the cover page

Insert a Blank Page

To insert a blank page:
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click the Blank Page Button on the Page Group

To change any attributes of text it must be highlighted first. Select the text by dragging the mouse over the desired text while keeping the left mouse button depressed, or hold down the SHIFT key on the keyboard while using the arrow buttons to highlight the text. The following table contains shortcuts for selecting a portion of the text:
Selection Technique
Whole word double-click within the word
Whole paragraph triple-click within the paragraph
Several words or lines drag the mouse over the words, or hold down SHIFT while using the arrow keys
Entire document choose Editing | Select | Select All from the Ribbon, or press CTRL+A
Deselect the text by clicking anywhere outside of the selection on the page or press an arrow key on the keyboard.
Inserting Additional Text
Text can be inserted in a document at any point using any of the following methods:
Type Text: Put your cursor where you want to add the text and begin typing
Copy and Paste Text: Highlight the text you wish to copy and right click and click Copy, put your cursor where you want the text in the document and right click and click Paste.
Cut and Paste Text: Highlight the text you wish to copy and right click and click Cut, put your cursor where you want the text in the document and right click and click Paste.
Drag Text: Highlight the text you wish to move, click on it and drag it to the place where you want the text in the document.
You will notice that you can also use the Clipboard group on the Ribbon.

Rearranging Blocks of Text
To rearrange text within a document, you can utilize the Clipboard Group on the Home Tab of the Ribbon.
Insert picture of clipboard group labeled
Move text: Cut and Paste or Drag as shown above
Copy Text: Copy and Paste as above or use the Clipboard group on the Ribbon
Paste Text: Ctrl + V (hold down the CTRL and the “V” key at the same time) or use the Clipboard group to Paste, Paste Special, or Paste as Hyperlink

Deleting Blocks of Text
Use the BACKSPACE and DELETE keys on the keyboard to delete text. Backspace will delete text to the left of the cursor and Delete will erase text to the right. To delete a large selection of text, highlight it using any of the methods outlined above and press the DELETE key.
Search and Replace Text

To find a particular word or phrase in a document:
Click Find on the Editing Group on the Ribbon
To find and replace a word or phrase in the document, click Replace on the Editing Group of the Ribbon.

Undo Changes
To undo changes:
Click the Undo Button or press Ms Word

Mail Merge -
To merge (combine) two files having one data records and another main document.
a. Insert table for data file.
b. At the first row, type field name (header name) in each cell.
c. From second row, type data records.
d. After typing al data records, save the file as new file name and close it.
e. Create main document, under main document type the text which will be constant for all merge record.
f. Save the main document as new file name.
g. Go to Mailings Ribbon
h. Under Mailings Ribbon, click on Start Mail Merge.
i. Click on Select Recipients and click on use existing list.
j. Select the data source file.
k. Click on open.
l. Then click on Insert Merge Fields.
m. Select and click on insert button and at last click on close.
n. For finishing the merging process, from finish group
o. Click on Edit Individual documents.
p. Select your required document or check on all
q. Click on OK

Styles
A style is a format enhancing tool that includes font typefaces, font size, effects (bold, italics, underline, etc.), colors and more. You will notice that on the Home Tab of the Ribbon, that you have several areas that will control the style of your document: Font, Paragraph, and Styles.

Change Font Typeface and Size

To change the font typeface:
Click the arrow next to the font name and choose a font.

To change the font size:

Click the arrow next to the font size and choose the appropriate size, or
Click the increase or decrease font size buttons.

Font Styles and Effects
Font styles are predefined formatting options that are used to emphasize text. They include: Bold, Italic, and Underline. To add these to text:

Select the text and click the Font Styles included on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or
Select the text and right click to display the font tools

Change Text Color

To change the text color:
Select the text and click the Colors button included on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or
Highlight the text and right click and choose the colors tool.
Select the color by clicking the down arrow next to the font color button.

Highlight Text (text back color)
Highlighting text allows you to use emphasize text as you would if you had a marker. To highlight text:

Select the text
Click the Highlight Button on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or
Select the text and right click and select the highlight tool
To change the color of the highlighter click on down arrow next to the highlight button.

Copy Formatting
If you have already formatted text the way you want it and would like another portion of the document to have the same formatting, you can copy the formatting. To copy the formatting, do the following:

Select the text with the formatting you want to copy.
Copy the format of the text selected by clicking the Format Painter button on the Clipboard Group of the Home Tab
Apply the copied format by selecting the text and clicking on it.

Clear Formatting

To clear text formatting:
Select the text you wish to clear the formatting
Click the Styles dialogue box on the Styles Group on the Home Tab
Click Clear All

Change Paragraph Alignment
The paragraph alignment allows you to set how you want text to appear. To change the alignment:

Click the Home Tab
Choose the appropriate button for alignment on the Paragraph Group.

Align Left: the text is aligned with your left margin
Center: The text is centered within your margins
Align Right: Aligns text with the right margin
Justify: Aligns text to both the left and right margins.

Indent Paragraphs
Indenting paragraphs allows you set text within a paragraph at different margins. There are several options for indenting:
First Line: Controls the left boundary for the first line of a paragraph
Hanging: Controls the left boundary of every line in a paragraph except the first one
Left: Controls the left boundary for every line in a paragraph
Right: Controls the right boundary for every line in a paragraph

To indent paragraphs, you can do the following:

Click the Indent buttons to control the indent.
Click the Indent button repeated times to increase the size of the indent.
Click the dialog box of the Paragraph Group
Click the Indents and Spacing Tab
Select your indents

Add Borders and Shading
You can add borders and shading to paragraphs and entire pages. To create a border around a paragraph or paragraphs:

Select the area of text where you want the border or shading.
Click the Borders Button on the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab
Choose the Border and Shading
Choose the appropriate options

Apply Styles
Styles are a present collection of formatting that you can apply to text. To utilize Quick Styles:
Select the text you wish to format.

Click the dialog box next to the Styles Group on the Home Tab.
Click the style you wish to apply.

Create link
Creating links in a word document allows you to put in a URL that readers can click on to visit a web page. To insert a link:

Click the Hyperlink Button on the Links Group of the Insert Tab.
Type in the text in the “Text to Display” box and the web address in the “Address” box.

Change Spacing between Paragraphs and Lines
You can change the space between lines and paragraphs by doing the following:
Select the paragraph or paragraphs you wish to change.

On the Home Tab, Click the Paragraph Dialog Box
Click the Indents and Spacing Tab
In the Spacing section, adjust your spacing accordingly
Creating table
Tables are used to display data in a table format.
Create a Table
To create a table:
Place the cursor on the page where you want the new table
Click the Insert Tab of the Ribbon
Click the Tables Button on the Tables Group. You can create a table one of four ways:
Highlight the number of row and columns
Click Insert Table and enter the number of rows and columns
Click the Draw Table, create your table by clicking and entering the rows and columns
Click Quick Tables and choose a table

Enter Data in a Table

Place the cursor in the cell where you wish to enter the information. Begin typing.
Modify the Table Structure and Format a Table
To modify the structure of a table:
Click the table and notice that you have two new tabs on the Ribbon: Design and Layout. These pertain to the table design and layout.

On the Design Tab, you can choose:
Table Style Options
Table Styles
Draw Borders
To format a table, click the table and then click the Layout Tab on the Ribbon. This Layout tab allows you to:
View Gridlines and Properties (from the Table Group)
Insert Rows and Columns (from the Rows & Columns Group)
Delete the Table, Rows and/or Columns (from the Rows & Columns Group)
Merge or Split Cells (from the Merge Group)
Increase and Decrease cell size (Cell Size Group)
Align text within the cells and change text directions (Alignment Group)

Inserting special characters, symbols, pictures, illustrations, and watermarks.

Symbols and Special Characters
Special characters are punctuation, spacing, or typographical characters that are not generally available on the standard keyboard. To insert symbols and special characters:
Place your cursor in the document where you want the symbol
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click the Symbol button on the Symbols Group
Choose the appropriate symbol.

Change Case: -
To change selected text in sentence case or upper case or lower case or title case or toggle case.
a. Selected the text.
b. Choose format> change case.
c. Choose sentences case or upper case or lower case or title case or toggle case.
d. Click on ok button.
Drop Cap:-
To change selected paragraph first letter as drop cap
e. Place the cursor with in paragraph.
f. Choose format > drop cap.
g. Choose position of drop cap (dropped or in margin)
h. Choose number of line to drop, distance from text, choose fonts from respective box then click on ok button.
Column:-

To make the text in column method we use column.
To insert the column
Select the text
Go to Page layout ribbon
Click on columns from page setup group
select the required option or click on more columns
choose required option
click on OK.

Equations
Word 2007 also allows you to insert mathematical equations. To access the mathematical equations tool:

Place your cursor in the document where you want the symbol
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click the Equation Button on the Symbols Group
Choose the appropriate equation and structure or click Insert New Equation

To insert a picture:

Place your cursor in the document where you want the illustration/picture
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click the Picture Button
Browse to the picture you wish to include
Click the Picture
Click Insert

Smart Art
Smart Art is a collection of graphics you can utilize to organize information within your document. It includes timelines, processes, or workflow. To insert SmartArt
Place your cursor in the document where you want the illustration/picture

Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click the SmartArt button
Click the SmartArt you wish to include in your document
Click the arrow on the left side of the graphic to insert text or type the text in the graphic.

Resize Graphics
All graphics can be resized by clicking the image and clicking one corner of the image and dragging the cursor to the size you want the picture.

Watermarks
A watermark is a translucent image that appears behind the primary text in a document. To insert a watermark:

Click the Page Layout Tab in the Ribbon
Click the Watermark Button in the Page Background Group
Click the Watermark you want for the document or click Custom Watermark and create your own watermark
To remove a watermark, follow the steps above, but click Remove Watermark

Spelling and Grammar

To check the spelling and grammar of a document
Place the cursor at the beginning of the document or the beginning of the section that you want to check

Click the Review Tab on the Ribbon
Click Spelling & Grammar on the Proofing Group.

Any errors will display a dialog box that allows you to choose a more appropriate spelling or phrasing.

If you wish to check the spelling of an individual word, you can right click any word that has been underlined by Word and choose a substitution.

Thesaurus
The Thesaurus allows you to view synonyms. To use the thesaurus:

Click the Review Tab of the Ribbon
Click the Thesaurus Button on the Proofing Group.
The thesaurus tool will appear on the right side of the screen and you can view word options.

You can also access the thesaurus by right-clicking any word and choosing Synonyms on the menu.

Customize AutoCorrect
You can set up the AutoCorrect tool in Word to retain certain text the way it is. To customize AutoCorrect:

Click the Microsoft Office button
Click the Word Options Button
Click the Proofing tab
Click AutoCorrect Options button
On the AutoCorrect Tab, you can specify words you want to replace as you type

Listing Data
Lists allow you to format and organize text with numbers, bullets, or in an outline.
Bulleted and Numbered Lists
Bulleted lists have bullet points, numbered lists have numbers, and outline lists combine numbers and letters depending on the organization of the list.
To add a list to existing text:

Select the text you wish to make a list
From the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab, Click the Bulleted or Numbered Lists button

To create a new list:
Place your cursor where you want the list in the document
Click the Bulleted or Numbered Lists button
Begin typing
Nested Lists
A nested list is list with several levels of indented text. To create a nested list:
Create your list following the directions above
Click the Increase or Decrease Indent button

Formatting Lists
The bullet image and numbering format can be changed by using the Bullets or Numbering dialog box.

Select the entire list to change all the bullets or numbers, or
Place the cursor on one line within the list to change a single bullet
Right click
Click the arrow next to the bulleted or numbered list and choose a bullet or numbering style.
Table of contents (TOC): -
To create the TOC topics must be formatted with h1, h2, h3……
To create a table of contents to locate information easily.

a. Place the insert point, where you want to create.
b. Choose references ribbon
c. Select the required style.
To update the TOC
Click on update table from references ribbon.
Or
a) Click anywhere in table of contents
b) Pres F9 key.

Mail Merging

Prepare a letter or a mail document
Place a cursor in required position
Click on mailing tab form the ribbon
From the ‘start mail merge’ group click on start mail merge
Click on letter
Form the same group click on ‘select recipients’ and select “type a new list”
a new address list dialog box will appear
Click on customize columns to edit the column
Then use add or delete button to add and deleting the columns
Click on ok
prepare address list for your mailing
click on ok
Save the address list in any location
Click on save
Then from the ‘write & insert fields’ click on insert merge fields
A “insert merge field” dialog box will appear
Select the fields and click in insert button
After inserting field click on cancel
At last go to finish group and click on “finish & merge”
Select “edit individual documents”
Then “merge to new document” dialog box will appear
Select your requirement and click on ok

Mail Merge (form existing data): -
To merge (combine) two files having one data records and another main document.
a. Insert table for data file.
b. At the first row, type field name (header name) in each cell.
c. From second row, type data records.
d. After typing al data records, save the file as new file name and close it.
e. Create main document, under main document type the text which will be constant for all merge record.
f. Save the main document as new file name.
g. Go to Mailings Ribbon
h. Under Mailings Ribbon, click on Start Mail Merge.
i. Click on Select Recipients and click on use existing list.
j. Select the data source file.
k. Click on open.
l. Then click on Insert Merge Fields.
m. Select and click on insert button and at last click on close.
n. For finishing the merging process, from finish group
o. Click on Edit Individual documents.
p. Select your required document or check on all
q. Click on OK

Name of Application File.

2010-02-02T11:21:00.000+05:45

Typshala Typing program - typshala.exe
Typing tutor - tt2.exe
Wordpad - wordpad.exe
Notepad - notepad.exe
Calculator - calc.exe
Paint - mspaint.exe
Dos prompt - command.com
Microsoft word - winword.exe
Microsoft excel - excel.exe
Microsoft powerpoint - powerpnt.exe
Microsoft Acess - msacess.exe
Adobepagemaker 7.0 - pm7.0.exe
Adobephotoshop - photoshp.exe
Coral draw - coreldrw.exe
msoffice.exe- Shortcut bar
frontpg.exe - microsoft fornt page
charmap.exe - character map
explorer.exe - windows explorer
flash.exe - flash
inwplorer.exe - Internet explorer
msimm.exe - Outlook express

All Full form of computer Subject-abbreviation of computer science

2010-02-01T23:48:00.000+05:45

Helpful for Everyone who is preparing for Computer Operator or Public service commission, Nepal

Computer- Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used for Trade Education and Research. ALU- Arithmetic Logical Unit. ADC- Analog to Digital Computer. ABC - Atansoft Berry computer AC - Alternating current ALT - Alter ANSI - American National Standards Institute API - Application Programming Interface. APL - A Programing Language. ARPA - Advanced Research Project Agency ARPANET - Advanced Research Project Agency Network. ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. ASP- Active Server Page ATM - Automatic Teller Machine AUTOEXEC - AUTOmatic EXECution. AT- Advance Technology. AI-Advance Intelligence. ALGOL- ALGorithmic Oriented Language. BASIC - Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Interaction Code. .BAT - Batch BIOS - Basic Input Output System BITS - Binary Digits BPI - Bits Per Inch BC - Before Christ BCD - Binary Code Decimal. BCR - Bar Code Reader BNIAC - Binary Automatic Computer BPS - Bits Per Second BOF - Begining of File CPU - Central Processing Unit. CAD - Computer Aided Designing CAL - Computer Assisted Learning CA TV - Cable Television CD-ROM - Computer Disk Read Only Memory CON - Console CPM - Control Program for Microcomputers CUI - Character User Interface CTR - Computer Tabulating Recording CHDIR - Check Directory CC - Computer Consultancy CD - Change Directory CTT - Currency Transaction Tax. .com - Command COM - Computer Output to Microfilm CPS - Character Per Second CESIL - Computer Education in School Instruction Language CODASyl - Conference of Data System language CIS - Computer Information System CP/m - Control Program for microcomputers CPAV - Central Point Anti Virus CAT - Computer Assisted/Aided Training CD - Compact Disk. CU - Control Unit. CDRW - Compact Disk Re-Writable. CCD - Charge-Coupled Devices. CF - Compact Flash. CMOS - Common Business Oriented Language. CD - Create Directory. DVD - Digital Video/Versatile Disk. DLL - Dynamic Linked Library DRAM - Dynamic Random Acess Memory DSDD - Double-Sided Double Density DSHD - Double Sided High Density DSSD - Double Sided Single Density DIMM - Dual In-line Memory Module. DCU - Device Control Unit DNS - Domain Name Server DSI - Data System International DEC - Digital Equipment Computer DSP - Digital Signal Processor. DOS - Disk Operating System. E-mail - Electronic mail. EDP - Electronic Data Processing. ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. EDSAC - Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer. Email - Electronic Mail EEPROM - Electronic Erasable and Programmable Read-Only Memory EGA - Enhanced Graphics Adapter EMS - Expanded Memory System EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory ESC - EScape EDO DRAM - Extended Data Out Dynamic Random Acess Memory .EXE - Executable FORTRAN - FORmula TRANslation. FDD - Floppy Disk Drive. FTP - File Transfer Protocal. FDS - Fixed Disk System FPM-DRAM - Fast Page Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory FAT - File Allocation Table GIF - Graphical Interchange Format GB - GigaByte GUI - Graphic User Interface GaGs - Gallium Arsenide GIS - Geographical Information System HDD - Hard Disk Drive. HTML - Hypertext Markup Language. HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocal. IBM - International Business Machine. IC - Integrated Circuit. I/O - Input Output IRC - Internet Relay Chat IT - Information Technology ISP - Internet Service Provider IOSYS - Input/Output System ISDN - Integrated Service Digital Network. WWW - World Wide Web. XT - Extra Technology.

Hidden talents of vista

2010-01-25T08:18:00.000+05:45

Vista is large and multi-faced operating system. It is an astonishingly complex piece of software that has every featured, advance security system parental controls, extreme good look and many more things. Now let’s focus on some of vista’s unsung features under the spot light, and that follows on from this article here are some features are given below do look and enjoy the vista.

Find anything, fast- You don’t have to manually hunt down what you need. Just press the windows key and start typing the name of what you’re looking for.

Flip through windows – The new interface provides a handy way to browse the application and documents open on your pc. It’s called flip3d and to use it just hold down the windows key and press tab. Vista then displays a 3d image of all the programs you have open.

Keep the child in check- With parental controls feature you can supervise your child when you are not in home.

Print without waste – When you are going to print the webpage at that time vista is very useful because it will provide print preview tool that enables you to manage how pages print to access it. Click the down arrow next to the printer icon at top right of window.

Recognize your scrawl – you can use this method to control your pc and input text using a pen instead of mouse and keyboard.

Bolster your security – When firewall is not switch on them also you can manage how vital security updates are downloading and installed. It also helps you to adjust security settings and update in a single window.

Take proper control - With user account control you are permitted to make change to settings.

Listen to your voice – If you are tired of typing or something else’s than with ‘The speech recognition tool’ You can vista to do instead of you.

Sleep easy – Click the gold power button from the start menu than vista saves your all your current works and it sleeps means next time when you start your pc the computer doesn’t have to go through that lengthy process.

Cut up your desktop – Vista’s snipping tool gives you total flexibility with options to grab the entire screen. Go to start than control panel than programs and click ‘turn window.

Work together – This application lets you setup virtual meeting over a wired or wireless networks. So that people can see documents you’re working on and exchange notes with each other.

Record TV – with this features you can watch and record your TV programs for this you should have a TV tuner built in or attached to the computer.

Microsoft Excel

2010-01-23T03:51:00.000+05:45

Microsoft Excel is a major family member of microsoft office group. Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet program. Microsoft Excel is a very important member of Microsoft group. In past Microsoft Excel was created in Dos version which was called as lotus 123. Lotus 23 was also famous in that period. When windows 95 was launched after that every dos application software was slowly slowly completly disappeared. Microsoft Excel can be used to present a wide variety of information such as budgets, petty cash records, employee's wages,etc. Once data and formula have been entered. The program will perform the necessary calculations, Accounting, Statistics, Finance, Management field are the main field of this program. Microsoft Excel enables you to store, manipulate and chart numeric data in a 'grid' format on a computer system. Every field people use microsoft Excel spread sheet software to analyze and summarize mathematical statistical and financial data. Even in our daily life we can use and we are using Microsoft Excel to create a budget for monthly living expenses, analyze returns in the stock market. develop a business plan or calculate the loan payment required to purchase a new car.
A Microsoft Excel is an electronic version of an accountant's ledger pad . which is divided into vertical columns and horizontal rows. In Microsoft Excel there are 1 to 65536 rows and columns are labeled from A to IV(A,B,C............Z, AA, AB, AC,.............AZ................IV). The cell is given a unique address consiting of it's column letter followed by it's row number eg A1, A2, A3. Microsoft Excel application finename is excel.exe and it's extension is .xls.
For using Microsoft Excel in your computer you must have minimum this reqirements.
having Pentium processor 3 or 4 cpu.
120 mb ram
cd rom drive
windows 95 or latest operating system.

what are the main features of Vista ?

2010-01-21T14:02:00.000+05:45

Having internet at home is great entertainment for children with internet they can do their homework very easily, they can chat with their friend and they will also play excitement games. This things are natural for any kind of children and this things are also natural for parents to want to moniter their children's online activities now this problem can be solve with windows vista is'nt it great, Microsoft's new operating system vista gives you to the parental control that allow you to tailor and track each user's computer and internet usage for this you will need to create a seprate user account for each person who access your p.c,.and they all user have to use their own logging details whenever they use it. and for parental control and to create user accounts follow these simple steps.
When you will install Vista operating system than you will get administrator account as your default user account. The first thing is to change the name of account, Picture and also change a password with you like and which will safe now go to control panal and click on 'add or remove user Accounts' option at the top right of the window. now the user account control warning will appear, so click on continue, click on 'change the account name' and enter a new name in that window which appears when you finished, click on 'manage account in the address bar. now click on the 'create a new account' and give the account name and choose the account type you want it will better to choose standard user for children. finally click on a create account button to finish the wizard and return to the manage accounts, now you can create a password for this account. creating password for the account is very important things, you should use non-alphabetical characters, as well as regular letters and numbers. you can also use spaces as well as upper and lower case. After creating password you can apply parental controls to the accounts that need them. so for this cliclk on start and go to control panal and be sure you must logged in administrator account, now click on 'set up parental control' in the user accouts and family safety section when computer asks for permission than click on 'continue' you will get a list of users click on user and put check next to 'on enforce current setting' to return o parental controls now turn on 'Activity reporting' so you can know what the user is doing with the computer. Click next to the 'on collect information about computer usage' option. and now below the 'parental control and activity reporting you will get 'window vista web filter' click on this, this will help you to control what the user is allowed to do on the internet. Set the first option to block some website. if you want to choose which website to block check the option labelled 'only allow website that are on the allow list'. in this case क्लिक on 'Edit' the allow and block list'. on this page add website you want blocked or allowed now click on finished and choose the restriction level, select 'Block file downloads' and click on ok. at last if you want user to use the computer for certain period than click on the time limit. A window will appear with grid showing time during a weeklong period. white square shows the time when user can log and blue square shows when they are not . click on square to change it's color. you can also drag a mouse for several change many at once. if this will done than user will ask for adiministration and password to use computer.