Notes from SAOS

I hate scripting but love it when it saves time!!

2011-05-28T05:28:00.003+06:00

Remember the old days?! We were screwing up Linux, Solaris and other Unix OSs. However the GUI was, the shell was awesome! Well, in past tense because when Oracle acquired Sun and I moved from Solaris to Windows. Looking at the present seems like decision was perfect. But my scripting habits could not be repressed. So I reproduced some of them in windows ways.

I have attached approximately 86 scripts with this post and some reusable executable components that help these scripts. I’m putting a compendium here if it comes handy to you. Here comes the big list:

1. Get the pronunciation for specified word and play it with media player: getword.cmd

2. Change PC configuration to specified host ip: hack_isp.cmd

Very intelligent script! You'll feel the hack when you understand this one.

3. Install windows updates using patches from specified folder:  install_patches.cmd

4. Switch between ISPS: intconf.cmd

This script is indeed useful in my office!

5. Want to join chromium development? Look at these: ChromeDev_init.cmd & ChromeDev.cmd

6. Open a customized Cygwin prompt: Cygwin_init.cmd & Cygwin.cmd

7. Script includes all steps necessary to compile opengl files when you have windows sdk and glut installed: oglcl.cmd

Are you a opengl programmer? You’d like the last script. But you need to know more about cl

8. Share folder in network using net share command; delete them: addshares.cmd, delshares.cmd

9. Change IP Address of local area connection: change_ip.cmd

10. Change DNS servers for local area connection: change_dns.cmd

11. Check all drives of my hard-disk and shut the pc down: check & down.cmd

12. Display reminders in message box: displaymsgdone.cmd

13. Incomplete Windows Script for rapidshare link downloads: dnrssingle.cmd

Fig: Scripting guy rocks his baby with script :P Know more

14. Open Jar files: ejar.cmd

15. Generate java bytecodes from java sources and run: Ejava.cmd, Ejavac.cmd 

16. Extract single lines from file: file_var.cmd

17. Sink down in disguise: flush_os.cmd

Longtime ago I was doing some assembly programming. Here are those scripts: MASM_Init.cmd, masm32_cls.cmd, MASM32_Init.cmd, mpl.cmd. If you need more help on assembly look here.

18. Wait for specified timer interval and then notify on top of all windows: mdelay.cmd

19. Open any file with notepad++: npp.cmd

20. Create installer from installer script: nsis.cmd

21. Create new source file and open with visual studio: ocf.cmd

22. Rename all other extension files i.e.; .dat to .mpg: 

23. Rename_others_to_mpg.cmd

24. Vista won’t boot because you just reinstalled mbr. So repair it: Repair_vistabootmgr.cmd
25. Start, stop, web services (apache, php, mysql): samp.cmd

It’s my version of web server integrating them manually.

26. Want to just ping using the host id: like your ip is 10 so you type sping 10: sping.cmd

27. Stop mssql services consumes too much CPU; start: StopServicesMSSQL.cmd, StartServicesMSSQL.cmd

28. Shutdown PC when specified file is downloaded completely: stdn.cmd

29. Get an svnadmin prompt: svnadmin_init.cmd and svnadmin.cmd

30. Open a stable svn client: SVNDev_init.cmd, SVNDev.cmd

I was using svn of depot clients from chromium. Now I am using CollabNet for svn(certified binaries).

31. Force Windows Media Player to shutdown: wmpkill.cmd

Video players sometimes won’t hang! That won’t happen!

32. This script enables Integrate Internet Download Manager integration after a specified amount of time and then disable on press key: afd.cmd

I filled bug report to them; they said they will fix the integration problem in next release but Chrome was constantly crashing! Still the script works.

33. Change MAC Address of Network Interface: change_mac.cmd

This script is very helpful for rokers! Anyway, are you a hacker?

34. Get HTTP header for any website: checkheader.cmd

Now you know who I am! But shh! Don’t tell anyone!

Download script files here. You'll find some shortcuts in the folder which directly points to different applicaiton to assist on commandline. For example, try command excel.lnk in cmd.

That’s too much incentive today! If you are in confusion about any script, leave in comments. Some other day I’ll talk about another technology for scripting which you already know: Powershell.

Thanks for visiting.

Attached file with this post: saos-scripts-0.99.zip

PingGuin, Net Notifier Software

2011-05-20T16:16:00.011+06:00

Software is about making life easier. It's right that to check whether internet is available we make command line ping requests. To know whether the connection is really active we can just ping to www.anydomain.com i.e; www.saosx.com. Whenever this ping fails we ping to our default gateway to check whether gateway is reachable. A gap between the host and gateway will result unreachability to web servers. When gateway is reachable we further need to check whether DNS servers are reachable. So we need more two pings. I always thought about automating these tasks. I have once indeed written a script that does all these works. Well, that's another story.

I wanted to create a software for general people who can use this tool to automate the ping process to all three servers (gateway, pri dns, sec dns) . Moreover, I implemented feature to show balloon tips on the taskbar notification area whenever internet is available.

I have made attempts to make the software as user friendly as possible. When start the software the initial dialog box is shown which has a static box that updates whether internet is available or not. In that window I have enabled automatic retrieval of network interface settings so that user don't have to go through tedious typing everytime he/she starts the software.

It is really amazing that the entire internet is running on kindness and openness of people. Why not I contribute some from my side! That's the reason behind my delivering of this software as open-source. Together we make a better world. I don't want others to go through same tedious procedure during building components for my software. You can straight visit my project source code here:
http://code.google.com/p/pingguin/source/browse/#svn%2Ftrunk
It's an opensource project. You have freedom to use my code. But please acknowledge me and my project in comment. I will also welcome anyone to contribute in this project. Contribution can be of many forms. May be pointing out a bug, suggesting features that should be included in the future release or working with the code directly and improving the quality of work.

I would like to acknowledge my endless debts to msdn, microsoft forums, codeproject and all the forgotten resources of internet that helped me to get new ideas and develop and nourish them. msdn is Microsoft Developer Network and forum for VC++ is available here: http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en/category/visualc while codeproject is an awesome website for helping developers across many programming languages and frameworks.

Native Software developers can take help on following topics from my this project:

Standard mechanism of accessing Windows Management Instrumentation information
DNS Lookup and PING API (alway check msdn for reference)
Showing Balloon Tips and adding icon in the taskbar
Displaying menu from resource using tray icon
Creating Windows Threads using structure
Unicode string manipulation (using tchar library)
Creating Installer for Native Software (see PingGuin_Installer in the svn trunk)

I'm building an API for network tools and parsing other types of information some of which release under project sasubsync, Wireshark Parser, Stutdown Timer, Blogger Code editor etc. A compendium will be provided in my site in future. So in related topics you are welcome to take help. If some code isn't available you can ask me.

By this time when I'm writing this post this software is available for Windows only. I'm checking user responses. According to that I'll decide whether to release for other platforms. You can download installer of pingguin for windows from here:
http://code.google.com/p/pingguin/downloads/list

This software is built in my off-time (killing my traveling time, yeah I call this little exploring in this universe as traveling, you can't sue me until you're oracle! :P). Hence, this software has still no relation with my software company, Reve Systems. It's all about pingguin, a net notifier software. You are welcome to visit: http://code.google.com/p/pingguin/

How to Install UniBijoy in Avro Keyboard 5.1.0

2011-01-19T05:08:00.005+06:00

We talked about Avro Keyboard 4.5.3 and how to use UniBijoy layout with it the other day in this post. Today I’ll tell you how to use Unibijoy keyboard layout with Avro Keyboard 5.1.0. Avro Keyboard 5.1.0 comes with some new features i.e, Bangla spell checking, new user interface.

First download Avro Keyboard 5.1.0 and install. Here is the link for download page: http://www.omicronlab.com/avro-keyboard-download.html
After installation is complete it’s time to include our desired keyboard layout.

Download Unibijoy keyboard from this link (right click the link and click save as): http://archive.saos.co.in/Downloads/UniBijoy.avrolayout

After downloading the keyboard layout copy it to avro’s keyboard layout folder: C:\ProgramData\Avro Keyboard\Keyboard Layouts.

If you are using Windows XP you have to put it in following folder: C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Avro Keyboard\Keyboard Layouts

Now exit avro keyboard and start again. Select UniBijoy from Keyboard Layout menu.

That's all. Now you can start typing Bangla with any application that supports Unicode.

Installing Latex on Windows and Linux and Latex Document Compilation Instructions

2011-01-02T02:10:00.006+06:00

In this article, I’ll present some tips and tricks on how to do certain things on latex such as adding sections, subsections, inserting images and writing equations etc. Then I’ll provide a sample tex file and instructions for compiling the file using latex along with installation instructions of latex software on various operating systems.

Adding sections and subsections in latex documents

To add a section, use section tag. Here’s an example,

\section{Overview}

If this section is in a chapter it is preceded by a numbering. For example, if it is chapter 1 numbering is 1.1, 1.2 etc.

If you want to add a subsection under a section use use subsection tag. Here's an example,

\subsection{Formulation}

It will have numbering like 1.1.1, 1.1.2 etc. If you need subsections under subsection, use subsubsection tag.

No more nesting (after 3 levels) is supported.

How to insert images on latex documents

The first thing you need to do is to convert your image (jpg, png, gif etc) to eps (a postscript format) which is easy to convert to pdf. To convert an image to eps format you need ImageMagick. In fedora installation command of ImageMagick is

# yum install ImageMagick

In Windows you can install ImageMagick after downloading from http://www.imagemagick.org/download/binaries/

Current latest release direct link for Windows:
http://www.imagemagick.org/download/binaries/ImageMagick-6.6.6-7-Q16-windows-dll.exe

Now use the convert command to convert the image.

$ convert filename.jpg filename.eps

In widows you have to put the installation path as well with the command. For example, if it installed in C:\Program Files\ImageMagick directory.

C:> “C:\Program Files\ImageMagick\convert.exe” filename.jpg filename.eps

To view eps files you need ghostscript. In Windows, you can install ghostscript from here:
http://ghostscript.com/releases/gs900w32.exe

In Fedora, you have to apply following command as root to install ghostscript,

# yum install ghostscipt

Now it’s time to include the eps file on tex. Use figure tag to make caption, includegraphics command to include the image. You need to specify the correct path of your image in \includegraphics command. Here’s an example,

 1 \begin{figure}[htbp]
 2   \centering
 3 \includegraphics{./Figures/SA_Spheric.eps}
 4   \caption{Latitude and Longitude \label{ Latitude and Longitude }}
 5 \end{figure}

Set the caption text and label text same. Label text is used on List of figures. In a template they are automatically numbered according to chapter. If you need to scale up image to half of its size use scalebox tag along with includegraphics.

\scalebox{0.5}{ \includegraphics{./Figures/SA_Spheric.eps}}

Writing scientific/math equations in latex

If your equations require numbering on right side use this tag,

\begin{equation}  Your math exp \end{equation}

For example,

\begin{equation}\int r = \sqrt[2]{x^2 + y^2 + z^2}\end{equation}

But if your equation doesn’t require numbering use tag like this,

\begin{math}  Your math exp \end{math}

For example,

Our equation is, \begin{math}\int r = \sqrt[2]{x^2 + y^2 + z^2}\end{math}. Proof ...

Integration symbol: \int

To show only root sign not n-th root use tag: \sqrt{x}, replace x with your expression or symbol

To show nth root use tag: \sqrt[n]{x}

To show fractions like ½ use \frac tag. Example,

thd = \frac{1}{n}

For summation sign use \sum tag,

\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n Abs (t_i - t_{i-1})\end{equation}

\limits is used to set limits on summation sign. Here, i=1 goes down and n goes up. You write texts preceding _ to put them down (subscript) and use ^ to superscript.

For using only one math symbol you can use \ensuremath{} tag. For example,

If angle in degree is \ensuremath{\theta} then the slope is ..

Here are latex tags for some of the math symbols:

\Phi
\lambda
\Pi
\epsilon

You can find a detailed list of latex symbols here:
http://web.ift.uib.no/Teori/KURS/WRK/TeX/symALL.html

Installation Instructions of Latex for Fedora Core

Apply following commands after opening a terminal and logging into root. Alternatively you can apply su command and provide root password for instant switching.

$ su
Password:
# yum install tetex-latex evince-dvi xdvik

Installation Instructions of Latex for Ubuntu

Apply following commands if you are using Ubuntu

# sudo apt-get install tetex-base tetex-bin

Installation Instructions for Windows (XP, Vista, Seven)

Download basic-miktex from here: http://miktex.org/2.9/setup and run the installer.

Compiling Tex Documents

Now let’s learn how to compile latex document file. Here’s a sample tex file,

\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\title{\LaTeX}
\date{}
\begin{document}
  \maketitle 
  \LaTeX{} is a document preparation system for the \TeX{} 
  typesetting program. It offers programmable desktop publishing 
  features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of 
  typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and 
  cross-referencing, tables and figures, page layout, bibliographies, 
  and much more. \LaTeX{} was originally written in 1984 by Leslie 
  Lamport and has become the dominant method for using \TeX; few 
  people write in plain \TeX{} anymore. The current version is 
  \LaTeXe.
 
  % This is a comment; it is not shown in the final output.
  % The following shows a little of the typesetting power of LaTeX:
  \begin{align}
    E &= mc^2                              \\
    m &= \frac{m_0}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}}
  \end{align}
\end{document}

Open a text editor. Create a new file and paste the code given above. Save the file with name test.tex.

Now let’s compile the tex file. In Linux, apply following commands on terminal

$ latex test.tex
$ dvipdf test.dvi

A pdf file will be generated with same filename. In Linux if you need to view dvi files you can use either evince or xdvi

$ evince test.dvi &
$ xdvi test.dvi &

In Windows, you might skip generating dvi files. You can use pdflatex.

To compile tex files in Windows you need to apply following command,

D:> "C:\Program Files\TeX\miktex\bin\pdflatex.exe" test.tex

assuming "C:\Program Files\TeX” is your installation directory for basic-miktex.

If there is no error on the tex file it will generate a pdf document which you can open using a pdf reader like Adobe pdf reader or Foxit Reader.

More tips and tricks

Here’s an example of using bullets for following texts:

Dining and canteen system
Library, reading room system
Debate,language club system
Games and sports system
Washing and cleaning system and Utensil management

\begin{itemize}
    \item {Dining and canteen system}
    \item {Library, reading room system}
    \item {Debate,language club system}
    \item {Games and sports system  }
    \item {Washing and cleaning system and Utensil management }
\end{itemize}

Using tables
Follow this link: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tables It explains tables well.

Adding newlines: use \\ to add a newline

Using Bold styles: Use \textbf{text here} tag to bold your text.

Italicizing texts: You can use \emph tag or \textit tag to italicize your text. Example,

\emph{set your text here}
\textit{set your text here }

Subscripting: Write texts preceding _ to make them subscripted. To write xi type x_i

Superscript: use ^ to superscript. To write x^2 use x^2 exactly.

Troubleshooting

If you get errors like this frequently,

! Missing $ inserted.

                $
l.128 ...Distance (C_{i}, C_j)\end{math}, where K_
                                                  i, K_j is Cluster.
?

Latex expects including math tag during usage of math notations like superscript, subscript and symbols. Here’s an example,

\begin{math} Your expression for example C_i end{math}

When this syntax is ensured latex will not display those error messages anymore.

How to Update Fedora Core 13 to Fedora Core 14

2010-12-22T16:06:00.004+06:00

The process is simple. We have to apply some commands on terminal mode. After that update will be done using internet.

It means we need internet on terminal. But when GUI closes; internet that is configured with NetworkManager is lost. Hence we have to try other way out.

First, install system-config-network and then stop Network Manager Daemon

# yum install system-config-network
# service NetworkManager stop

Now open system-config-network using system-config-network command on the terminal or run. Enter root password if it asks for.

Untick the option "Controlled by Network Manager". Click apply. Now switch to terminal mode by pressing Alt + Ctrl + F2. Log in as root.

# init 3

Doing the update

After it is done press enter and enter following commands.

# rpm --import https://fedoraproject.org/static/97A1071F.txt
# yum update yum
# yum --releasever=14 distro-sync --skip-broken

Accelerate Linux with the ISP ISPROS and other ISPs which support GNU Mirror
After update reboot your system using reboot command. After restart select Fedora 14 from Boot Menu. Once System is booted into Fedora 14 update the system using yum.

If your ISP has its own GNU Linux Mirror then update will be very fast. With around 300 KBPS it will take around half an with an decent configuration PC.

Bangladeshi Linux users can have this benefit with ISPROS isp. They have ubuntu mirror, fedora mirror, cent-os mirror and gnu mirror and some other useful mirrors(apache, php etc).

One thing more if your Fedora yum does not choose ISPROS as mirror you can force it by changing fedora.repo Set your mirror list to this url: http://mirrors.ispros.com.bd/fedora/releases/$releasever/Everything/$basearch/os/ by editing the file /etc/yum.repos.d/fedora.repo.

Enjoy Linux with ISPROS.

Windows Seven Tips & Tricks: Enable Classic Taskbar

2010-12-01T16:56:00.002+06:00

I always liked the classic taskbar. It's why I got to get it back with Windows Seven. Here's I'm telling you how to do it.

First, reduce the taskbar size following previous post.

Now right the click taskbar. Click properties. There is an option called "Taskbar buttons" on the middle of the dialog box.

Select the option "Combile when taskbar is full". "Click ok. You'll get your classic taskbar back. Screenshots attached below:

Image 01: Default Taskbar of Windows Seven [Click Image to Enlarge]

Image 02: Classic Taskbar of Windows Seven [Click Image to Enlarge]

How to Change MAC Address on Linux using NetworkManager

2010-12-01T15:42:00.005+06:00

In previous post I showed how to change MAC address on Linux using ifconfig command and system-config-network tool. Today I will show you how to change MAC address using Network Manager. The method is comparatively easier.

Follow the steps given below to change MAC address.
Right click on the Network Manager applet and click "Edit Connections"
Select eth0 and click edit button

On Cloned MAC Address type the MAC address that you want to change to as shown in image below:

[Click Image to Enlarge]

Click apply.

You are done. It was damn easy. Right!? ping to check back your internet connection.

$ $ ping www.google.com
PING www.l.google.com (74.125.43.105) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from bw-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.43.105): icmp_seq=1 ttl=53 time=220 ms
64 bytes from bw-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.43.105): icmp_seq=2 ttl=53 time=220 ms
64 bytes from bw-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.43.105): icmp_seq=3 ttl=53 time=219 ms
64 bytes from bw-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.43.105): icmp_seq=4 ttl=53 time=220 ms
64 bytes from bw-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.43.105): icmp_seq=5 ttl=53 time=220 ms
^C
--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4298ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 219.408/220.194/220.799/0.709 ms
$

If you don't find "Cloned MAC address" in Network Manager update your Network Manager and then try again.

$ $ yum update NetworkManager

Lex, Yacc Installation and Compilation Shell Script

2010-12-01T14:33:00.002+06:00

If you don't have lex and yacc install them using the following command.
Fedora Core

# yum -y install flex bison

Ubuntu

$ sudo aptitude install flex bison

This script will be very useful for compiling lex and yacc files. Here is the script:

 1 echo SA-OS Script [http://sa-os.blogspot.com]
 2 echo Generating lex
 3 lex $1
 4 echo compling using yet another compiler compiler
 5 yacc -d $2
 6 echo Creating objects for c files
 7 gcc -c lex.yy.c y.tab.c
 8 echo Creating executable
 9 gcc -o p.out lex.yy.o y.tab.o -ll
10 echo Running executable
11 ./p.out

After saving this in file named compile.sh

You have to apply the following command to make it executable script.

$ chmod a+x compile.sh

Now you can run the script like this:

$ ./compile.sh lexfilename.l yaccfilename.y

Good Movies on Artificial Intelligence II

2010-11-28T03:21:00.002+06:00

In previous post I mentioned some movies on AI. Today I'm adding some more AI movies.

A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)

This movie (A.I) is directly related with Artificial Intelligence. An artificially intelligent robot is manufactured which looks exactly like the boy a couple recently lost. However intelligent or alike the robotic agent looks is it is difficult to replace a human child. Consequences follow.

When the notorious real child is found back tragedy starts. Time comes to give this robot back to the manufacturer company for disposal. With uncontrolled emotion of love for this human-looking robot the mother cannot leave the boy for disposal. She leaves the robot boy in a forest. This leads to other interesting stories. But the boy only dreams to get back to her human mother for who his love is never defeated.

To download wallpaper of this movie follow here. View more info on imdb about this movie: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0212720/

2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)

I’m adding this movie because of its reputation (it is ranked as one of the top 10 movies). The movie is not enjoyable if you don’t understand the central story. But it contains a good theme which is a juxtaposure of human evolution, technology and artificial intelligence. Human evolution part is related with a monolith. Artificial intelligent part is related with HAL computers.

You can find good info about this movie and its plot here. View more info on imdb: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062622/

The Matrix (1999)

This is an awesome mind-blowing science fiction movie. A Hacker learns the new definition of reality and when he possesses the control of it, it means he has matrix. With matrix human beings can be programmed according to necessities and can be useful in fighting in the world where they are also real!

Among Matrix trilogy most enjoyable is this one. Matrix has good base story which is very scientific and detailed. View more info on imdb: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0133093/

The Matrix Reloaded (2003)

It all about saving trinity and destroying Zion. Too dramatic but you will enjoy some special effects! View more info on imdb: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0234215/

The Matrix Revolutions (2003)

View info on imdb: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0242653/

Endhiran (2010)

It is a very good hindi movie that is worth watching. A scientist named Dr. Vasi builds an intelligent robot which resembles his image. The scientific body does not approve the robot. Hence emotion is also integrated into the robot. Then with awesome emotions it falls in love with its creator’s fiancée Aishwariya Rai! Let’s see how to fix this. :)

View more info on imdb: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1305797/

Inception (2010)

The movie does not deal with artificially intelligent agents. Rather it deals with scientific theories of subconscious mind. The information can be stolen from a subconscious state of brain when it is at its most vulnerable. It is called extraction. Also ideas can be planted. With subconscious minds it always comes to dreaming. In dreams human agents are more powerful, they work as better agents. That’s the artificial part.

Cobb is the best thief of information extraction. But he has a strong rival in his subconscious world a woman named Mal. Mal will always mess up the plan and cause Cobb to be defeated though once Mal was his love and everything. With all these hard obstacles of subconscious world Cobb has to win in his impossible plan called inception. They have to win fights on minds in a combined shared illusive, beautiful, adventurous subconscious environment.

View info on imdb: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1375666/

Transformers (2007)

There is a clash between two extra-terrestrial clans which affects existence of earth and beings. A young held teenager possesses all the power and clue who can save the world? Too dramatic! Huh? This one is better than the next of the sequel! View info on imdb: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0418279/

Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen

View info on imdb about this movie: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1055369/

I’ve got some more movies. Before adding them I’ll watch them first to make sure if they relate with Artificial Intelligence. Relevant movies will be added on next post. Thanks for visiting.

How to Disable Deprecation Warning on Visual Studio

2010-11-11T12:34:00.001+06:00

Deprecation warnings can really be headache sometimes. But there are ways to disable it. Here I describe one.

To deprecation warnings you have to define _CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE as true before including any header file. An example code is attached below:

 1 /*******************************************************
 2 *  Problem Name:   Money in the bag
 3 *  Problem ID:    1002
 4 *  Occassion:    Offline Contest CSEDU Easy Volume
 5 *
 6 *  Algorithm:    
 7 *  Special Case:   
 8 *  Judge Status:   Accepted
 9 *  Author:     Saint Atique
10 *  Notes:     
11 *        
12 *******************************************************/
13 
14 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE 1
15 //#define _CRT_NONSTDC_NO_DEPRECATE 
16 
17 #include <iostream>
18 #include <cmath>
19 #include <cstring>
20 //#include <new>
21 #include <vector>
22 #include <queue>
23 #include <map>
24 #include <algorithm>
25 #include <iomanip>//for cout formatting
26 #define INF 2147483648
27 #define EPS 1e-8
28 using namespace std;
29 
30 int main() {
31  //freopen("..\\1002_in.txt", "r", stdin);
32  //freopen("..\\1002_out.txt", "w", stdout);
33 
34  double tk_amount[10] = {1000, 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.50};
35  double sum = 0;
36  int i, n;
37 
38  for (i=0; i<10; i++) {
39   cin>>n;
40   sum += n * tk_amount[i];
41  }
42 
43  cout.setf (ios::fixed, ios::floatfield);
44  cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
45  cout<<setprecision(2)<<sum<<" taka"<<endl;
46 
47  //fclose(stdin);
48  //fclose(stdout);
49  return 0;
50 }

How to Set Precision in C++

2010-11-11T12:14:00.004+06:00

Programmers who use C++ for problem solving may need to set precision before printing floating numbers in standard output.

To display a floating number value of variable result with precision 2 (equivalent to .%2lf in scanf) use following code:

 1  cout.setf (ios::fixed, ios::floatfield);
 2  cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
 3  cout<<setprecision(2)<<result<<endl;

Here’s an example code used to solve a problem in easy volume section.

 1 /*******************************************************
 2 *  Problem Name:   Money in the bag
 3 *  Problem ID:    1002
 4 *  Occassion:    Offline Contest CSEDU Easy Volume
 5 *
 6 *  Algorithm:    
 7 *  Special Case:   
 8 *  Judge Status:   Accepted
 9 *  Author:     Saint Atique
10 *  Notes:     
11 *        
12 *******************************************************/
13 
14 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE 1
15 //#define _CRT_NONSTDC_NO_DEPRECATE 
16 
17 #include <iostream>
18 #include <cmath>
19 #include <cstring>
20 //#include <new>
21 #include <vector>
22 #include <queue>
23 #include <map>
24 #include <algorithm>
25 #include <iomanip>//for cout formatting
26 #define INF 2147483648
27 #define EPS 1e-8
28 using namespace std;
29 
30 int main() {
31  //freopen("..\\1002_in.txt", "r", stdin);
32  //freopen("..\\1002_out.txt", "w", stdout);
33 
34  double tk_amount[10] = {1000, 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.50};
35  double sum = 0;
36  int i, n;
37 
38  for (i=0; i<10; i++) {
39   cin>>n;
40   sum += n * tk_amount[i];
41  }
42 
43  cout.setf (ios::fixed, ios::floatfield);
44  cout.setf(ios::showpoint);
45  cout<<setprecision(2)<<sum<<" taka"<<endl;
46 
47  //fclose(stdin);
48  //fclose(stdout);
49  return 0;
50 }

How to change Document Root on WAMP

2010-11-10T04:20:00.003+06:00

In this post we discuss how to change the www folder in apache based software wamp, which stands for Windows Apache, MySQL, PHP.

By default wamp’s www folder is C: \wamp\www. It means if you put a file on that folder for example test.html and enter address like this,
http://localhost/test.html

on the browser it will fetch your test.html page.

To change the default www folder we need to change the configuration file of apache which is httpd.conf (httpd stands for http daemon). Follow the steps given below:

Browse to the directory C:\Program Files\wamp\bin\apache\Apache2.2.11\conf
Open the file using a text editor i.e. notepad or notepad++ etc.

Search for the text ‘DocumentRoot’. You will see a line like this in the search result:
DocumentRoot "C:/wamp/www"
Edit this line to your preferred directory where your web page files are stored. For example, D:\web
DocumentRoot "D:/web/"
Again search for text ‘<Directory’
On the second result you will see a line like this one:
<Directory "C:/wamp/www/">

You will have to change this one too.
<Directory "D:/web/">
Now clicking wamp icon on the system tray restart all services.

Changes will take into effect soon after you refresh localhost pages.

Bangla Font Fixing for Google Chrome & Other Windows Software

2010-10-16T06:20:00.004+06:00

In operating systems like Windows XP, Seven we see Vrinda font by default when

Visiting a website that does not specify a font for Bangla
In Windows Explorer
Typing on any software like MS Office Softs switching keyboard mode using Avro

What if we could use our favorite bangle font instead of Vrinda? I think it’d be nice. Let’s see how to do it.
Follow the steps given below:

Download font fixer from http://www.vistaarc.com/download/font_fixer_2.0.0.exe
If it is windows seven run it as administrator by right clicking. In Windows XP just double click it.

Choose your favorite Bangla font.
Click fix it.
Close the window.
Restart the computer.
Visit a website using Google Chrome or type Bangla in any other software you’ll see the change. The default font has been set to your favorite one.

[Click image to enlarge]

Xbox 360 Repair Tips for the Speedy Xbox Repair

2010-10-16T05:22:00.016+06:00

Microsoft has revolutionized the gaming scene by the introduction of the Xbox 360 game. This console has gained huge popularity and people even of older age are hooked up with this game all the time. The least favorite thing for the gamers for the Xbox is that if some problem arises in Xbox, and you have to send it to the repair shop or to the Microsoft office for its repair. But, keeping in mind the craze of the people for this gaming console, many new Xbox repair options have been introduced. Moreover, the experts also recommend some Xbox 360 repair tips, for repairing the Xbox yourself. Some of the major tips are given below.

One of the major problem reported by the Xbox users, is that the screen suddenly start freezing. The tip in such situation is to unplug the power, and then remove hard drive. After that switch on the gaming console. If the Xbox, starts working then get happy because you have managed to repair the Xbox. If it starts, then the next step is to shut the power off and place the hard drive in its original location inside the console. The same tip can be applied if the “red ring of death” problem arises.
Another tip that can be followed for Xbox repairis to unplug the power and remove the hard drive. In addition to this remove all the cables that are plugged into the gaming console. If it starts working after this, then you can simply put everything back in its position and then power up the console again.
Above are some of the repair tips, if you want to repair the Xbox yourself. But, in case you dont and can afford the repair expanses, you can simply send your Xbox to Microsoft repair office. And if luckily, you are still in warranty, then you don’t even have to pay the charges but your Xbox will be repaired free of cost.
Another tip for Xbox repair is that you can rely on any other repair company other than Microsoft, for the repair as Microsoft repair charges are not affordable by everyone. But, before sending your Xbox to any repair company makes sure that the repair company is authentic and reliable. Otherwise your Xbox won’t be repaired insated got worsen.

In case you have chosen to do Xbox repair yourself, in that case the tip for you is to purchase the repair guides for the repair, but make sure that the guide is authentic and the genuine one and has a money back guarantee. These guides can be really helpful for you but a great tip in respect to guides is that select the guide with the video instruction so that you get the detailed information for repair. So, these Xbox 360 repair tips are really helpful for you, if your Xbox is not working properly and you want it to get repaired as soon as possible.

-- Written by:
Alisha John (Guest blogger)

Avro Keyboard 4.5.3 and UniBijoy

2010-08-27T17:31:00.007+06:00

Avro Keyboard

Avro Keyboard is the most popular Bangla typing software. It is used world-wide by Bangla speaking people. Avro Keyboard project is developed and maintained by OmicronLab which they deliver free. Another software named Bijoy Keyboard exists on the market. Bijoy is losing because of it’s owner’s harsh business policies. There are several allegations against the proprietor of closed source Bijoy software. He issued a lawsuit against Avro Keyboard along with making abusive comments against Avro Keyboard and its developers in public.

People who are used to Bijoy Keyboard layout use Unibijoy, a fixed tradional keyboard layout with Avro. There are many differences between Bijoy Keyboard Layout and UniBijoy layout. Nobody finds a reason to patent keyboard layouts since these keyboard layouts aren’t productions of neither creativity nor merit! A patent should always protect a unique work of merit.

Because of his (proprietor of Bijoy) desperate attempts to remove UniBijoy from Avro software he succeeded to slap the pride of Bangla speaking people’s right to choose their desired keyboard layouts. Bangla speaking people are disappointed on this kind of business with Bangla language. Bangla is the only language for the love of which many Bangla speaking people were martyred in 1952. They are remembered with great honors, respects and love every year on 21st February which is also founded as International Mother Language day. Hence this is never expected that software for writing Bangla will be a part of Business.

Avro Keyboard has a new release 4.5.3. UniBijoy adopters are worrying about the removed keyboard layout. But there’s a way out! Download the new software from the below links.

Avro keyboard is available at the following URL: http://www.omicronlab.com/avro-keyboard.html

Because omicron-lab server is down (till 31st August, 2010) because of bandwidth limit (sign of popularity, huh!) exceed you have to download avro keyboard from the following links:

   http://goromcha.com/setup_avrokeyboard_4.5.3.exe
     http://jadewits.com/avro/setup_avrokeyboard_4.5.3.exe
     http://niponwave.com/download/setup_avrokeyboard_4.5.3.exe

MD5 Hash: bd6bcefd77abf3e31ec763eb4e9be873

For portable editions visit here:
   http://www.vistaarc.com/downloads/omicronlab-is-temporarilly-down

How to use UniBijoy in Avro

There’s a component in Avro Keyboard called Keyboard Layout Editor. You can create your own keyboard layout in Avro. Also you can save the keyboard as a file and share with others.

Be careful. If it looks like Bijoy Keyboard the uncle may mind.

Hence it’s your responsibility if you are a victim of new lawsuit by using a keyboard layout like mine!

Here’s a Unibijoy like keyboard layout you can download and use for writing Bangla.

http://saosx.com/Downloads/UniBijoy.avrolayout

After downloading the keyboard layout copy it to avro’s keyboard layout folder:

C:\Program Files\Avro Keyboard\Keyboard Layouts

If your installation directory is different it will be different too.

Now exit avro keyboard and start again. Select UniBijoy from Keyboard Layout menu.

You’re done. Now you can start typing Bangla with any application that supports Unicode.

Booting Solaris Operating System using Windows Boot Loader

2010-08-18T23:16:00.010+06:00

To dual boot Unix and Windows usually we use GRUB bootloader. Here I will describe the process to boot Solaris (also applies to other Unix/Linux) using Windows Boot Loader which is installed by default for Windows.

We assume you have installed Solaris after Windows and you are using Solaris grub to boot Operating Systems.

In Solaris mark Windows primary partition as active. Follow this post for instructions on how to mark partitions active.

Ø Backup the windows mbr

# dd if=/dev/dsk/c0d0p0 of=/mbrbackup bs=512 count=1

// assuming your hard-drive is c0d0p0
Ø Install solaris mbr(instructions goes here: http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/819-2723/disksxadd-45774?a=view)
Ø Copy the solaris mbr as solmbr

# dd if=/dev/rdsk/c0d0p0 of=/solmbr bs=512 count=1 (dsk or rdsk?)

Ø Copy this solmbr in your USB drive or mounting an windows partition

Ø Load the windows mbr (previously copied into a file)

# dd if=/mbrbackup of=/dev/dsk/c0d0p0 bs=446 count=1

// bs =446 to keep the previously install Solaris Boot information

Ø Now boot to your windows.

Ø Copy the file solmbr from USB-drive to your C:\ logging into Windows.

Windows XP (booting Linux/ UNIX from XP boot manager)

Windows XP boot manager is very simple and nice one as this is only a file called boot.ini. The entries in this file are like below:

[boot loader]
timeout=30 
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINNT 
[operating systems] 
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINNT="Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional" /fastdetect

Add a line to this file like this C:\solmbr="Solaris". After restarting your PC you find a Solaris entry in boot menu.

Using Windows Vista/Seven

Click Start Menu> All Programs> Accessories. Right click Command Prompt and rus as administrator. Now type

c:> bcdedit /create {ntldr} /d "Solaris"

(Notice, every command gives a success notification after it completes without errors. If the above command has not worked use bcdedit /copy {ntldr} /d "Solaris").

Now type

c:> bcdedit /set {ntldr} device boot 
c:> bcdedit /set {ntldr} path \solmbr 
c:> bcdedit /displayorder {ntldr} /addlast

// to add in top use /addfirst

After restart you wil find a new entry in boot menu.

How to mark a partition as active (Windows, Linux (Ubuntu, Fedora etc) Unix (Solaris))

2010-08-18T21:39:00.005+06:00

All operating systems have the feature of marking partitions as active. I’ll provide helps for Windows, Linux and Unix (Solaris)

Using Windows XP to mark partitions

Ø Enter into disk management (click run from start menu and type diskmgmt.msc).
Ø Right click the primary partition you want to mark as active.
Ø Click Mark Partition as Active and it's done.

Changes will take effect after reboot.

Using Windows Vista/Seven to mark partitions

Click Start Menu> Programs> Accessories. Right click Command Prompt and rus as administrator. Now type

c:>  diskpart 
   diskpart> select disk 0          // list command will list available disks 
   diskpart> select partition 1     // list partition will list partitions 
   diskpart> active                 // mark selected object as active 
   diskpart> exit

You have to provide your own partition number instead of partition no. 1

N.B: If you have Windows Vista in your System be careful. Because Windows Vista Boot Manager have bugs. It may mess up after changing active boot flags.

Using Linux to mark partitions

In Ubuntu/Fedora/Suse CD/DVD you have to use this command

[sa@ispros.com.bd ]$ fdisk /dev/sdaX

where X = partition which you want to mark or unmark then use ‘m’ to modify active flag. Press w to store the modification upon completion.

How to mark another partition as active on Solaris

If you can boot into your Solaris OS, boot into Solaris System

Enter following command to modify Solaris Root Partition,

[root@ispros.com.bd ]# fdisk /dev/rdsk/c0d0p0

Depending on your disk configuration this can be c0d1p0 etc
Ø To select "Specify an active partition" press 2
Ø Then Select partition no.
Ø Then press 5 (to save changes and exit).

If you have Solaris but you cannot boot into Solaris and you have Solaris DVD/CD. Then boot from CD/DVD
Ø Select console
Ø In console type the same commands we used previously with Solaris OS.

Easy way of installing Google Chrome on Latest Fedora Core Releases (11, 12, 13, 14 or greater)

2010-08-18T17:17:00.006+06:00

Create a repo file for Google Chrome. You can use commands like this “vi /etc/yum.repos.d/google.repo” and use the paste feature from gnome terminal’s menus to add the following lines into the file.

[google]

name=Google - i386

baseurl=http://dl.google.com/linux/rpm/stable/i386

enabled=1

gpgcheck=1

gpgkey=https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub

[google-chrome]

name=google-chrome

baseurl=http://dl.google.com/linux/rpm/stable/i386

enabled=1

gpgcheck=1

Then apply the following command to install google chrome using yum

[root@ispros.com.bd ]# yum --enablerepo=google install google-chrome

Here’s the sample output:

Loaded plugins: presto, refresh-packagekit
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package google-chrome-beta.i386 0:5.0.375.99-51029 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: lsb >= 3.2 for package: google-chrome-beta-5.0.375.99-51029.i386
--> Running transaction check
---> Package redhat-lsb.i686 0:3.2-7.fc12 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: /usr/bin/pax for package: redhat-lsb-3.2-7.fc12.i686
--> Processing Dependency: /usr/bin/foomatic-rip for package: redhat-lsb-3.2-7.fc12.i686
--> Running transaction check
---> Package foomatic.i686 0:4.0.4-1.fc12 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: foomatic-db for package: foomatic-4.0.4-1.fc12.i686
---> Package pax.i686 0:3.4-10.fc12 set to be updated
--> Running transaction check
---> Package foomatic-db.noarch 0:4.0-8.20091126.fc12 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: foomatic-db-ppds = 4.0-8.20091126.fc12 for package: foomatic-db-4.0-8.20091126.fc12.noarch
--> Processing Dependency: foomatic-db-filesystem = 4.0-8.20091126.fc12 for package: foomatic-db-4.0-8.20091126.fc12.noarch
--> Running transaction check
---> Package foomatic-db-filesystem.noarch 0:4.0-8.20091126.fc12 set to be updated
---> Package foomatic-db-ppds.noarch 0:4.0-8.20091126.fc12 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package                   Arch      Version                   Repository  Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 google-chrome-beta        i386      5.0.375.99-51029          google      22 M
Installing for dependencies:
 foomatic                  i686      4.0.4-1.fc12              updates    241 k
 foomatic-db               noarch    4.0-8.20091126.fc12       updates    1.0 M
 foomatic-db-filesystem    noarch    4.0-8.20091126.fc12       updates    4.4 k
 foomatic-db-ppds          noarch    4.0-8.20091126.fc12       updates     19 M
 pax                       i686      3.4-10.fc12               fedora      67 k
 redhat-lsb                i686      3.2-7.fc12                fedora      26 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install       7 Package(s)
Upgrade       0 Package(s)

When google chrome is installed it installs its own repo file which is google-chrome.repo

Hence delete your created repo to avoid conflicts.

# rm /etc/yum.repos.d/google.repo

When you need to update google chrome to next stable release use the following command. Keep sure to close opened google chrome windows during installation.

# yum install google-chrome-stable

To update to beta release use following command. Keep sure to close opened google chrome windows.

# yum install google-chrome-beta

Here are some screenshots of Google Chrome on Fedora Core:

[Click the image to zoom]

Cannot boot Ubuntu 10.04 after installation of Ubuntu or after installation of Windows Seven

2010-08-18T16:45:00.002+06:00

You have just installed Ubuntu 10.04 but you cannot boot to it. System boot straights to Windows Seven and you are feeling deceived. I also faced this issue.

May be there’s a problem with Ubuntu 10.04 distro that’s happening with some PCs having Windows Seven. Well here’s a fix. Follow the steps.

Ø Boot the system using Live CD.

Ø Press Alt+F2 and enter gnome-terminal command. And continue by entering:

$ sudo fdisk -l

It shows partition table. Here’s mine.

/dev/sda1 29 8369 66999082+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 * 8370 13995 45190845 7 HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda3 13996 14593 4803435 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 13996 14593 4803403+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Now mount Linux boot partition. As you can see from the output of previous command it was sda1 for my system.

$ sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
$ sudo mount --bind /dev /mnt/dev
$ sudo mount --bind /proc /mnt/proc

Now chroot into the enviroment:

$ sudo chroot /mnt

After chrooting, we need not add sudo before commands.
You may want to edit /etc/default/grub file to fit your system (timeout options etc)

# vi /etc/default/grub

After edition press ESC & then :wq to store and exit. Now install/recover Grub2 via command:

# grub-install --recheck /dev/sda

Now you can exit the chroot, umount the system and reboot your system:

# exit
$ sudo umount /mnt/dev
$ sudo umount /mnt/proc
$ sudo umount /mnt
$ sudo reboot

How to concatenate/merge Solaris 10 DVD image segments

2010-08-18T16:18:00.006+06:00

Here's an example how to merge segments in Unix or Unix like systems:

[sa@ispros.com.bd ]$ cat sol-10-u8-ga-sparc-dvd-iso-a sol-10-u8-ga-sparc-dvd-iso-b > \
sol-10-GA-sp-dvd.iso

In Windows system, concatenate the files using the following command:

D:\> copy /b sol-10-u8-ga-x86-dvd-iso-a + sol-10-u8-ga-x86-dvd-iso-b \
sol-10-u8-ga-x86-dvd.iso

The result is a true ISO image that you can use to burn a DVD.
Use software like Nero or MagicISO to burn the DVD in Windows.

Why micrsoft.com doesn’t reply to ping

2010-08-18T06:45:00.003+06:00

[sa@localhost ]$ ping www.microsoft.com

Pinging lb1.www.ms.akadns.net [65.55.21.250] with 32 bytes of data:
Request timed out.
Request timed out.
Request timed out.
Request timed out.

Ping statistics for 65.55.21.250:
    Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 0, Lost = 4 (100% loss),

Do you know why Micrsoft.com doesn’t replies to ping?

ping is a powerful small command line tool. Seeing the output of ping command a security analyst or hacker can grab important information about the target hosts. Target hosts can be web servers or a pc on local area network. Information includes Operating System & Version, availability of host etc.

Why Google Chrome Frequently Crashes? [Solved]

2010-06-04T23:25:00.001+06:00

Do you have Internet Download Manager (IDM) installed on your PC? Do you face frequent crashes on Google Chrome? Or cannot load certain web pages like twitter.com or some flashy pages, just hangs or shows alien behavior?

Fig: Google Chrome 5.0.375.55 just crashed

I faced this problem. I was always using stable releases of Google Chrome. Still having it hang I was really frustrated. However I found the cause after doing some experiments. The idea might came from a discussion of web forum or may Google’s help discussion. Someone was talking about uninstalling IDM.

But you need not uninstall it. You just need to disable “advanced browser integration” for Google Chrome was enabled in idm. Open IDM main window as shown in image below.

Fig: IDM Main Window

Click options button. Under General tab. Under the text ‘Capture downloads from the following browsers’ un-tick Google Chrome.

Click Ok. You’re done. After doing that I think you’ll never face crashes again like me. Though it could be better if Internet Download Manager Company had fixed their integration problem. Have fun with Google Chrome OS.

Yahoo Group Moderator Privileges Controlled by Owners

2010-05-31T22:13:00.016+06:00

Moderators can change delivery and posting settings for individual members. Owners can check the additional privileges they want to give the moderators which are noted below.

Enable/Disable Notifications for Moderators

Ø Notify moderator when there are pending messages/memberships which require approval.
Ø Notify moderator when a member joins/leaves this group or new files uploaded.
Ø Notify moderator when there are pending messages which have been identified as possible spam.

Assign Moderator Privileges

Ø Approve pending messages
Ø Add, remove, and change moderator privileges
Ø Approve pending members
Ø Set auto-send options for files
Ø Invite and add members
Ø Change group settings
Ø Remove members and reset bouncing members
Ø Delete this group
Ø Ban members

Design of an 8 to 3 Encoder using 4 to 2 encoders as components

2010-05-06T04:59:00.003+06:00

Problem 1: Design of a 4 to 2 Encoder (Behavioral)

We first design a 4 to 2 Encoder. Then using 4 to 2 Encoder we construct 8 to 3 Encoder.

 1 -- Encoder4To2.vhd
 2 -- O(1) is MSB
 3 -- O(0) is LSB
 4 library IEEE;
 5 use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all;
 6 
 7 entity Encoder4To2 is
 8     port( I:  in std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
 9           O:   out std_logic_vector(1 downto 0)
10     );
11 end Encoder4To2;
12 
13 architecture EncIns of Encoder4To2 is
14 begin
15     O(1) <= I(1) OR I(0);
16     O(0) <= I(2) OR I(0);
17 end EncIns;

Problem: Design of an 8 to 3 Encoder (Structural)

Here's a diagram of 8 to 3 Encoder. In the image displayed below we see that input is a vector I which is a collection of 8 inputs (0 to 7). Output of 4 to 2 Encoder 1 are X0 and X1 and Output of 4 to 2 Encoder 2 are X2 and X3. Now a combinational logic which is implementation for several exressions calculates the output and store in vector O.

There's one special case to consider! There are 2 cases when output of X(0) = X(1) = X(2) = X(3) = 0. We have to give unique outputs for each case. To distinguish them we add I(4) in the expression of O(0).

Click the image to enlarge

 1 -- Encoder8To3.vhd
 2 library IEEE;
 3 use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all;
 4 
 5 entity Encoder8To3 is
 6     port( I:  in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
 7           O:   out std_logic_vector(2 downto 0)
 8     );
 9 end Encoder8To3;
10 
11 architecture EncIns of Encoder8To3 is
12 component Encoder4To2
13     port( CI:  in std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
14           CO:   out std_logic_vector(1 downto 0)
15     );
16 end component;
17 
18 signal X: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
19 
20 begin
21     E1: Encoder4To2 port map(CI=>I(3 downto 0), CO => X(1 downto 0));
22     E2: Encoder4To2 port map(CI=>I(7 downto 4), CO => X(3 downto 2));
23 
24     O(0) <= X(0) or X(1) or I(4);
25     O(1) <= X(0) or X(2);
26     O(2) <= X(3) or X(3);
27 end EncIns;

Design of D Flip flop

2010-05-06T04:56:00.000+06:00

Problem 1: Design a D Flip Flop Circuit (Behavioral)

 1 -- DFF.vhd
 2 entity DFF is
 3     port(CLK, Reset, DATA: in BIT;
 4                   Q: out BIT);
 5 end DFF;
 6 
 7 architecture DFFProc of DFF is
 8 begin
 9     p1: process (CLK, Reset)
10     begin
11         if (Reset = '1') then
12             Q <= '0';
13         elsif (CLK' event and CLK = '1') then
14             Q <= DATA;
15         end if;
16     end process p1;
17 end DFFProc;

Problem 2: Design a D Flip Flop Circuit (Structural)

 1 -- DFF_struct.vhd
 2 library IEEE;
 3 use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all;
 4 
 5 entity DFFStruct is
 6     port(CLK, Reset, DATA: in std_logic;
 7                   Q: out std_logic);
 8 end DFFStruct;
 9 
10 architecture DFFProc of DFFStruct is
11 component DFF
12     port(D, CLR, CLK:   in std_logic;
13               Output:   out std_logic);
14 end component;
15 
16 begin
17 DFFcomp1: DFF port map(D => DATA, CLR => Reset,
18                     CLK => CLK, Output => Q );
19 end DFFProc;