Dr. Erickson pioneered some methods in therapies such as his use of interventions that influenced the whole strategic therapy and family systems therapy’s standard practices. He also created the concept that the unconscious is highly separate from the conscious mind. This concept of the unconscious has its own awareness, responses, interests, learning plus it was creative, solution-generating, and often positive.

According to the good doctor, the human mind’s unconscious is always intent on listening on things around it. He said that regardless if a person is unconscious or not, the unconscious mind can accept concepts, ideas and suggestions from any outside source. Dr. Erickson firmly believed in the unconscious and used these concepts in his therapy sessions.

Also his studies influenced the whole area of Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) study. All in all Dr. Erickson was a famous hypnotherapist. Because of his extensive research on the unconscious mind and experience with hypnosis he was able to develop very effective therapeutic techniques.

Some of these techniques or concepts include Encouraging Resistance; Providing a Worse Alternative (The ‘Double Bind’); Communicating by Metaphor; Encouraging a Relapse; Encouraging a Response by Frustrating It; Utilizing Space and Position; Emphasizing the Positive; Prescribing the Symptom and Amplifying a Deviation; Seeding Ideas; and Avoiding Self-Exploration. Delving on each type of technique will take some time and a lengthy discussion is best left on a separate chapter or a separate article. For now let’s focus on the differences of traditional hypnosis, Ericksonian hypnosis, and NLP.

Traditional hypnosis is simple and direct. A hypnotist fills the subject’s unconscious mind with direct suggestions. This traditional style of hypnosis is most effective for someone that is less reactive or resistant from suggestions and commands The best type of person that could be paired with traditional hypnosis is someone who generally accepts what they are told without questioning or contesting them.

Meanwhile, Ericksonian Hypnosis and NLP techniques seem to be more effective in modern times. At present people are more democratic in their beliefs and are taught to be more vigilant and to ask more questions. Today’s generation is not likely to follow suggestions or commands blindly. They need prior explanations on why they should follow.

But why do Ericksonian Hypnosis and NLP techniques more effective today? This is because both methods can reach and influence the unconscious more than the traditional one. It is, however, a long and hard road before someone could be able to use efficiently such methods. Ericksonian hypnosis mainly uses short stories, otherwise known as metaphors, to present suggestions and ideas to the subconscious.

Because it incorporates the suggestions and ideas in a story, the subconscious usually is not that resistant to it nor does the conscious mind try to block them too much. When we speak of metaphors, we either mean “Isomorphic” which gives direction to the subconscious through a story or “interspersal” which refers to those of the embedded command.

And finally, with “Neuro-Linguistic Programming” of NLP what therapists and psychiatrists use are thought patterns that are similar to those when creating a problem. NLP is an advanced technique and should be used wisely.

Yes, we need to walk quietly the lines of hypnosis and not let the subject know that he/she is being hypnotized, that the person they are talking to is not a hypnotist or should the subject know that there’s something out of the ordinary is happening in the lives right there and then. And that’s the concept of covert hypnosis, a phenomenon that is both very hard to achieve and very hard to believe. But it does exist.

This type of hypnosis requires a certain level of skill in communication particularly in the structure of language. When one is a covert hypnotist, he or she can be able to control another individual’s behavior through rapport. Through the exchange of communication, the hypnotist without the knowledge of the subject whatsoever is able to insert suggestions into the subject’s subconscious.

But covert hypnosis does not only involve the use of language to place in someone else’s subconscious various ideas and suggestions. Covert Neuro-linguistic programming or NLP is also a possible and valid method in these kinds of research studies.

Covert NLP is more focused on how a hypnotists or in this case a performer does what he/she does and gather gathering information from someone by using combinations of language and non-verbal behaviors. The objective is to find the patterns of how someone’s body movements and language.

In general, however, part of NLP’s usage includes changing a person’s whole beliefs system and how he views himself. NLP comes in handy when there’s in need of detecting automatic body changes. Such body changes include but are not limited to color changes, muscle tensions, and eye movements, as well as other physiological responses.

Part of t he goals or objectives of an NLP practitioner is to determine how a client/subject see and relates to his own sets of identity, life and personal beliefs, and life long goals. In recent years, NLP practitioners are able to claim that through their techniques, individuals, patients or subjects will have a new outlook and would replace false or negative perceptions with more positive outlooks.

When we study NLP, one will find out that the fundamental tenets of NLP are divided into 5 basic elements. By taking a look at these 5 elements, NLP practitioners are able to indicate the internal strategies of subjects by their body posture, breathing, gestures towards eyes ears or body, eye movements and language patterns.

I’ll give you some interesting NLP tips. Based on studies and NLP guidelines, when you notice a person exhibiting upward eye movements, it means that the person is involve in some visual processing of some sort. Meanwhile eye movements downwards is positive indication that the the mind is accessing the somatic or kinesthetic area of the brain.

Moreover, whenever the eyes exhibit side to side movements, it is best that one takes a break before rushing in. For NLP practitioners these are more than mere tricks, these techniques are used to understand the human’s visual, auditory and kinesthetic state/area.

There have been more applications of NLP in the recent years. As more people began to understand the concepts of hypnosis, NLP and basic psychiatry. Just like hypnosis itself, NLP techniques has been used in the past in fields like sales, therapy, communication, education, coaching, sport, management, business, occult practices, and spiritual development fields. NLP has spawned a ‘toolbox’ of NLP patterns which have been used in various fields in different ways.

Sometimes, the people at the receiving end will never really know if they were the subject of covert hypnosis. This is why the practice of covert hypnosis is frowned upon by conventional practitioners and by the public in general. Any self respecting individual do not want their minds altered or manipulated by someone, whether the act may be to their knowledge or not.

People themselves gave rise to the popularity of covert hypnosis. As people go through their day, they try to minimize hardships and difficulties by going around these obstacles through the use of lies and deceits. Although, some would argue that this not happen to all people all the time. But covert hypnosis practitioners will argue back saying this is more of the reality rather than the exception. People, whether white lies or not, lie everyday. It is precisely this behavior that cover hypnosis will come in handy.

The basic foundation of covert hypnosis is to realize right there and then if people are deceiving you or not. Covert hypnosis coverts the various aspects of hypnosis and related concepts like neuro-linguistic programming, hypnosis and body language. These are some of the things that covert hypnosis practitioners look at when they perform any kinds of hypnosis techniques.

When you encounter a person that is an expert in subtle covert communication, chances are he is a practitioner of covert hypnosis techniques. When you continue conversing with him/her, chances are you will find yourself compelled to do something without prior explanation and any real reason as to why you were doing it. Covert hypnosis practitioners are supposed to be masters of conversation, knowing the right words and phrases to say, the correct gestures to play, and timely pauses to use. They will combine these skills and knowledge during a conversation which will facilitate quicker compliance of the subject.

Most of the applications of covert hypnosis revolve around fields where a great deal of persuasion is necessary such as in the areas of selling, advertising, marketing, relationships and therapy.

Covert hypnosis may be great for the practitioner especially when they can manipulate people to buy something from them, however, people on the receiving end are not that happy that they were in a way forced to do what they did. When it comes to covert hypnosis, detecting if a person you’re talking to is practicing covert hypnosis might be a very difficult task.

Fortunately, there are some tips and techniques that you could employ to prevent you from being hypnotized covertly. Since the nature of hypnosis aims at bypassing the areas of the brain where critical thinking occurs, it would be best to always practice thinking critically. This may not 100% stop them from hypnotizing you but it will make the process a lot harder for them.

Another way for not being easy prey from cover hypnosis is to get up and study the techniques yourself. Being familiar with it might help you squeeze your way out of such situations. Also, don’t be too absorbed in a conversation for it would be much easier for covert hypnosis practitioners to carry out what they came to do.

Never take in the information being fed to you. Learn to question every detail and try to know the origin and validity of the information. These are just some of the things that you could use to avoid being covertly hypnotized.

If you’d like to learn more about covert hypnosis, take a peak at the Underground Hypnosis Course

Now before we go on discussing Starr and covert hypnosis, it is important to understand some fundamentals of hypnosis in general. When you hypnotize someone there are some basic principles which make it easier or make your hypnosis techniques more effective. Among them is that the subject must known and is willing to be hypnotized. The subject should also believe that he or she can be hypnotized. And before and during the process of hypnosis, the subject must be able to learn to relax or feel comfortable.

These basic requisites should be present to ensure the success of hypnosis. If you take into consideration some of the various characteristics of covert hypnosis you will observe that things do not add up with the basics. Cover hypnosis aims at hypnotizing the subject without them actually knowing that they are being hypnotized or that they have been subject to various hypnotic techniques. This no longer runs parallel to the first basic requisite which requires that the subject knows he/she is going to be hypnotized.

Because of this, some have claimed that covert or underground hypnosis is not real hypnosis but rather is a combination of Neuro-Linguistic Programming or NLP, seduction and social engineering.

Because I haven’t actually read Taylor Starr’s ebook or attended any course about black ops or covert hypnosis, I only assume that what he is promoting or teaching is not actually hypnosis but is a combination of NLP techniques.

Starr’s work and other similar publications have their own following and their own appeal. This is because the subject caters to a particular audience, actually two specific markets. First, covert hypnosis or black ops hypnosis is very popular among people who want to be able to change a situation to their advantage. Sales people and others who are into similar persuasive forms of businesses will always be happy to make a sale by all means possible which includes hypnotizing clients if that’s what it takes.

The second target audience is the more defensive people. These are the ones who want to know about these so called covert hypnosis techniques in order for them to protect themselves form people who will try it on them.

Whether we see Starr’s covert hypnosis as true hypnosis or not, the actual problem of the matter is that there has been proof that these techniques can be effective in suggesting to the subconscious what not and what to do. So it would still be prudent if one protects him or herself from any attempts of hypnosis.

When you buy or enroll in courses that focus on covert or black ops hypnosis, whether it may be Starr’s own or not, you will be taught of the secret behind covert hypnosis, advanced lectures on hypnosis, taking a deeper understanding on how hypnosis works, learning various black ops techniques, and actually practicing hypnosis on an actual subject.

Hypnosis is as much a science as it is a mystery. Most of the things that have been discovered and studied in the past years have explained how hypnosis as well as the human subconscious work. But we have only touched the tip of the iceberg. There are still a lot to know and a lot to found out.

Learn more about Underground Hypnosis

Since time immemorial, people fear the unknown, things that they don’t understand, things that they believe are products of a world that cannot be explained. That’s why when people hear concepts or actions that are underground or at the very least unconventional, they fear the worst. And as their fears slowly become reality they choose to go on a path of asking questions and demanding for quick and specific answers.

This small philosophy on how human beings think, behave and react goes the same with any other concept introduced as underground or otherwise. And this precisely is the reason why a lot of questions are being raised regarding the existence or the the reality of underground black ops hypnosis. Enter a search on the internet and you’ll see what I mean.

But before we continue discussing underground or black ops hypnosis, we should first try to understand the conventional hypnosis for its is very different than what is being portrayed in television and in movies.

We could define hypnosis as a natural psychological process where the the mind’s ability to think critically is bypassed and in its place selective thinking and perception is temporarily established. Does that make sense? Basically, hypnosis targets the mind’s subconscious and in the process shuts down part of the brains thinking faculties.

Research on hypnosis has been around for decades. It remains a very popular subject of psychological research since studies regarding the nature and effects of hypnosis and suggestion are wide and generally inconclusive.

Also, we know that hypnosis has been used for various therapies in order to cure or help relieve stress and pain. Hypnosis for instance has been combined with other therapeutic practices which have proved to be quite effective in weight loss programs, IBS, controlling anxiety conditions and in many more fields.

But despite the positive effects of hypnosis, when you mention it to people, generally they will shy away from it or view the subject with utmost care. It seems the mysteries behind the act have yet to be broken by scientific facts and investigations. Plus, if you add the words “underground” or “black ops” or “covert” to hypnosis, what you have is a recipe for more mistrust and even fear.

Nevertheless, at some level people do have reasons to fear about this so called “underground” hypnosis. It’s not that the concept is really bad, but the techniques and methods involve in this type of hypnosis can easily be used by people who have nothing but bad intentions in mind. This is the only reason why this types of hypnosis is slowly blotting the already gray perception of hypnosis.

Like what was mentioned earlier, one of the recent questions, although not really a new one, that keep rising from the net is: how to detect hypnosis being used on you? This is good since the nature of covert or underground hypnosis aims at approaching the subject and hypnosis subtly. To people who are not familiar with the techniques, they won’t even know that they were hypnotized. But even if covert hypnosis is very hard to detect, there are ways to diminish the chance that you will for them. First you need to be familiar with the techniques. Read and study about them carefully. Always be analytical. By using your brain that facilitates critical thinking, there’s a great chance that hypnotists will fail to capture you with their techniques. Remember that in situation where you are too absorbed in a conversation, take in information without questioning where it came from or is it true and responds strongly to emotionally descriptive language, you are not using your analytical mind which will increase your susceptibility to any underground hypnotic attacks.

The art of hypnosis has been around for quite a long time now. In the past, this particular practice has been regarded to be a form of witchcraft. However this kind of practice is now widely accepted and has been widely available for all kinds of people. The hypnosis technique is now being used for therapies for people who want to improve their way of life. Hypnosis has been found to be effective for people who are overweight and seeking to lose some of those extra pounds. Through hypnosis, it made it a bit easier for people to achieve their goals.

You may think that hypnosis is a very hard science to learn. However, there are available teaching tools today that can teach you how to hypnotize someone in no time at all. Just imagine, with this knowledge, you will be able to hypnotize people even in casual conversation. In fact, the information is so vast that it can also teach you how to hypnotize yourself.

If you want to learn hypnosis, all you have to do is purchase the downloadable video and e-books titled How to Hypnotize! This educational tool contains comprehensive information on how to hypnotize somebody. And because the learning process is represented in a step-by-step basis, you will surely learn how to hypnotize someone anytime and anywhere you like in no time at all.

In fact, the effectiveness of this product have been proven and tested by a lot of people who have bought this learning tool. Most of the people who, with dedication, have testified in user reviews on how the How to Hypnotize! educational program really works. Some even testified that this tool have helped them improve their career in a very short period of time.

You can even hypnotize your supervisor into not giving you such a hard time at work everyday. How to Hypnotize contains comprehensive information about hypnosis and are easy to understand. This means that anyone can learn all about hypnosis. You have to consider the fact that hypnosis isn’t a gift; it is something that you can learn. You don’t even need special abilities to hypnotize people; all you need to know is how a person’s mind works.

There are actually three levels of hypnosis. The first level is basic hypnosis. This particular kind of hypnosis is very much like reading a bedtime story to a child. The second level is the advanced hypnosis technique. In this level, you will become sneaky. You will use embedded commands and sleight of mouth techniques in order to hypnotize someone. The third level is where you master how to hypnotize people in just a matter of seconds.

The How to Hypnotize videos and e-books even made people who don’t even have experience in hypnotizing people started hypnotizing other people after going through the e-books and videos. In fact, there are reviews that even suggested that this hypnosis instructional videos and e-books is one of the most recommended hypnosis learning materials available today.

In this book, you will find that the techniques on how to hypnotize someone anywhere and anytime you wish are rather simple to do. Some people even said that it’s too good to be true, yet after going through the e-books and videos and they immediately started practicing hypnosis to people they haven’t met before, they found that it worked.

So, if you want to learn hypnosis, the How to Hypnotize videos and e-books is the right tool for you.

Visit the How to Hypnotize website today

Review next hypnosis course: Underground Hypnosis Course

Hypnosis has been considered as a part of black magic for thousands of years. In fact, people who have practiced this art have been branded as witches a long time ago and were literally burned at the stake. However, hypnosis today have been further studied and found that it contained therapeutic effects. Some people who benefited from hypnotherapy have been found to overcome whatever addiction they may have. Some have used hypnotherapy as a method to shed some pounds.

Today, hypnosis is considered to be therapeutic and can virtually change the way you live your life in a more positive outlook. However, another kind of hypnosis exists today in the Internet. It is now readily available for everyone to learn.

If you are intrigued by hypnosis, it is now possible to learn how to hypnotize someone anywhere you are and anytime you wish. If you want to hypnotize someone and make them open up to you and do everything that you say, this particular course is for you. With this course, you will learn how to hypnotize someone through a normal conversation and you can even learn how to hypnotize someone through email.

Just imagine, if you are a salesperson and had this power, you will be able to sell a lot faster than ever before. You have to consider the fact that it is not illegal to practice hypnosis and this course is one hundred percent legal in the market. This course will teach you everything about underground hypnosis, how it works, and how to use it. This course is called the Underground Hypnosis Course.

With this kind of technique, you can have somebody buying from you and will be happy to do so. Just imagine the income you will earn through this CD course.

The information you will learn in the Underground Hypnosis Course will be very useful in your career. Just imagine, everyone you apply the techniques with will be agreeing with you. Even your boss will no longer give you a hard time at work.

In this course, you will learn about hypnotic knowledge that you never know existed. It is something that you should use with care and not abuse it in order to truly benefit from it.

One person who worked as a real estate salesman who used this course even testified in user reviews of this program and have said that even the richest people who never listens to every word he was saying have been actually listening to him and agreeing to every word he was saying. He even testified that his income from sales increased three times.

Another example is that a particular person used this technique on a fast food chain. While waiting in line, he used the technique to people and ever since then, the person never ever had to wait in line ever again.

If you see TV evangelists at work, with this program, you will know how they are able to make people pay right through their noses with every word that they say. The technique used by rich TV evangelists is very much the same as hypnosis. With this course, you will know how they do it and also learn how to do it yourself.

Regardless of your profession, you will be able to use this program to make a lot of money. You can even hypnotize yourself in order to get some sleep even if your body doesn’t want to sleep and wake up any time you want.

The Underground Hypnosis Course is now readily available for download in the internet. So, if you want to make a lot of money or make life a bit easier for you to live, the Underground Hypnosis Course is for you.

Learn more about this Underground Hypnosis course today

If you have seen magic shows before, like that of David Blaine on TV or if you know a little magic, you know that it is all about illusions and fast hands. However, you have to consider that the mind plays a very vital role in magic shows. If you have done magic before, you know that in order to be successful in one illusion, you have to make the audience’s mind to believe what is seemingly impossible.

However, not everything about magic is mere illusion. There is another kind of magic that is even more amazing and is also not an illusion. This kind of magic has been studied by science and this kind of magic has caused people to improve their way of life.

This kind of modern day genie is one of the latest breakthroughs in self-help technology. People who have used this product have testified on user reviews that their life has definitely improved and everything that they have wished to happen in their life appeared out of nowhere as if by magic.

This tool is being used by a lot of people today to improve their living conditions. This tool is called the Sculptor 3 Affirmation Software.

What is the Sculptor 3 Affirmation Software?

First of all, you have to consider the word “affirmation”. What this means is positive judgment or declaring something to be true. In self-help programs, affirmation is like a combination of the two.

People who have been laid off in a job and people who simply want things to happen in their lives to make it a little easier for them to live have used the Sculptor 3 Affirmation Software. This affirmation software promises to take only 10 minutes of your time everyday.

This software also combines the advanced technology of computer and years of research about affirmation and self help programs. The way this works is that it imprints positive thoughts in your subconscious. Studies have found that the mind cannot distinguish between the subconscious mind and the conscious mind. It is very much like subliminal messaging. In fact, movie theatres have tested the subliminal messaging theory and have found it to be very effective. A movie theatre once inserted subliminal messages in its movies that made moviegoers eat popcorn. The message is so fast that the subconscious mind is the only part of the brain that caught the message and is too fast to register in the conscious mind. They found that the sales of popcorns have increased.

For example, if you don’t feel like going to work and don’t look forward for another stressful week at work, the Sculptor 3 Affirmation Software can help you get going. After only 10 minutes with the software, you will feel unstoppable and look forward in going to work. You will not only feel like going to work, but you will also be more productive at your job. You will be able to organize things at work a lot easier with this software.

Reviews even suggested that this software is very effective for people who are depressed after getting laid off. The fact that getting fired from your job is very depressing, you have to realize that it can totally disorganize you. People who used this software have been able to organize themselves, get out and get a new job. In fact, they even said that they found a better job than their previous one.

So, whatever things you want changed in your life, the Sculptor 3 Affirmation Software is the best tool that you can use today. Live life easier with this highly advanced self-help software.

Visit the Sculptor 3 website

Review next self improvement tool: Quantum Mind Power

There are various drugs that can help combat stress and anxiety. Since these things are known to have serious side effects, people are strongly advised to only use this as a last resort.

A safer alternative to this problem is by using hypnosis. It is like going to that imaginary special place in one’s mind and coming back to reality fully rested and ready to take on the next challenge.

But what is hypnosis? It is best defined as the process by which an individual lets go off the conscious mind and then lets the subconscious take over. The only way for this to work is if the subject is willing to be hypnotized and there are different methods of hypnosis.

First is called the first gaze induction. People have surely seen this in magic shows where someone uses a pocket watch that is swung from one end to another and within moments, that person is only responding to the voice of the hypnotist.

The second method is called rapid hypnosis. Again, this is seen quite often in magic shows because the person will somehow fall under the spell of the magician after some forceful commands are repeated.

The third that is often used by psychiatrists is called progressive relaxation. The process here is very slow. Sometimes, slow music is placed in the background and then the voice of the professional will just make the patient relaxed until one is induced in that state.

The fourth method believe it not is something everyone experienced as a child without even knowing it. This is called loss of balance and this happens when the infant is rocked from side to side while cradled in the parent’s arms.

Studies show that the EEG readings in the brain show a decrease in the left side of the brain. This means the thinking portion is not working while the right side that is responsible for the person’s creativity is up and running.

The fifth method, which will take some skill, is called self hypnosis. Some people think the meditation and hypnosis are the same thing and this happens at certain degrees. The only way for this to work is to be aware of everything that is happening around and then shutting it out with everything focused on one’s breathing.

Is there one method better among the others? The answer is no. This will really depend on the willingness of the individual to be hypnotized.

But those who want to try it will only be successful by learning three important things. First, the person should be aware of the things that makes life stressful. Second, understanding what hypnosis is all about and what it can do. Lastly, the patient has to believe in it. This is not a miracle drug and it takes a few sessions to get into it so this may work in the long term.

Hypnosis is used for many things aside from combating stress and anxiety. If it has worked for others, there may be a possibility it can also work on the person.

What if there is a particular software program available today that can help you improve your life. From cutting addiction to be more efficient at work, this kind of software is definitely a dream come true for everyone who seeks improvement in their lives.

What if this kind of software is readily available in the market today and can be installed in your computer and be able to use it right after purchasing it. With this kind of software, you will see that your life will significantly improve at a very short time. Are you addicted to something like smoking? The software can help you overcome this kind of addiction and many others.

This software is called the Mind Zoom Affirmation Subliminal Software. This kind of software will help you achieve goals at a much easier pace. With the subliminal messaging technique combined with the latest technology, you can be sure that this software can guarantee success.

In fact, many people who have used Mind Zoom Affirmation Subliminal Software have testified that it actually improved their life. What this software does is it reprograms your mind and body automatically without you even noticing it. No matter what your problem is with life, whether you want to shed a few pounds or be more efficient at work, this software can help you achieve your goals effortlessly.

This revolutionary software contains thousands of positive affirmations that get into your subconscious mind fast. Since the brain cannot distinguish between the subconscious mind and the conscious mind, this affirmation software will enable your mind to think more positively about life. In fact, the affirmations in this software can be customized to enable you to concentrate on one goal and achieve it at a very fast rate.

Overweight people have been using this software for quite a while now. With this software, they saw positive results and they literally achieved the weight goal they set in no time at all.

In fact, you will see that many people who have used this software have testified on product reviews as to the effectiveness of this product. If you are skeptical about it, you have to consider that most people who have tried this software were also skeptical about it. After they used it, they said that it worked wonders in their life. One particular review even said that he was seeking improvement in his sports abilities. After using the software, he stated that he was getting better and better in no time at all.

You have to consider that subliminal therapy is used by this software. Subliminal therapy has existed for a long time now. With further research and development, subliminal therapy today have reached a new level and is now integrated in self help softwares such as the Mind Zoom Affirmation Subliminal Software.

The way this works is that a suggestion that you customized in the software will be given to you at an inaudible level or is invisible to the conscious mind. The sound and visual suggestion is too fast that the subconscious mind will be the only one to pick it up. The Mind Zoom Affirmation Subliminal Software itself contains thousands of affirmation in different subjects. However, it will also allow you to customize your own affirmation to get what you really want in life.

The great thing about this particular affirmation and subliminal software is that it’s customizable.

With a lot of positive user reviews about this software, you can be sure that this software is guaranteed to work. If you have any problems in your life, whether it’s about being overweight, being addicted to alcohol or smoking, or you simply want to improve your way of life, the Mind Zoom Affirmation Subliminal Software will be able to help you.

Visit the Mind Zoom website today

Review next self improvement software: Sculptor 3