CS Online Journal

Internet Trick (November 2013) Globe/TM and Smart

2013-11-12T01:57:00.000-08:00

Hi, Today I would like to share free internet tricks in globe and smart. These tricks was came from different forum sites like symbianize and pinoyden. Anyone of us want free internet access special to my fellow students who cannot afford an internet plan. Internet access is very useful especially for research purposes and others. Users are divided into two big networks which are Globe/TM and Smart. I would like to share to you these free internet tricks that are surely working and tested already by me.

FOR SMART BUDDY USERS

The first one is using CPROXY. CPROXY is a tool for smart buddy users to have a free internet access. All you need to do is just follow these simple steps:

1. Download the CPROXY:
CPROXY 1
CPROXY 2

2. Run CPROXY, go to Automatic Set-Up and check the Internet profile that you are using.

3. Go to preferences and select the user ID and select to these three servers:

-Amsterdam-NL,UDP:9200
-Prague-CZ,TCP/IP
-Prague-CZ,TCP/IP:80
-Starhosting.cz
-CoolHousing.net
-CoolHousing.net:80

4. Next one is to change your connection setting under Control Panel - Internet Options - Connections Tab - Choose your Internet Connection profile - click on settings - and follow the following steps by referring on the screenshot.

5. To download on Internet Download Manager. Go to Download - Options and follow the following screenshot:

FOR GLOBE/TM USERS

UPDATE: PROXY(MAGIC IP) NOT WORKING ANYMORE

The second one is using MAGIC IP or PROXY. This one is for GLOBE/TM users. all you need to do is configure your proxy settings. Just follow the steps with screenshots.

1. Go to Control Panel, and look for Internet Options.

2. Go to Connections Tab and select the connection profile that you are using.

3. Click on settings and check the "Use proxy server for this connection."

4. Click on advance and put the proxy servers on http, ftp, and socks. Do not include the https.. To access the google, here are the following IP Addresses that you may use: http://120.28.5.172/ & http://74.125.224.72/ .

5. Select on the following proxy servers:

PROXY: 185.26.181.241

PORT: 80

PROXY: 202.79.52.53

PORT: 3128

PROXY: 88.86.81.12

PORT: 8080

6. To access other site with https, you can access it by removing "s" or just manually type it with www or http.

7. Enjoy Browsing :)

8. To access the Internet Download Manager, you can refer to the screenshot below.

9.Happy Downloading :)

ANOTHER TRICK FOR TM/GLOBE

This trick is for persistent people because you will need a couple of seconds, minutes or hours depend on the perfect timing or how lucky you are. This trick was called CDC which means, (connect-disconnect-connect. ).

First thing to do is to connect do your globe/tm connection, then let you know if there is a reply from google, in order you know it, you can press the start key + "R" key, then type the following: ping -t www.google.com, if, it has a reply, then you are now connected, if not, just disconnect the modem and connect again until it has a reply. This trick is what I am using.

If you have questions regarding this topic, do not hesitate yourself to leave comment. Thank you. :)

Virtual Router Plus- Alternative to Connectify

2013-11-09T03:22:00.000-08:00

Connectify is just one of the best software to host your own Wifi hotspot from your desktop computer/laptop to share internet connection to other devices.Virtual Router Plus is one of the best program which is alternative to connectify hotspot. Virtual Router Plus is a freeware that turns any Windows 7 and Windows 8 computer into a Wifi Hot Spot using Wireless Hosted Network technology. It is a lightweight program and easy to manage compare to other. No need to install, just run it on your computer. Another one is it do not start background service so anything is under your control.

What is Virtual Router Plus?

Virtual Router Plus is a free, open source software based router for PCs running Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows Server 2012. Using Virtual Router Plus, users can wirelessly share any internet connection (Wifi, LAN, Cable Modem, Dial-up, Cellular, etc.) with any Wifi device (Laptop, Smart Phone, iPod Touch, iPhone, Android Phone, Zune, Netbook, wireless printer, etc.) These devices connect to Virtual Router just like any other access point, and the connection is completely secured using WPA2 (the most secure wireless encryption.)

CLICK TO DOWNLOAD

Connectify - Turn your PC into a Wi-Fi Hotspot

2013-11-05T01:51:00.000-08:00

Nowadays, mobile phones and tablets has a features that can share their internet connection through wireless connectivity. Just like mobile phones and tablet, your computer/ laptop can also share its internet connection through wireless to other device that has built-in WIFI. Sharing of internet connection is very easy and it can be done in a few clicks as long as your WIFI adaptor was recognized by the software. The software I used is Connectify Hotspot. It has so many feature and easy to manage especially in securing your connection to other devices. It is a software router for Microsoft Windows and can act as a wireless access point. This enables users to share files, printers, and Internet connections between multiple computing devices without the need for a separate physical access point or router.

Features of Connectify

Unlimited Hotspot Uptime – No time restrictions, run your Connectify Hotspot 24/7.
Share Wi-Fi from 3G/4G Networks – Connectify Hotspot PRO supports sharing Internet from 3G/4G cards in addition to a wide variety of other USB cards and dongles. Turn your 3G or 4G USB stick into a real travel router.
Fully Customizable SSID – Name your hotspot whatever you want! (Hotspot Lite requires your hotspot name to start with 'Connectify-').
Wi-Fi Extender Mode – Extend the range of your home or office Wi-Fi with just a few clicks.
Drag & Drop File Transfers – Easily share files of any size, directly to both devices connected to your hotspot, and to other Connectify Hotspot users on the same network.
AutoInternet Selection – Automatically configure your hotspot's Internet sharing settings.

Advantage of using Connectify

Easy to set up
WPA2 Encryption
Automatic device detection
Manage shared folders

DOWNLOAD IT FOR FREE!

BYTEBX- Alternative way of downloading Torrent

2013-11-04T18:38:00.002-08:00

Using of torrent application is something bored when it comes to speed of downloading. There is an alternative way of downloading torrent. Using Internet Download Manager is one of the fastest way. But first you need a torrent caching service to download it to IDM. BYTEBX is one of the torrent caching site that will fetch the torrent file for you and will give you maximum speed in downloading. So you will never worry about the no. of seeders and leechers anymore. BYTEBX gives 100GB of storage for free. So it is enough to store all your torrent files. Another advantage of using BYTEBX is it is an online cloud storage that allows uploading and downloading of files.

What are the other features?

Convert Torrent Magnet Links/Or Simply Upload a .torrent file, it will be cached on its server and your link will be Ready For Downloading Through IDM!
Free Plan Allows you up to 2.5 GB Storage and Unmetered Bandwidth.
Its User Interface and All Options are user friendly and easy to access.
Also , its able to Bypass all p2p / torrent restrictions imposed by your ISP or Firewall, So its Quite a good Site to Bypass/Overcome it..
It has an option to download files either a zip file (download all files) , download single individual file from torrent or simply preview the media files.
Torrents storage period unlimited.
Uninterrupted uploading with resume capability
Download / Upload speed Unlimited

Don't have Internet Download Manager (IDM)?

Download it HERE....

"Screenshot of my Account in BYTEBX"

CLICK HERE TO REGISTER, HAPPY DOWNLOADING!

Internet Download Manager (IDM) Free Download (Mediafire)

2013-11-04T18:02:00.000-08:00

Bored of slow downloading speed? Boost Up, Here is Internet Download Manager, The fastest download accelerator. Internet Download Manager (IDM) is a tool to increase download speeds by up to 5 times, resume and schedule downloads. Comprehensive error recovery and resume capability will restart broken or interrupted downloads due to lost connections, network problems, computer shutdowns, or unexpected power outages. Simple graphic user interface makes IDM user friendly and easy to use.Internet Download Manager has a smart download logic accelerator that features intelligent dynamic file segmentation and safe multipart downloading technology to accelerate your downloads.

Internet Download Manager supports proxy servers, ftp and http protocols, firewalls, redirects, cookies, authorization, MP3 audio and MPEG video content processing. IDM integrates seamlessly into Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape, MSN Explorer, AOL, Opera, Mozilla, Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Firebird, Avant Browser, MyIE2, and all other popular browsers to automatically handle your downloads. You can also drag and drop files, or use Internet Download Manager from command line. Internet Download Manager can dial your modem at the set time, download the files you want, then hang up or even shut down your computer when it's done.

NOTE: Do not update the IDM, it will remove the license.

Click Here to Download

VIOOZ- Movies Online for Free

2013-11-04T17:00:00.001-08:00

Hello my dear readers, Everyone of us love to watch movie as their past time. We enjoyed watching movie to have a happy, healthy life. It is also a cheap form of entertainer. Today, I would like to share my favorite movie site that you can love too. This site offers free watch of thousands of movies and you can also download movie for free. One reason why I love this site is, it provides best quality movie in high dimension and it is always updated. The site name is Viooz. If you preferred to watch online, the streaming is good. You can discover thousands of movies, watch your favorite movies online for free.

Click Here to visit the Viooz :) Enjoy Watching Latest Movies.

The Programming Process

2013-09-30T00:30:00.001-07:00

A programmer job involves writing instructions, but professional programmer usually does not sit down at a computer keyboard and start coding or typing the program code. The programmer’s job can be broken down into programming steps. These steps are the flow of the process where in it performs sequentially. Doing it so will able to have a 100 percent assurance of a good work and responsive program. The diagram below illustrates the different steps that constitute programming process.

Programming Planning

v Understanding the Problem

v Make decision on how to satisfy the needs of others.

v Decide what the programs do.

Program Design (The heart of Programming Process)

v Planning the program logic. (Plan how the program will work.

v Planning the steps on the program, declining what steps to include and how to organize them.

v Planning the solution to a problem can be done in so many ways. The most common planning tools are PSEUDOCODE and FLOWCHART.

FLOWCHART - a graphical representation of the step by step logical solution to a problem.

PSEUDO-CODE- is English like short-hand artificial code that resembles the actual program code.

Program Coding

v Here the programmer writes the program code

v The writing of the program code into an appropriate program language (any one of the more than 400 programming languages).

Testing and Debugging

v Enter the program code into the computer and compile (translate) the program source code into an object code.

v Ensures the program must be free from syntax error, so it can be compiled and executed.

v Test the program to make sure it is free from logical errors.

NOTE: A program that is free of syntax errors is not necessarily free of logical errors.

TESTING- he process of checking of the program works according to the plan.

DEBUGGING- the process of finding and correcting the errors found in the program.

SYNTX ERROR- the misuse of language grammar rules.

LOGICAL ERROR- the errors that make the meaning of the expression difficult to understand.

Documentation

v An important activity in all the phases/ steps of the programming process to describe how to use the program organized and operates.

Technical Documentation- is a documentation written in technical terms and intended for programmers documenting how the program was created and operates. This helps other programmer who may be tapped to continue the work of original programmer who may no longer be available to continue the work.

User Documentation- is a documentation written in non technical terms and intended for the program user guiding them how to use the program.

Implementation

v The adequately tested program is considered ready to use.

v Putting the program into production.

Maintenance

v Correcting program errors (bugs) as a program users pointed them out.

v Modify in response to user suggestions and needs.

Flowcrating:An Aid to Programming

2013-09-29T22:59:00.001-07:00

The goal of programming is to create an algorithm, a clear and unambiguous specification of the steps needed to solve a problem. Diagrams are important tools in specifying the logical steps required in problem. Solving and they are helpful in presenting the logical solution to a problem in visual form. A good example of these diagrams is the flowchart.

Flowcharting is the process of creating the logical algorithm that leads to correct and efficient program design. Flowchart depicts the diagram of picture of the logic of a solution algorithm to the problem being addressed.

BASIC FLOW-CHARTING SYMBOL AND THEIR MEANINGS:

Terminal Box- It represents the beginning, or the end, or a point of interruption or delay in a program.

Input/Output Box- represents an I/O function on which makes data available for processing (input) or displaying of processed information (output).

Process Box- represents the process of executing a defined operation or group of operations that results in a change in value forms or location of interruption. It also functions as default symbol when no other symbol is available. It is sometimes referred to as assignment box.

Connector- Represents an entry form or exit to, to another part of the flowchart. Also serve as an off page connector.

Initialization Box- It is used to initialize variables. Initialization is the process of assigning a value to a variable or set of variables.

Predefined Process- represents a named process consisting of one or more operations of program steps that are specified elsewhere’s

Annotation Symbol- represents the addition of descriptive information, comments, or explanatory notes or clarifications. The vertical line and the broken line may be placed on the left, or on the right.

Flow lines- represent the sequence of available information and executable operations. The lines connect other symbols and the arrow heads are mandatory and bottom-to-top flow.

Study Habit Tips

2013-09-29T22:44:00.001-07:00

Hello my dear readers and fellow students. As a college student we must know what are the best method of studying. How to organized, taking down notes, preparing for an assignments, oral report and exams. Being able able to have a good study habits, will make you easy to catch up and less failure on grades.It will help you become more confident, effective, productive and intelligent person in both your personal and professional lives. The following are some tips of it.

Methods of Studying

1. Get an overview by scanning the assignment quickly. Take note of headings, pictures, graphs, tables and topic sentences.

2. Go back and study by rereading, summarizing, outlining or underlining important word or sentences.

3. Summarize, analyze test and clarify ideas.

In addition to these methods here are techniques that will help the student learn:

1. Write down the assignments completely and accurately. If possible, work on the assignment right after the class so that details are still fresh.

2. Work on outside reading every day. This eliminates the panic that is often felt as the deadline for submission approaches; thus, allowing the submission of quality work on time.

3. Have a dictionary ready when studying so that meaning of unfamiliar words can be looked up.

4. Take a short break between study periods.

5. When somebody is reading a report, take down short notes.

6. Take part in class discussion in order to understand the ideas being presented. Ask questions for the purpose of clarifying obscure points.

7. Keep test papers. Analyze the questions missed and discuss the same with classmates.

Preparing for Examinations

Preparing for examination begins even before th start of classes, not a day before the examination. Here are some pointers on how to be ready for examination.

1. Maintain good health. When health is poor, mental efficiency is also poor. It is advised that during semestral breaks, students should have medical and dental checkups. They should also at balanced diet, sleep at least eight hours a day, and maintain personal hygiene.

2. Be regular and consistent in your studying. Studying begins on the first day of classes, not on the eve of the examination. Do not cram, Instead, review notes every day.

3. Hold study sessions with classmates or board mats in order to share ideas and information.

4. Review previous test and other written assignments so as to discover and correct mistakes.

5. Develop wholesome attitudes. Examinations must not be viewed as punishment or ordeals that one must suffer, but as a tool for testing the effectiveness of teaching and learning.

Taking Examinations

The following suggestions are to be considered when taking examinations:

1. Bring all necessary materials- test booklet or paper, ballpen and examination permit.

2. Go to the examination room at least five minutes before the start of examination.

3. Read the instruction at least twice before answering the questions.

4. Go over all the test paper questions in order to determine the nature and scope of the test and to find the easy and difficult parts of the examinations.

5. Answer the easy items first and then go back to the difficult ones later. Mark the parts that have not been answered so that they can be easily spotted.

6. If the examination will take more than one hour, rest after each hour by closing the eyes and putting the hands down in a minute.

7. Review test paper. Go over facts, spelling, tenses and agreement. Check whether any number or page has been omitted.

Answering Essay Tests

1. He sticks to the topic. He should not include material that have no relation his just so his essay would appear long.

2. He organizes his essay in such a manner that the reader can follow his thoughts. For these reasons, a student is well-advised to make a brief outline before he answers the essay questions.

3. He goes straight to the point; that is. He begins with brief sentences that summarize the main points. Long introduction should be avoided.

4. He leaves some space after each essay answer so that if he still has time left after having answered the entire question, he can add some more data that have been forgotten or omitted.

5. He used transitional expression to show the logical relationship of ideas.

Giving Oral Reports

An oral report is usually one of the course requirements in college. However, most students just copy the reports verbatim from one or several text and deliver them so ineffectively that the class does not learn anything.

The following steps should be kept in mind if one wants to be an effective reporter:

1. If given a choice of topic, choose one that is interesting primarily to you, and secondly, to your classmate. An interesting topic makes you an enthusiastic report, and the class, an attentive audience.

2. Consult as man source as possible and acknowledge them in the report through footnotes.

3. Make an outline so that ideas and information can be organized and presented logically.

4. Divide the report into three parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction should arouse the interest of the audience begin which story, a quotation or paradoxical statement or tell the class the importance of the report to them. Then, sustain the interest of the audience through a clear, concise, and logical presentation of facts and through an animated delivery. The last is made possible with the use of gestures, body movement, and facial expression and well modulate voice. End which summary of the ideas presented in the body.

5. If you feel nervous before the report, take a deep breath and tell yourself that there is really nothing to fear. Considered your audience as your friends who are there because they are interested in what you are going to say.

6. Used the extemporaneous method of delivery. Even if you have prepare the text of your repot, do not read it word for word. Neither should you memorize it. Instead, you may bring you’re report with you but do not used the same words that you have used in the report just refer to your report once in a while. Better still; just take with you a detailed outline of your report. This method allows for spontaneity, flexibility and eye to eye contact.

7. Speak to the audience in a conversation tone so as not to tax your speech organ.

Note Taking

Note are taken either during the lecture or study periods at home or in the library. There are six ways of taking effective lectures notes:

1. Write notes in notebooks, not on loose leaf paper for the obvious reason that the letter will easily get lost.

2. Before going to school, read the subject assigned for the next lecture so that you will have an overview of the topics to be covered and thus be able to organize you notes well.

3. Prepare to take note as soon as the instructor begins the lecture.

4. Listen carefully to what is being said. While listening, sort out ideas and make a mental outline.

5. Write down notes in outline form.

6. Listen for clues like keywords and topic sentences. Write them down because they are important.

Note-taking is a process systematic thinking. If one wish to get maximum benefit from one’s reading, the note should be well-organized.

Contributions of Scientist and Mathematicians To the Evolution of Computers

2013-09-29T22:37:00.000-07:00

Nearly 5,000 years ago the Abacus emerged in Asia Minor. The abacus may be considered the first computer. This device allowed its users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack. Early shopkeepers used the abacus to keep up with transactions. The use of pencil and paper spread, the abacus lost its importance. Nearly twelve centuries past before the next important advance in computing devices emerged

500BC

a) The ABACUS is the oldest and perhaps the most important computing instrument. When the beads on the wire are manipulated, ordinary and large nos. can be performed.

1500

a) The first mechanical calculator may have been conceived by Leonardo da Vinci almost one hundred and fifty years earlier than Pascal's machine.

1614

a) John Napier-Baron of Merchiston, Scotland, invented a tool called Napier’s bones in 1614. These were multiplication tables inscribed on strips of wood or bone. Logs allowed multiplication and division produced.

1621

a) William Oughtred invented the Modern Slide Rule.

b) It was a precursor to the electronic calculator, and it was commonly used well into the 1970's.

c) Really the first analog computer

1623

a) German professor Wilhelm Schickard invented the first gear-driven calculating machine known as Calculating Clock.

1644

a) Blaise Pascal- invented the PASCALINE

b) AUTOMATIC ADDING MACHINE was the first significant calculating machine.

c) The numbers to be added together are dialed in via the row of numbered wheels at the bottom, and the result shows at the top. The machine was also capable of subtraction. It has the capacity for eight digits, but has trouble carrying and its gears tend to jam.

1679

a) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz- invented the Leibnitz Calculator

b) In 1670s, German baron called Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (or sometimes called Leibnitz) took mechanical calculation a step further. Leibniz improved Pascal’s ideas and, in 1671, introduced The Step Reckoner, a device that could multiply and device besides performing addition and subtraction. It could also evaluate square roots by series or stepped additions.

1801

a) Joseph Marie Jacquard- invented The Punch Card.One of the fundamentals of computing.

b) Jacquard perfected the first punch card machine – a loom capable of weaving pictures into cloth to match a set of commands on the cards. With his punched cards, the Frenchman had effectively found a way of communicating with machines. The language was limited to two commands: hole and no hole, but the binary system is universal in all modern day machines.

c) Later, the system launched technology in the US and saw the birth of International Business Machines (IBM).

1830

a) Charles Babbage- Difference Engine

b) Its purpose was to compute polynomials and mathematical tables, such as logarithms using a numerical method called the differences method .With a design of a mechanical 'Computer', which used a series of gears to calculate numbers using the mathematical method of differences.

1834

a) Charles Babbage- Analytical Engine

b) Though never completed, this had input devices based on punched cards, as per Jacquard's design, an arithmetic processor that calculated numbers, a control unit that determined that the correct task was carried out, an output mechanism and a memory where numbers could be stored while waiting their turn to be processed.

c) A fully program-controlled and automatic mechanical computer. It was this device that was the world's first computer.

1843

a. Ada Lovelave-The first programmer, she wrote a series of instructions for Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical computer that would calculate Bernoulli numbers.

1890

a. Herman Hollerith- Hollerith's machine

b. He devised a system of encoding data on cards through a series of punched holes. Hollerith's machine - used in the 1890 US census - read the cards by passing them through electrical contacts. Closed circuits indicating whole positions could then be selected and counted.His Tabulating Machine Company of 1896 was a predecessor to IBM

Computer History Timeline (1937-2009)

2013-09-29T22:33:00.000-07:00

All of us know how to use computers right?, but don't you even ask yourself: who is the first programmer? , How computer evolves? , Who invented the first digital computer?. All of this are some possible motivations. During the early years, there where no computers. Our ancestors. Used fingers or pebbles to add or subtract. Later they realized that, by using some objects to represent digits, it was possible to perform computations beyond the limited scope of one’s own fingers.

1937

a) “Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry design and build the first electronic digital computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer, or ABC, provides the foundation for advances in electronic digital computers.”

1942

a) An inventor named Blaise Pascal introduces to the world the digital adding machine referred to as the Pascaline digital adding machine.

1943

a) During World War II, British scientist Alan Turing designs the Colossus, an electronic computer created for the military to break German codes and. The computer’s existence is kept secret until the 1970s.

1945

a) John von Neumann poses in front of the electronics computer built at the institute for advanced Study. This computer and its von Neumann architecture served as the prototype for subsequent stored program computers worldwide.

1946

a) Dr. John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. complete work on the first large-scale electronic, general-purpose digital computer. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) weighs 30 tons, contains 18,000 vacuum tubes, occupies a 30 x 50 foot space, and consumes 160 kilowatts of power.

1947

a) William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invent the transfer resistance device, eventually called the transistor. The transistor would revolutionize computers, proving much more reliable than vacuum tubes.

1949

a. At Cambridge University, Maurice Wilkes assembles the first practical stored program computer called the EDSAC.

1950

b. The ERA 1101 is built by the Engineering Research Associates of Minneapolis. It is one of the first commercially produced computer systems.

c. EDVAC was invented- It stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

1951

a) The first commercially available electronic digital computer, the UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Computer), is introduced by Remington Rand. Public awareness of computer increases when the UNIVAC correctly predicts that Dwight D. Eisenhower will win the presidential election.

1952

a) Dr. Grace hopper considers the concept of reusable software in her paper, ‘The education of a Computer.” The paper describes how to program a computer with symbolic notation instead of detailed machine language.

1953

a) The IBM model 650 is one of the first widely used computers. The Computer is so successful that IBM manufactures more than 1,000. IBM will dominate the mainframe market for the next decade.

b) Core memory, developed in the early 1950’s providing much larger storage capacity than vacuum tube memory.

1954

a) Gordon Teal from Texas Instruments perfects a silicon based junction transistor which brings a tremendous reduction in costs to build a computer.

b) IBM’s 650 magnetic drum calculator is also established as the first mass produced computer. Mass produced in the 50’s is 450 computers if you can believe that.

1955

a. The first fully transistorized computer TRADIC is announced by Bell Laboratories.

1956

a) The TX-0 is built by MIT researchers. It is the first general purpose, programmable computer that is built using transistors. Also, the era of magnetic disk storage is about to blossom when IBM ships a 305 RAMAC to Zellerbach Paper in San Francisco California.

1957

a) FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), an efficient, easy-to-use programming language, is introduced by John Backus.

b) The IBM 305 RAMAC computer is the first to use magnetic disk for external storage. The computer provides storage capacity similar to magnetic tape that previously was used but offers the advantage of semi-random access capability.

1958

a) Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments invents the integrated circuit which lays the foundation for high-speed computers and large-capacity memory. Computers built with transistors mark the beginning of the second generation of computer hardware.

1959

a) More than 200 programming languages have been created.

b) IBM introduced two smaller, desk sized computer: the IBM 1401 for business and the IBM 1620 for scientists.

c) IBM’s 7000 series mainframes become its first transistorized computer.

d) Also in 1959 Robert Noyce’s integrated circuit allows printing of electrical conducting channels directly on a silicon surface.

1960

a) COBOL, a high-level business application language, is developed by a committee headed by Dr. Grace Hopper.

1961

a) The number of computers has grown to 18,000. Third-generation computers, with their controlling circuitry stored on chips, are introduced. The IBM System/360 computer is the first family of compatible machines, merging science and business lines.

b) IBM introduces the term word processing for the first time with its Magnetic Tape/Selectric Typewriter (MT/ST). The MT/ST was the first reusable storage medium that allowed typed material to be edited without having to retype the document.

1964

a. IBM announces a family of six mutually compatible computers and 40 peripherals that work together called the System/360.

b. Also in 1964 Seymour Cray’s CDC supercomputer performs up to three million instructions per second which literally is a processing speed three times its closest competitor, IBM’s Stretch system.

c. In 1964 IBM’s SABRE reservation system is also setup up for American Airlines.

1965

a) Dr. John Kemeny of Dartmouth leads the development of the BASIC programming language.

b) Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduces the first minicomputer, the PDP-8. The machine is used extensively as an interface for time-sharing systems.

1966

a) Hewlett-Packard enters the all purpose computer business with its release of the HP-2115. The HP-2115’s computing power is that which is formerly found only in far larger computer systems before it.

1968

a) Alan Shugart at IBM demonstrates the first regular use of an 8-inch floppy disk.

b) In a letter to the editor titled, "GO TO Statements Considered Harmful," Dr. Edsger Dijkstra introduces the concept of structured programming, developing standards for constructing computer programs.

c) Computer Science Corporation (CSC) becomes the first software company listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

1969

a) Under pressure from the industry, IBM announces that some of its software will be priced separately from the computer hardware, allowing software firms to emerge in the industry.

b) The ARPANET 56Kbps network, a predecessor of the Internet, is established.

1970

a) Fourth-generation computers, built with chips that use LSI (large-scale integration) arrive. While the chips used in 1965 contained up to 1,000 circuits, the LSI chip contains as many as 15,000.

1971

a) Dr. Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation develops a microprocessor, or micro programmable computer chip, the Intel 4004.

1972

a) Intel’s 8008 microprocessor makes its debut.

b) Hewlett-Packard announces the HP-35.

c) Steve Wozniak builds his blue box which is a tone generator to make free phone calls.

1973

a) At the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Robert Metcalfe devices the Ethernet method of networking.

b) Also in 1972 the Micral is the earliest commercial non-kit personal computer system based on a microprocessor. It used the Intel 8008 processor.

c) 1973 also saw the TV Typewriter designed by Don Lancaster. It provided the first display of alphanumeric information on your ordinary television.

1974

a) Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center design the Alto which is the first workstation with a built-in mouse for input.

b) Also in 1974 Scelbi advertises the 8H computer. What makes the 8H special is the fact that it is the first commercially advertised U.S. computer based on a microprocessor. It used the Intel 8008 computer processor.

1975

a. Ethernet, the first local area network (LAN), is developed at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) by Robert Metcalf.

b. MITS, Inc. advertises one of the first microcomputers, the Altair. The Altair is sold in kits for less than $400 and within the first three months 4,000 orders are taken.

c. Microsoft is founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975.

d. The first commercial packet switching network called Telenet is created. It is the civilian equivalent of ARPAnet.

e. Also in 1975 The January edition of Popular Electronics features on its cover the Altair 8800 computer which uses the Intel 8080 microprocessor.

f. 1975 also was the year of the visual display module prototype. It was designed by Lee Felsenstein, and it was the first implementation of a memory mapped alphanumeric video display for personal computer systems.

1976

a) Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak build the first Apple computer. A subsequent version, the Apple II, is an immediate success. Adopted by elementary schools, high schools, and colleges, for many students the Apple II is their first contact with the world of computers.

1977

a) Apple Computer introduces the Apple II computer system.

b) The TRS-80 is also introduced by Tandy Radio Shack.

c) Commodore also introduces the PET, or Personal Electronic Transactor.

1979

a. VisiCalc, a spreadsheet program written by Bob Frankston and Dan Bricklin, is introduced.

b. The first public online information services, CompuServe and the Source, are founded.

1980

a. IBM offers Microsoft Corporation co-founder, Bill Gates, the opportunity to develop the operating system for the soon-to-be announced IBM personal computer. With the development of MS-DOS, Microsoft achieves tremendous growth and success.

b. Alan Shugart presents the Winchester hard disk, revolutionizing storage for personal computers.

c. The first hard drive for microcomputers called the ST-506 is created by Seagate Technology.

d. Also in 1980 the first optical data storage disk contains 60 times the capacity of a 5 ¼-inch floppy disk.

e. Another sweet kick off for the 80’s is the invention of the computer “worm” by John Shoch from the Xerox Palo alto Research Center. This so called worm is a short program that searches a network for idle processors.

1981

a) The IBM PC is introduced, signaling IBM’s entrance into the personal computer marketplace. The IBM PC quickly garners the largest share of the personal computer market and becomes the personal computer of choice in business.

b) The first computer virus, Elk Cloner, is spread via Apple II floppy disks, which contained the operating system. A short rhyme would appear on the screen when the user pressed Reset after the 50th boot of an infected disk.

c) Xerox also introduces the Star which is the first personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI).

d) The first portable computer is also completed by Adam Osborne. Like many inventions of the day it gets its name from the inventor and it’s called the Osborne I, go figure. But check this, the Osborne I portable computer weighed in at 24 pounds and sold for $1795 dollars at the time.

e) Also in 1981 Sony Corporation introduces and ships the first 3 ½-inch floppy disk drive and disks.

1982

a) 3,275,000 personal computers are sold, almost 3,000,000 more than in 1981.

b) Compaq, Inc. is founded to develop and market IBM-compatible PCs.

c) Hayes introduces the 300 bps smart modem. The modem is an immediate success.

1983

a) Instead of choosing a person for its annual award, TIME magazine names the computer Machine of the Year for 1982, acknowledging the impact of computers on society.

b) Lotus Development Corporation is founded. Its spreadsheet software, Lotus 1-2-3, which combines spreadsheet, graphics, and database programs in one package, becomes the best-selling program for IBM personal computers.

c) Apple introduces its Lisa computer incorporating a GUI very similar to that first introduced on the Xerox Star.

d) Compaq Computer Corporation introduces its first PC clone that uses the same software as the IBM PC.

1984

a) Apple introduces the Macintosh computer, which incorporates a unique, easy-to-learn, graphical user interface.

b) Hewlett-Packard announces the first LaserJet printer for personal computers.

c) Also in 1984 IBM releases the PC-AT which is three times faster than original PC’s. Its speed came from its usage of the Intel 286 processor.

d) The PC-AT also introduced a new computer bus called the 16-bit ISA bus.

1985

a) Philips introduces the CD-ROM.

1986

a. Microsoft has public stock offering and raises approximately $61 million.

b. Compaq announces the Deskpro 386 which is the first computer on the market to use Intel’s new 386 chips.

1987

a) IBM introduces its PS/2 computers making the 3 ½-inch floppy disk drive and VGA video standard for PC’s.

b) Also introduced with the PS/2 was its inclusion of the first plug-and-play computer bus for PC’s called MicroChannel Architecture (MCA).

1988

a) Microsoft surpasses Lotus Development Corporation to become the world's top software vendor.

b) After leaving Apple, Apple cofounder Steve Jobs unveils his own company called NeXT.

c) Also in 1988 Compaq and other PC makers develop a new computer bus called the Enchanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA). What was especially unique about this bus was that unlike MicroChannel EISA remained backward compatible with the ISA bus.

1989

a) While working at CERN, Switzerland, Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web.

b) Nintendo introduces the Game Boy, its first handheld game console.

c) The Intel 486 becomes the world’s first 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor. It executes 15,000,000 instructions per second - four times as fast as its predecessor, the 80386 chip.

1990

a) The World Wide Web (WWW) is born after researcher Tim Berners-Lee develops HTML, the Hypertext Markup Language.

1991

a) Kodak announces the first digital SLR (single-lens reflex) camera. The Kodak DCS 100 is developed mostly for photojournalism purposes and stores the photos and batteries in a separate unit.

b) World Wide Web Consortium releases standards that describe a framework for linking documents on different computers.

1992

a) Microsoft releases Windows 3.1, the latest version of its Windows operating system. Windows 3.1 offers improvements such as TrueType fonts, multimedia capability, and object linking and embedding (OLE). In two months, 3,000,000 copies of Windows 3.1 are sold.

1993

a) Several companies introduce computers using the Pentium processor from Intel. The Pentium chip contains 3.1 million transistors and is capable of performing 112,000,000 instructions per second.

b) The U.S. Air Force completes the Global Positioning System by launching its 24th Navstar satellite into orbit. Today, GPS receivers can be found in cars, notebook computers, and smart phones.

c) Microsoft releases Microsoft Office 3 Professional, the first version of Microsoft Office for the Windows operating system.

d) The White House launches its Web site, which includes an interactive citizens' handbook and White House history and tours.

1994

a) Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen found Netscape and launch Netscape Navigator 1.0, a Web browser.

b) Linus Torvalds creates the Linux kernel, a UNIX-like operating system that he releases free across the Internet for further enhancement by other programmers.

c) Apple introduces the first digital camera intended for consumers. The Apple QuickTake 100 is connected to home computers using a serial cable.

d) Yahoo!, a popular search engine and portal, is founded by two Stanford Ph.D. students as a way to keep track of their personal interests on the Internet. Currently, Yahoo! has approximately 12,000 employees and more than 500 million unique visitors to its Web site.

e) Amazon is founded and later begins business as an online bookstore. Amazon eventually expands to sell products of all types and facilitates the buying and selling of new and used goods. Today, Amazon has approximately 17,000 employees.

1995

a) Sun Microsystems launches Java, an object-oriented programming language that allows users to write one program for a variety of computer platforms.

b) Microsoft releases Windows 95, a major upgrade to its Windows operating system. Windows 95 consists of more than 10,000,000 lines of computer instructions developed by 300 person-years of effort.

c) eBay, an online auction Web site, is founded. Providing an online venue for people to buy and sell goods, it quickly becomes the world’s largest online marketplace as it approaches 100 million active users worldwide.

1996

a) U.S. Robotics introduces the PalmPilot, an inexpensive user friendly personal digital assistant (PDA).

b) Microsoft releases Windows NT 4.0, an operating system for client-server networks.

1997

a) Intel introduces the Pentium II processor with 7.5 million transistors. The new processor, which incorporates MMX technology, processes video, audio, and graphics data more efficiently and supports programs such as movie editing, gaming, and more.

b) Microsoft releases Internet Explorer 4.0 and seizes a key place in the Internet arena.

1998

a. Google is founded and is now the most used search engine, capturing more than 60 percent of the market over other search engines.

b. Apple Computer introduces the iMac, the next version of its popular Macintosh computer. The iMac wins customers with its futuristic design, see-through case, and easy setup.

c. E-commerce booms. Companies such as Amazon.com, Dell, and E*TRADE spur online shopping, allowing buyers to obtain a variety of goods and services.

d. Microsoft ships Windows 98, an upgrade to Windows 95. Windows 98 offers improved Internet access, better system performance, and support for a new generation of hardware and software.

1999

a) Open source software, such as Linux operating system and the Apache Web server created by unpaid volunteers, begin to gain wide acceptance among computer users.

b) Microsoft introduces Office 2000, its premier productivity suite, offering new tools for users to create content and save it directly to a Web site without any file conversion or special steps.

c) Intel introduces the Pentium III processor. This processor succeeds the Pentium II and can process 3-D graphics more quickly. The Pentium III processor contains between 9.5 and 44 million transistors.

d) Governments and businesses frantically work to make their computers Y2K (Year 2000) compliant, spending more than $500 billion worldwide.

2000

a) Shawn Fanning, 19, and his company, Napster, turn the music industry upside down by developing software that allows computer users to swap music files with one another without going through a centralized file server.

b) Microsoft ships Windows 2000 and Windows Me. Windows 2000 offers improved behind-the scenes security and reliability.

c) E-commerce achieves mainstream acceptance. Annual e-commerce sales exceed $100 billion, and Internet advertising expenditures reach more than $5 billion.

d) Dot.com companies (Internet based) go out of business at a record pace — nearly one per day — as financial investors withhold funding due to the companies’ unprofitability.

e) Telemedicine uses satellite technology and video conferencing to broadcast consultations and to perform distant surgeries. Robots are used for complex and precise tasks.

f) Microsoft releases Windows Millennium Edition or Me, and Windows 2000.

g) The 1GHz milestone is hit when both Intel and AMD introduce processors running at 1GHz.

2001

a) Microsoft releases major operating system updates with Windows XP for personal computers and servers. Windows XP is significantly more reliable than previous versions, features a 32-bit computing architecture, and offers a new look and feel.

b) Intel unveils its Pentium 4 chip with clock speeds starting at 1.4 GHz. The Pentium 4 includes 42 million transistors.

c) Microsoft introduces Office XP, the next version of the world's leading suite of productivity software. Features include speech and handwriting recognition, smart tags, and task panes.

d) Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia, is introduced. Additional wikis begin to appear on the Internet, enabling people to share information in their areas of expertise. Although some might rely on wikis for research purposes, the content is not always verified for accuracy.

2002

a) After several years of negligible sales, the Tablet PC is reintroduced as the next-generation personal mobile device.

b) Digital video cameras, DVD burners, easy-to-use video editing software, and improvements in storage capabilities allow the average computer user to create Hollywood like videos with introductions, conclusions, rearranged scenes, music, and voice-over.

c) Microsoft launches its .NET strategy, which is a new environment for developing and running software applications featuring ease of development of Web-based services.

d) DVD burners begin to replace CD burners (CD-RW). DVDs can store up to eight times as much data as CDs. Uses include storing home movies, music, photos, and backups.

e) Intel ships its revamped Pentium 4 chip with the 0.13 micro processor and Hyper-Threading (HT) Technology, operating at speeds of 3.06 GHz. This new development eventually will enable processors with a billion transistors to operate at 20 GHz.

2003

a) Wireless computers and devices, such as keyboards, mouse devices, home networks, and wireless Internet access points become commonplace.

b) Microsoft ships Office 2003, the latest version of its flagship Office suite. More than 400 million people in 175 nations and 70 languages are using a version of Office.

c) In an attempt to maintain their current business model of selling songs, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) files more than 250 lawsuits against individual computer users who offer copyrighted music over peer-to peer networks.

d) MySpace, an online social network, is founded. MySpace allows users to share information, photos, and videos, as well as stay in touch with their friends and make new friends. MySpace eventually grows to nearly 200 million users, making it one of the more popular and successful online social networks.

2004

a. Companies such as RealNetworks, Microsoft, Sony, and Wal-Mart stake out turf in the online music store business started by Apple Computer.

b. USB flash drives become a cost-effective way to transport data and information from one computer to another.

c. Flat-panel LCD monitors overtake bulky CRT monitors as the popular choice of computer users.

d. 106 million, or 53 percent, of the 200 million online populations in America accesses the Internet via broadband.

e. Major retailers begin requiring suppliers to include radio frequency identification (RFID) tags or microchips with antennas, which can be as small as one-third of a millimeter across, in the goods they sell.

f. The smart phone overtakes the PDA as the mobile device of choice.

g. Facebook, an online social network originally available only to college students, is founded. Facebook eventually opens registration to all people and grows to more than 110 million users with more than 10 billion photos, 30 million of which are uploaded daily.

h. Linux, the open source operating system, makes major inroads into the server market as a viable alternative to Microsoft Windows, Sun’s Solaris, and the UNIX operating systems.

i. Sony unveils its PlayStation Portable (PSP). This handheld game console is the first to use optical discs.

j. Mozilla releases its first version of the Firefox Web browser. Firefox offers innovative features not available in Internet Explorer 6, including tabbed browsing and a Search box. Firefox quickly gains popularity and takes market share away from Microsoft’s Internet Explorer.

k. Apple Computer introduces the sleek iMac G5. The new computer’s display device contains the system unit.

2005

a) Apple releases the latest version of its popular pocket-sized iPod portable media player. First it played songs, then photos, then podcasts, and now, in addition, up to 150 hours of music videos and television shows on a 2.5" color display.

b) YouTube, an online community for video sharing, is founded. YouTube includes content such as home videos, movie previews, and clips from television shows. In November 2006, Google acquires YouTube.

c) Microsoft introduces Visual Studio 2005. The product includes Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual J#, Visual C++, and SQL Server.

d) Spam, spyware, phishing, pharming, spim, and spit take center stage, along with viruses, as major nuisances to the 801 million computer users worldwide.

e) Microsoft unveils Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005. This operating system focuses on delivering media content such as music, digital photos, movies, and television.

f) Microsoft releases the Xbox 360, its latest game console. Features include the capability to play music, display photos, and network with computers and other Xbox games.

g) Blogging and podcasting become mainstream methods for distributing information via the Web.

2006

a. Web 2.0, a term coined in 2004, becomes a household term with the increase in popularity of online social networks, wikis, and Web applications.

b. Sony launches its PlayStation 3. New features include a Blu-ray Disc player, high-definition capabilities, and always-on online connectivity.

c. Microsoft and Mozilla release new versions of their respective Web browsers. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer 7 and Mozilla’s Firefox 2 offer easier browsing through the use of tabs and allow search capabilities directly from the toolbar.

d. Text, picture, and video messaging continue to increase as popular communications methods. In addition to people sending informal messages to each other, businesses and other institutions use messaging to allow people to vote in polls, receive targeted advertisements, and view news updates.

e. Nintendo Wii is introduced and immediately becomes a leader in game consoles. The Wii is being used in revolutionary ways, such as training surgeons.

f. Intel introduces its Core 2 Duo processor family. Boasting record-breaking performance while using less power, the family consists of five desktop computer processors and five mobile computer processors. The desktop processor includes 291 million transistors, yet uses 40 percent less power than the Pentium processor.

g. IBM produces the fastest supercomputer, Blue Gene/L. It can perform approximately 28 trillion calculations in the time it takes you to blink your eye, or about one-tenth of a second.

h. Nintendo releases the Nintendo DS Lite, a handheld game console with new features such as dual screens and improved graphics and sound.

i. Apple begins selling Macintosh computers with Intel microprocessors.

2007

a. Video blogs, or vlogs, grow in popularity along with YouTube. Vlogs allow users to video their message instead of entering text via a regular blog. The growth in the popularity of vlogs is attributed to several factors, including the use of video portable media players. Podcasting also increases in popularity for the same reasons. A podcast is distinguished from other digital audio formats by its capability to be downloaded automatically.

b. Intel introduces Core 2 Quad, a four-core processor made for dual-processor servers and desktop computers. The larger number of cores allows for more energy-efficient performance and optimizes battery performance in notebook computers.

c. Apple introduces the iPhone and sells 270,000 phones in the first 2 days. iPhone uses iTouch technology that allows you to make a call simply by tapping a name or number in your address book. In addition, it stores and plays music like an iPod. Also, Apple sells its one billion songs on iTunes.

d. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) providers expand usage to include Wi-Fi phones. The phones enable high-quality service through a Wireless-G network and high-speed Internet connection.

e. Apple releases its Mac OS X version 10.5 “Leopard” operating system, available in a desktop version and server version. The system includes a significantly revised desktop, with a semitransparent menu bar and an updated search tool that incorporates the same visual navigation interface as iTunes.

f. Wi-Fi hotspots are popular in a variety of locations. People bring their computers to coffeehouses, fast food restaurants, or bookstores to access the Internet wirelessly, either free or for a small fee.

g. Blu-ray Discs increase in popularity, overcoming and replacing HD DVD in less than one year. A Blu-ray Disc can store approximately 9 hours of high definition (HD) video on a 50 GB disc or approximately 23 hours of standard-definition (SD) video.

h. Half of the world’s population uses cell phones. More and more people are using a cell phone in lieu of a landline in their home.

i. Microsoft releases Office 2007. New features include the most significant update to the user interface in more than a decade, including the introduction of the Ribbon, which replaces the toolbars in most of the programs, and the capability to save documents in XML and PDF formats.

j. Microsoft ships the latest version of its widely used operating system, Windows Vista. Vista offers the Basic interface and the Aero interface, which offers several graphical features, including transparent windows. Internet Explorer 7 is included with Windows Vista.

2008

a) Microsoft introduces Windows Server 2008, the successor to Windows Server 2003.

b) Bill Gates retires from Microsoft. He continues as chairman and advisor on key development projects.

c) Dell offers a hybrid computer. Smaller than a desktop computer but larger than a notebook computer, these hybrid computers contain features comparable to their larger counterparts and can work more easily in a home entertainment environment.

d) Netflix, an online movie rental company, and TiVo, a company manufacturing digital video recorders (DVRs), make Netflix movies and television episodes available on TiVo (DVRs).

e) WiMAX goes live! The advantage of this technology is the capability to access video, music, voice, and video calls wherever and whenever desired. Average download speeds are between 2 Mbps and 4 Mbps. By year’s end, Sprint has approximately 100 million users on its network.

f) Smart phones become smarter. Smart phones introduced this year include enhanced features such as touch screens with multi-touch technology, mobile TV, tactile feedback, improved graphics, GPS receivers, and better cameras.

g) Computer manufacturers begin to offer solid state drives (SSDs) instead of hard disks, mostly in notebook computers. Although SSDs have a lower storage capacity, are more expensive, and slightly more susceptible to failure, they are significantly faster.

h) Mozilla releases Firefox 3, the latest version of its Web browser. Firefox 3 offers greater security, a more user-friendly interface, and other improvements to enhance the Web browsing experience.

i) Google releases its new Web browser. Google Chrome uses an entirely unique interface and offers other features such as dynamic tabs, crash control, and application shortcuts.

2009

a. In February 2009, federal law requires that all full-power television stations broadcast only in digital format. Analog television owners are required to purchase a converter box to view over-the-air digital programming.

b. Some educational institutions begin to phase out computer labs, or reduce their hours, because of the increase in the number of students who own notebook computers and bring them to school.

c. Individuals and enterprises increase their focus on green computing. Computer manufacturers not only sell more energy-efficient hardware, they also provide easy ways in which customers can recycle their old computers and devices.

d. Web applications continue to increase in popularity. Web apps make it easier to perform tasks such as word processing, photo editing, and tax preparation without installing software on your computer.

e. Intel enhances its Core processor family by releasing multi-core processors with additional cores. Each additional core can increase the number of instructions that can be processed at a given time.

f. Microsoft releases the latest version of its Office suite. This version is available in multiple editions and continues to help people work more efficiently. An edition of this version of Office also is available as a Web application.

g. Microsoft releases the newest version of its Windows operating system, Windows 7. This version provides greater stability and security; a more flexible, user-friendly interface; and requires fewer computing resources to operate.

h. Notebook computer sales continue to rise, overtaking desktop computers. Advances in technology and decreasing notebook computer prices have businesses as well as individuals rapidly replacing desktop computers with more notebook computers.

i. Microsoft releases Internet Explorer 8, also known as IE8. IE8 offers new features such as InPrivate Browsing, Accelerators, and support for WebSlices.

j. Virtualization in servers, storage devices, and clients is more widely used in an effort to reduce hardware and support costs.

k. Decreases in storage costs and increases in Internet connection speeds persuade more users to use cloud storage for their data. Cloud storage also provides users with the convenience of accessing their files from almost anywhere.

l. Ubuntu, a Linux-based operating system, continues attempts to attract users by offering an easy to-use, stable operating system. Ubuntu provides an intuitive interface with which both Windows and Mac users quickly can become familiar.

m. Computers and mobile devices promote fitness by offering games and programs to help users exercise and track their progress. These games and programs also are used to assist with physical rehabilitation.

n. Social networking revolutionizes communications. Schools, radio stations, and other organizations develop their own social networks to facilitate communications.

Computer

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Computers play a key role in how individuals work and how they live. Even the smallest organizations have computers to help them operate more efficiently, and many individuals use computers at home for educational, entertainment, and business purposes. In this session, you will learn what computer is in general,what are the characteristics,limitations and capabilities of computer.

What is Computer in general?

A computer is a generally defined as an electronic device capable of performing both arithmetical and logical calculations based on the set of program instruction to produce a meaningful and useful output.

What are the Characteristic of a Computer?

1. It has a memory.

2. It is electronic.

3. It is automatic.

4. It is a machine

5. It can manipulate data.

6. It has a logic function.

What are the limitations of Computer?

1. It cannot do what is not instructed.

2. It cannot correct wrong instruction.

3. It cannot perform creative thinking.

4. It is subject to occasionally breakdown due to maintenance failure.

5. It depends on prepared instruction.

What are the capabilities of Computer?

1. It can process data faster than any other machine designed to perform similar task.

2. It can perform repetitive tasks without fatigue or boredom.

3. It can perform arithmetical calculations as high speed with great precision or accuracy.

4. It can communicate to user and other machine.

5. It can restore and recall a vast amount of data info and instruction

6. It can perform decision making based on alternative courses of action and choices prepared for it by the programmer.