Image Credit: jakerome

During 07-18 of this December month, the Danish capital city Copenhagen was at the centre stage of world attention, as it hosted the United Nations Climate Change Conference. Called the COP15, the fifteenth annual Conference of the Parties, the meet had delegates from the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) parties to deliberate and collectively respond to the challenges facing the humanity today, due to climate change.

The conference, assumed crucial significance given the perilous climate realities and provided an opportunity to take a new pledge after the commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol on emissions targets expires in 2012.

In this concluding part of the series we attempt to capture the key outcome of this global effort, put into perspective in our earlier posts Countdown to Copenhagen Part 1 and Part 2. 

People from across the world, over 40,000 of them – politicians, diplomats, scientists, media people, activists, lobbyists, businessmen… traveled down to Copenhagen for the UN’s annual climate change summit, COP15. The 193-nation conference with 119 heads of state and government attending gave the summit its unmatched political dimension raising expectations to a feverish pitch.

War & peace: Despite the gigantic turnout, the global magnitude and high pitch summit diplomacy in the presence of heads of state the conference produced little results of worth to the disappointment of the majority concerned.

At the negotiation, the chasm widened between the participating countries as the quagmire of logic continued around the contentious debate of historical performance of the developed countries, their need to expiate for the climate debt and therefore common but differentiated responsibilities between developed and developing nations for the future.

In the process, the UNFCCC efforts, years of preparatory work in the perspective of Kyoto protocol and Bali action plan for a binding agreement, weeks of intense negotiations at the Bella Center yielded little results in this high profile conference. The COP 15 salvaged from the brink of collapse with the summit stretching well past the scheduled close produced at the end a face saving arrangement of an interim, non-binding commitment.

Fortunately, the Copenhagen outcome is not going to limit the UN process for addressing the climate issues, nor the world will be at peace on the subject of climate crisis unless the concerned parties work out a meaningful and enduring deal for action to save the humanity.

New semantics after COP15:  As it transpires, the Copenhagen accord can at best be an interim pact of contrary voices with no seeming single orchestration. It is far from enough given the enormity of the climate crisis.

The UNFCCC, COP15 closing press briefing of Dec 19 describes the Copenhagen accord as politically important. It brings together a diversity of countries under a letter of intent with the ingredients for a response to climate change.

The key points of the accord include the objective to keep the maximum temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius; the commitment to list developed country emission reduction targets and mitigation action by developing countries for 2020; USD 30 billion short-term funding for immediate action till 2012 and USD 100 billion annually by 2020 in long-term financing, as well as mechanisms to support technology transfer and forestry.

The challenge now is to turn what is agreed into something that is legally binding in Mexico one year from now.

Despite limitations, the Copenhagen accord remains as a global step to fight climate challenges in 21st century. It raises hope on REDD (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) issues and aims to operationalise soon the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund. Passed by plenary vote the new document of the accord stands to formal signature by the countries at the talks.

The deliberation to the accord also signals the new semantics in this global process:

• The presence of high powered state representatives from all over the world establishes that climate diplomacy has finally come of age. Carbon capping has moved beyond being symbolic to a contentious global issue with far reaching impacts on environment and economies.
• The emergence of BASIC countries, Brazil, South Africa, India and China is the new force in climate negotiation and with US on board, the key architects of the accord.
• Way forward, the tasks are tougher as by/for the next summit the countries will be required to negotiate upon the finer, arduous details of the Copenhagen accord framework for further binding alignment.

It would  soon be time  to reboot all energises in preparation for a successful COP16 outcome. Come December 2010, all eyes would be on Mexico City, in achieving a global legally binding climate change treaty.

Copyright ©: Consultancy Services Group

Danny Boyle’s, eight Academy Awards winning yet controversial film Slumdog Millionaire, set and filmed in India, gave the country another name derivative – the Slumdog Land. The name tagging apart, the film also carried a deeper symbolism for India, a land of many contradictions.

As India surges forward in taking big strides of development, there are millions of slumdogs, aspiring to become millionaires all over the country in their own entrepreneurial ways. The making of new India thus needs a thoughtful blend of big ticket macro development as well as the inclusive growth of micro-small-mid sized enterprises for a sustainable growth movement.

16th Feb 2009: I started early from home once again to catch the 6.30 Jet Airways flight to Delhi. The early morning fog ensured that the flight was delayed by an hour. However, the good breakfast served by Jet Airways more than compensated for the delay. As we were about to land at Delhi, the outside temperature was 11 degrees…pretty cold I thought as I peered out of the window, to see men huddling in pullovers and mufflers.

Delhi airport was as chaotic as ever. I collected my baggage and headed for the prepaid taxi booth. After an uneasy 30 minute queue, I was able to pre-pay for a “EASYCAB” to NOIDA and exited the airport wondering how on earth I would find my EASYCAB amidst the chaotic landscape that confronted me. However, a uniformed guy appeared out of nowhere and politely asked if I was an EASYCAB customer. Upon seeing me nodding in the affirmative, he immediately took over my luggage trolley and led me to where my pre-paid EASYCAB was parked. As we approached the cab, a Sardarji i leapt out of the well-maintained SUV, loaded my luggage at the back and opened the door for me to enter. The uniformed guy thanked me and departed promptly (I mean, he did not hover around tentatively expecting a tip) . Sardarji got into the driver’s seat and we set off. It was that EASY! No haggling, no negotiating, bargaining, no tipping. What a customer’s delight! I had to pay Rs. 600 for the trip, but given the long distance and the wonderful service experience, it was really worth it.

The impression that I was beginning to form was that while the market was really gearing up to offer world-class services, and beginning to succeed, public infrastructure was still in a time-wrap, the facilities far short of acceptable standards.

After a seemingly never ending travel, we reached the guest house in NOIDA. NOIDA, aka Gautam Budh Nagar, was a huge place in a state of constant real-estate development, with roads, bridges, overpasses, underpasses, diversions, malls, multistoried buildings in various stages of construction. As a result, the air was perpetually thick with dust, especially in the dry months. The greenery looked browner than green, and leaves probably breathed in more dust than carbon dioxide.

My colleague from MicroSave was already at the Guest House and so I dumped my luggage in my room and set off to Ghaziabad to meet our MFI client, whose head office was located somewhere in a series of run-down, derelict apartment blocks. My colleague pointed out to the signboard, hanging precariously on the third floor verandah. I could not get the full name of the MFI since part of the board was hidden behind assorted undergarments let out to dry by neighbors who used the signboard a readymade, convenient clothes-line for their daily laundry.

Winding up the crumpling dusty staircase, we tentatively opened the door and peered in to see two young men hunched over laptops engrossed in animated discussions involving target markets and intricate details of financial products in a manner that was reminiscent of group discussions in high-end business schools. The hardware (the crumpling infrastructure) and the software within (the discussions) appeared starkly incongruous. I once again adjusted myself to a modern-day Indian reality… value created and distributed through such low-fixed-cost hell holes! Who on earth could compete with this combination 1?

Introductions over, I realized that our client was Rupaal Singh, a Sardarji in his early thirties. Having completed his studies in London, he decided to set up a professional microfinance organization and hoped to expand rapidly over the next five years based on a differentiation strategy of product innovation. For lunch, Roopal took us to a swanky mall just across the street, offering a wide range of food options. We settled for pizzas at Nirula’s ii.

Back at the guest house that evening, I wondered what to do. I set out to find an internet café and something to eat. After receiving directions from various people, I ended up at the Sector 50 shopping complex. I found the internet café, again a hole-in-the-wall. In the cubicle next to me (uncomfortably close to me) sat a high school boy and his girlfriend. They were busy polishing a presentation for their school project. Their topic, “Flirting with Genes” caught my attention! Having completed my emailing, I decided to settle for a roadside dinner of steamed momos iii and egg roll at the “Kolkatta Snacks Stall”. The food was delicious and value for money, if you are not too fussy about ambiance.

17th Feb 2009: We continued our work with Roopal. This time, for lunch we visited Dominos Pizza, for a more authentic pizza experience. In the evening, I repeated my Sector 50 market jaunt. Only this time at the hole-in-the-wall internet café, my neighboring booth was occupied by a daughter and her mother. The daughter was dictating out an essay about her school, while the mother was busy typing out the stuff as best as she could.

Apparently, a lot of the NOIDA homes still did not have computers and internet connections. The children came from well-to-do backgrounds and were attending decent schools, going by their sophistication and English proficiency. “Why did they not have computers and internet connectivity at home”? I wondered (are the friendly-neighborhood hardware sellers listening?). For dinner I tried out a variation, this time at the “Darjeeling Snacks”, where I had a plate of ‘mixed chow-mein’ iv.

To be continued …

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1 In China they say, the hardware and infrastructure goes first and the software (and warm bodies) follow. In India it appears to be the opposite – the software hovered in thin air, waiting for the hardware!

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i Turbaned Sikhs are commonly referred to Sardarjis in India. It has reverential rather than derogatory connotations. 

ii Nirula’s : A chain of fast-food outlets, mainly operating in and around Delhi. Nirula’s pioneered fast-food in India, much before the advent in India, of the Mc Donalds and Pizza Huts.

iii Momo: A dish of dumplings of Tibetan origin. It is very popular, along with Chinese food, in various parts of India.

iv Chow mein: The ‘Chow-mein’ is the staple of the ‘Indian-Chinese’ cuisine. Chow-meins come in different forms like chicken chow mein, egg chow mein, prawn, mixed or just plain vegetable chow mein, so as not to exclude the vast vegeteranian population. Originally derived from the more bland Chinese noodles, the chow-mein had been ‘indianized’ by the profuse adding of chilies, Indian sauces and spices. Some, in North India even add cottage cheese (paneer)! Chow mein is available extensively, especially in Kolkata, where each street corner dishes out steaming hot chow mein during the evenings!

In December this year, the Danish capital city Copenhagen will be at the centre stage of world attention. The city will host the United Nations Climate Change Conference during 07-18 of the month. Called the COP15, the fifteenth annual Conference of the Parties, the meet will have delegates from the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) parties, to deliberate and collectively respond to the challenges facing the humanity today, due to climate change.

The conference, assumes crucial significance this time as climate realities are at a perilous stage with the mankind standing at the crossroad. This is an opportunity to take a new pledge after the commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol on emissions targets expires in 2012.

In a multi part series, we attempt to capture the key essentials of this global effort.

Climate recovery: By now, there is enough scientific evidence that climate change presents grave global risks, the cost of inaction is huge and it demands an urgent world attention. Many of the ill effects of global warming have been well documented; it is the precise extent that is a matter of debate.

Regarded as one of the significant authoritative work in assessment of the effect of global warming on world economy, The Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change by economist Nicholas Stern, states:

• The scientific evidence points to increasing risks of serious, irreversible impacts from climate change associated with business-as-usual (BAU) paths for emissions.
• The benefits of strong, early action on climate change considerably outweigh the costs
  • Mitigation, taking strong action to reduce emissions must be viewed as an investment
  • The GDP bill for green investment predicted in the report is 1% of global GDP per annum, later in June 2008, estimated to 2% to account for faster than expected climate change.
• An effective response to climate change will depend on creating the conditions for international collective action.

Road to redemption: In a global issue like climate crisis, building and sustaining collective world action is an urgent challenge. The COP15 summit is therefore of monumental importance – in providing a world forum for all the UNFCCC parties to convene, deliberate and attempt to agree on a fair climate deal framework for the well being of the earth and its mankind.

Notwithstanding the deep socio-political divide between the industrialised, developed nations and the G77 grouping of developing countries, a platform of uniform shared vision of essentials has to be reached as the primary goal in the summit, followed by the finer nuances. Between the participating countries / blocs, there are vexing counter issues like; the developed nation’s climate debt to the developing world and therefore of compensation pay offs, transfer of technology and finance, on the other hand that the emerging economies are also now part of the top emitters list, will make the negotiations complex.

It however remains uppermost that this crisis needs a global, collaborative response to share challenges and every country / group / bloc ought to agree and chip in to mitigate and adapt to climate change actions. Any standoff between the blocs leading to a breakdown in talk is no option. The countries / blocs will have to be accommodative in working out an agreement in the common and larger global interest.

It is through acts of prudence and commitment, the participating countries can expect to reach global harmony for a low carbon action charter.

Let’s all unite to wish COP15 endeavours success to safeguard our earth, its fellow people and other living objects.

Copyright ©: Consultancy Services Group

In December this year, the Danish capital city Copenhagen will be at the centre stage of world attention. The city will host the United Nations Climate Change Conference during 07-18 of the month. Called the COP15, the fifteenth annual Conference of the Parties, the meet will have delegates from the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) parties, to deliberate and collectively respond to the challenges facing the humanity today, due to climate change.

The conference, assumes crucial significance this time as climate realities are at a perilous stage with the mankind standing at the crossroad. This is an opportunity to take a new pledge after the commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol on emissions targets expires in 2012.

In a multi part series, we attempt to capture the key essentials of this global effort.

The road to COP15: From setting up of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 to Rio to Kyoto to now Copenhagen, the lead up to COP 15 stretches over two decades of UN efforts to control the adverse anthropogenic interference with the environment.

Chronologically put, the milestones are:

In June 1992, heads of state and representatives from 172 governments across the world met in Rio in Brazil in the first international agreement to limit emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) called the Earth Summit. More than 150 countries signed the climate convention at the Rio and in March 1994 the framework came into force.

In March 1995, the first annual Conference of the Parties or COP1 was held in Berlin.

During the decade of 90’s, it became increasingly apparent that given the exigencies, the UNFCCC convention by itself would not be enough towards the control of growing emissions. In 1997, in Kyoto Japan, at the COP3 for the first time, binding targets were set under the Kyoto Protocol for how much the industrialized countries should reduce their emissions by 2012. Not all signatory countries of UNFCCC ratified the Kyoto Protocol, the most notable non member being the US.

In 2005 Kyoto Protocol went into effect without the US. Under the protocol, 37 industrialized countries commit themselves to binding targets for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and all member countries give general commitments.

The Kyoto Protocol sets targets for emissions from 2008 to 2012. In 2007, at the COP13 in Bali, the member countries decided to work towards a new agreement for the post Kyoto years. The plan adopted, called the Bali Action Plan paves the way for COP15 in Copenhagen in December 2009.

Climate facts: The climate change is the outcome, caused by increasing concentration of GHGs resulting from indiscriminate human acts like unlimited burning of fossil fuels, coal, oil, natural gas and deforestation.

Fossil fuels are in essence biodegraded plant matter from many millions of years and contain a high percentage of carbon and hydrocarbons. By human activity, the abundance of CO2 in the fuels has been getting released at an ever increasing rate. As a consequence, the layer of GHG in the earth’s atmosphere is getting thicker making the earth warmer and leading the humanity towards climate change implications.

The rate of global warming over the last 50 years has been nearly twice that of the last 100 years. According to IPCC the global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) between the start and the end of the 20th century. The IPCC fourth assessment report AR4 2007 indicates that the temperature could further rise by between 1.1 and 6.4 °C (2.0 and 11.5 °F) during the 21st century.

According to assessment reports, to avoid the catastrophic effects of climate change, the average global temperature rise should stay below 2°C (3.4°F) than it was at pre-industrial times (circa 1800). Considering that the earth has already warmed since pre-industrial times, there is that less of critical margin left for maneuvering and this urgently calls for a rapid reduction of GHG emissions. Otherwise, by inaction we face the climate change impacts – which can potentially be devastating and pervasive.

For example, authoritative sources indicate that:

• Impacts due to global warming such as unpredictable rainfall, rise in sea levels, higher sea temperatures are not favorable to human race; leading to more frequent storms, floods and droughts. Such changes could transform the physical geography of the world with people migrating to newer places on a large scale.
• With the change in monsoon system, spread of deserts and erratic supply of fresh water from the melting of mountain glaciers, hundreds of millions of people will be food and livelihood insecure. The decline in crop yield could deny them the means to produce / purchase sufficient food and be the victim of malnutrition.
• Climatic disorder will bring in the risk of increases in serious diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever and polio. Diseases like malaria and dengue fever could become more widespread due to longer rainy seasons.
• The climate effects would be damaging to the biodiversity and ecosystems around us. Species and marine lives will be facing the threats of extinction due to warming, deforestation, ocean acidification.
• Economy and environment are closely interlinked. Rise in climatic disaster rate, lower harvest yield, migration of people and livestock, disease management, livelihood security, protection of ecosystems would put the global economy under significant stress in an interdependent world.

The COP15 is therefore going to take place under alarming climate facts which implicate our ecosystems, biodiversity, climate imbalance to world economy, human health etc. – in effect in an overall lurking sense of insecurity for the future human race. 

Copyright ©: Consultancy Services Group