<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8365373675264761535</id><updated>2024-10-06T20:52:29.163-07:00</updated><title type='text'>curiozitati medicale</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16177675333584636660</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI5KLNmpzBsl_2hwLyZl7ekSimA5Crkcvxzwt3HcAKVLVbBw9zsGTu8JKdrTA54sfKRZ_i13kCv7FV2q60VYoYJPPhP1xj_ARjgJyvT522CdCjZziEFmCF4FLdg-qp1fg/s220/stetoscop.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>8</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8365373675264761535.post-5276247346540127468</id><published>2010-02-09T07:31:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-02-09T07:37:17.489-08:00</updated><title type='text'>ICTERUL</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cut toti am auzit despre icter.Doar oare ce este icterul? V-am expus mai jos cate ceva despre acest simptom: ce este si ce il cauzeaza.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Icterul este un semn clinic, caracterizat prin colorarea galbena (sau in diverse nuante de galben) a tegumentelor si a sclerelor, ca urmare a unor perturbari ale mecanismelor de producere, transport, captare si conjugare a bilirubinei de excretie, sau impiedecarea fluxului bilei, ce determina retentia pigmentului bilirubinic la nivelul tesuturilor, iar in cazul colestazei si a altor substante eliminate prin bila&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Icterul devine evident clinic cand concentratia serica a bilirubinei depaseste 2-2,5mg%&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Afectiunile responsabile de producerea sindromului icteric sunt impartite in 2 mari entitati:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Icterele prin hiperbilirubinemie neconjugata&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Ictere prin hiperbilirubinemie conjugata&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Ictere prin predominanta bilirubinei neconjugate:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Productie de bilirubina in exces&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Anemii hemolitice&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Resorbtia sangelui provenit din hemoragii interne&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Sindroame ale eritropoezei inefective (anemie pernicioasa, talasemia, siclemia si sferocitoza)&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Reducerea captarii hepatice&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Medicamente care interfera cu sistemul transportor al membranei hepatocitare&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Posibil sindromul Gilbert&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Impiedecarea conjugarii bilirubinei&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Icterul fiziologic al nou-nascutului&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Icterul de alaptare&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Deficiente genetice ale activitatii bilirubinei UDP-GT (sindromul Crigler-Najjar tip I si II, sindromul Gilbert)&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Afectiuni hepatocelulare difuze (hepatite, ciroza)&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Ictere prin predominanta bilirubinei conjugate:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Scaderea excretiei intrahepatice de bilirubina&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Impiedicarea transportului bilirubinei conjugate la nivelul canaliculului biliar (sindromul Dubin-Johnson, sindromul Rotor)&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Afectiuni hepatocelulare (hepatite virale si medicamentoase, nutritia parenterala totala, infectii sistemice)&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Scaderea excretiei intrahepatice de bilirubina &lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Medicamente care impiedica excretia bilirubinei&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Afectiunile cailor biliare intrahepatice (ciroza biliara primitiva, colangita sclerozanta primitiva, reactia grefonului impotriva gazdei, rejetul hepatic)&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Obstructia cailor biliare extrahepatice&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Litiaza cailor biliare extrahepatice&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Tumori (ale capului pancreatic, de cai biliare extrahepatice, carcinom al ampulei Vater)&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Atrezia cailor biliare extrahepatice&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Stenoze biliare&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Chistul de coledoc&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Colangita sclerozanta primitiva&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Infestarea cu paraziti&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;S-a impus o noua clasificare a afectiunilor capabile sa produca un sindrom icteric in functie de etiopatogenia acestora si care pare sa corespunda strategiei diagnostice si terapeutice actuale:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Hiperbilirubinemiile neconjugate&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Afectiunile cailor biliare mari (vizibile colangiografic)&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Maladii hepatice parenchimatoase difuze&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Leziuni expansive (si infiltrative) focale&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Bolile circulatiei hepatice&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Aceasta clasificare inlatura neajunsurile suprapunerilor diagnostice&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;COLESTAZA INTRAHEPATICA&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Este un sindrom clinic si biochimic caracterizat, de obicei printr-un prurit, icter si o crestere a fosfatazelor alcaline serice ca urmare a alterarii generalizate a secretiei bilei la nivelul hepatocitelor si canaliculelor biliare&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Sindromul de colestaza intrahepatica apare in numeroase tipuri de afectiuni hepatice:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Hepatitele&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Virusii responsabili de producerea hepatitei acute virale sunt:A, B, C, D, E, F, G&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;HVA este cea mai raspandita forma pe glob si are evolutie benigna in 99% din cazuri&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;HVB – 90% evolueaza spre vindecare, 10% cronicizare iar din acestia 20% vor dezvolta ciroza hepatica dupa 15-20 ani de evolutie&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;HVC – cronicizare in 70-80%, 40% dezvolta hepatita cronica activa din care 20-30% vor dezvolta ciroza&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;HVD – 5% cronicizare in cazul coinfectiei cu VHB si 80% in caz de suprainfectie&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;HVE – transmitere pe cale enterala&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;HVF – existenta incerta&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;HVG – virus nou descoperit&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Patogenia hepatitei colestatice virale nu este inca elucidata&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Hepatita alcoolica si steatoza hepatica alcoolica pot de asemenea sa se prezinte printr-un icter colestatic&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Colestaza de origine medicamentoasa&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Se dezvolta in mod obisnuit intre 5 si 50 de zile dupa administrarea medicamentului&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Colestaza se amelioreaza in general rapid dupa oprirea medicamentului&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Este data de medicamente precum: fenotiazinele, eritromicina, captoprilul, amitriptilina, AINS, nitrofurantoinul, estrogeni, androgeni&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Afectiunile cailor biliare intrahepatice&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ciroza biliara primitiva – cauza cea mai frecventa de colestaza cronica&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Colangita sclerozanta primitiva se caracterizeaza printr-o inflamatie progresiva, o fibroza si prin evidentierea colangiografica a ingustarii lumenului CB; in 20% sunt afectate doar caile intrahepatice&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Reactia grefonului asupra gazdei in cazul transplantului alogenic de maduva osoasa se poate manifesta prin colestaza, ca si in cazul rejetului cronic al grefonului hepatic&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Colestaza asociata cu afectiuni infiltrative hepatice si boli de supraincarcare&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Amiloidoza&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Protoporfiria&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Deficitul de alfa1-antitripsina&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Hemocromatoza – cand afectarea hepatica este severa si avansata&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Colestaza asociata cu infectiile – apare la 1% din adultii si 3-5% din nou-nascutii avand o septicemie de origine extrabiliara&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Colestaza data de nutritia paranterala totala&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Colestaza postoperatorie – ocazionala la pacientii supusi unei interventii abdominale majore&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Colestaza intrahepatica gravidica – apare de obicei in ultimul trimestru de sarcina si dispare la termen; mai frecvent intalnit in America de Sud&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Clestaza recurenta benigna&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Colestazele nou-nascutilor si copiilor; cauza poate fi stabilita doar in 20% din cazuri&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;OBSTRUCTIA CAILOR BILIARE EXTRAHEPATICE&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Icterele obstructive sunt grupate in 4 tipuri:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Tipul I – obstructie completa care determina intotdeauna icter&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Tipul II – obstructie intermitenta, care produce simptome si modificari biochimice specifice, dar poate fi sau nu asociata cu icter&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Tipul III – obstructie cronica incompleta care dezvolta sau nu simptome si manifestari biochimice clasice, dar care, in timp, pot produce modificari ale cailor biliare sau ale parechimului hepatic, ce vor deveni manifeste&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Tipul IV – obstructia segmentara in care una sau mai multe cai biliare segmentare sunt obstruate, putandu-se manifesta sub forma unor obstructii complete, intermitente sau cronice incomplete&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Carcinomul ductelor biliare extrahepatice se clasifica:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Carcinomul proximal al ductelor biliare extrahepatice – de la caile biliare segmentare pana la confluenta coledococistica&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Carcinomul distal al ductelor biliare extrahepatice – de la confluenta coledococistica, pana la ampula lui Vater&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Tumora Klatskin – reprezinta un adenocarcinom biliar situat la nivelul hilului, dar in general include toate tumorile cu localizare hilara &lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;TUMORI HEPATICE&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Carcinomul&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Carcinomul hepatocelular (CHC) – 90% din tumorile primitive ale ficatului; apare in special in urma unei ciroze produse de VHB sau VHC&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 4.5pt;&quot;&gt;l&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Carcinomul colangiocelular (CCC) – se dezvolta din epiteliul cailor biliare intrahepatice&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Tumorile mezenchimatoase maligne&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Tumorile secundare (metastazele) – provin in special de la nivelul unor cancere primitive ale tractului gastro-intestinal, drenate prin sistemul venei porte; sunt posibile si ale localizari primare&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;BOLILE VASCULARE ALE FICATULUI&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Sindromul Budd-Chiari – tromboza uneia sau mai multor vene hepatice, cu caracter acut, subacut sau cronic&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Boala veno-ocluziva – poate aparea in principal in primele saptamani dupa transplantul de maduva osoasa&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Obstructia si tromboza portala – icterul poate apare atat in contextul afectiunii primare cat si ca rezultat al rasunetului asupra functiilor hepatice&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 8pt;&quot;&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Infarctul hepatic – este o afectiune rara datorita dublei circulatii a ficatului&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/feeds/5276247346540127468/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/icterul.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/5276247346540127468'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/5276247346540127468'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/icterul.html' title='ICTERUL'/><author><name>http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16177675333584636660</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI5KLNmpzBsl_2hwLyZl7ekSimA5Crkcvxzwt3HcAKVLVbBw9zsGTu8JKdrTA54sfKRZ_i13kCv7FV2q60VYoYJPPhP1xj_ARjgJyvT522CdCjZziEFmCF4FLdg-qp1fg/s220/stetoscop.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8365373675264761535.post-62106412998456769</id><published>2010-02-09T06:35:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-02-09T06:35:20.431-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Cate ceva despre nasterea prematura</title><content type='html'>&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Factori care influenţează greutatea la naştere:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Durata sarcinii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Vârsta mamei (16 ani)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Numărul sarcinilor anterioare (greutatea creşte cu numărul sarcinilor)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Sexul copilului&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Dezvoltarea corporală a mamei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Starea placentei şi statusul endocrin matern (hipotiroidie, diabet: scade greutatea)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Starea de sănătate a gravidei (intoxicaţie, tulburări de nutriţie, afecţiuni acute/cronice).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Alimentaţia gravidei (deficit de proteine şi vitamine), fumat, alcool.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Starea socio-economică, regimul de muncă şi odihnă al mamei.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Gemelaritatea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Nivelul de instruire al mamei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Factori rasiali şi etnici: genetic, pături defavorizate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Factori care influenţează naşterea prematură&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Afecţiuni sau anomalii ale organelor genitale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Primiparitate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Perioade îndelungate de infertilitate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Antecedente legate de sarcini pierdute, copii morţi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Factori psihici (naştere în afara căsătoriei)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Malnutriţie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Caractere ereditare ale mamei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Sănătate, nutriţia, vârsta mamei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Factori de mediu: radiaţii ionizante, administrare de medicamente, substanţe toxice, infecţii în perioada evolutivă.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Factori de risc din mediul intern, intrauterin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Dinamica dezvoltării psihice a copilului subponderal&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Recuperarea deficitului de creştere intrauterin se face dacă copilul beneficiază de alimentaţie corespunzătoare, dacă nu există afecţiuni. Greutatea poate creşte de 10 ori, la 3 ani ajunge la greutate normală. Recuperează 46%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;17% ajung la normoponderali sau normostaturali, restul nu. Băieţii recuperează mai repede deficitul ponderal, iar fetele statural.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Copiii prematuri sau dismaturi recuperează deficitul, dacă factorul de risc nu a intervenit în primele 26 de săptămâni de gestaţie:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Cauze materne (apar după săptămâna 26):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Toxemia gravidei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;HTA cronică&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Boli renale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Malformaţii de cord ale gravidei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Diabet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Malnutriţie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Consum de alcool şi fumat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Cauze placentare (apar după săptămâna 26):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Inflamaţii sau leziuni de structură a placentei (infarct placentar)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Placentă mică şi ischemică&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Inserţie necorespunzătoare a ombilicului&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ø&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Cauze fatale (apar până în săptămâna 26):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Embriopatii sau fetopatii determinate de infecţii virale (rubeolă, herpes, CMV) sau toxoplasmoză.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3cm; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;Afecţiuni cardiovasculare&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/feeds/62106412998456769/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/cate-ceva-despre-nasterea-prematura.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/62106412998456769'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/62106412998456769'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/cate-ceva-despre-nasterea-prematura.html' title='Cate ceva despre nasterea prematura'/><author><name>http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16177675333584636660</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI5KLNmpzBsl_2hwLyZl7ekSimA5Crkcvxzwt3HcAKVLVbBw9zsGTu8JKdrTA54sfKRZ_i13kCv7FV2q60VYoYJPPhP1xj_ARjgJyvT522CdCjZziEFmCF4FLdg-qp1fg/s220/stetoscop.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8365373675264761535.post-2889891646036554247</id><published>2010-02-05T07:07:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2010-02-06T03:29:36.639-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Edemul</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Edemele apar datorită acumulării de lichid în spaţiile interstiţiale, respectiv ţesut celular subcutanat, cavităţi seroase sau spaţii interstiţiale ale viscerelor.Acumularea de lichid se poate aprecia doar prin creşterea greutăţii corporale sau prin urmărirea diurezei putând ajunge până la o cantitate de 7-9 litri. Iniţial prin această retenţie edemul este inaparent. Instalarea edemului clinic apare în părţile declive ale corpului sau în zonele cu ţesut subcutanat lax, depinzând de poziţia mai prelungită a pacientului. In faze avansate edemul se generalizează cuprinzând în final şi seroasele: cavitate pericardică (hidropericard), cavitate pleurală (hidrotorax), cavitate peritoneală (ascită), cavităţi articulare (hidartroze). Retenţia de lichid în toate aceste spaţii se numeşte &lt;i&gt;anasarcă&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Diagnosticul edemelor se pune pe inspecţie şi palpare fiind necesare diferite examene de specialitate în funcţie de tipul şi localizarea edemului precum şi de investigaţii paraclinice. Cea mai importantă investigaţie este reacţia Rivalta care diferenţiază tipul de edem cu caracter de transudat (conţinut de proteine mai mic de 2g% - Rivalta negativ) de exudat (conţinut de proteine mai mare de 2g%- Rivalta pozitiv).&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Alte investigaţii: proteinemie, electroforeză, determinarea albuminuriei, ionogramă, saturaţia în oxigen a sângelui arterial, nivelul colesterolului, teste hormonale, teste renale, etc.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ele au diferite cauze şi mecanisme, putând fi intricate sau complexe.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;EDEMUL CARDIAC&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul cardiac se produce prin creşterea presiunii hidrostatice în vasele sanguine, prin stază venoasă, prin creşterea permeabilităţii capilare şi prin scăderea filtratului glomerular, datorită reducerii debitului cardiac. Toate aceste mecanisme au ca rezultat retenţia de apă şi sodiu în circulaţie şi acumularea lichidului în spaţiile interstiţiale.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Datorită faptului că edemele cardiace apar la început în zonele declive ale corpului (maleolar, pretibial, zona posterioară a coapselor, regiunea sacrată, în caz de decubit dorsal) apariţia lor este legată de poziţia pe care o preferă bolnavul. Edemul cardiac este redus sau absent dimineaţa, modificându-se în timpul zilei fiind mai marcat vesperal. Pe măsura cronicizării bolii, edemul devine permanent cu modificări în cursul zilei şi în funcţie de poziţia bolnavului.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Iniţial, edemul cardiac este moale, simetric, cu tegumente reci, moderat dureros şi lasă godeu la presiunea digitală, iar pe măsura cronicizării tegumentele devin cianotice, iar edemul este mai dur.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;EDEMUL RENAL&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul renal apare în diferite boli renale cum sunt sindromul nefrotic şi glomerulopatiile.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul din glomerulonefrită se produce prin scăderea filtrării glomerulare şi retenţia de sodiu şi apă, iar cel din sindromul nefrotic prin scăderea proteinelor plasmatice, ca urmare a eliminării lor crescute prin urină.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul renal apare în zonele cu ţesut conjunctiv lax (faţă, pleoape), apoi în interstiţii şi seroase.&amp;nbsp; Este mai accentuat dimineaţa la trezire, moale, nu lasă godeu la presiunea digitală, iar tegumentele în zonele edemaţiate sunt palide (edem alb şi pufos)&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;EDEMUL HEPATIC&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul hepatic apare în hepatite cronice active şi ciroza hepatică decompensată vascular şi are ca mecanism: scăderea sintezei hepatice a albuminelor cu hipoalbuminemie, ceea ce determină scăderea presiunii coloidosmotice a plasmei şi creşterea presiunii hidrostatice în vena portă (hipertensiune portală cu apariţia ascitei). In funcţie de cantitatea lichidului de ascită este comprimată vena cavă inferioară determinând apariţia edemelor declive. Aspectul edemului este asemănător cu cel din edemul cardiac.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;EDEMUL VENOS&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul venos apare datorită obstrucţiei unei vene urmată de creşterea presiunii venoase în teritoriul respectiv, prin disfuncţia valvulelor venoase sau prin scăderea activităţii musculare într-un anumit segment al corpului.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Aspectul edemului venos este localizat cu tegumente cianotice, corespunzător venei obstruate. Cele mai cunoscute aspecte de edem venos sunt: edemul din tromboflebita membrului inferior, care poate fi şi bilateral, edemul determinat de creşterea presiunii în vena cavă inferioară (prin sarcină, chist ovarian gigant, ascită, tumoră pelvină), edem prin compresiunea venei cave superioare denumit şi edem „în pelerină″, localizat la faţă, gât, regiunea superioară a toracelui şi la membrele superioare, determinat de prezenţa tumorilor mediastinale benigne sau maligne. Aspectul edemului venos este de obicei unilateral, depinzând de teritoriul venei comprimate, cu tegumente cianotice, calde şi dureros la compresiune.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul venos din tromboflebita localizată este asemănător edemului inflamator şi poate fi urmat din cauza tulburărilor circulatorii arteriale asociate şi de apariţia ulcerului varicos. Edemele apărute din cauza compresiunii venelor cave superioare sau inferioare au aspectul edemelor cardiace.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;EDEMUL LIMFATIC&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul limfatic apare datorită obstruării unui vas limfatic ceea ce duce la stază limfatică şi creşterea presiunii coloidosmotice în spaţiile interstiţiale, aceasta fiind mai mare decât în plasmă. Aşadar edemul limfatic este unilateral sau tributar teritoriului obstruat, este un edem persistent, dur şi nu lasă godeu. El apare cel mai frecvent secundar blocării circulaţiei limfatice în adenopatiile masive, axilare sau inghinale, în caz de limfoame maligne şi neoplasme de sân sau ale pelvisului. Dacă edemul este masiv, mai ales la nivelul membrului inferior, poartă numele de &lt;i&gt;elefantiazis.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;EDEMUL ENDOCRIN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul endocrin apare în unele boli endocrine printre care amintim hipotiroidismul, hiperaldosteronismul secundar unor afecţiuni cardiace, renale sau hepatice şi prin hiperfoliculinemie. In general edemul endocrin este generalizat, alb şi lasă godeu.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Aspectul edemului din mixedem este dur, mai evident la faţă (facies mixedematos) cu tendinţă la generalizare, cu tegumente palide şi uscate.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemele din hiperaldosteronismul secundar au caracterele edemelor determinate de retenţia de apă şi sodiu, fiind asemănătoare edemelor din bolile de bază, cardiace, renale sau hepatice.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;EDEMUL INFLAMATOR&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul inflamator apare prin eliberarea de substanţe vasoactive în circulaţie (bradikinină şi histamină), prin vasodilataţia şi creşterea permeabilităţii capilare urmată de extravazarea proteinelor şi creşterea presiunii coloidosmotice în spaţiile interstiţiale aferente. &lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Acest tip de edem apare în cazul unor inflamaţii superficiale (abces, flegmon, furuncul) şi are caracterele clasice: dureros, roşu, cald şi moale. Este descrisă şi apariţia edemului inflamator supraiacent inflamaţiilor profunde supurate: abces perirenal, abces pulmonar, abces hepatic,etc.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;EDEMUL ALERGIC&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul alergic apare în caz de reacţie alergică a organismului la prezenţa unor substanţe de tip alimentar sau medicamentos sau în urma unor înţepături de insecte sau muşcături de animale. In toate aceste cazuri substanţele au rol de alergen şi produc o reacţie antigen-anticorp cu apariţia vasodilataţiei şi creşterii permeabilităţii capilare, cu acumulare de lichid în interstiţii sau în cavităţile seroase.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul alergic apare la nivelul pleoapelor, buzelor, limbii, este nedureros, moale, alb sau roz, eritematos, pruriginos şi tranzitor. Edemul capului are un risc vital prin edemul glotic şi poartă numele de &lt;i&gt;edem Quincke.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dacă edemul se produce secundar unor înţepături de insecte (păianjen) sau muşcături de animale (venin de şarpe sau viperă) apare edemul localizat, roşu, dureros, cald şi pruriginos.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;EDEMUL ANGIONEUROTIC&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edemul angioneurotic se produce în caz de boli neurologice urmate de hemiplegie. Edemul apare ca urmare a tulburărilor vasomotorii din zona paralizată ce duce la creşterea presiunii intracapilare şi a permeabilităţii vaselor capilare.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;RO&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; El este un edem moale, nedureros, persistent şi fără modificări de culoare a tegumentelor.&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/feeds/2889891646036554247/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/edemele.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/2889891646036554247'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/2889891646036554247'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/edemele.html' title='Edemul'/><author><name>http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16177675333584636660</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI5KLNmpzBsl_2hwLyZl7ekSimA5Crkcvxzwt3HcAKVLVbBw9zsGTu8JKdrTA54sfKRZ_i13kCv7FV2q60VYoYJPPhP1xj_ARjgJyvT522CdCjZziEFmCF4FLdg-qp1fg/s220/stetoscop.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8365373675264761535.post-3980140749503127431</id><published>2010-02-05T06:54:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-02-05T06:58:13.158-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Componentele examenului neurologic</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;• Nivelul de constienta&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;• Reactivitatea pupilara&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;• Activitatea motorie a extremitatilor&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;• Se utilizeaza pentru stabilirea Glasgow Coma Score&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;GCS - GLASGOW COMA SCORE&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;• Deschiderea ochilor:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;&quot;&gt;- Spontan 4&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;- La stimul verbal 3&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;- La &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;stimul dureros 2&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;- Absent 1&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;• Ccl mai bun raspuns verbal:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;Orientat 5&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;- Confuz 4&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;- Cuvinte 3&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;&quot;&gt;Zgomote 2&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;- Afazic 1&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot; style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;• Ccl mai bun raspuns motor:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;Raspunde la comanda &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11.5pt;&quot;&gt;6&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;&quot;&gt;Localizeaza stimulul dureros &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;5&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;&quot;&gt;Flexie la durere &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;(decorticare) 3&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;&quot;&gt;Extensie la durere (decerebrare) 2&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;&quot;&gt;Absent 1&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;•Punctaj maxim 15&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;•Punctaj minim 3&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;Utilizarea GCS pentru stabilirea gravitatii taumatismului cranio-cerebral:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;•Sever&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;GCS ≤8&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;•Mediu &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;GCS =&amp;nbsp; 9 - 1 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;&quot;&gt;•Minor&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;GCS &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;= &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;1 3 – 15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Definirea &lt;b&gt;comei&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;• PACIENTUL:&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; » Nu deschide ochii&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; » Nu executa comenzile&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; » Nu vorbeste&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; » &lt;b&gt;GCS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt; ≤ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p _moz-userdefined=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;• Unii pacienti cu GCS = 8 sunt in coma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/feeds/3980140749503127431/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/componentele-examenului-neurologic.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/3980140749503127431'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/3980140749503127431'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/componentele-examenului-neurologic.html' title='Componentele examenului neurologic'/><author><name>http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16177675333584636660</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI5KLNmpzBsl_2hwLyZl7ekSimA5Crkcvxzwt3HcAKVLVbBw9zsGTu8JKdrTA54sfKRZ_i13kCv7FV2q60VYoYJPPhP1xj_ARjgJyvT522CdCjZziEFmCF4FLdg-qp1fg/s220/stetoscop.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8365373675264761535.post-5226430961515706756</id><published>2010-02-05T06:11:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-02-05T06:48:25.834-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Entorsa de glezna</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;! In caz ca banuiti ca aveti o entorsa de glezna, este bine sa va prezentati de urgenta la un medic, de preferinta traumatolog sau ortoped !&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1. Ce este entorsa de glezna?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkzR2lyyPyblAaZHhrNsVkRUqhWvitLuOBcz8AlRntvnt_4l_X_fWkmIrQnMvBYiV3B0-rEadOw2D9GdAXbEPLGz1s6DnWj6E1CqM5pPmn9D66XY7OmedONLHnBtb6W1t7gR1fFGX7wbQk/s1600-h/322708m-202x0-w-009a4e1f.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkzR2lyyPyblAaZHhrNsVkRUqhWvitLuOBcz8AlRntvnt_4l_X_fWkmIrQnMvBYiV3B0-rEadOw2D9GdAXbEPLGz1s6DnWj6E1CqM5pPmn9D66XY7OmedONLHnBtb6W1t7gR1fFGX7wbQk/s200/322708m-202x0-w-009a4e1f.jpg&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Definitia medicala a entorsei de glezna este leziunea unui ligament care nu antreneaza o pierdere permaneta a rapoartelor normale ale unei articulatii. Aceasta distinge entorsa de o luxatie, in care suprafetele articulare isi pierd rapoartele normale permanent. &lt;br /&gt;
Ligamentele sunt fascicule fibroase care se conecteaza la oasele din jurul articulatiilor si care au functia de a mentine suprafetele articulare in contact in timpul efectuarii miscarilor. Rolul lor este de a asigura astfel stabilitatea articulatiilor. Adesea, exista mai multe fascicule pentru acelas ligament. Leziunea specifica a unui ligament defineste entorsa. &lt;br /&gt;
Exista mai multe stadii ale unei entorse. Simpla distensie a unui ligament care este elongat, ruptura unui fascicul, lasand alte fascicule integre, si in fine ruptura tuturor ligamentelor.    Clasic, entorsa de glezna corespunde unei leziuni posttraumatice a ligamentelor externe ale gleznei, care conecteaza tibia, talusul si calcaneul. Prin extensie, se denumesc entorse ale gleznei leziunile ligamentare ale oricarei articulatii ale piciorului sau gleznei. Mai multe articulatii pot fi afectate:&lt;br /&gt;
•     &lt;i&gt;Articulatia talo-crurala&lt;/i&gt; (intre tibie, talus si calcaneu). Cu doua tipuri de entorsa: fie externa (entorsa clasica), fie interna (mult mai rara)&lt;br /&gt;
•     &lt;i&gt;Articulatia subtalara&lt;/i&gt; (dintre talus si calcaneu) si articulatia mediotarsiana (dintre talus, navicular si cuboid): entorsa mediopiciorului, adesea asociata entorselor externe ale gleznei&lt;br /&gt;
•     &lt;i&gt;Articulatia dintre navicular, primul metatarsian si cele trei cuneiforme&lt;/i&gt; (denumita entosa lui Lisfranc)&lt;br /&gt;
In acest articol voi discuta cu predilectie despre entorsa externa a gleznei care corespunde leziunii ligamentului colateral lateral al articulatiei talo-crurale si care reprezinta 90% dintre entorsele de glezna. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2. Care este mecanismul de producere al unei entorse de glezna?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Frecvent, pacientul relateaza ca „a calcat gresit” pe marginea externa a piciorului, cand a resimtit o durere puternica.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3. Care sunt simptomele?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Durerea este foarte variabila, uneori pacientul o neglijeaza sau ignora, iar intensitatea durerii  nu este proportionala cu gravitatea entorsei. Un zgomot (cracment) este uneori auzit, semn de ruptura. Cateva ore mai tarziu, durerea revine, si edemul apare. O echimoza (vanataie) poate surveni in partea externa a gleznei si a piciorului, deplasandu-se ulterior catre degete. Uneori, spijinul pe picior este imposibil.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;4. Ce trebuie sa fac daca am o entorsa de glezna?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In caz ca banuiti ca aveti o entorsa de glezna, este bine sa va prezentati de urgenta la un medic, de preferinta traumatolog sau ortoped.  Daca nu puteti ajunge imediat la un medic atunci trebuie sa urmati regulile generale ale tratamentului unei entorse: repaus, gheata, compresiune si pozitie procliva.  &lt;br /&gt;
Primul lucru pe care trebuie sa-l faceti este sa incetati orice activitate sportiva.  Glezna nu mai trebuie solicitata mecanic. Nu va mai sprijinit pe glezna, nici macar pentru a merge la vestiar, rugati pe cineva sa va ajute sa mergeti sau folosit doua carje pentru a va deplasa. Glezna trebuie sa stea in repaus pentru o perioada de minim 24-48 de ore pentru ca leziunile sa nu se agraveze. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLMjE7fpFgQpPSXNkjpjnw0nbbifbk3V8oxHqh94_7otu3FvV0c9ET-7Fj7x9jZFUIFwVGjyhsZewVUralUjSqMyX8ZCt3skVwCpDkiYPQfZzQuKqz879ITBsVG2Wa2eb39EfiSNxMn3wO/s1600-h/entorsa+cu+gheata.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLMjE7fpFgQpPSXNkjpjnw0nbbifbk3V8oxHqh94_7otu3FvV0c9ET-7Fj7x9jZFUIFwVGjyhsZewVUralUjSqMyX8ZCt3skVwCpDkiYPQfZzQuKqz879ITBsVG2Wa2eb39EfiSNxMn3wO/s320/entorsa+cu+gheata.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Aplicarea locala de gheata este necesara pentru a reduce durerea si edemul local (umflarea gleznei).  Utilizarea unei pungi cu gheata invelita intr-un material textil este indicata. In nici un caz nu trebuie aplicata gheata direct pe piele. Nu lasati punga cu gheata mai mult de doua ore in continuu, ci faceti pauze regulate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXo4fzOq_FBfYetgvoqiOKlDL-4ehwaZh6nXRzp74hjnhuZ7Du-WXVc18iMU_VDR4f_xfmUU6CVxBWoPzm2d_OS4uH9f9bI2L8fPH1OPbQE2KDpS73Dg4fip2pPNXEi0c6YOysGH8pEN2M/s1600-h/1226691254.jpg.small.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXo4fzOq_FBfYetgvoqiOKlDL-4ehwaZh6nXRzp74hjnhuZ7Du-WXVc18iMU_VDR4f_xfmUU6CVxBWoPzm2d_OS4uH9f9bI2L8fPH1OPbQE2KDpS73Dg4fip2pPNXEi0c6YOysGH8pEN2M/s320/1226691254.jpg.small.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Bandajul elastic compresiv trebuie aplicat cu blandete. Acest bandaj trebuie sa fie aplicat fara sa fie strans prea tare.  Daca nu, riscati sa jenati circulatia sangvina si piciorul se va umfla mai tare.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Un tratament mai eficient decat bandajul elastic, este sa purtati o orteza de glezna, sau sa va imobilizati glezna intr-un aparat gipsat.&lt;br /&gt;
Exemplu de orteza reglabila de glezna (dreapta) si orteza partiala de glezna (stanga).  Aceste produse sunt  comercializate de firma &quot;Ortopedica&quot;. Pentru detalii suplimentare referitoare la aceste produse sau pentru achizitionarea lor accesati situl &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Pozitia procliva&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Reprezinta pozitia prin care glezna trebuie sa se situeze intotdeauna cel putin la nivelul genunchiului, sau mai sus. Mai precis, daca stati pe un scaun ar fi bine ca glezna sa fie ridiat ape alt scaun, iar cea mai confortabila pozitie este cea orizontala (culcat). In timpul noptii nu ezitati sa puneti glezna pe o perna. Aceste masuri vor lasa glezna Dumneavoastra sa se desumfle mai repede.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt; Reeducarea gleznei&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dupa gravitatea entorsei, va puteti reincepe activitatile sportive la o distanta cuprinsa intre 2 si 12 saptamani de la momentul accidentului. Anumite sporturi, ca rugby, basket si fotbal, au nevoie de o perioada mai mare de recuperare.  In schimb, natatia, ciclismul, jogging-ul, sunt sporturi mai putin solicitante pentru glezna si pot fi reluate mai precoce.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Totusi, oricare ar fi activitatile ulterioare, nu sunteti lipsit de riscul re-entorsei. Pentru a evita aceasta, este bine sa incepeti un program de recuperare a fortei grupelor musculare din jurul gleznei. Pentru aceasta, puteti efectua numeroase exercitii, mai ales miscarile in piscina. In orice caz, va sfatuiesc ca la recomandarea unui medic ortoped sa va adresati unui Kinetoterapeut cu experienta.&lt;br /&gt;
O alta recomandare este sa nu purtati incaltaminte care favorizeaza instabilitatea gleznei. Tocurile inalte sunt periculoase din acest punct de vedere. Apoi trebuie sa fiti vigilent asupra denivelarilor terenului pe care faceti sport. Nu trebuie sa va incredeti total in glezniere, care sunt la fel de rigide ca si o soseta si care nu va sustin glezna corespunzator pentru a evita o alta entorsa. &lt;br /&gt;
Dupa ce va prezentati la medic, acesta prescrie de obicei efectuarea unei radiografii de glezna si/sau de picior, pentru a elimina posibile fracturi ale piciorului si gleznei. In cazul unei entorse de gravitate medie sau mare, medicul ortoped poate decide imobilizarea gleznei cu atela si apoi o cizma gipsata sau orteza de glezna pe o perioada cuprinsa intre 2 si 6 saptamani. &lt;br /&gt;
Foarte rar o entorsa de glezna are indicatie chirurgicala, de obicei pentru entorsele grave la sportivii de performanta.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/feeds/5226430961515706756/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/entorsa-de-glezna.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/5226430961515706756'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/5226430961515706756'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/entorsa-de-glezna.html' title='Entorsa de glezna'/><author><name>http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16177675333584636660</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI5KLNmpzBsl_2hwLyZl7ekSimA5Crkcvxzwt3HcAKVLVbBw9zsGTu8JKdrTA54sfKRZ_i13kCv7FV2q60VYoYJPPhP1xj_ARjgJyvT522CdCjZziEFmCF4FLdg-qp1fg/s220/stetoscop.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkzR2lyyPyblAaZHhrNsVkRUqhWvitLuOBcz8AlRntvnt_4l_X_fWkmIrQnMvBYiV3B0-rEadOw2D9GdAXbEPLGz1s6DnWj6E1CqM5pPmn9D66XY7OmedONLHnBtb6W1t7gR1fFGX7wbQk/s72-c/322708m-202x0-w-009a4e1f.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8365373675264761535.post-4262394960961980776</id><published>2010-02-05T05:58:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-02-05T05:58:34.284-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Sindromul ocluziv</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Sindromul ocluziv&lt;/b&gt; reprezintă întreruperea tranzitului intestinal pentru materiile fecale şi gaze cu toate consecinţele sale indiferent de cauză şi mecanism.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Clasificare:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* din punct de vedere etiopatogenic:&lt;br /&gt;
-ocluziile dinamice (funcţionale) &lt;br /&gt;
-ocluziile mecanice (organice) &lt;br /&gt;
-din punct de vedere topografic:&lt;br /&gt;
-înalte (caracterizează în special intestinul subţire);&lt;br /&gt;
-joase (cu afectarea colonului);&lt;br /&gt;
* din punct de vedere evolutiv:&lt;br /&gt;
-Acute&lt;br /&gt;
-Subacute&lt;br /&gt;
-Cronice&lt;br /&gt;
* in raport cu existenţa tulburărilor vasculare intestinale, ocluziile pot fi:&lt;br /&gt;
-Ischemiante&lt;br /&gt;
-Neischemiante&lt;br /&gt;
* din punct de vedere chirurgical, se împart în: &lt;br /&gt;
-primitive (la pacienţii neoperaţi) &lt;br /&gt;
-secundare (apar în postoperator).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Diagnosticul clinic&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Semnele funcţionale sunt în raport cu mecanismul ocluziei &lt;br /&gt;
* DUREREA &lt;br /&gt;
-este cel mai precoce semn&lt;br /&gt;
-bruscă, intensă, continuă (ocluziile prin strangulare şi spastice); &lt;br /&gt;
-colicativă cu perioade de acalmie (ocluziile prin obstrucţie); &lt;br /&gt;
-surdă, continuă cu distensie progresivă (ocluziile paralitice); &lt;br /&gt;
-poate să dispară cu agravarea semnelor generale; &lt;br /&gt;
* VĂRSĂTURILE &lt;br /&gt;
-apar precoce în ocluziile înalte şi prin strangulare şi tardiv în ocluziile joase şi postoperatorii&lt;br /&gt;
-Iniţial, apar vărsături alimentare, gastrice sau biliare şi sunt reflexe&lt;br /&gt;
-ulterior, apar vărsăturile de stază cu conţinut intestinal de culoare închisă&lt;br /&gt;
-în formele avansate au caracter fecaloid&lt;br /&gt;
* GREAŢA, SUGHIŢUL, ERUCTAŢIIL &lt;br /&gt;
-nu sunt constante, dar semnifică prezenţa stazei &lt;br /&gt;
* ÎNTRERUPEREA TRANZITULUI &lt;br /&gt;
-nu este semn constant de debut&lt;br /&gt;
-Eliminarea materiilor fecale după constituirea ocluziei (materii fecale existente în segmentele subiacente ocluziei) nu este rară, mai ales în formele înalte&lt;br /&gt;
-în volvulus sau invaginaţie poate apărea diareea&lt;br /&gt;
* DISTENSIA ABDOMENULUI &lt;br /&gt;
-poate fi generalizată iniţial (în ocluziile paralitice) sau ulterior (ocluziile joase) şi simetrică; &lt;br /&gt;
-poate lipsi (ocluziile înalte); &lt;br /&gt;
-în strangulări este asimetrică, se produce brusc, se prezintă în tensiune elastică şi cu timpanism la percuţie (semnul von Wahl).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Semnele obiective se instalează treptat&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
* INSPECŢIA, distensia abdominală, poate fi localizată sau difuză, simetrică sau asimetrică;&lt;br /&gt;
* PALPAREA&lt;br /&gt;
-abdomenul destins, nu prezintă contractură şi este de obicei nedureros&lt;br /&gt;
-durerea la palpare este semnificativă pentru locul şi mecanismul ocluziei&lt;br /&gt;
-În ocluziile prin strangulare sau în cele paralitice pot fi prezente uneori apărarea, contractura şi semnul Blumberg&lt;br /&gt;
-Se palpează orificiile herniare, pentru evidenţierea unei hernii strangulate&lt;br /&gt;
-Se pot palpa unele tumori benigne sau maligne;&lt;br /&gt;
* PERCUŢIA &lt;br /&gt;
-evidenţiază timpanism, localizat sau generalizat, uneori cu dispariţia matităţii hepatice, alternând alteori cu zone mate (anse pline cu lichid). &lt;br /&gt;
-Timpanismul juxtaombilical (semnul Laugier) indică ocluzia jejunoileonului&lt;br /&gt;
-Matitate deplasabilă (semnul Gangolphe) evidenţiat în caz de ascită;&lt;br /&gt;
* ASCULTAŢIA &lt;br /&gt;
zgomote hidroaerice (colici de luptă) &lt;br /&gt;
-silentium abdominal&lt;br /&gt;
* TUŞEUL RECTAL ŞI VAGINAL sunt obligatorii şi completează examenul clinic &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Semnele generale&lt;/b&gt; sunt diferite în funcţie de momentul examinării şi etiopatogenia ocluziei:&lt;br /&gt;
* la debut, pot exista: anxietate, paloare, tahicardie, hipotensiune arterială până la şoc, febră, frison (ocluzie prin strangulare); sau poate exista doar scădere ponderală asociată sau nu cu tulburări de tranzit (ocluzii prin obstrucţie - neoplasme);&lt;br /&gt;
* în evoluţie, o dată cu apariţia vărsăturilor, starea generală se alterează: scăderea tensiunii arteriale; oliguria care se agravează spre oligoanurie; tegumente şi mucoase uscate; senzaţia de sete; astenie cu hipotonie musculară; febră însoţită de frisoane &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Explorări paraclinice &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Examenele de laborator nu sunt caracteristice&lt;br /&gt;
* Radiografia abdominală simplă &lt;br /&gt;
* Irigografia &lt;br /&gt;
* Radioscopia gastroduodenală cu bariu este indicată numai în cazuri neclare, mai ales în ocluzii înalte şi numai după aspiraţia gastrică &lt;br /&gt;
* Ecografia abdominală este utilă doar în cazul unor tumori voluminoase sau, uneori, în cazul unor ileusuri biliare cu vizualizarea calculului care obstrucţionează lumenul intestinal &lt;br /&gt;
* Endoscopia digestivă are un rol din ce în ce mai important în explorarea segmentelor distal şi proximal ale tubului digestiv &lt;br /&gt;
* Angiografia mezenterică rar utilizată în clinica noastră, evidenţiază obstrucţii ale ramurilor arterelor mezenterice sau ale arterelor colice &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENŢIAL&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
- dilataţia acută gastrică:  &lt;br /&gt;
- aspect radiologic normal;&lt;br /&gt;
- distensie şi clapotaj epigastric;               &lt;br /&gt;
- anamnestic ingestie mare lichide şi alimente;&lt;br /&gt;
- colecistita acută:   &lt;br /&gt;
- febră, frison şi uneori icter;&lt;br /&gt;
- semnele clinice şi radiologice de ocluzie nu sunt net evidente şi pot diminua pe parcurs:&lt;br /&gt;
- apendicita acută  &lt;br /&gt;
- durere în FID;&lt;br /&gt;
- pancreatita acută:   &lt;br /&gt;
- durere „în bara”;&lt;br /&gt;
- prezenţa şocului „roşu”;&lt;br /&gt;
- ansa „santinelă” la examenul radiologic;&lt;br /&gt;
- amilazemie şi lipazemie crescute;&lt;br /&gt;
- infarct intestinal:   &lt;br /&gt;
- debutează cu durere intensă şi tenace spre şoc;&lt;br /&gt;
- antecedente cardiace;&lt;br /&gt;
- peritonita prin perforaţie de organ caviar: &lt;br /&gt;
- contractură abdominală; &lt;br /&gt;
- pneumoperitoneu;&lt;br /&gt;
- semne de ocluzie funcţională;&lt;br /&gt;
- sigmoidita acută:  &lt;br /&gt;
- irigografie;&lt;br /&gt;
- colici diverse (renală, biliară, salpingiană);&lt;br /&gt;
- se asociază cu semne din partea organului afectat; &lt;br /&gt;
- hernia strangulată:  &lt;br /&gt;
- semne clinice de hernie şi ocluzie;&lt;br /&gt;
- infarctul miocardic: &lt;br /&gt;
- antecedente coronariene;&lt;br /&gt;
- caracterul şi iradierea durerii;&lt;br /&gt;
- EKG şi enzimele CK-MB, LDH, GOT;&lt;br /&gt;
- -boala gelatinoasă a peritoneului (peritonita gelatinoasă):&lt;br /&gt;
- abdomen destins şi elastic;&lt;br /&gt;
- subocluzie şi uneori vărsături; &lt;br /&gt;
- ascita acută:             &lt;br /&gt;
- dureri abdominale, distensie rapidă, constipaţie şi vărsături;&lt;br /&gt;
- ecografia;&lt;br /&gt;
- puncţie pritoneală;&lt;br /&gt;
- anamneza;&lt;br /&gt;
- tumori gigante intraabdominale sau pneumatoze chistice:&lt;br /&gt;
- distensie abdominală şi subocluzie;&lt;br /&gt;
- manifestări isterice şi psihogene (simulare de sarcină fantomă); &lt;br /&gt;
- distensii abdominale care dispar la distragerea atenţiei.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/feeds/4262394960961980776/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/sindromul-ocluziv.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/4262394960961980776'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/4262394960961980776'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/sindromul-ocluziv.html' title='Sindromul ocluziv'/><author><name>http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16177675333584636660</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI5KLNmpzBsl_2hwLyZl7ekSimA5Crkcvxzwt3HcAKVLVbBw9zsGTu8JKdrTA54sfKRZ_i13kCv7FV2q60VYoYJPPhP1xj_ARjgJyvT522CdCjZziEFmCF4FLdg-qp1fg/s220/stetoscop.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8365373675264761535.post-7602877834770196246</id><published>2010-02-05T05:57:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-02-05T05:57:37.068-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Obstructia  arteriala acuta</title><content type='html'>Constituie frecvent o urgenta si apare mai frecvent la nivelul extremitatilor&lt;br /&gt;
        Progresiunea spre ischemie ireversibila incepe la 6 ore dupa eveniment&lt;br /&gt;
 Cele mai semnificative caracteristici ale obstructiei arteriale acute pot fi rezumate prin cei sase “p”:&lt;br /&gt;
•Durere (&lt;b&gt;P&lt;/b&gt;ain) – poate lkipsi la cei cu neuropatie diabetica&lt;br /&gt;
•&lt;b&gt;P&lt;/b&gt;aralizie&lt;br /&gt;
•&lt;b&gt;P&lt;/b&gt;arestezie – precede paralizia fibrele senzitive fiind mai sensibile la ischemie&lt;br /&gt;
•&lt;b&gt;P&lt;/b&gt;aloare&lt;br /&gt;
•&lt;b&gt;P&lt;/b&gt;uls absent – sustine diagnosticul dar nu il stabileste cu siguranta, putand lipsi la cei cu boala vasculara periferica. Poate fi un indicator al nivelului obstructiei.&lt;br /&gt;
•&lt;b&gt;P&lt;/b&gt;oikilotermie (temperatura scazuta)&lt;br /&gt;
 Informatii importante poate aduce evaluarea turgorului muscular [moi – edem (impastare) – rigizi si tari]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 Exita 2 cauze principale ale ocluziei arteriale acute:&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;b&gt;Embolia&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Emboli cardiaci – apar ami frecvent in FA, IM, boala valvulara si mai rar in endocardite bacteriene, mixom atrial, proteze valvulare, embolie paradoxala&lt;br /&gt;
 70% in arterele extremitatii inferioare, 13% in cele ale extremitatii superioare, 10% in circulatia cerebrala si 5-10% in cea viscerala&lt;br /&gt;
        Frecvent se localizeaza la nivelul bifurcatiilor arteriale&lt;br /&gt;
• Emboli ateromatosi arteriali&lt;br /&gt;
 Fragmente ale unei placi aterosclerotice ulcerate care s-au dislocat&lt;br /&gt;
 Se localizeaza intr-o artera mai distala&lt;br /&gt;
 Origine de obicei pe aorta, iliace sau femurale&lt;br /&gt;
 Cel mai frecvent apare sindromul “degetelor albastre”&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;b&gt;Tromboza arteriala&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
• Apare cel mai frecvent in prezenta unei stenoze subiacente (ATS)&lt;br /&gt;
• Mai poate aparea in caz de anevrisme, stari de hipercoagulabilitate, traumatisme usoare si repetate, proceduri diagnostice si terapeutice intraarteriale.&lt;br /&gt;
• Manifestarile clinice variaza in functie de tipul vasului afectat&lt;br /&gt;
 Diferentierea dintre cele 2 tipuri de mecanisme este foarte importanta deoarece terapia este diferita&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tratament&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 Tratament chirurgical&lt;br /&gt;
• Embolismul arterial&lt;br /&gt;
 Arteriotomie proximal de obstacol si dezobstructie cu sonda de embolectomie (ex. sonda Fogarthy)&lt;br /&gt;
 Se asociaza tratament anticoagulant pre, intra si postoperator&lt;br /&gt;
• Tromboza arteriala&lt;br /&gt;
 Combinatie a strategiilor de indepartare a trombusului si by-pass cu grefa&lt;br /&gt;
 Tratament trombolitic&lt;br /&gt;
• Poate fi folosit in loc de sau in asociere cu tehnicile chirurgicale&lt;br /&gt;
• Actioneaza prin activarea sistemului plasminei, producand liza fibrinei si disolutia cheagului (streptokinaza, urokinaza, activator tisular recombinat al plasminogenului)&lt;br /&gt;
• Este contraindicat in caz de istoric de leziuni gastro-intestinale sau intracerebrale, sarcina sau contraindicatiile arteriografiei&lt;br /&gt;
• Se asociaza cu tratament antitrombotic pentru a evita formarea cheagului in jurul cateterului&lt;br /&gt;
• Rate de succes de 60-80%</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/feeds/7602877834770196246/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/obstructia-arteriala-acuta_05.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/7602877834770196246'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/7602877834770196246'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/obstructia-arteriala-acuta_05.html' title='Obstructia  arteriala acuta'/><author><name>http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16177675333584636660</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI5KLNmpzBsl_2hwLyZl7ekSimA5Crkcvxzwt3HcAKVLVbBw9zsGTu8JKdrTA54sfKRZ_i13kCv7FV2q60VYoYJPPhP1xj_ARjgJyvT522CdCjZziEFmCF4FLdg-qp1fg/s220/stetoscop.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8365373675264761535.post-4032965335916701342</id><published>2010-02-05T05:21:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-02-05T05:21:15.026-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Reducerea luxatiilor</title><content type='html'>Reducerea luxatiilor&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;-procedeul von Arlt&lt;/b&gt;, in cazurile recente, bolnavul sedat se aseaza pe un scaun cu spatar inalt, a carui margine capitonata sprijina axila, se face o tractiune continua in jos a antebratului, pana cand musculatura relaxata permite, in aproximati5-l0 minute, reducerea luxatiei &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;- procedeul Hipocrate&lt;/b&gt;: se aseaza bolnavul in decubit dorsal pe masa, calcaiul se plaseaza in axila si bratul fiind in extensie, operatorul il prinde in treimea inferioara cu ambele maini, il trage treptat si sustinut in ax si usoara adductie, pana cand se simte un declic, semnul trecerii capului peste marginea gleznei &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;- procedeul Mothes&lt;/b&gt;: bolnavul asezat in decubit dorsal; se executa o tractiune pe membrul in ab-ductie progresiva si contraextensie cu o chinga trecuta oblic sub axila bolnavului. in timp ce operatorul efectueaza progresitractiunea pe brat, un ajutor impinge capul humeral de sub coracoida in afara. De indata ce capul se mobilizeaza, operatorul creste putin cate putin abductia si cand capul humeral este in sagital normal, o rotatie interna urmata de o miscare de anteductie reduce luxatia;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;- procedeul Djanelidze&lt;/b&gt;: bolnavul se afla in de-cubit dorsal la marginea mesei si membrul superior suspendat. Dupa 10-l5 minute de suspensie, cand contractura musculara se epuizeaza, se mareste tractiunea, apucand antebratul flectat al bolnavului si apasandu-l in jos pana la realizarea reducerii &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- &lt;b&gt;procedeul Kocher&lt;/b&gt;: este indicat numai in formele extra- si subcoracoidiene ale luxatiilor antero-interne si numai in cazuri foarte recente. Bolnavul va fi asezat in decubit dorsal, cu umarul la marginea mesei. Procedeul are mai multi timpi: medicul prinde cu o mana regiunea pumnului, iar cu cealalta cotul bolnavului flectat la 90°. Reducerea se obtine prin trecerea bratului in anumite pozitii succesive, constituind cei patru timpi ai metodei: 1. adductia bratului; 2. flexia cotului si rotatia externa pana cand antebratul ajunge in frontal; 3. anteductie; 4. rotatie interna, conducand mana sanatoasa pe umarul opus. Fiecare timp trebuie executat lent, iar trecerea de la o pozitie la alta se va face gradat. O atentie deosebita se va acorda timpului al doilea de rotatie externa, deoarece se poate produce o fractura spiroida a diafizei sau colului chirurgical humeral.&lt;br /&gt;
Indiferent de procedeul folosit, dupa reducere si control radiografie se va imobiliza umarul intr-un bandaj Dessault pentru 2 saptamani, dupa care aceasta va fi scos si se va incepe tratamentul de recuperare functionala cu evitarea miscarilor de rotatie externa a bratului, timp de 2-3 saptamani.In cazul de ireductibilitate prin interpozitia unui lambou capsular, a unui fragment osos (din marea tuberozitate fracturata) a unui tendon (lunga portiune a bicepsului) sau a bureletului, se va interveni chirurgical si se va repune capul humeral dupa indepartarea obstacolului.In luxatiile vechi, reducerea ortopedica mai poate fi incercata pana la 4 saptamani, cu mare atentie de a nu fractura humerusul; mai tarziu este indicata doar reducerea sangeranda.In luxatia posterioara tractiunea bratului in abductie si rotatie externa este suficienta, urmata de imobilizarea bratului in abductie 30° si rotatie externa moderata. in luxatia erecta, se va face tractiune pe brat, ducandu-l progresiin adductie.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/feeds/4032965335916701342/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/reducerea-luxatiilor.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/4032965335916701342'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8365373675264761535/posts/default/4032965335916701342'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/2010/02/reducerea-luxatiilor.html' title='Reducerea luxatiilor'/><author><name>http://curiozitatimedicale.blogspot.com/</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16177675333584636660</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI5KLNmpzBsl_2hwLyZl7ekSimA5Crkcvxzwt3HcAKVLVbBw9zsGTu8JKdrTA54sfKRZ_i13kCv7FV2q60VYoYJPPhP1xj_ARjgJyvT522CdCjZziEFmCF4FLdg-qp1fg/s220/stetoscop.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>