To review postoperative rehabilitation protocols after surgery for patellar instability, including medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFLR), tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO), trochleoplasty, and combined procedures. A secondary aim was to compare published recommendations with guidance generated by selected artificial intelligence (AI) platforms.

Sixty three protocol entries were included: 35 isolated MPFLR, 9 isolated TTO, 4 isolated trochleoplasty, and 15 combined procedures. Isolated MPFLR showed the most consistent rehabilitation pattern, favoring immediate weight bearing as tolerated (66%, p < 0.001), locked bracing for up to 6 weeks (63%, p < 0.001), and full ROM by 6 to 12 weeks (51%, p = 0.002). Isolated TTO protocols recommended delayed or non weight bearing (56%), locked brace duration greater than 6 weeks (67%), and full ROM by 6 to 12 weeks (44%), with no significant predominance (all p > 0.05). Trochleoplasty protocols were too few and heterogeneous. Combined procedures were mostly protective but variable overall. RTS criteria were mostly time, functional, and strength based (76%-89%), whereas psychological readiness (43%) and physician approval (22%) were infrequent. AI generated protocols broadly reproduced MPFLR rehabilitation principles but lacked procedure specific differentiation.

Rehabilitation protocols following patellar instability surgery remain highly variable, particularly for non MPFLR procedures. Isolated MPFLR protocols generally follow a more structured and accelerated pathway, whereas rehabilitation after TTO, trochleoplasty, and combined procedures remains less clearly defined and more protective. RTS decisions rely mainly on time, strength, and functional based criteria, whereas psychological readiness remains underutilized. AI based tools may serve as supportive decision making aids but currently require integration with clinical judgment and procedure-specific expertise.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee is a complex condition in pediatric and adolescent patients, and management relies heavily on lesion characteristics including size, stability, and fragmentation. The purpose of this review is to inform readers of the current understanding, treatment options, and outcomes of the disorder in pediatric and adolescent patients.

While management of OCD of the knee is tailored highly to patient- and lesion-specific factors, broad management pathways are dictated first by lesion stability, and further by salvageability of unstable lesions. Lesion appearance on MRI and arthroscopy are critical in informing appropriate management. Stable lesions, especially in skeletally immature patients, should undergo 3-6 months of nonoperative management, with an initial 4-6 week period of nonweightbearing and avoidance of high impact or repetitive stress for a minimum of 3 months. Patients with stable lesions who fail nonoperative treatment are candidates for retro- or trans-articular drilling of the lesion to promote healing. Unstable lesions may be amenable to salvage approaches including arthroscopic or open fixation with metallic screws, bioabsorbable implants, autograft, and suture bridge constructs. When not salvageable, osteochondral autograft transfer, osteochondral allograft transplantation, or autologous chondrocyte implantation is recommended and pursued depending on lesion size and subchondral involvement. All techniques have good potential for success in healing, patient reported outcomes, and return to activity when applied in the appropriate circumstances.

Significant heterogeneity exists in management and outcomes of OCD of the knee, largely attributed to the varying presentation and treatment modalities. Management pathway should be patient-specific, however there is a paucity of robust comparative trials within specific populations.

Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) is a key neurophysiological mechanism that impairs voluntary quadriceps activation following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), potentially limiting functional recovery despite technically successful surgery. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying AMI and to propose a mechanism-based rehabilitation framework targeting these inhibitory processes.

Emerging evidence indicates that AMI is mediated by altered afferent input from the joint, leading to changes in spinal reflex excitability and supraspinal motor control. Mechanisms such as presynaptic inhibition, reduced α-motoneuron excitability, and impaired γ-loop function contribute to diminished quadriceps activation. In addition, recent studies suggest that AMI may manifest at the level of motor unit recruitment and firing behavior, reflecting persistent neuromuscular adaptations. These inhibitory processes are further influenced by joint effusion, pain, and pre-existing neuromotor deficits in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

AMI represents a multilevel sensorimotor dysfunction that may act as a major limiting factor in postoperative recovery after TKA. A targeted rehabilitation approach addressing peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal mechanisms—including effusion control, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, blood flow restriction training, and sensorimotor retraining—may improve quadriceps activation and functional outcomes. Integrating neurophysiological principles into rehabilitation strategies may enhance recovery trajectories and should be a focus of future clinical research.

Similar to primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), meniscal pathology is frequently encountered during revision ACLR (RACLR). In the revision setting, however, meniscal disease often presents a greater challenge because tissue quality may be compromised, particularly when prior meniscal treatment was performed at the index ACLR. This review highlights key considerations and treatment strategies for managing extensive, complex meniscal lesions in the setting of RACLR.

Graft failure significantly increases the incidence of meniscal tears. Furthermore, graft insufficiency may result in extensive, complex, and sometimes, irreparable meniscal tears. Meniscal treatment strategies, and ultimately joint preservation, have been studied to restore appropriate knee anatomy and biomechanics. Furthermore, special considerations must be made to best treat a wide range of meniscal pathologies in the RACLR, especially in a suboptimal joint environment.

Graft failure requiring revision ACL reconstruction is often accompanied by extensive, complex meniscal tearing. Meniscus-preserving strategies may help restore knee anatomy and biomechanics and, in turn, may slow the progression of osteoarthritis.

This paper aims to provide an overview on current recommendations for perioperative pain control for pediatric spine surgery. Managing pediatric pain is important to decrease postoperative morbidity, improve early mobilization, and decrease narcotic analgesic use. We aimed to summarize the data on preoperative pain management, intraoperative pain management, and postoperative pain management pathways for pediatric spine surgery.

Pre-operative mental health conditions have been shown to be associated with increased post-operative pain. Intravenous ketorolac and oral gabapentin use postoperatively can improve postoperative pain control and decrease opioid use. While patient-controlled anesthesia is currently widespread after pediatric spine surgery, there is increasing research on regional modalities for pain control, including erector spinae plane blocks, liposomal bupivacaine, epidural analgesia, and intrathecal morphine injections, which are associated with earlier mobilization and decreased narcotic use, with maintained or decreased pain scores.

Multimodal pain control, as outlined in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols, is necessary to achieve adequate pain control while decreasing narcotic usage and the associated side effects. Psychosocial factors can impact pain through anxiety and pain catastrophizing. There is increased emphasis on regional and neuraxial anesthesia modalities for pain control. Further research is needed directly comparing the effectiveness of these modalities and further exploring the effect of psychosocial factors on pain and methods to address this.

Osteochondral autograft transplantation (OATS) and osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) are established cartilage restoration procedures for symptomatic chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee in athletes. Postoperative rehabilitation is central to graft healing and incorporation, functional recovery, and safe return to play (RTP). This review synthesizes contemporary evidence on rehabilitation after OATS and OCA, including weight-bearing progression, bracing, range of motion, blood flow restriction training, and RTP criteria.

Systematic reviews and survey studies report substantial variability in rehabilitation protocols, including weight-bearing timelines, bracing duration, continuous passive motion utilization, and RTP criteria. Few published protocols incorporate objective functional testing to guide RTP. Criteria-based frameworks that individualize progression by graft type, lesion location, and functional milestones are increasingly advocated, although supporting evidence remains limited. Blood flow restriction training may help preserve strength early after surgery, but data specific to OATS and OCA remain sparse. Return to play is commonly reported after both procedures, with earlier timelines more frequently reported after OATS than OCA.

Rehabilitation after OATS and OCA requires balancing early graft protection with progressive restoration of motion, strength, and sport-specific capacity. Current evidence demonstrates wide protocol heterogeneity and continued reliance on time-based milestones, with underuse of objective RTP criteria. Standardized, criteria-driven pathways and multidisciplinary decision-making may improve consistency and optimize outcomes in athletic populations.

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) is a commonly utilized procedure for rotator cuff arthropathy, irreparable rotator cuff tears, and complex proximal humerus fractures. Although rTSA significantly improves long-term pain and function, postoperative pain remains common and is closely associated with increased opioid consumption, prolonged hospitalization, delayed recovery, and reduced patient satisfaction. Within the modern context of the opioid epidemic, optimizing pain control while minimizing narcotic usage is essential. This review summarizes recent evidence on pain management strategies for rTSAs, with emphasis on regional anesthesia techniques, multimodal analgesia, periarticular injections, Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols, and patient-specific factors influencing pain outcomes.

Recent studies demonstrate that interscalene nerve blocks provide effective early postoperative analgesia and reduce opioid requirements, though complications such as phrenic nerve paralysis and rebound pain persist. Alternative regional techniques, including combined suprascapular and axillary nerve blocks, could offer comparable analgesia with reduced adverse risks in select patients. Multimodal analgesia protocols consistently decrease opioid consumption, improve early pain scores, and shorten hospital length of stay, although outcomes vary based on regimen composition. Periarticular injections further enhance analgesia when used alone or as adjuncts to regional anesthesia. ERAS protocols are associated with improved postoperative outcomes in hip and knee arthroplasty, but evidence of their application remains limited in rTSA. Patient-level factors, including preoperative opioid use, mental health conditions, and comorbidity burden, strongly predict postoperative pain and prolonged opioid dependence.

Postoperative pain management after rTSA has evolved toward a multimodal, patient-centered approach integrating approaches such as regional anesthesia, non-opioid multimodal analgesia, and periarticular injections. Despite recent advances, optimal regional anesthetic techniques and the implementation of standardized ERAS protocols in rTSA remain areas of necessary future investigation.

Meniscal preservation is a cornerstone of modern knee surgery given the meniscus’s essential role in load transmission, joint stability, and cartilage protection. As indications for meniscal repair have expanded, understanding the factors associated with repair failure has become increasingly important. The purpose of this review is to synthesize contemporary evidence regarding risk factors for failure of meniscal repair, clarify how failure is defined and evaluated, and outline current strategies for management of failed repairs to guide clinical decision-making.

Recent literature supports meniscal repair as a joint-preserving procedure with superior long-term outcomes compared with meniscectomy, though failure and reoperation remain clinically relevant concerns. Failure risk is influenced by a combination of patient-related factors, including smoking status, limb alignment, and medical comorbidities; tear characteristics such as vascular zone, tear pattern, chronicity, and meniscal laterality; and surgical variables including isolated repair versus concomitant ligament reconstruction, repair technique, and postoperative rehabilitation. Advances in repair devices, imaging, and biologic augmentation have improved healing potential, and growing evidence supports revision meniscal repair in select patients with favorable tissue quality and tear morphology.

Meniscal repair failure is multifactorial and cannot be attributed to surgical technique alone. Successful outcomes depend on appropriate patient selection, careful assessment of tear biomechanics, selection of an optimal repair strategy, and individualized rehabilitation. Revision meniscal repair remains a viable option for preserving meniscal function in appropriately selected patients. Future research should prioritize standardized definitions of failure, comparative studies of repair techniques, and biologic strategies to further improve healing and long-term joint preservation.

Arthroscopic labral repair, including Bankart and related capsulolabral and bony augmentation procedures, are the mainstay treatment for anterior shoulder instability in young, active patients but is limited by clinically meaningful failure rates. This review synthesizes contemporary evidence to define patient-, lesion-, and technique-related risk factors for failure after arthroscopic labral repair and links these risks to functional outcomes, return-to-sport (RTS), and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to guide counseling and procedure selection.

Recurrent instability after modern arthroscopic Bankart repair ranges from approximately 15–30% at mid- to long-term follow-up, with age < 20 years emerging as a dominant predictor of failure. Glenohumeral bone loss, off-track or near-track Hill-Sachs lesions and joint hyperlaxity increase risk for failure. Technical factors such as using fewer than three anchors, and suboptimal anchor placement are linked to failure. Across adult, pediatric, and athletic cohorts, stable shoulders achieve good-to-excellent PROMs and high RTS rates, whereas recurrent instability worsens patient satisfaction.

Failure after arthroscopic labral repair is driven by several patient- and surgical technique-specific risk factors. Quantification of bone loss and glenoid track, and incorporation of tools such as the Instability Severity Index Score and Pittsburgh Instability Tool can stratify risk and identify patients who may benefit from bone augmentation or remplissage. Despite high lifetime recurrence in some subgroups, most patients without failure achieve durable improvements in pain, function, and RTS, underscoring the importance of tailoring surgical strategy to individual risk profiles to optimize stability and PROMs over the long term.

The objective of this review is to synthesize the current evidence that is available within the literature regarding injuries in cricket. This stems from epidemiology, mechanisms, management, prevention strategies, and the long-term outcomes of musculoskeletal injuries induced by cricket.

Prior literature has emphasized the importance of lumbar spinal health in fast bowlers with pathology onset. Yet, there is now an increased body of literature examining community cricket and adolescent players. Furthermore, injury prevention and workload monitoring for players, particularly female cohorts have also gained more recent attention as well.

Synthesizing information from the literature has shown that fast bowlers tend to experience the highest injury rate. Most specifically, lumbar stress injuries and hamstring strains. Various other forms of injuries exist as well, such as to the shoulder and hand, and related fractures. There has traditionally been minimal research within the domain of female cohorts as well as adolescents. The biomechanics of cricket is gaining more awareness, and more studies are coming from sources outside of the UK and Australia.

condition among collision and contact athletes, frequently resulting in significant time away from sport and long-term functional limitations. Due to the high physical demands and risk of recurrent injury in this population, accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical assessment and management of shoulder instability in these high-risk athletes.

Shoulder instability can be managed non-operatively or operatively. Recurrent instability is common with non-operative treatment, particularly in young male contact and collision athletes. Surgical management significantly reduces recurrence and improves return-to-sport outcomes. Anterior instability treated with arthroscopic Bankart repair generally demonstrates good results, but risk factors for failure include multiple dislocations, hyperlaxity, glenoid bone loss, and delayed intervention. Augmentation with remplissage improves outcomes over Bankart repair alone and yields results comparable to the Latarjet procedure, which is reserved for critical glenoid bone loss but is technically demanding. Posterior instability treated with arthroscopic posterior capsulolabral repair shows high return-to-sport rates and superior patient-reported outcomes compared with conservative management.

Clinical decision-making should prioritize restoring stability, regaining function, and facilitating a safe return to sport. Patient-specific factors such as age, level of play, athletic goals, risk of recurrence, and extent of bone loss must also be carefully considered. A thorough understanding of shoulder instability in this population is essential to guide management and minimize the risk of recurrent instability, progressive bone loss, and long-term shoulder dysfunction.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a useful tool across the field of orthopedic surgery. This review highlights recent literature on AI’s role in surgical outcome prediction, musculoskeletal imaging, economic and ethical considerations, with a focus on its integration in sports medicine workflow and procedures.

Machine learning AI models have demonstrated superior accuracy in predicting orthopedic related patient-reported outcomes, surgical complications, and the utilization of healthcare compared to traditional, non-AI methods. Within imaging, AI applications now produce automated measurements for clinical and presurgical planning with precision equivalent to expert-level measurements. Large language AI models are increasingly used for clinical documentation, research workflows, and administrative support for healthcare delivery and effectiveness. Despite increasing integration of AI into orthopedics and its subspecialties, challenges in validation, accessibility due to cost, and ethical considerations remain.

Orthopedic surgery and sports medicine are particularly well suited for AI applications due to their well-defined, measurable clinical outcomes. Emerging AI tools and models show promise in enhancing patient outcomes, surgical planning, and healthcare efficiency. Continued AI research must prioritize external validation, ethical implementation, and educational integration to ensure responsible, effective, and reproducible use.

This study systematically reviews outcomes of robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) in complex primary and revision cases, compared with conventional TKA (cTKA). Complex cases include severe coronal deformity, high BMI, fixed flexion deformity, and revision arthroplasty. Outcomes assessed included coronal alignment, perioperative metrics, and patient-reported outcomes.

Nineteen studies comprising 2,482 patients (2,535 knees: 1,931 rTKA, 604 cTKA) were included. Robotic-assisted TKA consistently restored coronal alignment, with greatest improvements observed in moderate-to-severe varus and valgus deformities. In revision cases, robotic assistance achieved near-neutral hip–knee–ankle alignment (mean deviation − 1.05°), low complication rates (4–17.9%), and high implant survival (97.1%). In obese patients, robotic-assisted TKA improved alignment precision, though functional outcomes were similar to conventional techniques. Robotic systems reduced the need for extensive soft tissue releases and enabled reliable early functional recovery. Most studies were retrospective, with moderate-to-serious risk of bias due to confounding and heterogeneity in patient populations, surgical complexity, and robotic platforms.

Robotic-assisted TKA reliably restored coronal alignment and achieved perioperative andpatient-reported outcomes comparable to conventional techniques in complex primary andrevision cases. Alignment advantages were particularly evident in severe deformities oranatomically challenging knees. While these findings are encouraging, they should be3interpreted in the context of predominantly retrospective data, heterogeneous outcomereporting, and limited long-term follow-up. Future prospective, longitudinal randomizedstudies with standardized reporting are needed to confirm the impact of robotic-assistedapproaches on long-term functional outcomes and implant survival, in complex TKA.

To provide a comprehensive overview of the indications for lateral extra-articular tenodesis in addition to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), followed by a discussion on the existing techniques with their perceived advantages and disadvantages.

Recent evidence has shifted lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) from a routine “add-on” to a selective adjunct for patients at higher risk of residual rotatory instability and ACL graft failure after isolated ACLR. Level I clinical evidence suggests that adding an iliotibial (ITB) – based LET can meaningfully reduce graft rupture rates while improving control of pivot shift – type instability. The 2025 International Consensus on lateral extra-articular procedures (LEAPs) supports LET/anterolateral augmentation particularly for revision ACLR, high-grade pivot shift, generalized laxity or hyperextension/recurvatum, and young athletes returning to pivoting/contact sports. The consensus also mentions that modern LEAPs have low complication rates, do not typically require altered rehabilitation, and have not shown a consistent signal for increased lateral compartment osteoarthritis when contemporary technique principles are followed. Finally, despite the variety of described constructs (modified Lemaire variants, other ITB-based tenodeses, and anatomic ALL reconstruction), current literature does not demonstrate a single universally superior technique. Instead, success appears to be linked to correct patient selection, adherence to key technical principles (appropriate graft routing & low-tension fixation), and age or skeletal – maturity – appropriate modifications.

When applied selectively in high-risk patients, adding a lateral extra-articular tenodesis to ACL reconstruction can improve rotational control and reduce re-injury, but current evidence does not support a single universally superior LET construct. Optimal results depend on appropriate indications, careful technique, and tailoring the approach to patient factors such as age, sport demands, laxity profile, and skeletal maturity.

This manuscript comprehensively reviews the most recent studies on preoperative and intraoperative factors that positively or negatively influence the clinical and radiological outcomes of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM).

Initial research focused on baseline demographic (e.g., age, sex, BMI) and meniscal tear characteristics to predict short- and medium-term outcomes. Recent investigations, however, have broadened this scope to include previously overlooked ancillary elements, such as socio-economic and psychological factors. Furthermore, non-meniscal anatomical features—including bony alignments and morphology, and joint stability—have been studied, along with surgical-related elements like the volume of resected tissue and the impact of specific surgical techniques. Crucially, long-term studies, some with over 20 years of follow up, are now available, offering a clearer understanding of the rates of symptomatic and asymptomatic osteoarthritic progression based on different baseline characteristics.

While precisely predicting the clinical and radiological outcomes of APM remains challenging, this manuscript provides a comprehensive review of the most current evidence. It aims to help surgeons more adequately treat and counsel patients presenting with meniscal tears. Future research should prioritize developing and validating predictive algorithms that integrate the multitude of success and failure factors discussed in this review.

Lateral patellar instability is one of the most common knee conditions among adolescents, with an estimated incidence of approximately 43 per 100,000 individuals. Trochlear dysplasia has been identified as the most common anatomic risk factor for patellar instability and may be present in up to 90% of patients with lateral patellar instability. It presents across a spectrum of severity ranging from mild to severe. While multiple surgical treatment algorithms exist for managing patellar instability, trochleoplasty remains the only procedure that directly addresses the underlying trochlear pathology and restores normal patellar tracking. The purpose of this review is to highlight the critical role of trochlear dysplasia in patellar instability and to review the indications, surgical technique, and contemporary role of trochleoplasty in the management of this condition.

Recent studies report favorable short, mid and long term clinical outcomes following trochleoplasty in patients with lateral patellar instability associated with trochlear dysplasia. In parallel, emerging biomechanical and radiographic evidence has further clarified the role of trochlear dysplasia in increasing patellofemoral contact pressures and altering patellar tracking, while also demonstrating favorable radiographic outcomes following trochleoplasty. Together, these findings reinforce the importance of addressing the primary trochlear pathology in patients with lateral patellar instability, particularly in the setting of moderate- to high-grade trochlear dysplasia, and support a treatment paradigm that prioritizes correction of the underlying anatomic abnormality. Recent findings

Lateral patellar instability is a multifactorial condition in which trochlear dysplasia represents a primary anatomic contributor to recurrent instability and altered patellofemoral biomechanics. Recent biomechanical, radiographic, and clinical evidence supports a pathology-driven approach to management, emphasizing the importance of directly addressing trochlear morphology in appropriately selected patients. Although the procedure is technically demanding, careful patient selection and surgeon expertise can result in good to excellent clinical outcomes and potential long-term preservation of patellofemoral cartilage.

The main components of the shoulder complex, including the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic articulations, are both dependent on a balance of dynamic force couples to facilitate motion and function. The purpose of this review is to summarize when a disruption of the scapular force couple has a direct impact on the glenohumeral force couple and associated stability; how to diagnose this and ultimately treat it.

The coordinated motion between the two articulations, termed scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR), drives the shoulder to do many types of motions and function in many directions. The relationship between the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic articulations is not only important for shoulder function, but pathologic processes impacting one also impact the other. This can be seen in excessive scapular compensation in the setting of a rotator cuff tear, or excessive glenohumeral compensation in the setting of a paralyzed serratus anterior. This relationship is particularly important in the setting of recurrent shoulder instability, where scapulothoracic abnormal motion patterns predispose the glenohumeral joint to subluxate or dislocate. When the scapula either loses its ability to externally rotate, remains excessively protracted, or functions with abnormal uncoordinated motion patterns, its uncoordinated movement and resting position predisposes the shoulder joint to be unstable, particularly in the posterior direction. When addressing shoulder instability, it is critical to consider these motion patterns and address them when present, or the patient will be predisposed to continuing to have recurrent shoulder instability.

In this review, we will highlight the critical role of glenohumeral and scapulothoracic dynamic force couples and muscle balances, as well as the important impact scapulothoracic pathology can have on glenohumeral joint stability.

The goal of this review is to discuss the current understanding of implantable shock absorbers (ISA) including mechanism of action, usage in patients, patient outcomes and the future of this technology.

Since the introduction of the ISA, it mainly has functioned as a surgical option for individuals with symptomatic medial compartment osteoarthritis who are too young, not indicated, or do not wish to proceed with arthroplasty. Biomechanically, ISA reduces peak medial compartment force by 32%. In a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) study, ISA was found superior to HTO, with significant reduction of pain and improvement of function. Survivorship and freedom to conversion to arthroplasty remains 85% at 5 years. Current randomized trial focuses on impact of continued non operative treatment of OA verses ISA.

ISA is a reasonable surgical option for the treatment of medial compartment osteoarthritis without the need for disruption of the patient’s native anatomy through osteotomy or arthroplasty.

The purpose of this review is to compare beach chair (BC) and lateral decubitus (LD) positioning for arthroscopic shoulder stabilization, with an emphasis on the technical considerations, visualization and access, position-specific complications, and clinical outcomes.

Recent cohort studies, systematic reviews, and editorials consistently demonstrate that both beach chair (BC) and lateral decubitus (LD) positioning is safe and effective for arthroscopic shoulder stabilization procedures with comparable rates of recurrent instability, revision surgery, return to sports, and patient-reported outcomes. Reported differences between BC and LD positions are more consistently observed in intraoperative mechanics and workflow than in clinical outcomes. Though patient factors are often the most influential with respect to the outcome of surgery, it remains important to understand any available modifiable factors and how they can influence clinical outcomes.

Patient position selection for arthroscopic shoulder stabilization procedures should be guided by surgeon experience, operative team familiarity, patient-specific factors, and the technical demands of the instability pattern being addressed. Future prospective and randomized studies are needed to more definitively evaluate whether surgical positioning independently influences outcomes.