Jurys Inn Hotel
William Jury-Entrepreneur
The founder of the Jurys Doyle Hotel Group was a commercial traveler who identified an opportunity and established an inn that was aimed at serving the sector in which he was working. In 1839 the commercial traveler ventured into the entrepreneurial world by opening an Inn at Dublin College green which was later named the Commercial and Family Hotel. William Jury was an ambitious entrepreneur who constantly identified new opportunities, a fact that led to a partnership that led to the building of a new hotel known as the Shelbourne hotel. William sold the original inn at Dublin’s green college to his cousin Henry who was also a gifted entrepreneur. Henry Jury worked hard and the Commercial and Family Hotel grew significantly during his time leading to the name change to Jurys hotel. After the Second World War the Hotel which had been requisitioned by the British military was now vacant and deserted until some Irish entrepreneurs invested in the business and kept the Jury name. The businessmen invested in more hotel properties in Dublin and the tourist boom at the time encouraged them to invest in other areas such as Westport in 1970 and Sligo in the following year (Creaton, 2004). In the mid to the late seventies the tourist boom came to an end just at the time the company was making huge investments into an expansion plan and in addition the company was facing a high degree of competition from the Doyle group and it faced a uncertain future.

This resulted in a complete disbandment of the organization through a sale of assets and the formulation of a new Jurys hotel group with additional investors. The new strategy of the new organization was based on the acquisition of three lucrative properties from the Intercontinental Hotels group based in the Cork, Limerick and Ballsbridge (Bergsman, 2006).

Hotel Chain Overview
Currently the chain of hotels is owned by Quinlan Private Venture Capital Company owned by Derek Quinlan who bought in 2007 from the Jurys Doyle Hotel Group. The hotel group was founded in Dublin Ireland back in 1881 by William Jury who initially set out to start a boarding house. The first major investment in the hotel chain was made in 1964 by PV Doyle and was named the Montrose and is located in Stillorgan in the city of Dublin. The Doyle group in Dublin, Washington DC and London hotel were consolidated in 1999 to form the now enlarged the Jurys Doyle Hotel Group.

The hotel chain is known for its unique Jurys Inn concept which has seen the opening of hotels in the following areas:

• Jurys Inn Cork
• Jurys Inn Manchester
• Jurys Inn Limerick
• Jurys Inn London
• Jurys Inn Custom House
• Jurys Inn Edinburgh
• Jurys Inn Belfast

The company also has invested in conventional hotels as part of its expansion strategy within the United Kingdom from 2001and they include:

• In 2001 the group acquired the Birmingham based Chamberlain hotels
• The hotel chain opened the Jurys Inn in Newcastle
• The Jurys Inn Croydon was opened in 2002
• Jurys Inn in Leeds was opened in 2004
• Jurys Inn in Glasgow was opened
• Jurys Inn Chelsea
• Jurys Inn Southampton
• Jurys Inn Heathrow-2004
• Jurys Inn Parnell Street-2004
• Jurys Inn Liverpool-2008
• Jurys Inn Plymouth-2008
• Jurys Inn Nottingham-2005
• Jurys Inn Brighton-2009
• Jurys Inn Swindon-2008
• Jurys Inn Derby-2009

The hotel chain is one the leading hotel groups within the republic of Ireland and has an ambitious international expansion strategy. The Jurys Doyle Hotel Group has thirty hotels in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the United States. The major part of the revenues earned by the hotel comes from the home base of Ireland. In the market, the fastest developing segment is that of the United Kingdom where the hotel has opened fifteen hotels since 1990.Withinn the United States the hotel chain has three investments and is conducting market surveys with a view of expanding in the region. The hotel chain has come with new strategies that involve a shift in portfolio from the three star Inn concept to the higher market segment of four star and five star hotels. The Jurys Doyle Hotel Group has categorized its services under two core brands, the inn brand concept which is mid priced and the four star concept which targets a higher end market (Clark, Andrew.2006).

The company has also managed to acquire several five star properties which include:

• The Towers in Dublin
• The Berkeley Court
• The Westbury

After acquisition by the private capital venture group the hotel chain has an ambitious development program that involves more expansion in the United States and the addition of 1500 rooms. The Jurys Doyle Hotel Group is a registered company in the London and Irish stock exchanges and abides by the regulations that control publicly listed companies.
The hotel chain had 8000 rooms by the financial year ending 2011 and is continuously expanding its operations.

It offers a wide variety of services which include:

• Conference facilities
• Business centers
• Bed and breakfast accommodation,
• Mobile phone network
• High Speed internet access
• Currency exchange
• Baby Sitting services
• Car rental
• 24 hour reception,
• Parking facilities
• Flexible check in/out services
• Room service

The Jury Inn Model Concept: The Budget Hotel Approach

The hotel chain still follows the concept applied by William Jury even after changing ownership hands severally. Jury wanted to satisfy a market need and used his entrepreneurial skills to satisfy this need. The hotel was established to serve the needs of commercial travelers. This involved giving the customers value for money by offering clean and comfortable rooms at a price that is affordable. In addition the Inns are located at strategic points that are near major transportation systems such as airports, bus and train terminus. This was a meant to tap into this target market by incorporating a high level of convenience (Creaton, 2004).

The hotel has targeted the three star hotel customer base since its inception and this has led to the current success being experienced by the Jurys Doyle Hotel Group. The three star hotel brand is a concept that heavily relies on central convenient locations and value based services that are flexible in nature. The hotel chain has managed to align its brand portfolio with the expectations of the customer. For over a hundred years the hotel chain has been synonymous with affordable excellent service to the business traveler. The management has been able to apply the appropriate entrepreneurial skills necessary to sustain the business model even through difficult and trying times. The Jurys hotel brand has been based on a budget hotel concept and has managed to offer professional but limited services to travelers and other customers for over a hundred year. Studies have shown that the budget model is now very popular in the hospitality industry especially during the global economic slowdown that has seen problems in both the United States and in Europe (Walsh, 2004). The current statistics show that in both the united and in Europe, budget hotels make up seventy percent of hotels. The Jurys Inn model was a pioneer in conceptualizing this model and serving a niche market at the time which has now become the main market.

Management Innovation
Managerial entrepreneurship has been a key component of the success seen at the Jurys Doyle Hotel Group. The management has been able to adapt to the business environment by applying the right expansion and acquisition strategies at the right time and in the right manner. The budget hotel in concept has been implemented and managed effectively leading to the stable growth of the company in the last four decades. The management at Jurys has been able to offer innovative services based on the service concept within the hospitality industry. In essence the service concept incorporates the “what” and “how” of service design and at the same time aligns the strategies of the organization and the needs of the customer. The management of the hotel chain has been able to use innovative pricing to attract different market segments based on a flexible system that is season and service oriented (Chitium, 2004) The hotel chain offers no frills in its establishments and this enables it to lower rates for its customers. The business traveler has become the main customer for the Jurys Inn and prices are set according to the services and the needs of a particular customer. Only the in accommodation does the hotel have a standard standing charge, because all the other services are optional depending on the wishes of the customer. Another value added innovation is the location of the hotels in the most convenient place for both business travelers and tourists. The hotel is has Inns in Heathrow airport and the hotels at Glasgow and Birmingham are suitably located near big near public transport systems and international convention centers (Braiden, 2009). By these actions the management has ensured that the hotel chain has tapped into the tourist and business traveler market. Those attending international conferences in Glasgow can seek accommodation at the Jurys Inn in the area and enjoy the competitive prices offered at the establishment. The management has innovatively used information technology to make it convenient for customers to make reservations and make inquiries about the services offered by hotel chain.

The use of technology has been an important service based innovation for the hotel chain and offers:

• Customized and automatic wake up systems
• In room pay per view television
• Personal computers
• Electronic door locks
• Modem computer connection
• Video check out services
• It based business centre

It must be noted that all these services are offered at different Jurys Inn establishments depending on the needs of the customers. The rooms have been modernized to include high speed internet access as a value added service in line with five star industry standards. The rooms have customized décor for those couples who are on their honey moon or on romantic holidays who select to stay in budget hotels for financial reasons. The management has also implemented flexible check in and checkout policies that are convenient and which accommodate the needs of both tourists and travelers. The managers at the hotel chain have instituted these innovations through the use of customer surveys and research that indicates the reasons why customers select to stay at Jurys Inn. This enables the management to come up with a service design for particular establishments where they note unique customer trends and behavior. Studies show that organizations that are successful must be fully aware of the preferences of their customers and consequently develop their services according to the targets of the market. Due to its long history in the sector the management has had used the experience to add only those innovations that reflect on the bottom line. Research has shown that service innovation is an essential component of market differentiation and can be a distinct competitive advantage in the hospitality industry (Schall, 2003). The company has implemented business centers in some of the Inns within London to cater for the small scale business traveler. The management has innovatively used training to ensure that the staff is an additional value to the services of the hotel. The staff is taught crucial interpersonal skills that cater to the needs of the customers. The management has instituted a Jurys reward system that benefits frequent travelers who stay at the Inns. This is meant to reward loyal customers and to build lasting relationships with them. They earn points depending on the number of visits to the hotel and they can exchange this points for free nights or high street vouchers that can be used in high end shops and restaurants within London.

The role of entrepreneurship in the Development of Jurys Doyle Hotel Group
The hotel industry has been characterized by intense competition after the Second World War and the stabilization of the global economy. Changing customer preferences and the rapid advances in technology have seen hospitality organizations apply entrepreneurial concepts to develop their establishments and remain competitive in the long term. The issue of success by the Jurys hotel chain group is tied to service innovation where the hotel chain used new ideas and concepts to target a niche market. The founder of the hotels saw an opportunity to serve business travelers by giving them affordable services in a comfortable, convenient and safe environment. This ensured that the hotel chain created a niche for itself within the market in Ireland. William Jury was an entrepreneur who conceived an idea and worked towards its implementation. The founder of the hotel chain had an entrepreneurial self employment mind set which helped develop the small bed and breakfast at Dublin green college to a reputable budget hotel. The hotel was designed according to the owner’s vision, which was to build an establishment that would efficiently cater to the needs of the commercial traveler. The Jurys hotel faced collapse during the Second World War when the British army had taken over the premises. A group of Irish entrepreneurs then saw the potential of the Inns and invested in the business once more, because they identified the opportunities provided by the low cost traveler. This entrepreneurial spirit was the catalyst that led to the development and success of the hotel chain since its inception. The concept of entrepreneurial leadership provided by management has led to the high level of service innovation seen in the hotel chain. The leadership of the hotel chain noted earlier on that the differences between low budget hotels and their more high end counterparts was becoming narrower as the big players employed competitive strategies that lowered prices significantly. The hotel chain was struggling to differentiate itself as budget hotel, because of the price strategy of four and five star establishments and the management implemented a service concept strategy that was characterized by an increase in services offered so that in the end it ended up as a mid market establishment with the competitive pricing of a low end budget hotel. Entrepreneurship requires the taking of risks which is also evident in Jurys Inn’s ambitious expansion strategy that has seen the chain grow to thirty hotels within two decades. Organizations that are led by entrepreneurs are constantly looking to break new ground in their quest to dominate the market and offer first class services to their customers.

Ryan Air: Budget Airline Case Study Analysis
The low budget airline was formed in 1985 and has its headquarters at Dublin airport. The airline has a strategy that involves the use of the Boeing 737-800 model in all its flights. One of the objectives of the airline was to increase the number of tourists visiting Ireland. The company has had an ambitious expansion strategy in its quest to attain a larger market share and to improve on its capabilities. The expansion plans are also meant to satisfy the target market which requires an investment into more routes. The company began its operations by flying from Waterford to London. In 1997 the company went public and used the new financing to expand into the European market. The profit revenue has risen from 231 million dollars in 1998 to 339 million Euros in 2010. Tony Ryan, Christopher Ryan and Liam Lonergan formed the airline in order to satisfy a market need and to break the duopoly of Aer Lingus and British airways (Riegel, 2010). After the deregulation of the airline industry the company added a new route in 1986 and begun to compete directly with British airways by flying from Dublin to Luton. The company had been able to meet the industry standards and was allowed by the British government to fly across Europe. The airline did well for the next four years but by 19991 it was in trouble and needed restructuring. An innovative manager known as Michael O’Leary was given the task of turning around the fortunes of the airline. He came up with a new strategy of combining low fares with quick around times as a way of reducing costs and increasing revenue. This was a critical time for the company as the new CEO discovered that the company could effectively compete within the European air market by offering cheap frills and low cost fares. The company used regional airports that were less expensive and this allowed it to charge low fares that attracted the budget traveler. By the year 1995 Ryan air had carried 2.5 million passengers and was on its way to becoming the largest low budget carrier in Europe. Ryan air used only one model of Boeing 737-800 aircraft to expand into Europe in the most effective low cost strategy possible. The company operated roots near Paris, Stockholm and near Brussels as it penetrated the European market. In its expansion plans the company ordered a record 155 Boeing planes which were to be delivered in eight years from 2002. In 2003 the company demonstrated a great deal of confidence in its business model by ordering 100 more planes in line with its vision of low budget market dominance. In the same year the company acquired a low budget competitor Buzz which added to its flight capabilities and added sixty new routes to its portfolio. The 2004 season also saw trying times for the airline industry and Ryanair posted a loss of three million Euros. After this turbulent time only two major European players remained Ryanair and Easy jet. The stock of the company has grown by over fifty percent and in 2009 the CEO Michael O’Leary announced that the company was moving into the long haul flight sector .They strategy involved charging low fares and the addition of a business class category of passengers who were going to pay a higher premium for the extra comfort and services. This was meant to enable the airline to compete effectively with carriers such as Virgin Atlantic.

Ryan Air: Low Budget Concept
One of the reasons why the low budget carrier has been so successful is due to the reason that the management has been very good at negotiating with airport authorities. This enabled the company to lower the cost of doing business and made it competitive when it came to charging low fares. The model involves the use of fewer crew members so as to reduce the costs in a flight. The Ryan air business model involves the use of one type of aircraft in all flights. This reduces the cost of maintenance and ensures maximum efficiency as pilots and crews get used to the mechanism of the model. The use of one model also reduces staff training costs and the cost of obtaining spares.

The Ryan business model is based on a cost reduction strategy so as to remain competitive within the industry. One of the strategies that the company uses is outsourcing whereby it engages the services of other companies in activities that are not part of its core business. As mentioned the company negotiated for low airport charges and flexible route policies that give it leverage when it comes to operational agility. The cost strategy also involves the hiring of only essential staff and the managing of any other staff costs (Bamber et al., 2009). The company pays low wages but has a pay structure that is performance related which acts as a motivation. The CEO of Ryan air came up with a strategy that enhances the turnaround time making the company more efficient in its flights. The company utilizes regional airports where it can use its bargaining power to negotiate favorable deals with regard to airport charges. The airline operates from point to point and does not incur costs when it comes to connecting passengers. The company has been able to effectively keep its marketing costs down by using the internet and utilizing the most effective magazines and electronic media.

The company has used a no frills strategy as a way for improving the productivity and efficiency of the airline. This involves the streamlining of in flight services such as food and drinks and the seat allocation method. Customers are charged for those in flight services that they utilize and employees are paid for the amount of sales that they make while on board. This enhances the efficiency of the company in terms of efficiency. The low costs strategy gives the company the opportunity to concentrate its efforts in adding the volume of customers and not the passenger margins. This approach then transcends to a customer oriented strategy that ensures that the company focuses on meeting their needs.

The Ryan air business model has been characterized by high service performance which is marked by high rates of flight completion, a high rate of punctuality and a low rate of baggage loss (Hensdill, 2002). This performance levels enable the company to have a highs level of adaptability and agility when it comes to operating in a highly competitive environment. The model has been characterized by the efficient utilization of planes which has resulted in longer aircraft use, which has led to a lowering of costs when it comes to the purchase of new planes. In other words the company optimizes the use of the aircraft. Ryan air also engages in fuel hedging so as to shield its operations from the constant fluctuation in global oil prices.

Aer Lingus
Tony Ryan was an entrepreneur who worked for the Aer Lingus Group Plc but then moved on to start Ryanair. Aer Lingus airline is one of the major rivals of Ryanair and was the training ground for Tony Ryan who had risen to be an executive in Ireland’s oldest extant airline. The entrepreneur used the knowledge and contacts he had gained at Aer Lingus to start a low budget carrier that became a direct competitor at Dublin airport. One of Tony Ryan’s objectives in starting Ryanair was to end the dominance of Aer Lingus in the Waterford-Dublin route. The competition between Aer Lingus and Ryanair was fierce as the young airline attempted to increase its market share through a pricing strategy. Ryanair eventually dominated the low cost carrier and owns a 29.4% stake in its rival Aer Lingus. Aer Lingus gave Tony Ryan the experience he needed to make Ryanair a success.

Negative Publicity
The company has also receives negative media press, because of some of its policies and attitudes. It constantly gets into disputes with airports over terminal charges because of unreasonable demands from its officials. The company has faced costly route battles with its main rival Easy Jet. The CEO has also been accused of arrogance and courting negative publicity as a tool of promotion. The company constantly makes wilds proposals like charging for toilet use or charging more for overweight people only to claim it was a joke.

Management Innovation
Innovation management in the Ryanair model has been characterized by an emphasis on the systematic processes used to develop the services offered by the airline. This involved a high degree of creativity that is in line with the needs of the customer and which matches the business strategies of the airline. The management of Ryanair has a strong history of using innovation to create a competitive advantage. As a matter of fact the whole Ryanair concept is founded on an innovative business model that made it possible for more people to afford flying. According to the CEO, Michael O’Leary the innovative strategy of Ryan is based on a notion of looking at business process and eliminating those things that increase costs and complicate operations. This essentially involves dissecting processes into components that are measurable and assessing their value to the customer in order to eliminate those that are not geared towards meeting the needs of the customers. Fundamentally this has made Ryan Air one of the most cost effective businesses in the world. The basic idea is to concentrate on the core function of flying passengers from point A to point B. Before the company brought down the costs of traveling by air, flying was a preserve of those with means. This new model introduced by Ryan Air was based on taking the concept of flying to its bare essentials. The company begun by operating with two planes on two routes and used the lessons learnt to identify a market need and to innovatively address the practical challenges raised by the strategy. The use of the Boeing 737 is an innovative strategy that was pioneered by Ryan Air as part of its cost reduction strategy. The management was able to institute a single passenger class which is flexible and allows passengers to sit wherever they prefer (Riegel, 2010).
Another noted innovative strategy is the use of direct ticket sales by the airline as a way of cutting out middle men and reducing the costs. This involves the use of the internet and the staff to sell the tickets to customers and this enables the company to charge very competitive fares, because it does not have to pay commissions to ticketing agents.

The budget airline has also innovatively used information technology as a value added service on its flights. This is meant to support the business traveler to communicate and work while on board. The net revenue of in-flight internet use has increased by 472% since its implementation in 2001.The management at Ryanair have applied the concept of low budget transportation and reducing the services to the barest minimum as a way of enhancing their competitive advantage a small airline within Europe.

The innovation strategy at the budget airline was heavily influenced by the changing needs of the customer, because of their increased sensitivity to pricing. Every cost reductive strategy found at Ryan Air is customer oriented and is meant to increase the volume of passengers by offering quick and affordable services.

The role of entrepreneurship in the Development of Ryan Air
The company was founded by the Irish businessmen Tony Ryan, Christopher Ryan and Liam Lonergan were entrepreneurs who saw an opportunity to serve a market need and looked for ways to get the resources required to fill this gap. One of the major characteristics of entrepreneurs is the fact that they take risks so as to achieve their goal. The two founders invested in a risky business that required a lot of capital and was under strict European regulation. The industry was also dominated by big airlines such as British airways that had the resources to stifle any competition. Entrepreneurship requires the use of innovation to come up with a product or service that is unique and which gives the organization a competitive advantage over others (Ruddock, 2007). The two founders practiced disruptive innovation which improved the access to flying within the European market after offering prices that could be afforded by a larger market. One of the major components of entrepreneurship is change which the company has pursued and exploited. Entrepreneurs are able to take advantage of situations as was demonstrated when they European air market was deregulated and Ryanair positioned itself to expand its services by offering a product that was different from its competitors. Entrepreneurship at Ryanair has been characterized by the repositioning of an existing service in order to reach a new market segment. The company has had to make continuous innovations to its services and business model due to the challenges that exist within the industry. The company has had entrepreneurial leadership in the CEO. Michael O’Leary has demonstrated skills that have seen the company expand into new markets and emerge from difficult times to experience success. When the company underwent challenges in the early nineties the CEO was able to change strategies and improve on existing services which made Ryanair more productive and efficient. One of the dimensions of entrepreneurship is proactiveness which in the business realm means being action oriented. Ryan Air is a company that operates in a highly competitive industry and it has had to continuously improve its services so as to remain competitive. The company is currently targeting the business traveler by offering a new business class service. This is because the business class target market has changed trends and the customers want more services at an affordable price. Ryanair is continuously looking for more opportunities that would add value to its services and which would increase its ability to compete. It seeks to introduce new services ahead of its rivals as has been illustrated by the introduction of business oriented long haul flights. It constantly applies strategies that remove operations that are declining as a way of reducing costs and in this regard the company only flies in strategic routes so as to maximize on profits and efficiency. Studies have shown that organizations with strong entrepreneurial orientations perform better, because they are able to deal with the challenges that face them in as more proactive manner. The leadership is not afraid to take calculated risks that are aimed at giving the company a competitive edge within the industry. Ryanair is a company that has survived and succeeded by competently and effectively studying the market and industry. The airline industry continuously analyzes the trends in the industry and the market so as to identify any notable changes that might require a change of strategy. After a critical analysis of the routes the company which enjoys a high level of flexibility can quickly negotiate with authorities for terminus expansion or can withdraw depending on its best interests. In its entrepreneurial nature the company has been able to expand into more tourist destinations since this is a lucrative market for budget airlines which have greatly benefitted from budget hotels. In its expansion plans in the past the company has applied an international strategy as part of its overall corporate strategy.

Budget Airlines and Budget Hotels
Jurys Inn and Ryanair
Changing customer trends and a slowdown in the global economy has resulted in the development and expansion of low cost hotels and airlines. The two service industries have come together to serve a growing market need. Both industries are heavily associated with the tourism and travel sector and depend on low pricing and efficient services as key components of attracting and retaining customers. The Jurys Inn business model was created in order to serve the commercial traveler by offering lean comfortable and affordable accommodation. The low cost carriers also target the business traveler by offering quick, efficient and affordable flight services to this market. The philosophy behind low cost carriers like Ryan Air and low budget hotels like Jurys Inn is the emphasis on reducing the costs of doing business therefore allowing the organization to offer competitive prices. Market research has shown that the hospitality and airline industries are characterized by customers who are price sensitive. Both organizations were founded to satisfy a market need by making the travel experience of both tourists and business travelers more affordable. In the current business environment typified by intense competition, cost cutting strategies have become as important as other competitive strategies because only lean and efficient organizations are successful.

The Jurys Inn business model is aimed at targeting the low cost traveler who is also the target for low cost carriers (Schall, 2003). The hotel chain allows customers to pay only for those services they want or need. The concept is marked by a high level of flexibility whereby the customer can pay for rooms in an hourly rate depending on their travel arrangements. This is very attractive to those business travelers and tourists who make stop-over’s that require only a few hours stay in a hotel. If they wish for more services like the use of the internet, food and drinks or room service then they pay for them directly. The Ryanair model also has a similar concept where passengers only pay those services that they prefer. When one pays for a flight, it is not inclusive of any other service, which then requires that that if they need extra services like food and drinks then they can pay for them on board. This concept allows both the airline and the hotel to charge competitive rates by offering the most basic services in a safe accommodative environment.

One of the advantages of low-cost carriers and budget hotels is their ability to compete effectively with traditional rivals my minimizing the cost of doing business and raising capabilities in such a way that attracts the customer to prefer their services. The Ryan air concept is simply based on cheap efficient travel and it is meant for people whose main aim is to move from point A to B. The Jurys in model is directed at those customers whose main aim is comfortable and clean accommodation and not luxury.

The two organizations have experienced their level of success due to the entrepreneurial spirit of their founders and subsequent management. The hotel chain has implemented a risky expansion strategy in the nineties that saw successful growth within the market segment. Ryanair at the same time was also implementing its international strategy and ordering over two hundred Boeing 737 planes to be delivered within the same decade. Entrepreneurship drove both organizations to apply innovative concepts that became a competitive advantage which led to sustainable growth. Innovation of services is the fundamental driver of both low cost airlines and budget hotels. The Jurys hotel business model was innovatively designed to serve tourists and business travelers from a convenient location near major transport systems like airports, train stations and bus terminus. This ensures that the hotel chain effectively taps into the travel and tourism market through convenience and competitive pricing. The Ryan Air concept has also used innovative strategies such as the quick turnaround policy to ensure that they have a higher level of efficiency that their competitors.

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The use of social media by companies that desire excelling is emerging in the contemporary world of business. Honeywell has significantly employed this tool in its adventure of becoming the leading firm in the engineering services provision. Ideally, the firm has developed a corporate I.T team that enhances collaboration and knowledge sharing among its over one hundred and twenty thousand global work force (Meetup, 1). The use of Facebook and twitter has significantly improved efficiency, enhanced productivity and improved sharing of knowledge (Meetup, 1). All these are significant facets of Honeywell’s corporate strategy. Ideally, social networks have become Honeywell’s corporate intranet enhancing improvement of flow of work as well as provision of a framework for alliance of ideas.

It is necessary to note that Honeywell social networking is not limited to the two popular sites of Facebook and twitter. The firm has discovered the power of net. In this case, it has launched some more customized versions like SharePoint which is a discussion forum. Moreover, yammer which equivalent to twitter allows employees to informally collaborate in certain ideas. Rich Hoeg has been instrumental in guiding Honeywell in its adventure to significantly revolution the use of social media towards enhancement of achievement of corporate objectives. The versatile metabolism of the use of web is credited to Rich Hoeg. Mr. Hoeg had initiated Honeywell computer training two decades ago which converted into internal and external web services in the 1990s (Meetup, 1). The contemporary development at Honeywell thanks to a completely developed e-learning and implicit library threshold is knowledge sharing. The basis and development of Honeywell is enhancement of practicability of in-house engineering blogs, labeling/social net engines as well as knowledge podcasts (Meetup, 1). This is to allow knowledge management and content development that allows collaboration of versatile knowledge among a wide spectrum of workforce spread across the globe. Once this is developed, solutions and innovations will drive Honeywell into the helm of corporate success.

The baseline of the revolution of social networking is that harnessing the thinking and knowledge of this persons connected by internet is a very powerful tool which imagination may only quantify its potential in developing solutions.

In conclusion, Honeywell international is a case study of how social networking may efficiently be customized into more formal uses rather than the traditional forums of interacting socially. Ideally, Honeywell has successfully used social networking sites including Facebook, Twitter and blogs to successfully allow knowledge collaboration among its over one hundred and twenty thousand employees spread across the globe. This has increased the firm’s efficiency, led to enhanced productivity and improved sharing of technical knowledge. This makes Honeywell a mega piece in offering just-in-time solutions to customers. It is mind blogging to understand the synergy that Honeywell has generated by revolutionizing social networking into systems that formally enhance knowledge sharing to give customers solutions. The future at Honeywell is developing internal engineering blogs and knowledge podcasts. Finally, the sky is the limit as to the value that Honeywell will derive both financially and market share and company goodwill from revolution of social networking system.

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As a result some individuals in government top positions have taken advantage of the positions and neglected the common man. They have set up industries which are emitting harmful gases into the environment making the air to be polluted. As a result of the mining of oil which at times is done at sea, has spilled to the ocean as a result of negligence. Also the common people at times don’t really mind about themselves, especially those involved in the fishing industry, they tend to carry out their fishing activities thought the year thus not giving time for the young fish to grow and in the end they end up being depleted and no fish at all to anyone.

Garrett Hardin did a study of this and he found out that technical solutions to this problems and that the tragedy is inevitable. So he defined a technical solution as one that requires verly little or no change. That is the only solution is privatizing the activities since if left to the commoners, they will not be able to take control (Hardin 32).

Milton Friedman and Elinor Ostrom are some of the scholars who opposed the tragedy of the commons by Garrett Hardin by proving that the common people can be responsible of the resources available, other than privatization. In her case Ostrom has documented how various communities manage common resources, irrigation waters, fisheries equitably and sustainably over the long term.Milton Friedman advocated for unrestricted markets where there is freedom for the common people. These two scholars would offer different solutions to the population problem, instead of trying to fight the increasing population they would embrace it and look for solutions which would even work in future thus saving time which would have been spent to look for further solutions(Hardin 34).

In my opinion, Ellinor Ostom’s approach would work because this makes every person responsible for each and ever action one makes and he or she is responsible of the outcome of their deeds .If the privatization continues, the common people tend to be rebellious to authority and will continually oppose and feel degraded.

Another solution would be giving the people full responsibility but set rules and regulations so that whoever breaks them is punished so as to protect the majority.

In conclusion the tragedy of the commons should be one issue which is discussed in a wider perspective because it affects all the stakeholders involved and eventually we are the people who suffer the consequences.

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A good case scenario will be an individual who has been kicked out of university for failing to pass his university examination and failing twice. The most important question that a mentor asks is what is the problem? Could it be that the individual is not interested, is there an underlying problem like problems at home, peer pressure etc. The reason could be a combination of any of these factors or a single one of them. The role of a mentor is to offer relevant, practical advice and critical support to the mentee in order for him to overcome the problem (Fletcher, 2000). A good mentor sets a road map which consists of small and achievable targets that can be easily evaluated for progress and advice given (Harrington, & Terry, 2008). The mentor has to predetermine the standards and benchmarks against which he or she evaluates for objectives achievement and effectiveness of the advice given. Again key performance indicators are predetermined and reevaluated every time the mentor feels that the mentee has achieved the set targets.

A good success and rational criteria for evaluation consists of performance indicators, predetermined standards by which to assess whether objectives have been met and an array of benchmarks as a measure of effectiveness. Some of key performance indicators include: personal satisfaction by the mentee with what he has achieved, good academic performance, mentee starts to have future plans with his school work and career, engages the knowledge gained from school in real life situations, develops interest in his field and is aware of the current developments in his field of study. The effectiveness of the intervention will be evaluated by use of certain benchmarks that include: Self esteem of the mentee, his confidence levels, self perception of mentee, his perception towards school and his studies etc. In this case the benchmark will be an individual who has the capacity to talk to any person at any time with confidence and without fear. This individual has start up a conversation with anyone anytime is influential to other people. Objectives that are achievable can be set e.g. to enroll for a degree program he likes, to perform well during in his academics, to enroll in a university that is affordable, to improve self esteem and confidence, . Standards set will basically be evaluating whether this has been achieved. It is critical that all these key indicators, benchmarks and objectives be set because they form the framework for the evaluation of progress of the mentee and indicate when a next decision is to be made (Clutterbuck, & Meginson, 2005).

A report on Mentorship Process
As any mentor worth his salt will tell you, you have to know the etiology of the problem before any form of action is taken. This kind of information is obtained from the mentee through a series of questions that may span several weeks or just in a single session aimed at making the mentee open up (Colley, 2003). In this case, a pre-existing good relationship between the mentor and the mentee was of great value as the mentee was comfortable with sharing information that he considered very personal. The mentor sought to know what the mentee thought was the cause of his inability to perform well in school that resulted in his expulsion from the school. The mentee cited a major lack of interest, too much work, unfriendly lecturers, and inability to adapt to the environment. The mentee sought to know whether there was any other problem by asking questions on family background, peer pressure and drug use. The mentee stated that the family was supportive of him and were never a problem. He also mentioned that he had never used drugs but had a problem with some of his peers. He mentioned that the peers looked down upon him for his poor performance in school and eventual expulsion from school. This made him find it very difficult to make friends in school and this frustrated him further. He felt that he was so stupid and lacked the ability to even face them especially in the school. This led to his continuous deterioration and poor performance. This continued poor performance and deterioration resulted in the loss of self esteem and confidence. It was by now clear what was ailing the mentee. The mentor then asks if he would like to go back to school, and what was his attitude towards school was. The mentee was affirmative that he wanted to go back to school. He also mentioned that he felt school wasn’t the place to be, but thought that he had no choice. That he just had to go to school because everyone around him expected him to and he did not want to let them down. This was good progress for the first session.

The mentor then sought to know what the mentee’s interests, talents, passion were. The mentee’s main interest was in nursing thought he mentioned that he also loves listening to music and swimming. The mentor sought to know whether if the mentee was a given a chance today join a university and start a fresh would he do it ? The mentee was reluctant to join the university but thought he might as well just do it. He was asked then if nursing was his preferred choice degree or if he had any other degree he would enroll in. The mentee mentioned that nursing was the only degree he thought that his brain could handle and that he has always been interested since his childhood to become a nurse. Then the mentor sought to know why he took another career direction. The Mentee mentioned that his parents insisted that he do a computer science course so that he could take over the parents business which was computer related. At this point he mentor noted a lack of support from the parents of the mentee and an unwillingness to support the mentee achieve his dream of becoming a nurse. The mentor made arrangements to meet the mentees parents and give advice that would be in the interest of the mentee. The session ended after a period of one and a half hours with an agreement to search for universities that offered nursing, were affordable, gave awards or scholarships to students who perform well all in an effort to minimize the cost of education. The next meeting was scheduled for the next weekend and with the mentee’s parents present.

On the next weekend, the mentee arrived in company of his parents and made a formal introduction. I informed the parents of the problem that their son had and gave them ample time to express their feelings in response. The mentee’s mother was moved by the son’s problem and mentioned that she was not aware that the son’s poor performance was related to being forced to take a degree program that he had no interest in and was under intense pressure to perform. The mentee’s father claimed that the mentee was his only son and was looking at who will take care of the family business when he can no longer be in charge. The mentor acknowledged these responses and informed the parents that their son lost his confidence and self esteem as a result of the poor performance he had in school and the challenges he faced arising from his peers who looked down upon him for failure to perform well in school and also being expelled from school. The mentor went ahead to inform them that the only way their son could perform well in school and essentially recover his self esteem and confidence , was if he was allowed to make his choice regarding his career path and took a degree in something he had an interest in and allowed to pursue it. The mentee’s mother supported the idea and promised to support the son in whatever he chooses to do. The father was a bit skeptical but felt that he would support him any way, if whatever he chooses to do made him happy. The mentor then informed the parents that their son (mentee), was interested in becoming a nurse and that he has always wanted to become a nurse. The parents were happy to hear that and promised to support him in the best way possible. Although the parents supported the mentee, the father of the mentee was a bit reluctant and requested to be given time to think about it. The mentor agreed to his request but informed them that there was an objective set to identify a university that offered nursing degree and scholarships that may aid in the fee payment. The parents had no problem with that and the mentee was also happy for once his parents were going to allow him to do a degree course on something that he liked. The next meeting with the mentee was set for the next week and the mentee given the week to look for the most appropriate university.

During the following weekend, the mentee arrived and was in a positive mood. The mentor could feel the energy in the mentee’s voice. He was walking straight and was generally happy. The mentor was concerned, why the sudden change. The mentee mentioned that he had identified a university that was willing to admit him to a nursing course. He went further to state that they could not offer him a scholarship but if he performed well in his studies, then he may be lucky to be awarded an annual fee waiver for being the best student. He also mentioned that he feared that the father might not support his decision but that morning he actually gave him his full support. The idea of breaking down large tasks into small tasks with easily achievable goals and objectives set, is a very useful approach of tackling large issues that may appear insurmountable (Hay, 1995). The mentor noted a positive change in the mentee’s self esteem and attitude. The mentor sought to know when the mentee was going to start school. The mentee mentioned that in fact he was starting the next week and couldn’t wait. The mentor wanted to know if he was anxious and how he felt about being in school again.

The mentee mentioned that he was happy to be able to go back to school but feared that there was going to be a repeat of what had happened previously. He feared that he may be unable to perform well resulting in his expulsion and or stigmatization by peers for poor performance. The mentor noted a need to assist improve the mentees attitude towards school and eliminate the performance anxiety. The mentor then asked if there any other problems that the mentee feared might arise with him being back in school. The mentee was optimistic that he may be okay and that he will know when he joins the school. At least by now the objectives to identify a suitable university and enrolling for the nursing program had been achieved and this gave a sense of satisfaction to both the mentor and the mentee. The mentor was concerned with the mentees anxiety and his self esteem and confidence levels. They were still rather low. He issued the mentee with a note book and told him to note down anything he felt while at school, in class, interacting with other colleagues, anything he saw that reminded him of this past experience, how he felt to be in a learning institution, how he felt about the teachers. At this point addressing the mentees self esteem and confidence problem was of great importance. It would be the key to unlocking all his potential and recovering all his lost confidence, personality, self esteem and purpose in life. This session was not as long as the previous two it lasted an hour and the mentee was out to go and prepare for school.

After a week in school, the next meeting the mentee had a lot of mixed reactions. The mentee was glad that he had met people who did not brush him of. He mentioned that although he felt that the new people were friendly towards him, he still feared a lot speaking out his mind and also feared that they were going to judge him. He mentioned that the university has also established a mentorship program and anyone was free to join. He mentioned that some teachers were a bit intimidating and that he was not sure how he felt about them. He was however happy that he was finally doing something that he has always wanted to do and that he was finally going to make his dream a reality. The mentor noted that major invention was needed to be able to mitigate the anxiety that the mentee had and also to help him start to regain his confidence and self esteem. Confidence and self esteem are interrelated an increase in one often results in a concurrent increase in the other. Measures taken in order to increase one will often result in a concomitant increase in the other (Fanning, &McKay, 2000). The mentor suggested a series of actions that were practical to the mentee and would yield the kind of self esteem and confidence that the mentee aspired to have. The mentor asked the mentee to list all the good qualities he possesses, abilities and talents. This activity took about ten minutes and the mentee was surprised that he could do so much. He realized that he could indeed do a lot and wondered why he often thought he was useless, stupid and lacked the ability to perform anything well. This mentor noted was the beginning of self realization and actualization of the mentee.

The next task was to find out the activities among his list that he enjoyed doing or participating in. The mentee indentified nursing, swimming as the key activities that he loves participating in. The mentor then advised that the mentee be very enthusiastic about this activities and speak out in any forum that he can get. This was going to give him an opportunity to speak and be heard and because this are activities that he finds pleasure in doing he will most of the time find that people will listen to him because of the passion that he has and in the process his confidence and self esteem will rise. In time he will be able to speak to people on other aspects without fear. The mentor set targets for the mentee for the next week at school. The mentee was to participate in as many activities of the school that related to nursing and swimming. During these activities, he was to take an active role and in the process talk to five people about the event. The next activity was to identify a role model that he had. The mentee had no role model. Then the mentor sought to know whether the mentee had any particular teacher at the university who had achieved something that he had always wanted or any particular nurse that he knows that he admires for the work that she does. The mentee could only remember of one nurse who had treated his dad while at hospital. The mentor advised the mentee that he could take that nurse to be his role model. The role model is a figure that he mentee looks at when evaluating his progress and the role model inspires him in his quest to become a nurse. This inspiration derived from the role model increases his confidence. The mentor felt that that was enough to work on for three weeks consecutively. This session was the longest so fat because it sought to find ways of increasing the mentee’s self esteem and confidence.

The following weekend the mentee reported quite a few things that he felt, liked and disliked. The mentee found it difficult to face people and to talk to them. He gathered confidence to go talk to someone but felt worried that the person he was talking to was going to judge him. He kept trying and did not give up. He managed to speak to seven people on each event. He felt that some people were harsh to him and that really scared him. There were those that were friendly and were really interested in what he had to say. There are others who were indifferent. To begin with the mentor noted that the mentee had surpassed the target. He was also happy that the mentee was making an effort to improve. The mentor advised the mentee to be confident even when he did not feel like and that he should act in a confident manner. He can start by looking into the eyes of the people he is talking to, talking clearly and coherently and having an upright posture. The mentor went further and advised the mentee to take care of himself and to try and look good by eating healthy and correct exercise. This has an effect of putting an individual in a positive mind frame and boost’s his confidence. The mentee was also to be assertive while speaking. He should know what he wants to say and say it with confidence and people will listen. The mentee’s targets were reviewed and the forthcoming week he was to engage in the same activities but this time he was to speak to at least twenty people. He was to be confident and assertive while he spoke. He was also to identify other activities that he could participate in. He was also to start talking to his classmates concerning the course the teachers the new environment.

The following session the mentee reported that he had better responses from the people that he talked to. He realized the importance of talking with confidence and being assertive. Speaking with confidence, being assertive and looking directly into the eye of the person you are talking to increases the overall appearance of the person talking and in most instances the listener is inclined to listen to the person talking (Hermann, 2004). The mentee stated that this time he had spoken to more than thirty people and was somehow happy with his progress. He felt that he was beginning to recover the old self that he used to be before he lost it all. At this point the mentee was still far from being the person who was confident and could start conversations with anyone and any person without fear. The intervention procedures were fruitful but it took time for the mentee to start showing positive growth. The mentor sought to know in general how he felt after talking with the people, were people who scared him, was he facing any challenges, while interacting with new people, did he meet some people that he had talked to previously, and how different was the feeling of talking to a new person from that of talking to someone he met previously. The mentor also sought to know if he had made any friends in his class and how were they relating to him.

The mentee stated that he was a bit scared initially as the crowds were large and with lots of activity going on, but when he saw how people were chatting and just dived in. He also started chatting not caring what anyone was going to say about him and that is what helped him beat the preset target of twenty people to chat with. He was happy that many people were good to him and paid attention to him as he spoke. The mentee was thrilled by the fact that some of the people that he had met in the previous week were happy to meet him again and were even inquiring on how his week has been and showed genuine interest in him. This really made him look forward to the university events. He noted that the more he talked he easier it became. When it came to his class work the mentee was a bit skeptical. He wasn’t sure what he felt and thought that it was mainly because of the setting in the class and the seriousness inside. The teachers were serious with what they were doing and it was difficult to find context of interacting. The classmates were social but he still feared what they would say about him. The Mentor reminded the mentee the importance of being assertive and talking to whoever he wanted with confidence. The mentor was satisfied with the progress of the mentee and went ahead and broadened the scope of the targets. This time the mentee was to engage in two activities that provided a forum for interaction. One of the activities was to be related directly to his academics and the other was to be a an ongoing session that would expose him to a totally new experience. Interestingly, the sessions were becoming more interesting with the mentee doing most of the speaking as the mentor did the evaluations and made new targets.

The weekend that followed the mentee had a lot to say. Firstly he was very happy with his progress. One of the activities that he had joined was a nursing student’s mentorship program run by the faculty in an effort to mentor new students into the nursing profession. During this forum students were allowed to express their feelings about the course, they were to speak freely and exchange ideas as relates to the profession and the faculty. He was surprised that there were people who were finding it hard to adjust to the environment and that they needed guidance. They were all advised accordingly and for the first time he felt free to talk to his peers. He realized that they all faced similar problems. The mentee also joined a dance class. This was the second activity that was not related to his course. On that day he was assigned a dance partner who was a lady and was very friendly. In fact after the dance the lady took him around the campus and they shared a lot. The mentee felt that he had connected with a woman something that has never happened in his life. He actually considered it to be an important milestone in his life.

The mentor was pleased with the mentees progress especially with the new girl in the picture. The mentor advised the mentee to continue being confident and assertive. He should speak out his mind and fear no one as he was entitled to his own opinion. This time the mentor gave the mentee more challenging targets. He was to engage in at least five different activities and interact, speak out his mind and make at least twenty friend s from each event. The mentee mentioned that there were many assignments that had been given by the different teachers and a forthcoming CAT (Continuous Assessment Test). He would find it hard to achieve all that. The mentor gave him three weeks and advised him that he had to plan his time well and be organized. He was to read hard and consult the teacher where he had difficulty. He was to prepare for the CAT and do the assignments with the utmost seriousness that was required.

After the three weeks the mentee came in full of energy. He was so enthusiastic with his studies and was happy with his progress. He reported that the teacher scored the CAT that they had done and was the third best student. He was very happy about this performance. He could not believe that this was happening. He was also very happy that he was now able to interact with new people without fearing and was happy that they took him seriously. The mentee mentioned something about the girls that he had met. He was happy that the girl told him that she likes him because of his confidence. He had made other friends in the dance classes that he noticed that his girl did not like it. This to him was a very powerful thing, he could not believe that he had done it. He also mentioned that he had realized that the teachers were friendly unlike what he thought. From the many sessions that he had attended of the nursing students group, he made new friends who took him seriously and some thought he was great especially that he had a woman at freshman and was performing well in class. Having a session of peers and sharing information significantly improves the adaptability of a person and performance as these forums are highly educative and beneficial to the students who attend them (Roger, Susan, Trembley, & Paul, 2003).

The mentor noticed that the mentee was finally achieving the major objective and sole goal of recovering his confidence and self esteem. The mentee also mentioned that he had attended two parties. One organized by the nursing faculty for its freshmen and another organized by friends of his girlfriend. He noted that in both he made so many friends and now realizes that he has so many friends in campus. This was an indication that the mentee had performed well, he had succeeded in meeting our targets and primary objective which was to improve the self esteem and confidence of the mentee. The benchmark in this case was an individual who had the ability to approach anyone in campus and initiate a conversation leaving a lasting impression. The mentor’s intervention technique was effective as the mentee was able to recover his confidence and self esteem. The mentee was later in the semester selected for position of a student leader in the university. This opened up his world and was now in direct contact with so many people and was this further strengthened his confidence and self esteem. He performed well in his studies and won an scholarship for the next academic year. The parents of the mentee were forever grateful to the mentor for his role in enabling their son recover his confidence and self esteem and for the good performance that the mentee achieved to the extent of being warded with a scholarship.

In conclusion mentorship is a powerful tool that can be employed by an individual or an organization such that they are able to inspire, guide their employees to perform better at work and even take career growth opportunities that arise within the organization (Hay, 1995).

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Gender differences always exist, where men are seen to be more authoritative than women are. Thus, men are more involved in sexual harassment, because they force women into sex. However, women have been observed to flirt more than women do, and thus attract sexual cases such as rape. The position of authority always matters. When two people are dating, for instance, the one in authority will always take the lead. If it is the man, then he may force the woman into certain act including sex. However, when it is a peer, they may both possess authority. In essence, however, the one in authority always dominates and controls sexual acts (Shaw, 2000).

Concern about sexual behavior has changed the behavior of individuals. For instance, women avoid walking alone at night for fear of rape. They do not also dress suggestively, as they try to put on longer clothes. However, some people have continued to flirt, increasing chances of rape. For instance, every Friday night in college, I have met women who are drunk and sleeping across the road. This means that they still afford to expose themselves to rape, because they go find get too drunk to find their way to the hostels. Recently a woman discovered she was pregnant but could not remember when she had sex. Later, she connected her situation to a night that she had drunk herself, and when she woke up, she was lying across the road. She only discovered later about the rape. Though she claims she was sexually harassed, I think her dressing also suggested that she needed she was in an unusually short dress, and lay across the road, almost naked and drunk (Greenberg, J, Bruess, C & Conklin, 2010).

Sexual harassment in college is on the increase as female students continue to expose their bodies by wearing short clothes. It also occurs due to cohabiting, because many partners always stay together. Through this, women are more prone to be harassed sexually by their male partners. For this reason, the college has put up policies that ensure female and male students do not stay together. In case, one is found, disciplinary action is taken. In addition, male students are not allowed into women’s hostels past 7pm. However, incase students are harassed they are advised to inform the security immediately. This allows them to get quick medical attention to avoid cases of pregnancies and other sexually transmitted diseases. Such incidences have been reported many times, though are reducing because of the policies employed (Michigan State University & Law, 2008).

Another significant ethical dilemma that I observe from the above scenario is issues of confidentiality. At the beginning of the seminar at the nearby hotel, the individuals were dispersed into small group workshops and they were guaranteed confidentiality. In sharp contrast, the confidentiality of the attendants were compromised following the presence of the representative from the HR yet the department was not supposed to be informed about the subject of discussion during the seminar. The biggest dilemma therefore remains whether to allow the HR representative who some to assess the progress of the seminar at the hotel or compromise the confidentiality of the attendants.

In an attempt to find a solution to the issues of confidentiality, any form of discussion touching on the Human Resources at the workshop should be held in secluded private rooms of the hotel where the HR representative cannot access unless with the permission of the seminar leader. In addition, I will not disclose information about the group discussions as well as identity of attendants in the final report to the Human Resource Department.

Situation 2
In the situation where professor offers extra credit to students who participate in his/her research studies but later tells students that non-participation will not negatively affects the students’ grade in that particular course, I strongly agree with the learners’ assessment of the dilemma that students may not see non-participation as an option. They must participate in the research so as to get maximum grade from the professor in the course.

The professor’s claim that s/he will offer extra credit to students participating in the research yet at the same time maintains that non-participation in this research will not affect students’ final grade is very conflicting and it also made known his inward intent. Needless to say, the professor is in dire need of students’ participation in the research study and definitely students who participate in the studies will attract professor’s favor. The second statement that non-participation will not negatively affect the student’s grade is just but a clever way of hiding his ulterior intentions of favoring participating students over the non-participants.

Based on the situation at hand, the students’ prediction that professor will favor those who participate in the research study is accurate. The professor is just trying not to coerce students into participating in the research because a practice similar to this would be highly unethical. In another count, the professor does not want to make his plans of favoring a section of students known but at the bottom line students participation in the research is a must if at all they want to get extra credit in the course.

Women gender norms in the society
The topic of women gender norms in the society is very instrumental in shaping up the society which is a building block to the nation. Therefore, when talking about gender roles there are various ideologies that arise hence emergency of stereotypes. This influences the way a group of people will behave and act in order to be accepted in a given gender group. For example, there has been a stereotype on how a perfect woman and man should look like.

One who does not subscribe to these activities is seen as an outcast and thus not accepted in the society. Not that this attributes are from the holy book of God but just by man as observed from televisions, magazines and advertisements. In other words, for a woman to be considered perfect, it involves beauty in shape, dependent, caretaker, housewife, respectful, loving and nurturing. This is not true as one cannot possess all these characteristics at ago. Depending on the outcome the society will either reject or hold an individual. On the other hand, a perfect man is considered to be strong, masculine and a provider.

According to Vaughan in the book The Last Man (Vaughan 22), he dwells on the positive ideology concerning women where he represents women as being strong physically as opposed to the stereotype of them being weaker sex. This is clearly brought out when Yorick is beaten almost to death by a woman who fights impressively disabling them. In addition, to this we are informed that women show the ability of leading armies and nations.

They also demonstrate intelligence in the biological research where they lead from the front. In this case the stereotype of women being cooperative is not true as they turn out to have more convincing power than men hence outdoing them. An example of this from the last man is when Women like Rep Brown and Rose are concerned for the common good (Vaughan 66).

Chauvinistic stereotype of men is also demonstrated when Yorick who is a staunch traditionalist believes that there is nothing a woman can do but instead he ends up being held by a supermodel lady with a gun. Instead of fearing for his life he thinks the woman is after raping him as he assumes she is a weaker sex (Vaughan 47). This is not true as the supermodel is not interested sexually but she is after killing him.

Another stereotype disapproved in the comic book is the one of women being peace loving and cooperative than men. On contrary Yorick becomes surprised to learn that the militias of republican wives are demanding for their husbands. This just shows that whenever women want something that they believe is rightfully theirs they will push very hard to get it.

Despite of several criticisms the book still holds on traditional and artistic norms which reinforce stereotypes concerning gender. The relationship between Yorick and Beth is related to dating norms of medieval operation. Yorick here is portrayed as a knight who has to endure so many things in order to reach his beloved one. This tells us man is meant to be the seeker and provider which is not the case any longer as presently it is either way.

Another gender norm that surfaces is feminism. This comes out in this comic book when all the women including Agent 355 having colored lips, which not even a single man in the story dares to have. Literary in the current situations which kind of man will have time for lipsticks; hence signifying this character is meant for women. The comic medium here is based on paint differentiating between men and women. (Vaughan 105).

The ideology in the book continues to suppress the gendered norms of tradition. This is because from the book we learn that oppositional ideologies will still be persisting at least in one way or another. Even though there is evolution in the way society perceives gender some norms cannot completely be eliminated.

Ironically there is a justification of women being perceived as subjects for sex. When we are told that the truck super model posed with her gaze to right, nipples protruding towards the observers. This simply justifies that it is women who have to attract to their side by showing what they have and not the other way round.

Conclusion
This being a very intriguing topic needs a sober approach during the discussion depending on one’s experience and information from the available literature.

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Objectives of the Magazine
The underlying objectives that led to the invention of these brilliant idea of coming up with a health magazine that will surely suit the end needs of the readers generally include. It will focus on the topic of social justice and the main focus will be on health related issue on the subject matter of social justice.

Targeted readers
The targeted readers of the magazine will definitely comprise all those individuals who need to be motivated on the general topic of social injustices, and with specifications of the various injustices that revolve around the general subject matter of health and health related issues. Some of these health related issues generally revolve and comprise of the rape cases, social injustices like defilement of young children and minors. It generally is perceived as a social injustice but generally underneath it it attempts to prescribe the health related issues facing the topic of discussion.

By looking at these factors viewers that will be of tangible benefit to the topic under siege will generally comprise the readers who will want to be motivated, it will also comprise of those particular individuals who will be motivational speakers in the health related topics of Health, Students studying health and health related issues will also benefit from the information in the magazine. In general the magazine has come at the right time to serve the right purpose.

Insights about the readership
The genesis of the idea came from the underlying factors that comprise the social injustices. This fact was merged with the understanding of the health related area under siege and a culmination of these various factors gave rise to the understanding of the various targeted explanations and information that was meant to be inculcated in the project. The Magazine therefore aims at giving a detailed analysis of the mentioned topic. With this in mind readers will be able to get tangible information on their sexuality, issues related to social injustices of rape cases, defilements of minors. Ethical and moral issues have also been studied as the society looks at those factors that are ethical and how ethics constitute to be termed as an injustice and also how it affects the area under siege.

Layout of The magazine
The layout of the magazine generally involves the broad aspects of the magazine. It is specifically chosen as it will efficiently provide a detailed scope of the whole picture and apart from that the various readers will also be able to efficiently absorb any data that is relevant to them. The magazine will also provide in its general preview a sense of utmost rest as the various issues will be demystified in the general scope of the magazine. It will also be of good use to the readers as it will serve many diverse purposes and may be used for decorations in many different related topics.

Images Chosen
The images chosen were based to reinforce and reiterate the point emphasized by the dedicated different writers. By basing on the various images of ladies who are raped and children’s who represent minors who have undergone the ordeal of the social injustices of defilement, the various pictures are meant to arouse pity from the different readers and to reiterate the various points emphasized by the writers.

Conclusion
In summation the magazine will be a hit. These is enough to explain the fact that it is what the society expects and hopes to receive and has come at the right time and the most efficient manner. The magazine has tapped the need of information on the broad topic of social injustices and other related issues on the category of health and health related issues.

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To eliminate this potential influence required two components add to the facilitated communication devices. First was to develop an arm rest that the autistic individual would place either arm on that will stop the flowing movement of the hand. The autistic individual had more control of their hand and arm. The individual moved their hand over the entire arm rest to hit any key that they desire to press while still supporting their arm. The facilitator was not able to touch the autistic individual’s hands or arms. In addition, the facilitator was only able to say the letter or sound of the letter when pressed by the autistic individual. If the individual was trying to say ‘good morning’ each letter of the word would be spoken individually.

The autistic individual was found to be unable to answer the questions on his own or to communicate his needs without the facilitator choosing his letters and words for him. He was not able to answer questions, nor initiate any legitimate communication via the device. When asked simple questions regarding favorite foods or items, the autistic individual was unable to answer or hit the letters suggested. The only manner in which he could answer the questions was when the facilitator manipulated his arm and hand.

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As a security firm employed to handle the countermeasures needed to counter mitigate exploitation of UNIX and Windows servers, one of the counter measures would be application of patches and updates. This changes need to be evaluated and implemented in a timely manner with focus bearing on the effect of implementation against the effects of maintaining the current settings. Application of updates into the system mitigates both types of servers from malware, with the ability to propagate automatically. These security updates need to be applied regularly to protect the company’s information.

The change selected by the security officer are tested for practicality, the changes to the servers should have defined effects on the company’s system files and incase of a problem the procedures to deal with it should be known. The update for these servers should be obtained from a secure resource. This ensures that the updates are trusted, and the company can implement the update on the servers, with ease.

The source of this update may be the internal update servers that may be monitored to avoid external interference. Using internal servers to create updates for the company’s system ensures that foreign severs have limited access to the company’s files and vital information. Freeware and trials lack adequate security measures to prevent attack from foreign servers. To protect the company’s information, the company should formulate a rule to remove and avoid installation of these programs in computers in the network. This is because they offer avenues that an attacker may use to enter into the system.

Depending on the servers used by the company, those programs that are not useful should be removed from the network. The company may opt for use of a strong firewall to reduce the traffic that lacks adequate authorization from reaching the servers. The firewall ensures that only those with the right security clearance have access to the information in the company’s database. Some servers are capable of transferring and storing user files and data, like windows. If the servers are used by the company, it is necessary that the users conduct detection software to detect the malware that may be in the servers. This malware shored be removed from the system to prevent it from corrupting the company’s file. Regular scans should be conducted on the system to ensure that there are no traces of unauthorized changes (Gregory, 2010).

The organization should be advised to have a restoration file for all its data. A restoration file contains all the relevant information the administrator would want to restore into the system in the event of a failure that causes the system to fail. The security of the company is vital, and the system files need to be protected from unauthorized users. The secrets of the company may fall into the competitor’s hands, making the organization lose its competitive advantage. The company may also lose money through unauthorized accesses to the company’s resources. The work of the security officer is to ensure that the right measures are taken to ensure that the company’s information is safe from unauthorized users.

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