<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233</id><updated>2011-02-19T09:32:48.041-08:00</updated><title type='text'>cyborgblog</title><subtitle type='html'>A virtual commonplace book on the seasonal movements, habitat utilization, breeding habits and population ecology of the common &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg"&gt;cyborg&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;rapidus permuto Humanus&lt;/i&gt;)</subtitle><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25'/><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/atom.xml'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>318</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-1361526042031674892</id><published>2011-02-19T09:32:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2011-02-19T09:32:48.059-08:00</updated><title type='text'>This blog has moved</title><summary type='text'>       This blog is now located at http://cyborgblog.headlesschicken.ca/.       You will be automatically redirected in 30 seconds, or you may click here.       For feed subscribers, please update your feed subscriptions to       http://cyborgblog.headlesschicken.ca/feeds/posts/default.  </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/1361526042031674892/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=1361526042031674892' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/1361526042031674892'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/1361526042031674892'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2011/02/this-blog-has-moved.html' title='This blog has moved'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-6891198195187979141</id><published>2009-06-06T09:26:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-06T09:27:06.808-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pete Wentz and a big-breasted cyborg named Tiffany</title><summary type='text'>Punknews.org | Pete Wentz to launch comic book series: "Like Gerard Way of My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy bassist Pete Wentz apparently has the desire to get involved with comic books and will be releasing a new series through Image Comics (Spawn, Youngblood, The Maxx) in the fall, reports MTV.The story will be called Fall Out Toyworks and will be a five-issue minseries based on a mysterious </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/6891198195187979141/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=6891198195187979141' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/6891198195187979141'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/6891198195187979141'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2009/06/pete-wentz-and-big-breasted-cyborg.html' title='Pete Wentz and a big-breasted cyborg named Tiffany'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-617638141328664867</id><published>2009-03-23T22:34:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-23T22:35:14.329-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Terminator'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Descartes'/><title type='text'>Terminator and Philosophy: I'll Be Back, Therefore I Am</title><summary type='text'>Paperback 'Philosophy': Descartes meets Terminator - USATODAY.com: "Terminator and Philosophy is part of a series of more than a dozen paperbacks in which lowbrow pop culture meets highbrow academia. The book is due in May, just as Terminator Salvation hits theaters....In each title, American and foreign academics write essays that use the philosophies of heavy hitters such as Nietzsche and Plato</summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/617638141328664867/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=617638141328664867' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/617638141328664867'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/617638141328664867'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2009/03/terminator-and-philosophy-ill-be-back.html' title='Terminator and Philosophy: I&apos;ll Be Back, Therefore I Am'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-671954360548143006</id><published>2009-03-11T06:50:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-11T06:53:36.953-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Peter Diamandis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Kevin Kelly'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='post-biological'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='virtual reality'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Barry Ptolemy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='film'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Kevin Warwick'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Stevie Wonder'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hugo de Garis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ray Kurzweil'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tom Abate'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Colin Powell'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dean Kamen'/><title type='text'>TRANSCENDENT MAN Premieres at 2009 Tribeca Film Festival</title><summary type='text'>TRANSCENDENT MAN Premieres at 2009 Tribeca Film FestivalThis film looks to be worth seeing:LOS ANGELES - (Business Wire) Filmmakers Barry and Felicia Ptolemy (Ptolemaic Productions) along with partners (Therapy Studios) make their festival debut at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival (April 22-May 3, 2009) with TRANSCENDENT MAN, which makes its world premiere in the World Documentary Feature </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/671954360548143006/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=671954360548143006' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/671954360548143006'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/671954360548143006'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2009/03/transcendent-man-premieres-at-2009.html' title='TRANSCENDENT MAN Premieres at 2009 Tribeca Film Festival'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-3490855852064442516</id><published>2009-03-11T06:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-11T06:46:23.601-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mark Hughes'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='William Kearns'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='genetic engineering'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='James Hughes'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='transhumanism'/><title type='text'>Designer Babies: A Right to Choose? | Wired Science from Wired.com</title><summary type='text'>Designer Babies: A Right to Choose? | Wired Science from Wired.com Wired.com has an interesting debate on creating designer babies. What I find interesting is the brief quotation in the introduction: the technology will, in a commercial world, get away from any ideals the creator of the technology might have had in mind. "When a Los Angeles fertility clinic offered last month to let parents </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/3490855852064442516/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=3490855852064442516' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/3490855852064442516'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/3490855852064442516'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2009/03/designer-babies-right-to-choose-wired.html' title='Designer Babies: A Right to Choose? | Wired Science from Wired.com'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-5374220919592338926</id><published>2009-03-11T06:23:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-03-11T06:29:53.906-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='brain-machine interface'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='robotic limbs'/><title type='text'>Brain-machine interfaces for cyborgs</title><summary type='text'>DVICE: Brain-machine interface today, cyborgs tomorrow: "While prosthetic limbs are common, real cyborgs remain in the realm of science fiction. That's because the trickiest part — creating a reliable brain-machine interface (BMI) — is a tough job, since we don't fully understand how the brain works. One man on the case, however, is Miguel Nicolelis, who's developed a chip that lets human brains </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/5374220919592338926/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=5374220919592338926' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/5374220919592338926'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/5374220919592338926'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2009/03/brain-machine-interfaces-for-cyborgs.html' title='Brain-machine interfaces for cyborgs'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-1309388434197375196</id><published>2009-03-03T06:43:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-03-03T06:43:20.126-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Two-armed nanorobotic device can alter and exchange DNA</title><summary type='text'>Chemists Create Two-armed Nanorobotic Device To Maneuver World's Tiniest Particles"Chemists at New York University and China's Nanjing University have developed a two-armed nanorobotic device that can manipulate molecules within a device built from DNA. The device was described recently in the journal Nature Nanotechnology."'The aim of nanotechnology is to put specific atomic and molecular </summary><link rel='related' href='http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090215151807.htm' title='Two-armed nanorobotic device can alter and exchange DNA'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/1309388434197375196/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=1309388434197375196' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/1309388434197375196'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/1309388434197375196'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2009/03/two-armed-nanorobotic-device-can-alter.html' title='Two-armed nanorobotic device can alter and exchange DNA'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-4736298247470419204</id><published>2009-02-24T07:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-24T07:49:56.538-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Doctor Who'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Kevin Warwick'/><title type='text'>Doctor Who Attack of the Cybermen DVD to include special appearance by Cyborg Kevin Warwick</title><summary type='text'>Doctor Who RestorationSince 1992, BBC Archives and BBC Video have been funding the restoration Dr Who episodes for transmission and video release. The Attack of the Cybermen DVD to be released this March includes a bounty of extra commentary, including an interview with cyborg Kevin Warwick. From the Doctor Who Restoration Team Website, DVD extras include:Commentary with actors Colin Baker, </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/4736298247470419204/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=4736298247470419204' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/4736298247470419204'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/4736298247470419204'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2009/02/doctor-who-attack-of-cybermen-dvd-to.html' title='Doctor Who Attack of the Cybermen DVD to include special appearance by Cyborg Kevin Warwick'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-7309036844530620027</id><published>2009-02-24T07:33:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-24T07:53:24.759-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='virtual identity'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cyborg dreams'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='VR'/><title type='text'>Cyborgs can have religious experiences</title><summary type='text'>Dreaming Cyborg Dreams: Virtual Identity and Religious Experience | Media/Culture | ReligionDispatchesRachel Wagner, Assistant Professor of Religion and Philosophy at Ithaca College, has written an interesting article on how "The fantasy realms of online gaming become even more surreal when religion enters the scene; imagine Batman going on pilgrimage to Mecca, or a virtual crucifixion, or </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/7309036844530620027/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=7309036844530620027' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/7309036844530620027'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/7309036844530620027'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2009/02/cyborgs-can-have-religious-experiences.html' title='Cyborgs can have religious experiences'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-5746743728996254368</id><published>2009-02-24T07:22:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-24T07:54:38.350-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mind upload'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Google'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='speciation'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='digital literacy'/><title type='text'>HOMO EVOLUTIS</title><summary type='text'>HOMO EVOLUTIS - Suomi24 KeskusteluVia Boing Boing: Juan Enriquez was one of the featured speakers at TED 2009 ("The Great Unveiling") at the beginning of the month. Enriquez's article on "Homo Evolutis" suggests human speciation is just around the corner: As we regrow or engineer more body parts we will likely significantly increase average life span and run into a third track of speciation. </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/5746743728996254368/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=5746743728996254368' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/5746743728996254368'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/5746743728996254368'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2009/02/homo-evolutis.html' title='HOMO EVOLUTIS'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-3644636375127090917</id><published>2009-02-23T21:49:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-24T07:56:45.372-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='military'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='DARPA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cyborg beetles'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='privacy'/><title type='text'>Military cyborg beetles</title><summary type='text'>Pentagon's Cyborg Beetle Spies Take OffEvery few weeks or so this story rears its head: for the record, cyborgs on the ground had better watch out for eavesdropping remote-controlled cyborg beetles flying around invading our privacy. Actually, Wired sets the record straight a bit.</summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/3644636375127090917/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=3644636375127090917' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/3644636375127090917'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/3644636375127090917'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2009/02/military-cyborg-beetles.html' title='Military cyborg beetles'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-6394670854203770129</id><published>2008-10-07T07:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-10-07T07:58:24.121-07:00</updated><title type='text'>HAL is ready for the world: Japan's 'Cyberdyne' robot suit</title><summary type='text'>AFP: Japan's 'Cyberdyne' robot suit ready for hospital: "A Japanese professor announced Tuesday he was introducing robot suits for paralysed people, helping them to walk again by detecting their next move and lifting their muscles.'The time has come to introduce this technology to the world,' Yoshiyuki Sankai, a professor at Tsukuba University near Tokyo, announced at a news conference.Sankai's </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/6394670854203770129/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=6394670854203770129' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/6394670854203770129'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/6394670854203770129'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/10/hal-is-ready-for-world-japans-cyberdyne.html' title='HAL is ready for the world: Japan&apos;s &apos;Cyberdyne&apos; robot suit'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-5039747327934565875</id><published>2008-09-28T12:06:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-28T12:11:32.629-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='photography'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='artificial grafting'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nature and technology'/><title type='text'>Patrick Millard | Cyborg Photography</title><summary type='text'>Patrick Millard | Art:PhotographyFormatting Gaia is a series on how "the cycle between human beings and the natural world has been transformed into a new formation that inspires intricate modes of transmitting and receiving information. ...Human beings, technology, and nature are now all part of a congruous system of existence that is becoming more and more visible in our landscape."</summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/5039747327934565875/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=5039747327934565875' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/5039747327934565875'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/5039747327934565875'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/09/patrick-millard-cyborg-photography.html' title='Patrick Millard | Cyborg Photography'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-4716392788744591633</id><published>2008-08-14T09:52:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-14T09:53:25.528-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Too Human 'Heimdall' Screenshots</title><summary type='text'>Too Human 'Heimdall' Screenshots, gameSlave: Heimdall, a 2000-year-old cybernetic human: "Heimdall’s cybernetics allows him to interface with computers and be able to assimilate data beyond human speed and comprehension. Information is quite literally placed in his mind. Heimdall is very close to ODIN, so that when Heimdall speaks, it is often taken as though ODIN as spoken it."</summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/4716392788744591633/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=4716392788744591633' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/4716392788744591633'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/4716392788744591633'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/08/too-human-heimdall-screenshots.html' title='Too Human &apos;Heimdall&apos; Screenshots'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-5524598181327968082</id><published>2008-08-14T07:37:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-14T07:37:30.728-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Robot powered by cultured rat neurons</title><summary type='text'>AlphaGalileo.Org - the Internet-based news centre for European science, engineering and technology."A multidisciplinary team at the University of Reading has developed a robot which is controlled by a biological brain formed from cultured neurons. This cutting edge research is the first step to examine how memories manifest themselves in the brain, and how a brain stores specific pieces of data. </summary><link rel='related' href='http://www.alphagalileo.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=readrelease&amp;releaseid=531471' title='Robot powered by cultured rat neurons'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/5524598181327968082/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=5524598181327968082' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/5524598181327968082'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/5524598181327968082'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/08/robot-powered-by-cultured-rat-neurons.html' title='Robot powered by cultured rat neurons'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-5027578137896035918</id><published>2008-06-06T07:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-06T07:41:14.845-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Sexy Cyborg Women: "Paid In Full" by Lloyd And Lil Wayne</title><summary type='text'>Videodrone: Lloyd And Lil Wayne Celebrate Cyborg Women, "Paid In Full" This seems to be cyborgs &amp; gender studies week. As a contrast to Hillary Clinton as scary cyborg, here we have the clichéd and impossibly luscious young boobs legs and asses celebrated by cyborg fetishists:     </summary><link rel='related' href='http://idolator.com/395080/lloyd-and-lil-wayne-celebrate-cyborg-women-paid-in-full' title='Sexy Cyborg Women: &quot;Paid In Full&quot; by Lloyd And Lil Wayne'/><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/5027578137896035918/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=5027578137896035918' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/5027578137896035918'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/5027578137896035918'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/06/sexy-cyborg-women-paid-in-full-by-lloyd.html' title='Sexy Cyborg Women: &quot;Paid In Full&quot; by Lloyd And Lil Wayne'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-3846860972347890408</id><published>2008-06-05T09:13:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-05T09:34:05.832-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='election'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politicians as cyborgs'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hillary Clinton'/><title type='text'>The Hillary Clinton is a Cyborg Meme</title><summary type='text'>An article appearing today, after Obama has officially secured his place as Democratic nominee for President of the US, has me thinking about figures of speech and how strongly evocative representations lifted from cyber-literature (fiction, film) can be.NewsBiscuit: ‘Future cyborg Clinton’ warns voters they must still choose her: "The Democrat presidential nomination contest was once again mired</summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/3846860972347890408/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=3846860972347890408' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/3846860972347890408'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/3846860972347890408'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/06/hillary-clinton-is-cyborg-meme.html' title='The Hillary Clinton is a Cyborg Meme'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-2313621897226527669</id><published>2008-06-04T07:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-04T08:05:59.689-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Terminator'/><title type='text'>News of Terminator 4 Spoiler has everyone in a flap</title><summary type='text'>Updated! That Crazy TERMINATOR 4?  Turns Out It Might Be A Crazy Giant Spoiler... --    Ain't It Cool News:  The best in movie, TV, DVD, and comic book news.: Moriarty from Aint It Cool News has apparently run a huge spoiler for the ending of Terminator 4, supposedly confirmed by Devin Faraci at chud.com, who warns that, "if you read it, will ruin the movie for you. And to the best of my </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/2313621897226527669/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=2313621897226527669' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/2313621897226527669'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/2313621897226527669'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/06/news-of-terminator-4-spoiler-has.html' title='News of Terminator 4 Spoiler has everyone in a flap'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-2845796364901380964</id><published>2008-06-04T07:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-04T07:33:09.342-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human-machine metaphors'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='muscles'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='robotic'/><title type='text'>In other News, Toad Tongue Research Inspires Robotic Tendons for Humans</title><summary type='text'>Toad research could leapfrog to new muscle model: "Science has long held that muscles behave largely like motors. Northern Arizona University researcher Kiisa Nishikawa suggests that muscle acts more like a spring.'Existing theories don't explain how muscles shorten rapidly,' Nishikawa said. 'Muscles can only shorten to do work; they can't do work by lengthening.' A spring also can only do work </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/2845796364901380964/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=2845796364901380964' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/2845796364901380964'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/2845796364901380964'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/06/in-other-news-toad-tongue-research.html' title='In other News, Toad Tongue Research Inspires Robotic Tendons for Humans'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-2906938955860725227</id><published>2008-06-04T07:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-06-04T07:39:04.246-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='artificial grafting'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='coronary disease'/><title type='text'>"Cyborg Engineering": Coronary Bypass grafts combine man-made materials with human cells</title><summary type='text'>June 2008 News--The FASEB Journal"Bethesda, MD—A team of London scientists have taken a major step in making the use of artificial veins and arteries in coronary bypass grafts a reality. In a study published in the June 2008 print issue of The FASEB Journal (http://www.fasebj.org), researchers describe how they developed this artificial graft tissue by combining man-made materials with human </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/2906938955860725227/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=2906938955860725227' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/2906938955860725227'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/2906938955860725227'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/06/cyborg-engineering-coronary-bypass.html' title='&quot;Cyborg Engineering&quot;: Coronary Bypass grafts combine man-made materials with human cells'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-509535055872179373</id><published>2008-05-13T10:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-13T10:31:05.031-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nanotechnology'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cancer'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nanobots'/><title type='text'>Cyborgs Don't Have to Have Cancer</title><summary type='text'>ABC News: Can Robot Worms Kill Cancer?"Scientists are creating tiny mechanical 'nanoworms' that could zip through the human body like cruise missiles, finding cancerous tumors that are too small to be seen any other way.That could lead to very early detection before the cancer even begins to spread, and ultimately these tiny vehicles - 3 million times smaller than an earthworm - may be able to </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/509535055872179373/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=509535055872179373' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/509535055872179373'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/509535055872179373'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/05/cyborgs-dont-have-to-have-cancer.html' title='Cyborgs Don&apos;t Have to Have Cancer'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-6452941576193392112</id><published>2008-05-05T10:30:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-05T10:32:51.480-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='toy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Star Wars'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='action figure'/><title type='text'>Cyborg Lego</title><summary type='text'>Your Lightsabers Will Make A Fine Addition To My Collection  | Geekdad from Wired.com: Brad Moon at Geekdad from Wired.com posts about Lego's recently released 18" figure of the lightsaber-wielding cyborg from Star Wars, General Grievous : the Ultimate General Grievous model, complete with a split-apart chest-plate that opens to reveal Grievous' organs.</summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/6452941576193392112/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=6452941576193392112' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/6452941576193392112'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/6452941576193392112'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/05/cyborg-lego.html' title='Cyborg Lego'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-2539874867147387471</id><published>2008-05-02T09:03:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-05-02T09:07:03.390-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Cyborg sensation: "Bridging the Island of the Colourblind"</title><summary type='text'>Adam Montandon's blog: I've written previously about Adam Montandon's "eyeborg" project to help a colourblind man who can see only black and white. He's written an article that describes how he has accomplished this by mathematically transposing light waves to an audible wavelength. The software converts an average RGB value for a given sample into Hue, Saturation and Brightness. Each hue (360 of</summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/2539874867147387471/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=2539874867147387471' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/2539874867147387471'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/2539874867147387471'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/05/cyborg-sensation-bridging-island-of.html' title='Cyborg sensation: &quot;Bridging the Island of the Colourblind&quot;'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-5204498522903893257</id><published>2008-04-18T08:05:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-04-18T08:08:09.010-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Electrode Sheets on the Surface of the Brain Control Robotic LImbs</title><summary type='text'>Japan's cyborg research enters the skull ::: Pink Tentacle: "Researchers at Osaka University are stepping up efforts to develop robotic body parts controlled by thought, by placing electrode sheets directly on the surface of the brain. Led by Osaka University Medical School neurosurgery professor Toshiki Yoshimine, the research marks Japan’s first foray into invasive (i.e. requiring open-skull </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/5204498522903893257/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=5204498522903893257' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/5204498522903893257'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/5204498522903893257'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/04/electrode-sheets-on-surface-of-brain.html' title='Electrode Sheets on the Surface of the Brain Control Robotic LImbs'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7920233.post-2460946124925751953</id><published>2008-02-23T13:04:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-02-23T13:05:59.437-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Cyborgs don't need cell phones: use bio-powered bluetooth implants instead</title><summary type='text'>Become a Cyborg, Step 1 - the Digital Tattoo Interface | unwir3d: "One of the more notable (and creepy) entries at the Greener Gadgets Design Competition 2008 was the Digital Tattoo Interface. Conceptualized by Jim Mielke, the device is basically an implanted, bio-powered mobile phone. Imagine hearing a ring and rather than reaching for your pocket you roll up your sleeve and press a dot on your </summary><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/2460946124925751953/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7920233&amp;postID=2460946124925751953' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/2460946124925751953'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7920233/posts/default/2460946124925751953'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://headlesschicken.ca/cyborgblog/2008/02/cyborgs-dont-need-cell-phones-use-bio.html' title='Cyborgs don&apos;t need cell phones: use bio-powered bluetooth implants instead'/><author><name>Allison Muri</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16614615759773902743</uri><email>allison@headlesschicken.ca</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05266347823999834504'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry></feed>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          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