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National Education Policy 2020

2020-08-04T16:11:00.004+05:30

Recently, the Union Cabinet has approved the new National Education Policy (NEP), 2020, aimed at bringing many changes in the Indian education system - from school to college level.

The NEP is a comprehensive framework to guide the development of education in the country. The need for policy was first realized in 1964, when Congress MP Siddheshwar Prasad criticized the then government for lack of a vision and philosophy for education. In the same year, a 17-member Education Commission headed by UGC Chairman DS Kothari was formed to draft a national and coordinated policy on education. Based on the suggestions of this commission, the Parliament passed the first education policy in 1968.

NEP 2020 aims to make India a "global knowledge superpower". The Cabinet has also approved the renaming of the Ministry of Human Resource Development to the Ministry of Education. The NEP has approved by the Cabinet which is only the third major reform of the education structure in India since independence. The first two education policies were introduced in 1968 and 1986.

The new NEP usually arrives every few decades. This NEP has been applied 3 times in India. The first came under Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi respectively in 1968 and the second in 1986; The 1986 NEP was amended in 1992 when PV Narasimha Rao was the Prime Minister. The third is the NEP released during the prime ministership of Narendra Modi.

School Education

Universalization of education from preschool to secondary level with 100% gross enrollment ratio "Gross Enrolment Ratio" (GER) in school education by 2030.

Bringing 2 crore school children back to the mainstream through an open schooling system.

The current 10 + 2 system is to be replaced by a new 5 + 3 + 3 + 4 curricular structure, aged 3–8, 8–11, 11–14, and 14–18, respectively.

This will bring the unplanned age group of 3-6 years under the school curriculum, which has been globally recognized as a critical stage for the development of a child's mental faculties.

It will have 3 years of Anganwadi / pre schooling along with 12 years of schooling.

All students were allowed to take the exam twice, to make the class 10 and 12 board exams easier, to test core competencies rather than memorized facts.

The school administration has been replaced with a new accreditation framework and independent authority, which will regulate both public and private schools.

Emphasis on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy, no rigid separation between academic streams, extra-curricular, vocational streams in schools.

Vocational Education will now start from class 6 with Internship.

Teaching at least grade 5 in mother tongue / regional language. No language will be imposed on any student.

Evaluation improvement with 360 degree Holistic Progress Card, tracking student progress to achieve learning output

A new and comprehensive National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education, National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education (NCFTE) 2021, by the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE), in consultation with the National Council for Educational Research and Training (NCERT) Will be made

By 2030, the minimum degree qualification for teaching is 4-year integrated B.Ed. Degree.

Higher Education

Gross Enrolment Ratio in Higher Education will be increased to 50% by 2035. In addition, 3.5 crore seats will be added to higher education.

The current gross enrolment ratio (Gross Enrolment Ratio, GER) in higher education is 26.3%.

The overall undergraduate education with a flexible curriculum can be 3 or 4 years old with multiple exit options and appropriate certification within this period.

M.Phil courses will be discontinued and all courses at undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD level will now be interdisciplinary.

Academic Bank of Credit should be established to facilitate transfer of credit.

Multidisciplinary Education and Research Universities (MERU), IIT, IIM, will be established as the best multi-disciplinary education model of global standards in the country.

The National Research Foundation will act as an apex body to foster a strong research culture and build research capacity for higher education.

The Higher Education Commission of India, Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) will be set up as a single body for all higher education except medical and legal education. Public (public) and private higher education institutions are regulated (governed), The same criteria for accreditation and academic standards will be governed by the same set of criteria. In addition, HECI will have four independent departments.1. National Higher Education Regulatory Council (NHERC) for regulation.

2. General Education Council (GEC) for standard setting.

3. Higher Education Grants Council (HEGC) for funding.

4. National Accreditation Council (NAC) for accreditation.

Affiliation of colleges is to be phased out in 15 years and a mechanism has to be put in place to provide graded autonomy to colleges.

Over time, each college is expected to grow into an autonomous degree-granting college or a constituent college of a university.

Other Changes

An autonomous body, the National Educational Technology Forum (NETF), to provide a platform for free exchange of ideas on the use of technology to enhance learning, assessment, planning, administration. Will be built.

National Assessment Center - 'PARAKH' has been created to assess the students.

It also paves the way for foreign universities to establish campuses in India.

It lays emphasis on the establishment of Gender Inclusion Fund, Special Education Areas for disadvantaged areas and groups.

National Institute for Pali, Persian (Prakrit) and Prakrit, Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation will be established.

It aims to bring public investment in the education sector to 6% of GDP at the earliest.

Currently, India spends around 4.6% of its total GDP on education.

Education In India

Constitutional provisions:

Part IV of the Indian Constitution, Article 45 and Article 39 (f) of the Directive Principles of State Policy Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), provides for state-funded and equal and accessible education.

The 42nd Amendment of the Constitution in 1976 shifted education from the state to the concurrent list.

Education policies by the central government provide a broad direction and state governments are expected to follow it. But this is not mandatory, for example, Tamil Nadu does not follow the three-language formula laid down by the First Education Policy in 1968.

The 86th amendment in 2002 made education an enforceable right under Article 21-A.

Related Laws:

The Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 aims to provide primary education to all children between the ages of 6 to 14 and to implement education as a fundamental right.

It also mandates 25% reservation for the disadvantaged sections of the society where the disadvantaged groups are.

Government Initiatives:

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Mid Day Meal Scheme, Navodaya Vidyalaya (NVS schools), Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV schools) and use of IT in education are the result of 1986 NEP.

This is a progressive change towards the scientific approach towards education. This structure will help in completing the stages of cognitive development of the child as well as social and physical awareness capacity. If it is implemented in its true terms, this structure can bring India on par with the world's leading countries.

We sincerely hope you liked our article. If you face any problem in this or you want to give any suggestion, then comment below. Also don't forget to share any of your thoughts through comments. Share this blog post as much as possible.

NANOTECHNOLOGY: The science of future

2020-07-27T15:39:00.001+05:30

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Have you ever thought, if we make anything a million times smaller than its size, then how will it be used or can it be so! Let us imagine a future when computers will work faster, steel will be made lighter but a hundred times stronger, and diseases like Parkinson's and AIDS can be treated with the help of special medical tips. This is not a dream or a fantasy of any science, but all these possibilities with nanotechnology working at the level of molecules and atoms are going to turn into reality in the future.

Actually, science of super-sized particles is called nano science. Since technology is a means of making science useful, Nanotechnology is actually a practical form of nanotechnology, scientists say that the tools, equipment made by Nanotechnology are more subtle, less space consuming and more than the current tips Will become proficient.

In such a situation, it will become easier to handle the business of this world. It will also be easier to get more energy efficiency and to create environment friendly conditions, let's try to know what Nano actually is?

Nanotechnology is the applied science, in which work on particles smaller than 100 nanometres is also done.

It is being said that in the future, nanotechnology will be the basis of every technology, in present day nanotechnology is being used in everything from our everyday necessities to medicine and big machinery, let us talk about nanotechnology through this article.

"Neno" is a Greek word, which literally means subtle, small or dwarf, and Neno is substances that are made up of super-sized elements. That is, this technology is the Applied Science, in which work on parts smaller than 100 nanometres is also done. Nanotechnology is the engineering of molecules and atoms, which combines subjects such as physics, chemistry, bio-informatics and bio-technology.

Do you know that with the help of this technology, revolutionary changes can be made in bio science, medical science, electronics, etc., because it can make any object light, strong and reliable, that is why this technology is fast-forward Are increasing

It would not be wrong to say that nanotechnology is the form of science, due to which small machines like mobile nails or such machines which can go and operate in small particles inside the body, it is surprising to hear, but with this technology all this is possible.

How was nanotechnology started

Ideas and concepts behind Nenoscience and Nenotechnology, physicist Richerd fenman said in a lecture at an American Physical Society meeting on 29 December 1959 at the Celifornia institute of tecnlogy (CalTech).

Richerd fenman

"Considered Plenty of Room at the Bottom" and the same sentence later became the foundation of Nenotechnology. In his speech, fenman also described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules fenman dreamed of in his imagination. But then he neither had such modern and capable equipment nor so advanced facilities. It was not easy for him to play with atoms, as we have today, a decade later, in his exploration of cutting-edge machining, Professor Norio taniguchi used the term Nenotechnology.

Norio taniguchi

What is Nanotechnology ?

Nanotechnology is an area of research and innovation related to the making of 'things' - in which, usually, materials and devices are built by placing them on the scale of atoms and molecules. If you understand this with an example

-A nanometer is one billionth of a meter:

- One nanometer ten times the diameter of the hydrogen atom.

-One nanometer is an average of the diameter of a human hair, 80,000 nanometers.

On such a scale, the general laws of physics and chemistry no longer apply. For example, the characteristics of materials, such as their color, strength, conductivity, and reactivity,

Can vary greatly between nanoscale and macro. Carbon 'nanotube' is 100 times stronger than steel and six times lighter.

NANOTECHNOLOGY is very, very small.

When something is at the nanoscale, it measures between 1 - 100 nanometers (nm) in at least one dimension. When things are this small, they are too small to see with our eyes, or even with a specific light microscope. Scientists have had to develop specialized equipment, such as scanning probe microscopes, to view materials that are on a nanometer-scale scale.

Some things are basically at the nanoscale scale, such as water molecules or silicon atoms.

Fundamental Principles of Nenoscience and Nanotechnology

It is also difficult to imagine how small Nenotechnology is. A nanometer is one billion meters, or 1 nanometer = 10-9 meters. Examples are

- There are 25,400,000 nanometers in 1 inch.

- 1 sheet of newspaper is about 100,000 nanometers thick.

Nenoscience and Nenotechnology have the ability to see and control atoms and molecules, everything on earth is made up of atoms - whether it is the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the buildings and houses our bodies etc. But it is impossible to see the atom with the help of eyes, even with a microscope.

The microscope microscope needed to see things at the nanoscale was invented about 30 years ago, with scanning tunneling microp (STM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) as well as Nenotechnology.

Benefits of Nanotechnology

With the help of Nenotechnology, many applications can be done by controlling the matter in the nanotechnology, which is not possible in normal conditions, the substances which are used in Nenotechnology are called nanomaterials.

Some of the uses of this technology are:

Manure can be made with Nenotechnology, which can increase crop production.

Nenotechnology is already in use in our computers and electronic devices, for example silicon is used to make computer circuits and processors which is a semiconductor.

- In the coming time, this Nenotechnology will also be used in bulbs, due to which the consumption of electricity will be less and the light will be more.

- With this, such a micro-medicine can be made, which can identify any one of the millions of cancer cells and treat them separately.

-By understanding the molecular assembling of any substance in Nenotechnology, its size can be made as small as the size of your hair, and its processing capacity will be many times better than today.

In future, there will be no field that will not use Nenotechnology, technical experts believe that the time will come for Nenotechnology.

At NANOSCALE, things are represented differently and indirectly.

At the nanoscale, many common materials exhibit unusual properties, such as for example, in macroscale, gold is 'gold' (Au) shiny and yellow. However, when gold particles are 25 NM in size, they appear red. Smaller particles make different contact with light, so gold particles appear a different color. Depending on the size and shape of the particles, gold may appear red, yellow, or blue.

What can nanotechnology do?

With the help of nanotechnology, we can increase the efficiency of energy consumption, clean the environment, and be used as the ability to solve major health problems. This can enable large scale manufacturing to increase production at a significantly lower cost. Nanotechnology products will be smaller, cheaper, lighter and more functional and

Less energy and less raw materials will be required to produce in the manufacturing production sector.

What about Nanotechnology in the developing world?

In the developing world, Brazil, Chile, China, India, Philippines, South Korea, South Africa and Thailand have shown their commitment to nanotechnology by establishing government-funded programs and research institutes. Researchers at the University of Toronto, Joint Center for Bioethics categorized these countries as 'front-runners' (China, South Korea, India) and 'middle ground' players (Thailand, Philippines, South Africa, Brazil, Chile) is. In addition, Argentina and Mexico are divided into 'up and comers'.

Although they have research groups studying nanotechnology, their governments have not yet organized dedicated funds.

What are the potential benefits for developing countries?

Nanotechnology is the solution for problems that impede the development of poor countries, especially in relation to health and sanitation, food security and the environment. According to one report "Nanotechnology" is particularly important in the developing world, as it requires less labor, and less land; Its uses are highly produced and economical; And this will require only a modest amount of material and energy ".

THE BLACK HOLE: Where everything ends

2020-07-26T19:59:00.000+05:30

BLACK HOLE

Our universe is so full of mysteries that we cannot even take our thinking and imagination, the universe was moving and always will be everything, but there are some things that fill the universe with mysteries, today we are the universe Will get you introduced to such a thing about which almost every person who is interested in space science, must know or wish to know about it, then let us know the most mysterious thing of the universe BLACK HOLE (Shyam Weaver) About

A black hole is a place in space or points that are so dense, whose gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape the powerful effects of the gravity of the BLACK HOLE. Gravity is so strong that matter is squeezed into a small space.

Albert Einstein first predicted the existence of a black hole in 1916, along with his general theory of relativity.

The term "black holes" was coined several years later in 1967 by American astronomer John Wheeler. Decades of black holes are known only as theoretical objects, the first physical black hole discovered in 1971 was observed.

Then, in 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration released the first image recorded in a black hole. The EHT saw a black hole in the centre of the galaxy M87. It also opens up a new field of research in the black hole, now astronomers know what the black hole looks like.

First image of black hole

There are four types of black holes:

stellar- small but deadly

intermediate- Stuck in the middle

supermassive- the birth of giants

Mini-miniature black hole

The most known way of black hole formation is stellar death. As the star reaches the last level of its life, it loses most of its mass, losing mass, then begins to form white dwarfs. But the largest of these flaming bodies, which are at least 10 to 20 times larger than our own sun, become either super-dense neutron star or so-called stellar-mass black hole.

Because no light can exit the black hole, we cannot see the black hole. They are invisible. Space telescopes with special equipment can help find the black hole. Special equipment We can see how the stars that are very close to becoming a black hole work differently than other stars.

How Big are Black Hole?

Black holes can be large or small. Scientists think that the smallest black holes are just as small as an atom. These black holes are very small but hold the mass of a large mountain. Mass is the amount of substance, or "stuff", in an object.

Another type of black hole is called "stellar". Its mass can be 20 times greater than the mass of the Sun. Earth's galaxy may contain many, many stellar mass black holes. Earth's galaxy is called Milky Way galaxy.

The largest black hole is called "supermassive". These black holes have an excessive amount of mass which is equivalent to more than 1 million suns. Scientists have found evidence that every large galaxy has a supermassive black hole. The supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy is called Sagittarius A, whose mass is equal to about 4 million suns.

If the black hole is "Black", how do scientists know they are there?

The black hole cannot be seen because its strong gravity also draws light into the middle of the black hole. But scientists can see how its strong gravity affects the stars and gas around the black hole. Scientists study the stars to find out if they are flying around, or orbiting a black hole.

When a black hole and star are close, a high-energy light is formed. Such light cannot be seen with human eyes. Scientists use satellites and telescopes in space to see high-energy light.

Can a Black Hole destroy the Earth?

No black hole moves around in space to kill the moon, planets and stars. Earth will not fall into a black hole because no black hole is close to our solar system to do so.

Even if the sun turns into a black hole, the earth will not fall into that black hole. Because the gravity of that black hole will be the same as that of the sun. Then Earth and other planets will also cover that black hole in the same way as they used to revolve around the Sun.

Well the truth is that the sun will never turn into a black hole. Why the sun is not a big enough star to make a black hole.

Weird facts about black hole

If you fall into a black hole, one theory states that "gravity will pull you in like a spaghetti, though you will die before reaching singularity. But one study has suggested in nature that the quantum effect is black." Will push the hole's horizon to act like a wall of fire, which will instantly burn and kill you.

If a star passes too close to a black hole, the star may explode.

Astronomers estimate that there are between 10 million and 1 billion stellar black holes in the Milky Way, of which the mass is about three times larger than the Sun.

Black hole is a very big topic for science fiction books and film. The film "Interstellar", so far, features a close-up look at the black hole.

The black hole has the incredible ability to pull you into a long spaghetti-like strand. Appropriately, this phenomenon is called 'spaghettification'.

Origin of universe

2020-07-25T16:36:00.030+05:30

THE BIG BANG THEORY

The origin of the world and the Universe we are living in today is still a mystery. What was before creation? Who composed it, when and why? What happened that created this world? Is this universe held in one place or is it changing every day? There are many unresolved questions that no one has a definite answer to. There are some theories that answer some questions and raise some new questions? The theory to answer all the questions has not been revealed yet, the most recognized theory is, BIG BANG THEORY answers these questions from 'BIG BANG THEORY'.

In 1929, Edwin Habbal made a surprise discovery, he found that in space you can see the sky in any direction and other celestial bodies are rapidly moving away from each other. In other words, the universe is expanding. This means that all the substances of the universe in history must have been closer to each other than today. And there must have been a time when all celestial bodies have stayed in one place, but would you believe it?

Before the scientist Edwin Habbal, most astronomers thought that the universe had not changed. But if the universe is expanding, what does it say about where it was in the past?

If the universe is expanding, then the next logical idea is that it was small in the past.

Most astronomers believe that the Universe formed during an event called the Big Bang - a massive explosion that occurred 10 to 20 billion years ago.

If we start in the present and go back to the past, this Paige's universe is shrinking, getting smaller and smaller. The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation for how the universe began. It says this in its simplest form, that the universe as we know it started with a small singularity, then spread over the next 13.8 billion years ago to the universe that we know today, Because current instruments do not allow astronomers to return to the birth of the universe, everything we understand about Big Bang Theory comes from mathematical formulas and models.

According to the Big Bang Theory, the universe began about 13.8 billion years ago. All the particles of the universe were very close to each other. They were so close that they were all in one place, at one point, the whole universe was in the shape of a point. Which were in a point form in the form of a single, hot, chaotic mass in which a large explosion - a great explosion, caused the universe to rapidly expand. All matter and energy and even space in the universe have come out of this explosion, during the Big Bang, space, time, matter and energy all formed in the universe. This massive explosion hurled matter in all directions and expanded itself into space. As the universe cooled, the material in it took place in the form of galaxies, stars and planets.

Two things are understood by the theory -

• All the galaxies of Universe are constantly going away from us

• The farther the galaxy is, the faster and farther away it is going

Most scientists who study Universe rely on this THEORY. So far no such instrument has been made so that the exact beginning of Universe can be said. An attempt is made to understand Universe through this THEORY based on Mathematical Formula and Model. However, scientists can see the continuous expansion of Universe through the Cosmic microwave background theory.

After the Big Bang

In the first few moments after Big Bang, the universe was unimaginably hot and dense. As the universe expanded, it became less dense and cooled.

• 10–43 seconds after the great explosion, only very high energy (in the form of photon particles) existed. At the same time fundamental particles like quarks, electrons, anti-electrons (positrons) were formed.

• After 10–34 seconds, particles such as quarks and anti quarks formed in large quantities due to the collision between the excess energy of the fundamental particles. At this time both the particles and their counter-particles were being formed, some of which were colliding with one particle and their counter-particles colliding with the other. At this time the shape of the universe was shaped like an orange.

• After 10–10 seconds, the anti quarks collided with the quarks and were completely destroyed, creating photons from this collision. At the same time protons and neutrons were also produced.

• After 1 second, when the temperature was 10 billion degrees Celsius, the universe began to take shape. At that time, the universe consisted mostly of photons, electrons, neutrinos and their antigens, with some amount of protons and neutrons.

• Protons and neutrons began to form nuclei of elements together, which we know today as hydrogen, helium, lithium, and deuterium.

• When three minutes had passed since the Great Explosion, the temperature had dropped to 1 billion degrees Celsius, the element and cosmic radiation had formed. This radiation is still present and can be felt.

• After 300,000 years of moving forward, the expanding universe still did not match the universe of today. Elements and radiation began to separate from each other. At the same time electrons were forming atoms together with the nucleus. Atoms were forming molecules.

• After 1 billion years of this, a certain shape of the universe began to form. Around this time the quasar, the protogalaxy (an early form of the galaxy), began to be born of stars. The stars were burning hydrogen to form heavy elements.

• See the situation today, about 14 billion years after the Great Eruption! Their solar system has been formed with stars. Atoms have formed hard molecules. In which some hard molecules are fundamental particles of life (ex: Amino Acid). Not only this, many stars have become black holes.

The universe is still expanding, and the pace of expansion is increasing. You can compare the expanding universe with a balloon, just as the points on the surface of the balloon flare away from each other, in the same way, the sky is moving away from each other. This expansion is happening in such a way that there is no centre, every galaxy is moving away from the other galaxy.

What was it before BIG BANG?

Now one more thing comes to mind that what was there before BIG BANG, the scientist Stephen Hawking, who opened many layers of the universe from the dark matter, black hole, believes that there was nothing before BIG BANG, he believes that Einstein According to the Theory of relativity, the equation of space and time together maintain constant space and time. This is a never ending process. There was not even a 'TIME' before BIG BANG. All energy and physical matter were focused on one point.

The Alternative Theory

According to this theory, time and space did not start simultaneously with the great explosion. It is believed that time is eternal, it has neither beginning nor end. Let us know this principle. Galaxies and clusters of celestial bodies move away from each other in space. According to the theory of the Great Explosion, the speed of the celestial bodies moving away from each other is less than the time after the Great Explosion and today. Taking this further, this theory says that in future the gravity of celestial bodies will be able to stop the speed of this expansion. At the same time, the opposite process will begin i.e. the contraction. All celestial bodies will come closer and closer to each other and eventually become narrow as a single point. At this moment another great explosion will occur and a new universe will be formed, the process of expansion will start once more. This process has been going on since time immemorial, our world is one of many in this expansion and contraction. Even before this, many worlds have been created and will continue to be built in the future. The process of shrinking the universe into a single point is known as the Big Crunch. Our world will also be destroyed in one such great contraction, which will give birth to a new universe by a great explosion. If this theory is correct, then this contraction process will start after 1 trillion 50 billion years from today.

The Quite State Theory

The theory of the great explosion is the most accepted theory, but not all scientists agree. They believe that the universe is eternal, it has neither beginning nor end. According to him, the universe did not start with a great explosion or it would end with a great contraction. This theory assumes that the universe is the way it has always been and always will be.

We sincerely hope you liked our article. If you find any problem in this or you want to give any suggestion, then comment below. Apart from this, do not forget to share any of your thoughts through comments. Share this blog post as much as possible.

Physics: The Science of the Universe and Everything In It

2020-07-24T15:46:00.001+05:30

Most people hear the word 'physics'. You are surrounded by physics all the time, and whether you realize it or not, you use physics every day. Physics, matter and energy are studied, the word 'physics' comes from the Greek 'knowledge of nature,' and in general, the purpose of the field is to analyze and understand the natural phenomena of the universe.

It is really difficult to define what is physics.

For someone, as we progress, physics keeps changing, and then making new discoveries. New theories are formed, theories do not just bring new answers. They also create new questions which are not understood even when looking at the previous theory of physics. This makes physics exciting and interesting.

Physics is the science that deals with the interaction between the structure of matter and the fundamental components of the universe. In the broadest sense, physics (from the Greek physikos) deals with all aspects of nature at both macroscopic and submicroscopic levels.

The scope of the study of physics includes not only the behaviour of objects under force keys, but also the nature and origin of gravitational, electromagnetic and nuclear force fields. The ultimate aim of physics is to formulate some broad principles, which bring them all together and explain all such uneven phenomena.

Physics is the foundation of science. Until earlier times, physics and natural philosophy were used for science, which aimed at the discovery and formulation of fundamental laws of nature. As modern sciences evolved, physics - astronomy, chemistry, geology and physics changed to engineering - all plays an important role in natural sciences, physics, matter, Can be defined as the science of motion and energy. Its laws are generally expressed with precision in the language of mathematics.

The ultimate aim of physics is to find laws governing small (microscopic) sub-distances, matter, motion and energy, albeit a fully integrated physical phenomena. The theory has not yet been achieved, which probably will never happen.

Physics developed in the turn of the 20th century, known as classical physics,

Broadly, it can be responsible for motions of macroscopic objects which are in relation to the speed of light and heat, sound, electricity, magnetism, light) move slowly for events like. Modern developments in relativity and quantum mechanics modify these laws because they apply to high-speed, very large-scale objects, and small elementary components of matter, such as electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Physics is Old

Physics was first introduced to civilizations and was limited to astronomy, although today we will not understand it. Ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Greeks, and even New World civilizations such as Maya and Aztec had a complex understanding of stars.

Each of these were probed to track and predict the motion of the Sun, Moon, and star regions, primarily for the purpose of tracking the weather and understanding the universe at its simplest level.

Physics has been going on for a long time. We consider the ancient Greeks to be the 'founders' of early physics, because they had a better understanding of the natural world around them. There are some major ones that you are familiar with, such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.

Sukrat

Plato

Arastu

Modern physics came centuries later with people like Copernicus, Galileo and Newton, during the 15– 1600s and 1600s.

There were many important scientific breakthroughs during this time as people discovered more and more about our universe.

Galileo

Copernicus

Issac newton

In fact, most science was discovered during this scientific revolution. For example, Copernicus first demonstrated that the Earth revolved around the Sun.

Galileo described many fundamental physical concepts, but by completing the telescope he made many astronomical discoveries, such as sunspots and planetary satellites.

Physics would certainly not be complete without Isaac Newton, whose physics studies are not much suspect, he is best known for his three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation.

In this way we can say that physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences, and suggest new avenues of research in subjects such as mathematics and philosophy.

Physics is devoted to understanding how our world and the universe behave and why it does

Physics has:

• The distance between the Earth and the objects outside our solar system and the distance between our stars and other galaxies.

• The age of our sun and how long we can expect it to burn.

• It is important for new technologies that we use every day from all solar panel technology to wind turbine, engineering design, and manufacture new alloys and polymers.

• Responsible for nuclear physics that has given us nuclear power, and nuclear medicine which has opened up new avenues of medical treatment for things like cancer.

Below is a list of the various types of topics within the science of physics:

Acoustics- Study of sound and sound waves.

Astronomy- Study of space.

Astrophysics- Study of the physical properties of objects in space.

Atomic Physics- Study of atoms, specifically the electron properties of the atom.

Biophysics- Study of physics in living systems.

Chaos- Study of systems with strong sensitivity to initial conditions, so that a slight change at the beginning quickly becomes major changes in the system.

Chemical Physics- Study of physics in chemical systems.

Computational Physics- Application of numerical methods to solve physical problems for which a quantitative theory already exists

Cosmology- Study of the universe as a whole, including its origins and evolution.

Cryophysics, Cryogenics, and Low Temperature Physics-Study of physical properties in low temperature situations, far below the freezing point of water.

Crystallography- Study of crystals and crystalline structures.

Electromagnetism- Study of electrical and magnetic fields, which are two aspects of the same phenomenon.

Electronics- Study of the flow of electrons, generally in a circuit.

Fluid Dynamics and Fluid Mechanics- Study of the physical properties of "fluids," specifically defined in this case to be liquids and gases.

Geophysics- Study of the physical properties of the Earth.

High Energy Physics- Study of physics in extremely high energy systems, generally within particle physics.

High Pressure Physics- Study of physics in extremely high pressure systems, generally related to fluid dynamics.

Laser Physics- Study of the physical properties of lasers.

Mathematical Physics- Discipline in which rigorous mathematical methods are applied to solving problems related to physics.

Mechanics- Study of the motion of bodies in a frame of reference.

Meteorology and Weather Physics- Physics of weather.

Molecular Physics- Study of physical properties of molecules.

Nanotechnology- Science of building circuits and machines from single molecules and atoms.

Nuclear Physics- Study of the physical properties of the atomic nucleus.

Optics and Light Physics- Study of the physical properties of light.

Particle Physics- Study of fundamental particles and the forces of their interaction.

Plasma Physics- Study of matter in the plasma phase.

Quantum Electrodynamics-Study of how electrons and photons interact at the quantum mechanical level.

Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Physics- Study of science where the smallest discrete values, or quanta, of matter and energy become relevant.

Quantum Optics- Application of quantum physics to light.

Quantum Field Theory- Application of quantum physics to fields, including the fundamental forces of the universe.

Quantum Gravity- Application of quantum physics to gravity and the unification of gravity with the other fundamental particle interactions.

Relativity- Study of systems displaying the properties of Einstein's theory of relativity, which generally involves moving at speeds very close to the speed of light.

Statistical Mechanics- Study of large systems by statistically expanding the knowledge of smaller systems.

String Theory and Superstring Theory- Study of the theory that all fundamental particles are vibrations of one-dimensional strings of energy, in a higher-dimensional universe.

Thermodynamics- Physics of heat.

What is 3T Cricket? Rules of first ever 3TC match explained

2020-07-23T18:35:00.020+05:30

3T Cricket

A new chapter in the cricket world was added on 18 July 2020 when the South Africa Board organized the '3T Cricket Solidarity Cup' to raise funds for Covid-19 pandemic.

In this cup 3 teams are played which is why it is known as 3T cricket. Let us know the rules of 3T cricket in this article.

Football and cricket are considered the most popular sports in the world. This is the reason that many football and cricket charity matches are organized around the world. You must have seen charity matches of retired cricket players and football players before this.

A similar charity match was played by South Africa Board on 18 July. Which is called "3T Cricket Solidarity Cup". In this, Solidarity means participation and determination of all individuals to deal with COVID 19. The winning team was awarded the gold medal in this cup.

There are 3 teams who participated in this 3T Cup.

1. Kites: Quinton de Kock (Captain)

2. Kingfishers: Heinrich Klassen (Captain)

3. Eagles: AB de Villiers (Captain)

The result of the match has also been announced and the Eagle team of AB De Villiers won the gold medal by scoring 160/4, followed by the Kites team scoring 138/3 and Henrik Klassen's team scoring 113/5 with the silver medal, Won the bronze medal.

3T Cricket Rules: -

1. There will be no toss in the match and which team will play first, second, and third will be decided based on the draw.

2. In this match, 24 players from a total of 3 teams will participate, which means that there will be only 8 players in one team.

3. There will be only 36 overs of the entire match i.e. every team has to play 12 overs in an innings.

4. There will be 2 halves in the entire match and each team will play 6 overs in the first half, the remaining 6 overs will be played in the second half i.e. 18 overs will be bowled by 3 teams in each half.

6. The team that scores the most runs in the first half will get a chance to bat first in the second half and the team that scores the least runs will get a chance to bat at number three in the second half.

If 2 teams have scored the first half, then the team batting in the first half will have to bat at number two in the second half.

7. This cricket has a different rule which is not applicable in current cricket. If 7 players from a team are dismissed in the first half and 'one player' is not out, then the not out batsman starts the innings in the second half.

If 7 wickets fall in the second half as well, then the 8th player can play alone, but he can only score in an 'even number' (2,4,6), like he can only score 2 runs, and he Can not score 1 run or 3 runs, however, he can also hit a six.

How to decide to win the match?

The team that has scored the most runs in both innings will be declared the winner and will be awarded the gold medal and the second highest scoring team will get the silver medal and the third team will get the bronze medal.

Possibility 1: - If all three teams score the same score, then all three will be declared the winner and will be awarded the gold medal.

Possibility 2: - What happens if two teams have scored 150-150 and one team has 100?

In such a situation a super over will be played between the teams with equal scores and the team with more runs in the super over will win the match.

Possibility 3: - If one team has scored 120 runs and the other two teams have scored 100-100 runs, then in such situation, the team scoring 120 runs will be given gold and the teams with 100 runs will be given silver medal.

So here was some information about the 3T cricket rule.

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United States of America: Most powerful country in the world

2020-07-23T14:45:00.000+05:30

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Friends, today we will know about a country in the world whose dominance is all over the world, no matter what field it is in - Technology, Economy, Finenece and Defense.

Let's know some things about America

North America is the third largest of the 7 continents. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Pacific Ocean in the west. North America is its three largest countries: Canada, Mexico and United States.

Central America and the Caribbean are generally considered part of North America, but they have their own section here. Although Columbus is heavily credited with the discovery of America, there were already many people living in North America before the arrival of Europeans. In the 1600s Europeans quickly colonized and took over most of North America.

The land of United States of America consists of 50 states, America is inhabited by over 327 million people, and is the third most populous country in the world. America is also the fourth largest country in the world by total area is a vast country that has a cultural imprint around the world which is technological innovation, popular movies, television And is inspired by music.

Introduction

United States Officially known as United States America, the country of North America, is a federal republic of 50 states. Located in the middle of North America,

United States America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China) in area. The national capital is Washington DC.

Many people know Washington DC, as the capital of the United States, but this was not always the case. Washington was not the capital until 1790.

Believe it or not, from 1785 to 1790, New York City took as the country's capital.

The major feature of the United States is probably its great diversity. Its physical environment ranges from the Arctic to subtropical, from moist rain forest to arid desert, from rugged mountain peaks to flat prairie. Although the total population of the United States is larger by world standards, its overall population density is relatively low.

The Statue Of Liberty Was A Gift

The Statue of Liberty, formally known as "Liberty Enlightening the World", was a gift from France. The gift was sent to celebrate 100 years of Franco-American friendship. The statue was built by "Frederic Auguste Bartholdi", while it was designed by the French engineer, Gustave Eiffel, who also built the Eiffel Tower.

The Statue of Liberty is located on Liberty Island in New York. The torch symbolizes enlightenment and illuminates the path of liberty, showing us the path to freedom.

Overview history of America

The region that is today the United States was inhabited by various tribal people for thousands of years. Christopher Columbus was the first European to arrive in the region and the first landfall builder was Ponce de Leon who landed in Florida. France claimed the interior of the United States, while Spain claimed America's Southwest par.

In 1607 Virginia Colony was the first English settlement in Jamestown. A few years later, in 1620, pilgrims arrived and established Plymouth Colony. England will eventually have 13 colonies in North Eastern America. By the 1700s American colonies were unhappy with what they called "taxation without representation".

for Independence, American followed American Revolutionary War, and with the help of France, the colonies defeated England. In 1776, the United States declared its independence from England.

In 1861, the United States experienced a civil war when the southern states tried to break away from the Union. After a bloody war they were defeated and the country remained together. The country continued to industrialize and became one of the world's industrial leaders in the 1900s.

In both world wars, the United States tried to remain neutral but the war ended on behalf of the United Kingdom and the Allies. In World War II, it was the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor that forced the US to enter the war. The US developed nuclear weapons and used 2 of them to bomb Japan, effectively ending the war and starting a cold war with the communist Soviet Union.

In the late 1900s the United States became one of the world's superpowers. The second superpower was Soviet Union. Both countries had nuclear weapons. Both countries fought the Cold War for many years,

In which most of the arms race, and proxy wars like Korean war, Vietnam War and Soviet-Afghanistan War, were fought by spies.

Location and Geography

The name "America" is often used to refer to the United States, but until the political formation of the United States after the Revolutionary War, the designation referred only to South America.

The United States is the fourth largest country in the world, with an area of 3,679,192 square miles (9,529,107 square kilometers). It consists of 50 states and a federal district, with the capital Washington, D.C. is. Its 48 contiguous states are located in the middle of North America. The mainland United States borders the Strait of North and Mexico, the Gulf of Mexico, and Florida in the south. The western boundary meets the Pacific Ocean, and to the east lies the Atlantic Ocean.

Alaska and Hawaii are not included in the other 48 states. Alaska is at the peak of North America between the Pacific and Arctic Oceans, and is bounded by Canada to the east. Hawaii's island chain is located in the east-central Pacific Ocean, about two thousand miles southwest of San Francisco.

The physical environment is extremely diverse and luxurious. Arctic summer blooming Alaska's glaciers coexist. The forests of the Pacific Northwest and northern California are known for huge ancient trees such as Sitka spruce and sequoia (redwoods). Niagara Falls, Yellowstone National Park and Grand Canyon are some of the better known landscapes. The Western Cordillera is part of a mountain range that stretches from Chile in South America to Alaska. The highest peak in the country, Mount McKinley (Denali), is in the Western Cordillera in Alaska.

Major inland waterways include the Mississippi River, the Great Lakes in the Upper Midwest, the largest group of freshwater lake in the world; And Saint Lawrence River.

America Is Home To Many Natural Wonders

America is home to many natural wonders of the world. In fact, the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has recognized several heritage sites in America. According to UNESCO, a World Heritage Site is a place of special cultural or physical importance.

Some examples of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in America are Grand Canyon National Park, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Yellowstone National Park and some others.

Demography

The United States has a population of 280 million (2000 census), but a relatively small population. California or Wyoming, the most populous state with 33,871,648 inhabitants, has only 493,782 inhabitants. These population figures reflect the fact that United States is an urban nation. More than 75 percent of residents live in cities, with more than 50 percent estimated to be suburban.

One of the most important facts about the population is that its average age is increasing.

Life expectancy is 73 years for white men and 72 years for white women. African-American men have a life expectancy of 68 years; In inner city areas, the average life expectancy of African-American men is very low. African-Americans have higher infant mortality rates than whites.

Official language

The US has no official national language. If English is its informal first language, then Spanish is its unofficial second language. The US ranks fifth in the world in Spanish speakers. Standard English is the language that is spoken by Americans.

Economy

The United States has an advanced industrial economy that is highly mechanized. The gross national product (GDP) is the largest in the world. It is a major force in world finance. The United States has maintained its position as the world's largest economy since 1871. The economy is so large that the US is often referred to as an economic superpower, and this is due to the fact that it makes up about a quarter of the global economy.

The basic unit of currency is the dollar, with 100 cents making 1 $ (dollar).

Religion

America majority are Christian. Catholicism is the largest single denomination,

But Protestants (Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, Presbyterian, and other hain) outnumber Catholics of all denominations. Judaism is the largest non-Christian religion after Islam, with a significant African-American status.

Center of Entertainment

America has a huge influence on global culture. Many romance and action movies that we enjoy and have been filmed in America.

Hollywood is globally known as a center of entertainment. Hollywood attracts tourists from all over the world.

National Symbols:

Bird - Bald Eagle

Flower - Rose

Tree - Oak tree

Motto - In God We Trust

Colors - Red, white, and blue

Other symbols - Great Seal of the United States, Liberty Bell, Statue of Liberty, Uncle Sam

Description of flag:

The current flag of the United States was adopted on July 4, 1960.

The 13-star version was adopted on June 14, 1777. The flag has 13 horizontal red and white stripes. There are 7 red stripes and 6 white. In the top left corner is a blue square (field) with 50 five-pointed white stars. The 13 stripes represent the 13 original British colonies formed in the country. The 50 stars represent the current 50 states.

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Who is The Owner of PUBG ?

2020-07-20T18:02:00.000+05:30

Friends, do you also play PUBG? If you play, then you all should know that Where did this game come from, who made it and when?

The story begins from the country of South America, Brazil, Brendan Greene is the brain behind this entire game.

Brendan Greene is the brains behind PlayerUnknown’s Battleground (PUBG), India's most played game at the moment.

Brendan Greene was born in Ireland, moved to Brazil to work as a Photographer and Web Developer. During his JOB in Brazil, he fell in love and married. Two years later, he returned home to Ireland

At home, he started Web developing and changed the classic game Arma 2 to DayZ: Battle Royal, which became a huge success. After gaining popularity for his work on Arma, Sony's entertainment division hired Greene as a consultant to work on his Battle Royal game, 'H1Z1'. But Greene was not interested so Sony decided to release a different standalone game with its mod, 'H1Z1: King of the Kill'

Brendan Greene was later recruited by Daybreak, a game development company. But he did not stay in the company for long. A few months later, he left for Seoul (South Korea).

2016 was the starting point for PUBG

After that, Brendan Greene signed Bluehole entertainment as a creative director and in 2016, launched the concept of PUBG. The game was finally released in 2017 and the rest is history.

This game has made people from all over the world completely crazy.

According to a report by IndiaTimes, Brendan Greene was not solely responsible for the making of the game, he was assisted by a Korean game studio called Bluehole Entertainment. The report states that Brendan in Game Arma 2 had 'DayZ' After creating zombie mode, started creating a more realistic mode game, inspired by the Japanese book 'Battle Royal'. In this, people had to refrain against other people, who are trying to kill you.

In early 2016, he began developing the game a year later with the aim of release. On March 23, 2017, it was finally time - PUBG was released, and it became an instant success, despite some bugs.

18 months after release, the game sold 50 million copies of PC and Xbox one. On the list of games such as DOTA2 and Counter Strike: Global Offensive, PUBG still tops. However, despite the fine numbers, they have their challenges.

One of them is Fortnite, which is one such game which has attracted many active players of PUBG. Although, Brendan Greene has welcomed Fortnite, he has stated in several interviews that "his goal is to make the genre grow and that the way there is through new games."

In 2020, Net Worth of Brendan Greene is about $5 Billion.

Revenue of pubg

PUBG Mobile has achieved massive global revenue in the first half of the year 2020, taking its lifetime collection to $3 billion (about Rs 22,457 crore). PUBG Mobile, with its Chinese variant, known as Game For Peace, has collected a total of $1.3 billion (about Rs 9,731 crore) in 2020 alone. Revenue hit a record high of $270 million (about Rs 2,021 crore) in March, with most people living indoors due to the COVID-19 epidemic and government-imposed lockdown.

When it faced a serious competition in the battle royal genre, the publishers of Bluehole Studio and PlayerUnknown's revealed that it made $970 million in revenue last year. PUBG's PC version made $790 million in revenue, or about 81.5% of the total.

CEO of PUBG

Changhan Kim

Changhan Kim, also known as CH, is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of PUBG Corporation (PUBG Corp.), the developer and publisher of PLAYERUNKNOWN'S BATTLEGROUNDS (PUBG).

Is PUBG banned in India?

The country's Telecommunications Regulatory Authority has announced that it had decided to ban PUBG. In India, many state governments called the game as 'addictive', 'harmful' and 'distracting'. Being a violent game, the controversy related to PUBG is no surprise. However, it is notable that the ban has already been lifted in India.

In which country is PUBG banned?

Countries prohibiting PUBG Mobile include China, Nepal, Jordan and Iraq.

Which country uses PUBG the most?

As of 2017, South Korea was the highest PUBG playing country in the world.

According to figures from a sports portal, China ranks first with 24% of players, India with 19% and the United States with 12%. This data is calculated in both PUBG Mobile and PC Player. As recently it was surveyed that most Indians play PUBG for an average of 2 hours every day.

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NATO: The most powerful organization in the world

2020-07-18T19:16:00.000+05:30

NATO

OTAN means “Organisationdu Traité de l'Atlantique Nord” which is "North Atlantic Treaty Organization" in French. NATO-OTAN is the name of both the organization's official languages, English and French.

Introduction

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an alliance of 28 countries, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean. The coalition consists of the United States, most European Union members, Canada and Turkey. Currently, NATO has 30 member countries.

NATO 28 members in Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia , Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States.

Each member appoints an ambassador in the NATO. They supply officers to serve on NATO committees and send appropriate officers to discuss NATO business. These may include the president of the country, the prime minister, the foreign affairs minister, or the head of the Department of Defense.

NATO also participates in three alliances, which 28 of its members

Extend their influence beyond countries.

(1). There is the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, which helps partners to become NATO members. It includes 23 non-NATO countries that support the purpose of NATO. It started in 1991.

(2). The Mediterranean Dialogue wants to stabilize the Middle East. Its non-NATO members include Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. It started in 1994.

(3). Istanbul Cooperation works for peace in a larger Middle East region. It consists of 4 members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. They are Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and United Arab Emirates. It started in 2004.

NATO also collaborates with 8 other countries in joint security issues.

There are 5 Asian countries, including Australia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mongolia and New Zealand. There are two cooperative countries in the Middle East: Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Members agree that an armed attack against someone would be considered an attack against all of them, and that they would come to each other's aid. Which is stated in Article 5 of the NATO constitution, "An armed attack ... shall be considered an attack on all of them."

NATO has traditionally stated its common purpose as "protecting liberty, common heritage and civilization" of its members by promoting "stability and welfare in the North Atlantic region".

It is the most powerful regional defense alliance in the world.

History

NATO was established in the aftermath of World War II, largely to prevent Soviet expansion into Europe.

The Soviet Union took over the threat of increasing its influence in Europe and faced the threat of communist expansion in 1949 of NATO - the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Was formed

The founding members of NATO signed the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949. It worked closely with the United Nations, World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The organizations were formed during the 1944 Bretton Woods conference.

Originally consisting of 12 countries, the organization was expanded to include Greece and Turkey in 1952 and West Germany in 1955. However, the United States has dominated the coalition since then.

After West Germany joined the NATO, in 1955 the Soviet Union formed a counter-alliance called the Warsaw Pact, the communist countries formed the Warsaw Pact alliance. Including the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany.

Which dissolved after the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. And the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland became the first former Warsaw Pact country to gain NATO membership in 1999.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of Warsaw Pact, NATO ceased to be an organization.

NATO Force

In 1995 NATO formed its first multinational Implementation Force (IFOR) under the orders of the United Nations to implement the military aspects of the Bosnian peace agreement.

NATO has the largest Armed forces in the world which are almost

There are more than all the countries, if we talk about the present

The total number of active personnel of NATO is around 2,203,468. The total number of reserved personnel of NATO is around 2,755,000.

The next historic step was taken in 2004 when Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania as well as Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Romania (which were part of the USSR Republic until 1991) were welcomed as NATO members at a ceremony in Washington.

Montenegro became the most recent addition to NATO in 2017.

However Iceland is the only NATO member that does not have a standing army.

Headquarter

NATO headquarters is the political and administrative center of the alliance. It is located in Brussels, Belgium.

Who has the largest part of armed force in NATO

In 2019, the United States was the highest military personnel of all NATO countries with 1.34 million troops. Turkey was the second largest military personnel country with 435,000 personnel.

Action's

In 1999, the coalition launched an 11-week campaign of airstrikes to oust Yugoslavia forces from Kosovo. This air strike was the largest military operation ever undertaken by NATO, and for the first time a sovereign after UN approval. Used force against the state. The NATO Peace Army still remains in Kosovo.

NATO made its first operation outside Europe in 2003, when it commanded the UN peacekeeping force in and around the Afghanistan capital Kabul.

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CANADA: The 2nd largest country in the world

2020-07-18T18:49:00.000+05:30

CANADA

North America is the third largest of the seven continents. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Pacific Ocean in the west. North America is its three largest countries: Canada, Mexico, and United States. Central America and the Caribbean are generally considered part of North America, but they have their own section here. Although Columbus is heavily credited with the discovery of America, there were already many people living in North America before Europeans arrived.

So know about Canada, the largest country of North America, what are its features and history.

Canada covers an area of 9,984,670 sq km. It is roughly the size of China and the United States. It is three times the size of India and five times the size of Mexico. It is forty times the size of the UK and one hundred times the size of South Korea.

Canada is the second largest country in the world with only Russia being the largest. Canada has a more surface area of water than any other country, with an estimated three million lakes in Canada.

Canada is located in the northern part of the continent of North America.

Canada's vast geographic area extends from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Atlantic Ocean in the east, in the north it also forms the coastline along the Arctic Ocean. In terms of area, Canada is the second largest country after Russia.

Canada shares an international border with the United States; Canada has different international borders with the United States in the northwestern part of which Alaska is the newest state.

Currently, Canada is a federation, with a parliamentary democracy, and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. Despite having a large area and diverse climate, Canada is one of the most developed countries in the world. Of course, the reason behind this is that Canada has a huge stock of natural hydro-electric power as well as natural recourses.

Canada- UN is a potential member of several international organizations including G7, G8, G20, OECD, WTO, NATO, Commonwealth, Francophony, OAS and APEC. Not only this, Canada has the eighth largest human development index globally and has one of the highest standards of living in the world.

Overview History

Aboriginal Canadians are the first to have occupied Canada long before Europeans occupied the country. These Native Canadians lived as groups - until Europeans, or "new" Canadians, came to claim the land for themselves.

The first Europeans to arrive in Canada around 1,000AD - the Vikings.

Soon after, when Leif Eriksson landed and named the land "Vinland",

Centuries later, in 1497, King Henry VII of England sent an Italian, John Cabot, on an expedition to Newfoundland — a journey that England later used to claim Canada, and which multicultural, Bilingual shaped Canada as we know it today.

The French, Jacques Cartier sailed towards the St. Lawrence River during the 1530s - the region was claimed as a French territory. In fact, the permanent inhabitants of Europe long ago were the French, who established themselves in the St. Lawrence Valley of Canada, which they called New France.

During the American War of Independence, Canada remained loyal to Britain rather than fighting with 13 American colonies. After the war, a new border was created between the United States and Canada for which the Great Lakes were used to pull its boarder. Due to the demands of the new Canadians, the Crown passed the Constitutional Act 1791, dividing Quebec into Lower Canada and Upper Canada, which were French and English respectively.

The term "Canada" was first used when Lower and Upper Canada were formed, Canada was officially born in 1867 after Britain passed the British North American Act, governing Canada itself. Was independence and became the first Dominion of the British Empire.

Soon after the First World War, Canada's position changed and in 1931 gave Canada the right to be an independent nation.

In 1982 the Canada Act finally ended Canada's last remaining relationship with the British Parliament. Prior to the passage of this Act, certain amendments to the Canadian Constitution had to be approved by the UK government. Despite the Canada Act, Queen Elizabeth II is still the head of state and Queen of Canada, a role distinct to her role as British emperor.

Canada's political system is called "constitutional monarchy", which means a government elected with a queen or king.

Today, Queen Elizabeth is Canada's "head of state", which means that when she does not rule the country, she remains part of our system of government. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II Queen of Canada Huh. She has dedicated her life to public service and continues to serve Canada and Canadians

Divisions

Canada is divided into 10 provinces (Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island). The largest populations are Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia.

Population of Canada

Canada has a population of 34,834,831. It is the 38th largest population in the world. Canada is a very large country with a relatively small population. In fact there are only six countries in the world with low population density.

National Flag of Canada

The National Flag of Canada came into existence in 1964 and consists of eleven red pointed maple leaves in a red zone with a white square.

Languages of Canada

Canada has two official languages, including English (59%) and French (22%). Apart from these, the next most widely spoken languages are Punjabi, Italian, Spanish, German, Cantonese, Tagalog and Arabic, all spoken by 1-2% of the population.

Capital city of Canada

The capital of Canada is Ottawa, which has a population of 1,236,000 people in the metropolitan area. This makes it the fourth largest city in Canada.

National day

Canada celebrates Canada Day every year on 1 July. Because the three British colonies Canada united to form the country.

Time zone

Being such a large country, it is no surprise that Canada has 6 time zones.

Climate

The large size of Canada gives it a wide landscape ranging from temperate in the south to positive Arctic in the north. Canada has the northernmost settlement in the world. Landlocked areas have hot, continental summers and temperatures in summer can reach 40 °C. In winter, it has dropped to as low as -65 °C.

Currency

In Canada, the Canadian Dollar is used for currency

1 US $ = 1.36 Canadian Dollar

Due to the large distances involved, Canada has the 5th longest road network in the world, the 5th longest rail network and the 7th largest air travel market in the world. Car ownership is often required in rural areas and Canada, enjoying the highest living standards, owning the 7th highest car per 100 people in the world

National symbols

Animal - Beaver, Canadian horse, moose, polar bear

Tree - Maple Tree Sports - Ice hockey (winter) and lacrosse (summer)

OPEC COUNTRIES: A GROUP OF CRUDE OIL COUNTRIES

2020-07-18T18:22:00.001+05:30

OPEC

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is an organization of 14 oil producing countries. This is 54% of the total world exports of 46 mbd (thousand barrels (of oil) per day). OPEC's members hold 82% of the world's proven oil reserves. OPEC's decisions have a significant impact on future oil prices.

The oil and energy ministers of each member countries meet with the OPEC members at least twice a year to coordinate their oil production policies. Each member country follows a fixed system, in which everyone agrees to produce a certain amount of oil.

Each country is also responsible for reporting its own production. If a country produces too much oil from its quota, it is excluded from OPEC.

Despite its power, OPEC cannot fully control the price of oil. Oil prices are also determined by the oil futures market. Most of the price of oil is also determined by the commodities traders. This is why oil prices are so high.

In 1960, five OPEC countries aligned to regulate the supply and price of oil. These countries felt that they have nonrenewable resources. If they compete with each other, then the price of oil will increase greatly and nonrenewable resources may also come to an end.

OPEC then held its first meeting on 10–14 September 1960 in Baghdad, Iraq. The five founding members were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. OPEC registered itself with the United Nations on 6 November 1962.

OPEC has 13 active members. Saudi Arabia is by far the largest producer, contributing about one-third of total OPEC oil production. It is the only member that materially impacts the world's supply. For this reason, it has more authority and influence than other countries.

OPEC has 13 member countries: 5 in the Middle East (Western Asia), 7 in Africa and 1 in South America. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was established in Baghdad, Iraq, in which an agreement was signed in September 1960 by the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela by 5 countries. Currently, the organization has a total of 14 member countries.

The importance of OPEC organization

Without OPEC, individual oil-exporting countries will do as much OIL production as possible to maximize national revenue, by competing with each other, they will reduce oil prices even further, encouraging even more global demand. In this way, OPEC countries will produce their most precious resource quickly and take it to an end. Therefore, it is agreed to produce only enough to keep the price high for all members of OPEC.

3 Goles OPEC

The first goal of OPEC is to keep prices stable. It wants to ensure that its member countries get a fair price for their oil.

What is the correct price?

OPEC has traditionally stated that it ranges between $70 and $80 per barrel. At these prices, OPEC countries have enough oil for the last 113 years. If prices fall below this, OPEC members will agree to restrict supply to push prices higher.

The second goal of OPEC is to reduce oil price volatility.

OPEC's third goal is to adjust the world's oil supply in response to deficiencies.

Opec headquarters

OPEC's headquarters was in Geneva, Switzerland for the first five years of its existence. It was moved to Vienna, Austria on 1 September 1965 in Europe.

OPEC+ members

In addition to OPEC members, 10 additional oil exporting countries led by Russia have been classified as OPEC + since the year 2016 as they agree to fix production quotas and cooperate in fixing global crude oil prices, so that global production Below the global demand, except for OPEC countries, OPEC + also includes Russia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, South Sudan, Sudan.

Observers countries

Since the 1980s, representatives from Egypt, Mexico, Norway, Oman, Russia, and other oil exporting countries have attended several Opec meetings as observers. This system acts as an informal mechanism for coordination of policies.

Crude oil benchmarks

The "crude oil benchmark" is a standardized petroleum product that has been a convenient reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil since 1983, including standard contracts in major futures markets. Reference price). Oil prices (usually per dollar / barrel) because based on variety varies depending on grade, delivery date and location, and other legal requirements, therefore benchmark is used.

North Sea Brent Crude Oil is the leading benchmark for the Atlantic basin crude oil, and is used for about two-thirds of the world's traded crude oil. Other famous benchmarks are West Texas Intermediate (WTI)), Dubai Crude, Oman Crude and Urals oil.

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BIMSTEC: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation

2020-07-18T17:57:00.001+05:30

BIMSTEC

Friends, today we know about another internation alliance which constitutes a group named after the Bay of Bengal in India. You got its name many times in TV, newspapers and must have heard, why are these group, what works, is India a member of it, let's know the answers to all the questions

The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is a regional organization, consisting of 7 member countries in the adjacent and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal, forming a regional unity. This sub-regional organization came into existence on 6 June 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration. It constitutes seven member states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and two more from Southeast Asia, Myanmar and Thailand. Initially, the economic bloc was formed with four member nations, abbreviated as 'BIST-EC' (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation).

After incorporating Myanmar on 22 December 1997 during a special ministerial meeting in Bangkok, the group was renamed as 'BIMST-EC' (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation). With the entry of Nepal and Bhutan at the 6th Ministerial Meeting (February 2004, Thailand), the grouping was renamed as ‘Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation’ (BIMSTEC).

Importance of BIMSTEC

The regional agglomeration forms a bridge between South and Southeast Asia and represents the strengthening of relations between these countries. BIMSTEC has also established a forum for inter-regional cooperation between SAARC and ASEAN members. The BIMSTEC region is home to 1.5 billion people, accounting for about 22% of the global population with a combined GDP of the 2.7 trillion economy. Over the past five years, BIMSTEC member nations have been able to maintain an average of 6.5% economic growth despite the global financial meltdown

The purpose of building such alliances was to reduce the onslaught of globalization and to promote shared and accelerated development through mutual cooperation in various areas of common interests using regional resources and geographical advantages.

Unlike many other regional groups, BIMSTEC is a sector-driven cooperative organization. Starting in late 1997 with 6 sectors for regional cooperation, including trade, technology, energy, transport, tourism and fisheries, it expanded to 9 more regions extended to embrace - including agriculture, public health, poverty alleviation, counter-terrorism, environment, culture.

Chairmanship

BIMSTEC uses alphabetical order for chairmanship. BIMSTEC is headed (1997-1999) in starting the rotation with Bangladesh.

Headquarter

BIMSTEC headquarters is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh and was opened on 13 September 2014 by Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. This regional group serves as a bridge between Southern and South Eastern countries in Asia. It represents the strengthening of relations between these nations.

BRICS CONTRIES: A group of emerging economies

2020-07-18T17:47:00.001+05:30

BRICS COUNTRIES

BRICS is a group of emerging economies which includes Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa. (BRICS) is headquartered in Shanghai, China. Its main objectives are to cooperate between member nations for development, provide financial assistance to them, support various projects, promote infrastructure etc.

history of BRICS

The term "BRIC" was written in 2001 by Jim O'Neill, then chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, in his publication Building Better Global Economic BRICs. But, it really"Roopa Purushothaman" was written by the Research Assistant in the original report. The Foreign Ministers of the initial 4 BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) met in New York City in September 2006.

South Africa was not in the BRIC. In this, the argument was that the economy of South Africa was very small compared to Brazil, Russia, Russia and India.

The invitation to South Africa in 2010 was a demonstration of confidence in Africa's largest economy, and a sense of the importance of this African country not only in Africa but on the global stage. This was a strategic move by the BRIC bloc, further adding to its global political and economic impact by joining the South African group.

These five BRICS countries account for 40 percent of the world's population, and as of this year, their combined GDP is $ 18.6 trillion, which is about 23.2% of the gross world product.

Brics can play a role in strengthening the global economy, remodeling international economic systems.

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (collectively the BRICS countries) make up over 40% of the global population. Brics is emerging as a new center of gravity in the international economic system.

BRICS' share in world trade has nearly tripled in the last 20 years.

The contribution of BRICS to global economic growth by 2030 is expected to be greater when the rate of investment within BRICS countries increases.

The contribution of BRICS in reducing world poverty is huge. Continuous BRICS growth is critical for poverty reduction as well as for reducing international disparities.

The BRICS Forum was formed in 2011, an independent international organization to encourage commercial, political, and cultural cooperation between BRICS countries.

At the end of March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the member states agreed to create a global financial institution aimed at competing with the Western-dominated IMF and World Bank. After the summit, BRICS said that they planned to finalize the arrangements of this New Development Bank by 2014.

NBD

New Development Bank (NDB) is located in Shanghai. New Development Bank (NDB), formerly known as BRICS Development Bank, is a multilateral development bank run by BRICS desho.

The Fourth BRICS Summit in New Delhi (2012) considered the possibility of establishing a new development bank for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies, as well as in developing countries.

During the sixth BRICS summit at Fortaleza (2014), leaders signed an agreement to set up the New Development Bank (NDB).

There will be an African Headquarters of the "New Development Bank Africa Regional Center" in South Africa.

The bank will have a starting capital of $50 billion, over time this capital will increase to $100 billion. Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa will initially contribute $10 billion to bring the total to $50 billion.

Brics summit

The BRIC Group has been organizing the annual summit since 2009.

India has hosted the BRICS Summit 2 times; The first in 2012 and the second in 2016,

The first BRIC summit took place in the Russian Federation in 2009 and was focused on issues such as improving global financial architecture.

In December 2010, South Africa was invited to join the BRIC, after which the group adopted the acronym BRICS. The next BRICS Summit, the 11th BRICS Summit (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) will be held on 13–14 November in the city of Brasília.

BRICS has emerged as the voice of developing countries. These countries face an aggressive club of developed (Developed) countries. New Delhi believes that the rights of developing countries are to be protected by BRICS, and that 5 BRICS countries are also members of the G-20.

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Pushyamitra Sunga: First Brahmin King of India

2020-07-18T16:35:00.001+05:30

Pushyamitra Sung

There have been many great kings in the year of India, which are described in historical literature.

Pushyamitra Sung, one of the most glorious kings in Indian history, Pushyamitra Sung, who started the Sunga dynasty, was a Brahmin by birth and a Kshatriya by deeds, he was appointed by Brihadratha, the last ruler of the Maurya dynasty, as his general.

However, Pushyamitra Sunga re-established Vedic religion in India by killing Brihadratha and ending the Mauryan Empire.

Why and how did Pushpamitra Sunga end the Maurya Empire?

let's know

After Emperor Ashoka's Kalinga conquest, he changed his whole life in the propagation and conduct of Buddhism.

Due to the Buddhism adopted by Ashoka, the entire Mauryan empire was overcome with violence, taking advantage of it, small states of the empire started trying to make themselves independent.

As a result, the Mauryan Empire was weakened until the death of Ashoka and becoming the last Mauryan ruler of Vrihadratha. At the same time, by this time the entire Magadha Empire had converted to Buddhism.

It was difficult to believe, but the land that defeated the warriors like Alexander and Sailucus had lost its heroic nature, now the foreign forces were dominating India, as the Greek army entered the kingdom, the only reason. Non-violent policies of Buddhism.

During this, the commander Pushyamitra went to check the monasteries along with his soldiers without the king's permission. Where Greek soldiers were caught from the monasteries during the investigation. He was put to death on seeing this.

On seeing this action, the king wanted to know the reason from his commander, how can he kill people without the permission of the king.

The commander Pushyamitra joined the public and the army on the work done to protect the state and after the king died in the clash with the king, the commander Pushyamitra was made the king, thus the first Brahmin of any state in Indian history The kingdom begins. Whose name was the Sunga dynasty.

origine of shunga

According to the Ashtadhyayi of Patanjali and Panini in the Mahabhashya, "Pushyamitra Sunga" was a Brahmin of the Bharadwaja gotra. As a solution to this problem, JC Ghosh described him as "Daiyamushiyan", which is considered to be a Dvaita gotra of Brahmins. According to him, the Daiyamushayana or Dait gotra is a Brahmin gotra composed of a mixture of two different alga gotras i.e. father and quantity gotra (here Bharadwaja and Kashyapa). Such Brahmins can keep both gotras as their identity. These dynasties are believed to belong to Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, who were in the service of Maurya.

Pushyamitra's governance arrangement

The capital of the empire was Pataliputra. Later, after changing the capital to Vidisha, Pushyamitra was able to secure the intermediate part of the ancient Mauryan Empire. Pushyamitra's empire spread from the Himalayas in the north to Berar in the south and from Punjab in the west to Magadha in the east. According to Divyavadan and Taranath, Jalandhar and Syalkot also had their rights. In various parts of the empire, the tradition of appointing Rajkumar or Rajkula's people as governors continued. Pushyamitra had appointed his sons as co-rulers in various regions of the empire. And his son Agnimitra was the son of Vidisha. Dhanadev was the governor of Kaushal. Rajkumar ji was also the director of the army. Even at this time village was the smallest unit of governance.

The state shown is of 185 BC and in 149 BC its expansion spread far to the west and south.

By this time, by the time Mauryan central control was relaxed and the trend of feudalization started becoming active.

The reign of the Sunga dynasty lasted from 185 BC to 149 BC.

The great Pushyamitra Sunga who re-established Sanatan Dharma

In the post-Mauryan period Pushyamitra was the first king who performed many tasks according to the Indian Sanatana Dharma, such as Ashwamedha Yagya, an Ashwamedha Yajna was performed at the last and final time of Pushyamitra, which was completed by Maharishi Patanjali.

It is said about some of the 84 thousand stupas offered by Emperor Ashoka.

Was also broken. Which questions his greatness, however, the construction work of some Buddhist stupas by Pushyamitra Sunga also comes up such as - Bharhut Stupa which is in Satna district of Madhya Pradesh.

And Sanchi Stupa, which is located in Raisen, Madhya Pradesh, which was constructed by Emperor Ashoka, got it renovated.

After Chandragupta Maurya, the reign of the Greeks which was most invaded was Pushyamitra Sunga. King Minander of the great Greek dynasty Demetrius, known as Milind in Buddhist literature, was also defeated by Pushyamitra. It is said about Minander that its empire was bigger than Alexander the Great. During Pushyamitra Sung, it was impossible for any foreign power to enter India in the year, Pushyamitra Sung ruled for a total of 36 years and a total of 10 rulers.

The present form of Manusmriti was also composed during this Sunga period. India also gained knowledge of astrology and Gandhara style.The present form of Manusmriti was also composed during this Sunga period. India also gained knowledge of astrology and Gandhara style.

ASEAN GROUP: A group of south-east countries

2020-07-18T16:19:00.000+05:30

ASEAN GROUP

How Asean works

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional group with ten members: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Promotes economic, political and security cooperation between. ASEAN's countries have a total population of 650 million and a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of $2.8 trillion. The group has played a central role in Asian economic integration, signing six free-trade agreements with other regional economies and could help in negotiations for the world's largest free trade agreement.

Asean history

Asean was founded in Bangkok on 8 August 1967 by five parent member countries, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.

Formed in 1967, ASEAN united Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, creating a common front against the spread of communism and growing political, economic and social tensions in the Asia-Pacific Sought to promote stability. In 1976, members signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia.

The motto of ASEAN is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”.

By the late 1990s its membership doubled. Cambodia's civil war in 1991, the end of the Cold War, and the normalization of relations between the United States and Vietnam in 1995 brought peace to Southeast Asia, paving the way for more states to join ASEAN.

With the addition of Brunei (1984), Vietnam (1995), Laos and Myanmar (1997), and Cambodia (1999), the group launched initiatives to promote regionalism. Members signed the treaty in 1995, for example, to avoid developing, acquiring or possessing nuclear weapons.

Economic progress

ASEAN Economic Community was established in 2015.

The purpose of ASEAN is to create a common market similar to the European Union, ASEAN has made significant progress towards economic integration and free trade in the region. In 1992, members created the ASEAN Free Trade Zone with the goals of creating a single market, increasing intra-ASEAN trade trade and investment, and attracting foreign investment. More than 90 percent of goods are traded without tariffs. Eleven sectors have been prioritized for integration, including electronics, automotives, rubber-based products, textiles and apparels, agro-based products and tourism.

• Third largest market in the world - Larger than European Union (EU) and North American markets.

• 6th largest economy in the world, third in Asia.

• Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand.

• is the fourth most popular investment destination globally.

• ASEAN's share of global exports has also increased from only 2 percent in 1967 to 7 percent in 2016, reflecting the increasing importance of trade to ASEAN's economic prospects.

• ASEAN Single Aviation Market and Open Skies policies have enhanced its transport and connectivity capabilities.

Asean +3

ASEAN + 3 is the term ASEAN + refers to the countries of China, Japan and South Korea. It was formed after the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. The East Asia Vision Group was formed to create a vision for cooperation among all 13 countries to prevent another crisis from occurring again.

ASEAN Summit

Each year, ASEAN hosts a summit organized by one of its members. On 23 June 2019, Bangkok hosted the 34th Summit.

Institution Mechanism

Based on the alphabetical order of the English names of the member countries, the ASEAN chairmanship is met annually.

ASEAN Summit: The supreme policy making body sets the direction for ASEAN policies and objectives at the ASEAN Summit. Under the charter, the summit is held twice a year.

ASEAN Ministerial Council (ASEAN Ministerial Councils): Four important new ministerial bodies have been established to support the summit.

1. ASEAN Coordinating Council (ACC), ASEAN Coordinating Council (ACC)

2. ASEAN Political-Security Community Council, ASEAN Political-Security Community Council

3. ASEAN Economic Community Council, ASEAN Economic Community Council

4. ASEAN Sociocultural Community Council, ASEAN Sociocultural Community Council

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THE KHAJURAHO TEMPLE

2020-07-18T16:00:00.001+05:30

KHAJURAHO TEMPLE

Madhya Pradesh is a land of great antiquity. Madhya Pradesh is home to the representative of the monuments of different periods of history. Among the most popular world heritage sites in central India such as rock painting, Buddhist stupas and temples, Khajuraho is known for its ornate temples that are magnificent pieces of spiritual peace with human imagination, artistic creativity, superb architectural work and sensuality.

Khajuraho temples are among the most beautiful medieval monuments in the country. These temples were built by the Chandel ruler between 900 AD to 1130. This was the golden period of the Chandela rulers. It is believed that every Chandela ruler built at least one temple in his lifetime. Therefore, not all Khajuraho temples were built by one Chandela ruler, but temple construction was the tradition of the Chandela rulers and almost all the rulers thereafter belonged to the Chandela dynasty.

The first mention of Khajuraho temples was in BC. In 1022 Abu Rihan al-Biruni and in 1335 Arab traveler Ibn Batuta in his compositions. . All these temples are spread over an area of about 9 square miles.

Khajuraho is considered the religious capital of the Chandelas. The Chandela rulers tried to discriminate in politics by religious and cultural activities, so they established their political capital in Mahoba, which was about 60 km. Away from Khajuraho and the religious / cultural capital of Khajuraho. The entire Khajuraho had a wall with about 8 gates used for entry / exit. It is believed that each gate is filled with two date palm / palm trees. It was named Khajura-Vahika because of these trees present in Khajuraho. In Hindi language, "Khajura" means 'date' and "Vahika" means 'Asar'. In history, Khajuraho is also described as Jejakabhukti.

After the fall of Chandel dynasty (after 1150 AD), Khajuraho temples faced destruction and disintegration by Muslim invaders in the region, which forced the locals to leave Khajuraho. Since Muslim invaders had a ruling policy of intolerance for places of worship of other religions, all Khajuraho citizens left the city in the hope that its solitude would not attract the attention of Muslim invaders to the temple area and thus to both temples Will do. So from about the 13th century to the 18th century, the temples of Khajuraho have been kept in a forest area, away from popularity until it was rediscovered by the British engineer T. S. Burt.

Introduction of temples

Khajuraho temples are one of the most important specimens of Indian art. Hindu and Jain temples took nearly a hundred years to take shape. Originally a collection of 85 temples, the number has come down to 25. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the temple complex is divided into three regions: Western, Eastern and Southern. The western group has most of the temples, the eastern has carved Jain temples while the southern group has only a few temples. Jain temples in the Eastern Group of Temples were constructed during the Chandela rule to thrive Jainism in the region. The temples in the western and southern part are dedicated to various Hindu deities. Of these, eight temples are dedicated to Vishnu, six to Shiva, and one to Ganesha and Surya while three to Jain Tirthankaras. The Kandariya Mahadev Temple is the largest of all the temples that remain.

Khajuraho temple is located in Chhatarpur district in Madhya Pradesh. Khajuraho temple address is Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh 471606.

Chandela rulers built temples in 100 years, one temple was built by each king. Most of the temples were built by Raja Dhanadeva and Yashovarman. The temples were built near Mahoba which used to be the political capital of the Chandela kingdom. The temples were named after the date palm trees. Khajuraho temples are primarily known for their erotic sculptures and carvings, but Odisha's Konark Sun Temple also has similar sculptures. Interestingly, these idols have many theories of their existence and are based on Hindu iconography and form part of the core belief system that revolves around the four principles of Hinduism: Karma, Dharma, Karma and Moksha.

Khajuraho Temple Architecture

The temples follow the Nagara style of architecture and are made of sandstone and granite. All the temples except the Chaturbhuj temple are sun-sighters, a common beauty found in Hindu temples. The temples follow the original mandal design consisting of a square and a circle. The entire prefix is divided into three regions to form a five-pronged angle.

There are following temples in three regions:

The temples of Western groups include Kandariya Mahadev Temple, Laxman Temple, Chausath Yogini Temple, Jagadambi Temple, Chitragupta Temple, Matangeswara Temple, Vishwanath Temple and Varaha Temple.

The eastern group of temples include Ghantai Temple, Parasnath Temple, Adinath Temple, Brahma Temple, Hanumna Temple, Javari and Vamana Temple.

The southern group of temples include Bijamandal Temple, Dulhadeva Temple, Jatakari and Chaturbhuj Temple.

Let us know about the main temples of Khajuraho, which are the live signs of ancient India architecture in history for thousands of years till date.

Kandariya Mahadev Temple

Built on a plinth of 4 meters in height, this tall structure is built in the shape of a mountain, symbolizing Mount Meru, which is considered to be the mythical source of world construction. The temple faces east and is built on a raised platform which can be reached by steps. There are many interconnected chambers in the temple which can be seen in sequence. The semicircular, rectangular entrance leads to a central pillared hall called the pavilion. The mandapa leads to a dark area called the sanctum sanctorum.

The main tower and the summit are above the sanctum sanctorum. Inside the sanctum sanctorum you can see the marble linga staring at Lord Shiva. This sandstone temple built on granite foundations has around 900 sculptures carved.

The temple is known for exquisite carvings on walls, ceilings and pillars. The carvings depict all the necessary means of life - Kama, Artha, Dharma and Moksha. Statues include animals and humans depicting various aspects of life.

Viswanath temple

The magnificent Vishwanath Temple is close to the road, close to the eastern side of the Western Group complex in Khajuraho. Along with the Kandaria Mahadeva and Laxman temples, it is considered one of the three grand temples in the city.

Vishwanath Temple is one of the architectural wonders of the Khajuraho temple complex - a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Built by Chandela King Dhanga in 1999, this temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva.

From the four small subsidiary temples that once surrounded the temple, only two are now left. It is probably no surprise to you that the sandstone of the temple has more amazing carvings, arranged in three rows.

Thanks to a long inscription found on this temple, we know a great deal about the origin of the Vishwanath temple. It was built by the powerful Chandela king Dhanga and in 999 AD. Was preserved in. Dhanga installed two lingas within the temple, one made of stone and the other with emeralds. The temple was then known as the Lord's emerald, or Marakeshwara.

The inscription suggests that there is a wealth of information available to us, as we also know the identity of architects. Her name was Chhichha, and was the first architect to place Matricus (Mother Goddess) in a counterclockwise fashion on the outer ground.

Recently there has been some debate as to whether the inscription actually refers to two temples, each one housing a different gender. Whatever it is, by the time Major Alexander Cunningham visited the temple in 1864, the emerald ling was already missing, so today only stone remains

The temple consists of an entrance porch, sanctum sanctorum, mandapa, maha-mandapa and barotha. There are three subtle sculptures of similar size carved on the temple wall, adding to the overall appeal of this temple.

The picture on the basement shows the carvings of Veerabhadra (a legend arising out of the wrath of Lord Shiva), Lord Ganesha and seven mothers (group of Hindu deities). It is also famous for featuring sura-sundari in erotic poses and the most proportional idols of the couple.

Vishwanath is the only temple in Khajuraho, with its mandapa or Nandi-mandapa intact. That structure with its grand Nandi directly faces the entrance to the temple.

Nandi mandap

64 Yoogini temple

Classified as part of the Western group of temples at Khajuraho but still located far away, the Chausath Yogini offers the visitor something different. The temple is a unique open-air sanctuary, considered to be one of the oldest temples in Khajuraho, dating back to around 885 A.D.

Dedicated to the Chausat (Chausatha) Yoginis, essentially unlike other temples in Khajuraho, the manifestations of the great goddess, made of sandstone, the temple is constructed of coarse granite. The differences do not stop there either, it is the only pilgrimage center in Khajuraho that does not align to the east-west, but is oriented north-east instead.

The temple stands on a lofty platform 5.4m height. It has 79 Sheela, of which only 35 are left, all of the same size except for a single large Sheela. Each Sheela Chhoti is entered through a small entrance and roofed by a crest. The elder Sheela had an image of Durga Mahishasuramardini engraved with the label 'Hinglaja', a goddess who is revered in many parts of northern and western India.

Of all the Yogini temples in India, it is the most primitive in construction and unique in being rectangular. The remaining 14 other Yogini temples in India are circular in plan.

When visited by Major Alexander Cunningham in 1865, only three paintings were made in his chambers; Goddess Hinglaja with Brahmani and Maheshwari. All these images are now safe in the Site Museum.

Laxman temple

The Laxman Temple is the earliest fully developed example of a typical Khajuraho temple.

During the excavation here a large inscribed slab was discovered at the base of the temple which mentions that King Yashovarman died in around 954 and ordered the construction of the temple. This combination with the architectural style of the monument gives us a construction date of 930 - 950 A.D, which is roughly contemporary with the Varaha temple. That inscription can now be seen on the porch.

Although not the largest of the temples found in Khajuraho, the extent and extent of the figures carved on its outer and inner walls are simply stunning.

Adinatha Temple

Dedicated in the late 11th century, the Adinath Temple is one of the three Jain temples in Khajuraho considered part of the eastern group.

Only two major parts of the temple now survive, the vestibule and the sanctum sanctorum. The plan and design of the temple is similar to the Vamana temple, one of the paintings painted on the top row of the outer wall. The other difference, perhaps more important, is the curved peak. These elements, coupled with some of the more developed styles of sculpture, suggest that the Adinath temple was built after the Vamana temple.

Interestingly, despite having a Jain temple, these walls have carvings of many Hindu deities. However, the Jain idols below are reserved with statues of Ambika, Chakreshwari, and Padmavati.

There is a black idol inside the temple which is Lord Adinath. The distinguishing features of Adinath are the long locks of his hair which fall on his shoulders.

Parshvanatha Temple

Chandela during the reign of King Dhananga and originally dedicated to Adinath, 960 AD. Built around, the Parshvanath temple is one of the finest monuments of Khajuraho.

No one is sure why this Jain temple has so many images of Hindu Gods and Goddesses on the outside wall, it is also a theme that is a little later than the Adinath Temple.

The interior consists of a sanctum sanctorum, with an entrance gate containing ambulatory, a vestibule and a maha-mandapa. The terrace is decorated brilliantly.

It is believed that the first installed idol in the temple was that of Adinath. When Major Alexander Cunningham visited the temple in 1852, he found the main sanctum sanctorum empty, and described it only as the "Jainatha Temple". He also said that the temple was repaired in 1847 by a Jain banker.

Thirteen years after these renovations, in 1860, a statue of Parshwanath was installed in the main sanctum sanctorum.

Shantinatha Temple

Instead of a single temple, Shantinath is a temple complex, which consists of several modern temples, some of which stand on the ruins of very old temples, dating back to at least 1027 AD.

The overall temple complex was built nearly a century ago, but in many places you can see the architecture and carvings that date back much earlier.

Chaturbhuj Temple

The Chaturbhuj Temple (also known as the Jatakari Temple) is located to the south of Khajuraho, about 650 meters southwest of the village of Jatakari not far from the airport. The best time to visit is 4:30 pm.

It is a modestly sized and much restored temple, similar to the plan of the Javari Temple, and consists of a sanctum sanctorum, vestibule, pavilion and porch.

According to Khajuraho standards, the exterior may be a slightly disappointing temple, despite the inner sanctum of the sanctum sanctorum

Here is a 2.75 meter high four-armed statue of Vishnu, one of the most majestic symbols of North India. Unlike most other temples in Khajuraho, the quadrilateral statue faces west, as it is a magnificent sculpture. If you visit the temple at 4:30 pm, you will be treated to an icon being lit by the golden rays of the sun set, which is simply magical.

Whatever it is, it is the tallest stone carved statue among all the temples in Khajuraho, and a visit in the late afternoon will certainly not disappoint!

Duladeo Temple

The Duladeo temple, also known as the Kunwar Math, is located 700 meters southwest of the cluster of Jain temples near the Khudadar River. It is considered to be one of the great temples of Khajuraho built during the reign of Chandela king Madanavarman in about 1130 A.D.

Duldev is dedicated to lord Shiva.

By the time of the British arrival, the temple was in a poor condition and partially ruined. The side walls, columns and shikara were later restored. These restored parts can be identified by the lack of carving and the color of the light sandstone, as can be seen above.

The interior of the temple is very plain compared to some temples seen in Khajuraho, and reflects the influence of West Indian architectural traditions.

The sanctum has a central sign of a linga, it is considered not contemporary with the temple but a later replacement.

An unusual feature on the Linga is the additional 999 more Linga carved around its surface. Its religious significance is that 1 circumambulation of the Linga will be equivalent to circling it 1,000 times.

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UNITED NATIONS: A ORGANIZATION FOR ALL COUNTRIES

2020-07-18T14:32:00.001+05:30

UNITED NATION

Do you know that there is one such organization in the world whose talk is considered by all the countries of the world, that is the United Nations, these are the only such organizations that prevent almost all the countries of the world from doing any such activity, who are responsible for deteriorating the peace in the world, whether it is terrorism or nuclear bomb test, these institutions have the power to stop everything from the smallest to the big thing which is not in favor of peace.

This institution has almost all the countries in the world which are not involved in any and any organization, it has a total of 193 member countries which are called temporary members, there are also 5 permanent members of this institution which can never be changed by these countries - America, United Kingdom, France, China, Russia.

Let us know what are the United Nations and why they are so important.

The international organization was established on October 24, 1945. The United Nations (UN) was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century in scope and membership worldwide. Its predecessor, the League of Nations, was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and dissolved in 1946. Headquartered in New York City, the United Nations also has regional offices in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi.

Its important functions include, besides maintaining peace and security, developing friendly relations between countries; To seek cooperation from all over the world to solve international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems; Respect and promote human rights; And to serve as a center where the world can coordinate its actions and activities towards these different countries. The UN initially had only 51 member states; Today, the organization, headquartered in New York City, has 193 members. Due to the powers inherent in its charter and its unique international character, the United Nations can take action on issues facing humanity in the 21st century, such as peace and security, climate change, sustainable development, human rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian And health emergencies.

Do you know who gave the longest speech in the UN?

The longest speech in the history of the United Nations was made on January 23, 1957? For five hours, Indian representative V.K. Krishna Menon defended India's position on Kashmir, and, not satisfied even after 5 hours, he continued for three more hours during the next day's session.

193 member countries and 6 official languages

South Sudan was the last country to join the United Nations as a member in July 2011, with a total of 193 member nations. Vatican City and some areas engaged in international conditions outside the law, or various republics in the Caucasus that are still part of Georgia, remain on the sidelines.

The 6 official languages of the United Nations are:

English, French, Spanish Russian, Arabic, and Mandarin.

History

After the First World War, the countries of the world formed the League of Nations. This organization was a place where nations could talk peacefully about their differences. However, some countries such as Germany, Italy and Japan ignored the Union and tried to solve their problems through war. The members of the League of Nations did not want to go to war to protect other members and the League failed. World War II soon followed.

The Allies of World War II often called themselves "United Nations" (united against the Axis Powers). After the war, the victors formed a new organization for world peace. On 25 April 1945 in San Francisco, he decided to name the United Nations "United Nations".

In June, he signed the United Nations Charter stating how the organization would function. The United Nations was created on 24 October 1945 and its first meeting was held in January 1946. 1947 to 24 October is called "United Nations Day", "United Nations Day".

In August 1941, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Minister of State Winston Churchill held a secret meeting where they discussed the possibility of launching an international peace effort. The charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by representatives from 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the conference, later signed on and became one of the original 51 member states.

In order to fulfill the ideal objectives of the UN, all the members of the UN unanimously prepared a charter which became the basis of peace and mutual coordination called the United Nations Charter.

The United Nations Charter sets four main objectives: maintaining peace and security around the world. To develop relations between nations. To promote cooperation among nations to solve economic, social, cultural or humanitarian international problems.

Charters which are divided into 111 Articles, and include 19 Chapter.

The aim of the UN is to establish central peace in any country,

But when the talks contradict the values of the League of Nations, the UN has also fought. The United Nations helped South Korea in the war against North Korea in the 1950s and in the 1990s the United Nations helped evacuate Iraqi troops from Kuwait. At other times, the United Nations has formed 'peacekeeping' 'peacekeeping' forces. UN peacekeepers travel to troubled places in the world and try - successfully made peace. Today, UN peacekeepers are working in Afghanistan, Cyprus, Haiti, Liberia and many other countries.

Headquarters

The main building for the United Nations is in New York City in the United States, but the United Nations also has important offices in Geneva (Switzerland), Nairobi (Kenya) and Vienna (Austria). The United Nations tries to remain peaceful,

All organs of the United Nations are located in New York City, except the International Court of Justice which is located in The Hague, Netherlands.

Divisions

The United Nations has six "major organs"

United Nations General Assembly

-All UN Assembly of member states (each country has one vote)..

United Nations Secretariat (UN Secretariat)

- U.N. The administrative part of - its president is the United Nations Secretary General.

International Court of Justice

- Universal Court for International Law (located in The Hague)

United Nations Security Council

- For international security issues

U.N. Economic and Social Council

- For global economic and social affairs

U.N. Trusteeship Council (U.N. Trusteeship Council)

- Trust was administering territories (not currently active)

Additionally there are so-called "special agencies of the United Nations". Some are older than the United Nations. Here are a few of them:

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

World Health Organization (WHO)

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

International Labor Organization (ILO)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

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Ashoka: Great Chakravarti Emperor of India |

2020-07-17T15:45:00.000+05:30

ASHOKA THE GREAT

Title: Devanam Priyadarshi Birth: 304 B.C.

Birthplace: Pataliputra (modern day Patna) Dynasty: Maurya

Parents: Bindusara and Devi Dharma Reign: 268 –232 B.C.

Symbol: Lion Religion: Buddhism

Spouse: Asandhimitra, Devi, Karuvaki, Padmavati, Tishyaraksha

Children: Mahendra, Sanghamitra, Tivala, Kunala, Charumati

Friends, you must have heard about or had not heard of Emperor Ashoka in the history of our ancient India, the ruler of this Maurya dynasty in his time, carried forward the dream of Chanakya and Chandragupta Gupta's Akhand Bharat in history. A record was established and India gave a new shape to the land expansion of the country, which was done by a king Maharaja sometime later. So let's know about such great Chakravarti Emperor Ashoka of India.

Ashoka was the third ruler of the Maurya dynasty and was one of the most powerful kings of the Indian subcontinent in ancient times. His reign was 273 BC. And 232 BC It was one of the most prosperous periods in the history of India. Ashoka's empire included most of India, South Asia and beyond, present-day Afghanistan and parts of Persia in the west, Bengal and Assam in the east and Mysore in the south।

Buddhist literature documents Ashoka as a cruel and merciless emperor who experienced a change of heart after experiencing a particularly grueling war, the Battle of Kalinga. After the war, he embraced Buddhism and devoted his life to propagating the principles of religion. He became a kind king, to make his administration a just and prosperous environment for his subjects. Due to his compassionate nature as a ruler, he was given the title of 'Devanampriya Priyadarshi'. Ashoka and his glorious reign are associated with one of the most prosperous times in the history of India and as a tribute to his non-partisan philosophy, the wheel of grace embellished on Ashoka's pillar was made a part of the Indian national flag is.

Ashoka was born in Mauryan King Bindusara and his queen goddess Dharma in 304 BC. He was the grandson of the great Chandragupta Maurya, the founding emperor of the Maurya dynasty. On the basis of his mother's position, Ashoka also ranked inferior among the princes. He had only one younger brother, Vitthoka, but, many older half-brothers.

Since his childhood, Ashok has a lot in the field of academics along with weapons skills

Succeeded, Ashoka's father Bindusara, impressed by his skill and knowledge, appointed him as the governor of Avanti, Ashoka rapidly developed into an outstanding warrior general and a fine statesman. His command over the Mauryan army started increasing day by day. Ashoka's elder brothers became jealous of him and they decided to make him the heir to the throne by King Bindusara.

Accession to the Throne

Susima started instigating Bindusara against Ashoka, who was later sent into exile by the emperor. Ashok went to Kalinga, where he met a fisherman named Kaurwaki. He fell in love with her and later made Kauravaki his second or third wife.

It was in Ujjain that Ashoka first came to know about the life and teachings of the Buddha. In the following year, Bindusara became seriously ill and literally died. Sushima was named a successor by the king but his autocratic nature made him hostile among ministers. A group of ministers led by Radhagupta called for Ashoka to take over the crown. After Bindusara's death in 272 BCE, Ashoka attacked Pataliputra, defeated and killed all his brothers including Sushima. Among all his brothers, he spared only his younger brother Vitashoka. He was crowned four years after sitting on the throne. In Buddhist literature, Ashoka is described as a cruel, cruel and ill-tempered ruler.

After becoming emperor, Ashoka carried out brutal attacks to expand his empire, which lasted for about eight years. Although the Mauryan Empire which he had inherited was quite large, he expanded the boundaries rapidly. His kingdom extended from the Iran-Afghanistan borders in the west to Burma in the east. He expanded the whole of southern India except Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka). The only state outside his fist was Kalinga which is modern day Orissa.

The Battle of Kalinga and Submission to Buddhism

Ashok dated 265 BC During Kalinga attacked to win. And the battle of Kalinga became a turning point in his life. Ashoka personally conquered and at his command, the entire province was looted, cities destroyed and thousands of people killed.

The morning after the victory he set out to survey the state of things and found nothing but burnt houses and shattered corpses. After experiencing the consequences of the war, for the first time he felt overwhelmed by the cruelty of his actions. He saw glimpses of destruction. He vowed never to commit violence and devoted himself completely to Buddhism. He followed the instructions of the Brahmin Buddhist Gurus Radhaswami and Manjushri and began to propagate Buddhist principles throughout his kingdom. Thus Chandrashoka joined Dharmashoka or Dharmasharana Ashoka.

Administration of Ashoka

His kingdom was divided into provinces, which were further divided into subdivisions and districts, which were further divided into villages. Five main provinces under Ashoka's reign

Takshashila had Uttarapath (northern province) with its capital.

Avantiratha (Western Province) with its headquarters at Ujjain;

Prachetpatha (Eastern Province) with its center at Toshali

And in Dakshinapath (Southern Province) its capital is Suvarnagiri.

The central province was the administrative center of the Kingdom of Magadha with its capital at Pataliputra.

Each province was given partial autonomy in the hands of a crown prince who controlled the overall law, but the emperor retained himself under financial and administrative controls. These provincial heads were changed from time to time to keep any one of them out of power for a long time. He appointed several correspondents, reporting him general and public affairs, prompting the king to take the necessary steps.

Religious Policy: Ashoka’s Dhamma

Ashoka dated to 260 BC Made Buddhism a state religion around. He was probably the first emperor in the history of India who tried to establish Buddhism by applying the Dasa Raja Dharma or the ten sermons told by Lord Buddha himself as the duty of a perfect ruler. They are calculated as follows:

1. Be generous and avoid selfishness

2. To maintain high moral character

3. Be ready to sacrifice one's own pleasure for the good of the subjects

4. To be honest and maintain complete integrity

5. Be kind and gentle

6. Living a simple life to emulate subjects

7. To be free from any kind of hatred

8. Using non-violence

9. Practicing patience

10. Respecting public opinion to promote peace and harmony

Throughout his life, 'Ashoka the Great' followed a policy of non-violence or non-violence. Even the slaughter or mutilation of animals was abolished in their kingdom. He promoted the concept of vegetarianism. According to him, the caste system ceased to exist and he treated all his subjects as equal. Also, every person was given the right to freedom, tolerance and equality.

death

After ruling the Indian subcontinent for a period of nearly 40 years, the great emperor Ashoka left for a holy abode in 232 BCE. After his death, his empire lasted for only fifty years.

Ashoka’s Legacy

The Buddhist emperor Ashoka built thousands of stupas and viharas for Buddhist followers. One of his stupas, the Great Sanchi Stupa, has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNECSO. The four-lion in the Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath, which was later adopted as the national symbol of the modern Indian Republic.

Chandragupta Maurya: 1st king of undivided kingdom

2020-07-17T10:06:00.001+05:30

Chandragupta maurya

Fact Sheet

Date of Birth: 340 BC Place of Birth: Pataliputra

Date of Death: 297 BC Place of Death: Shravanabelagola, Karnataka

Reign: 321 BC to 298 BC Spouses: Durdhara, Helena

Child: Bindusara Successor: Bindusara

Father: Sarvarthasiddhi Mother: Mura

Grandchildren: Ashoka, Susima, Vitashoka Teacher: Chanakya

There have been many such warriors in the history of India, whose tales of valor are heard and taught in many parts of India till today. In the history of India, many kings have tried to make India unbroken.

Today we are going to tell you about the most valiant warrior of India, who, with his tireless efforts and under the guidance of his mentor, did the very important work of threading different parts of India in one thread and united India. Made first efforts towards making

There were 16 Mahajanapadas in India during the Vedic and North Vedic Yesterday, Mahajanapadas were a group of sixteen kingdoms that existed in ancient India. It all began when the tribes of the Vedic period decided to form their own territorial communities, which eventually gave rise to new and permanent territories of settlements called 'kingdoms' or 'janapadas'. In the sixth century BCE, present day Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh became centers of political activity as the region was not only fertile, but also close to iron production centers. Iron production played an important role in the expansion of the region's territorial states.

Most of these Mahajanapadas were monarchical in nature, while some of them were democratic states. Many major ancient Buddhist texts flourished between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE. These 16 states included states such as Anga, Gandhara, Kuru and Panchala, which are mentioned in the great Indian epic "Mahabharata".

Sixteen Mahajanapadas of the territories are clearly marked. These included Kasi, Kosal, Anga, Magadha, Vajji or Vriji, Malla, Chedi or Cheeti, Vamsa or Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Machha or Matsya, Surasena, Asaka or Ashmaka, Avanti, Gandhara and Kambhoj.

In the fourth century BC, the kings of the Nanda dynasty ruled Magadha and this dynasty was the most powerful kingdom in the north. Chanakya, a Brahmin minister whom Kautilya / Vishnugupta trained a young man named Chandragupta from the Maurya family. Chandragupta organized his army and overthrew Nanda in 322 B.C. Therefore, Chandragupta Maurya is considered the first king and founder of the Maurya dynasty. His mother's name was Mura, hence it was called Maurya in Sanskrit which means Mur's son and its dynasty was called Maurya dynasty.

Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya Empire in ancient India. He is credited with bringing small fragmented states of the country together and merging them into a single large empire. During his reign, the Maurya Empire extended from Bengal and Assam in the east, Afghanistan and Baluchistan in the west to Kashmir and Nepal in the north, and the Deccan Plateau in the south. Chandragupta Maurya, along with his mentor Chanakya, was determined to end the Nanda Empire.

Origin & Lineage

There are many views when it comes to the dynasty of Chandragupta Maurya. Most of the information about his dynasty comes from ancient texts of Greek, Jain, Buddhist and ancient Hindu Brahmanism. Many researches and studies have been done on the origin of Chandragupta Maurya. Some historians believe that he belonged to Chandragupta Morius, a Kshatriya (warrior) clan of an ancient republic of Piplivana, which lies between Rummindei (Nepali Terai) and Kasaya (Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh). Two other views suggest that he was either of Muras (or Mors) or of Kshatriyas of Indo-Scythian descent. Last but not least, it is also claimed that Chandragupta Maurya left his parents and that he came from a humble background. According to legend, he was reared by a rustic family and then later taken shelter by Chanakya, who taught him the rules of administration and everything else necessary to become a successful emperor.

End of the Nanda Empire

Chanakya finally got the opportunity to end the Nanda Empire. In fact, he helped Chandragupta establish the Maurya Empire with the sole purpose of destroying the Nanda Empire. So, Chandragupta, as advised by Chanakya, allied with King Parvataka, the ruler of the Himalayan region of ancient India. With the combined forces of Chandragupta and Parvataka, the Nanda Empire was brought to an end in about 322 BCE.

The Expansion

Chandragupta Maurya defeated the Macedonian satraps in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent. He then waged a war against Seleucus, a Greek ruler who controlled most of the Indian territories, which Alexander the Great had previously conquered. However Seleucus offered his daughter to marry Chandragupta Maurya and enter into an alliance with her. With the help of Seleucus, Chandragupta started acquiring many territories and extended his empire as far as South Asia. The empire of Chandragupta Maurya was said to be the most widespread in the whole of Asia. Except for parts of present-day Tamil Nadu and Kerala in the southern expanse of India, Chandragupta succeeded in establishing his empire throughout India.

Maurya Empire - Administration

On the advice of Chanakya, his Chief Minister, Chandragupta Maurya divided his empire into four provinces. He established a superior central administration with his capital at Pataliputra. The administration was organized with the appointment of representatives of the king, who managed his respective province. It was a sophisticated administration which is described in Chanakya's collection of texts "Arthashastra".

Chandragupta Maurya’s Army

In history, it is seen only for an emperor like Chandragupta Maurya that a huge army with millions of soldiers is ready to fight for the king. It is described in many similar Greek texts that Chandragupta Maurya's army consisted of more than 500,000 foot soldiers, 9000 war elephants and 30000 cavalry. The entire army was well trained, and enjoyed a special position according to Chanakya's advice.

Chandragupta and Chanakya were also adept at weapon-making arts which made them almost invincible in the eyes of their enemies. But he used his power only to intimidate his opponents and more often used diplomacy instead of war Chanakya believed that this would be the right way to do things according to religion.

Integration of India

Under Chandragupta Maurya's rule, the whole of India and a large part of South Asia were united. Various religions like Buddhism, Jainism, Brahmanism (ancient Hinduism) and Ajivika flourished under his rule. Since the entire empire had uniformity in administration, economy and infrastructure, the subjects enjoyed their privilege and considered Chandragupta Maurya the greatest emperor. This worked in favor of his administration which later led to a prosperous empire.

Personal Life

Chandragupta had three marriages. His first wife's name was Durdhara. Bindusara was born from Durdhara. The second wife was the Greek princess Cornelia Helena or Helen, the daughter of Seleucus. Helena had a son named Justin. It is said that he also had a third wife named Chandra Nandini.

Death

After a successful reign of nearly 23 years, around 297 BCE, Chandragupta Maurya renounced all worldly pleasures and transformed himself into a Jain monk. Under the guidance of his spiritual master Saint Bhadrabahu, Chandragupta Maurya decided to leave his mortal body through the Sallekhana method which was a ritual of fasting till death. So he started fasting and breathed his last on a particular day inside a cave at Shravanabelagola, ending his days of self-starvation. Today, a small temple is in the place in which he died.

Legacy

Bindusara, son of Chandragupta Maurya, placed him on the throne. Bindusara gave birth to a son Ashoka, who became one of the most powerful kings of the Indian subcontinent. In fact, it was under Ashoka that the Maurya Empire saw its full glory. The empire became one of the largest in the entire world. The empire flourished over generations for over 130 years. Chandragupta Maurya was also responsible in uniting most of the people of present-day India. Prior to the establishment of the Maurya Empire, this great country was ruled by many Greek and Persian kings who formed their own territories. To this day, Chandragupta Maurya is one of the most important and influential emperors of ancient India.

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SOUTH KOREA: hub of technology

2020-07-16T18:38:00.002+05:30

SOUTH KOREA

Friends, today we will know about a country which is counted among the most modern countries in the world.

The smaller these countries appear on the world map, the more influence they have in the world. Let's know about the northeastern Asian country of South Korea.

Since the 21st century, South Korea has been globally renowned for influential pop culture, particularly in the music (K-pop), TV drama and cinema era, known as the Korean wave.

South Korea is the world leader in Internet connectivity. About 92% of the country's population are Internet users, and they claim the world's fastest average connection speed. Taekwondo is the national sport of South Korea. It is believed to have been invented around 2,000 years ago.

Children born in South Korea are considered "one year old" when they are born, and will be two years old on the next lunar new year. 100 days after his birth, a celebration is held for the child.

There is also a belief: In South Korea, red ink is considered ominous. Writing a person's name in color indicates that the person has died, or will die soon

South Korea is located on the southern part of the Korean Peninsula.

History of Korea, South

Korea was divided into three states during the first century AD. They were Shilla, Koguryo and Pekche. This region remained until 668 AD when Korea was unified by the Shilla kingdom. The Shilla kingdom was followed by the Koryo kingdom in 935 and then the Choson dynasty in 1392. The name Korea comes from the Koryo kingdom.

Korea was invaded by other large empires and countries throughout its history. The Mongol Empire ruled Korea from 1231 to the 14th century and Japan invaded in the 1500s. In the 1900s both China and Russia tried to invade Korea. In both cases, the Japanese confronted them and made Korea a part of the Japanese Empire.

When Japan lost World War II, Korea split into two regions. The Soviet Union controlled the North and the United States took control of the South. They were divided into 38th parallel. It was considered a temporary division, but it still is today. South Korea is the 38th parallel country located in the south

In 1950, South Korea was invaded by North Korea and the Korean War began. This was the first major conflict of the Cold War. With the help of United Nations forces, the South Koreans fought back and recaptured their territory. Today the 38th parallel between the two countries is a two-mile fragmented area.

In 1948, South Korea became an independent country. The first President of South Korea was Syngman Ri. Today, South Korea has a very strong economy in technology.

Geography of South Korea

Geologically, South Korea has a large proportion of Precambrian rocks (over 540 million years old) such as granite and gneiss. The country is largely mountainous, with small valleys and narrow coastal plains. The Taekbek Mountains run in a north-south direction along the eastern coastline as well as North Korea and divide the country's drainage.

Many mountain ranges from them go in the north-south-west direction. No mountain in South Korea is very high: the T'aebaek Mountains reach an altitude of 5,604 feet (1,708 m) at Mount Sorak in the northeast, and Mount S28rak at 6,283 feet (at Mount Sŏrak) 1,915 m). Mount Halla, the extinct volcano on Cheju Island, South Korea's highest peak, is 6,398 feet (1,950 m) above sea level.

Geographically, the peninsula is surrounded on three sides by sea and Russia, China and Japan. Korea has suffered from dominating the efforts of these neighboring countries, especially in the twentieth century. Each of them attaches major importance to Korea for its security, and since 1945 the United States has a major security interest in the nation. At the end of World War II, the peninsula was divided into the 38th parallel in an agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. Subsequently, the military demarcation line established by the 1953 ceasefire agreement changed the border to bring a ceasefire in the Korean War (1950–1953). The 2.5 miles (four kilometers) wide land that runs along the cease-line for about 150 miles (241 kilometers) was demarcated between North Korea and South Korea in the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) as No Man's Land.

Governmental structure of South Korea

The Koreans lived under a dynastic system until 1910. After liberation from the Japanese colony in 1945, the southern half of the peninsula was occupied by the United States and the northern half by the Soviet Army until 1948, when two Koreas emerged.

The executive branch under the president as head of state includes the Prime Minister, the Council of State, seventeen executive ministries, seventeen independent agencies, the Inspection and Audit Board and the National Intelligence Service.

The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President with the approval of the National Assembly. The legislature consists of a single-house National Assembly with 273 members serving four years. There are three levels of courts in the judiciary: Supreme Court, High Court courts or appellate courts, and district courts.

Culture & Economy

Korea historically belongs to the Chinese cultural region. Especially after the period of the three states, Korean culture was strongly influenced by the Chinese, although this influence was given a specific Korean stamp. Many Korean cultural sites have been named UNESCO World Heritage sites.

These include Tripitaka Koreana (one of the most complete editions of Buddhist canonical writing in the world), located in the Haine Temple west of Teyug (renamed 1995)

The South Korean economy has grown significantly since the early 1960s. Since that time South Korea has transformed from a poor agricultural society to one of the most highly industrialized countries in the world.

1 United States Dollar =1,202.24 South Korean won

Description of flag

South Korea flag was adopted in 1948. The Korean flag is called taegyugi (taegeukgi, pronounced-te-guk-key). The color of the flag is black on a red, blue and white background. The flag stands for the three components of a nation: the land (white background), the people (red and blue circles), and the government (black bar or four sets of triggers).

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JAPAN: The Land of the Rising Sun

2020-07-16T18:02:00.000+05:30

JAPAN

The Land of the Rising Sun

Friends, today we visit a country which is different from many countries in the world, whether it is historical form or geographical or cultural, let's go to the far north-eastern country of Asia JAPAN:

The name "Japan" is an English word that comes from the Chinese word for Japan. The Japanese name for the country is Nippon or Nihon. The words "Nippon" and "Nihon" both mean "from the Sun" and are sometimes translated as "Land of the Rising Sun".

Japan (JAPAN) is known worldwide for its traditional arts, including tea ceremonies, calligraphy, and flower arranging. The country has a heritage of distinctive gardens, sculpture and poetry. Japan is home to more than a dozen UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is the birthplace of sushi, one of its most famous

Sushi (SUSI) is a Japanese dish of prepared vinegar rice, usually with some sugar and salt, with a variety of ingredients. Such as seafood, vegetables, and sometimes tropical fruits).

You will be surprised to know that the life expectancy of the people here is considered to be the highest in the world according to a survey

"The life expectancy for Japan in 2019 was 84.55 years, a 0.14% increase from 2018."

Geography of japan

Japan is an island nation, a group of islands in the northeast-southwest arc that extends approximately 1,500 miles (2,414.02 km) through the western North Pacific Ocean. Which is a part of the volcanic "Rim of Fire". Almost the entire land area is divided by the four main islands of the country; From north to south these are Hokkaido (Hokkaidō), Honshu (Honshū), Shikoku and Kyushu (Kyūshū). Honshu is the largest of the four, followed by Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku in size. In addition, there are several small islands, the major groups of which are Ryushyu (Nansei) Islands (including the island of Okinawa) to the south and west of Kyushu and Izu, Bonin (Ogasawara) and Volcano (Kazan) Islands which are south of central Honshu and in the past. The national capital, Tokyo (Tokyo), is in east-central Honshu, one of the world's most populous cities. Japan's closest neighbors are Russia, Korea and China.

Japan faces the Pacific Ocean along the entire eastern and southern coastline. To the north and west are the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea.

Overview of the History of Japan

Japan is an island nation with more than 6000 islands. The four largest islands lie away from most of the country's land. In the 8th century, Japan became integrated into a strong state ruled by an emperor. In 794, Emperor Kammu made the capital Kyoto. This marked the beginning of the Heian period of Japan where today's typical Japanese culture has emerged, including art, literature, poetry, and music.

Japan entered a feudal era in the 10th and 11th centuries. During this time, the Samurai, a ruling class of warriors, came to power. The leader of the most powerful clan of the Samuris was called the Shogun. In 1467 a civil war broke out the Onin War. It was between the Shogun and the feudal chieftains, called Daimyo. In 1590, Japan was once again integrated under Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

The Portuguese arrived in Japan during 1500. He started doing business and learning about European society and the West. However, in the 1630s the Shogun closed the country to external contact and trade. This policy was called Soku. Japan will remain closed to foreigners for more than 200 years. In 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States forced Japan to reopen relations with the rest of the world. Japan became an empire ruled by an emperor.

In World War II, Japan aligned with the Axis Powers of Germany and Italy. On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in the United States of Hawaii. Because of this the United States entered into war on behalf of the Allies. Japan surrendered in 1945 when the US dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In 1947, Japan adopted a constitution with a democratic government. Since then, Japan has become one of the largest economies in the world.

Governmental Structure of japan

Japan has been a constitutional monarchy since the Meiji constitution of 1890. In 1947, a new constitution was drafted by Allied military advisers and adopted by Parliament. Which gives the emperor a symbolic role as head of state.

The Parliament of Japan, known as the Diet, consists of the House of Councilors and the House of Representatives. The lower house has much more political power than the Upper House.

At the local level, each province has an elected governor and an elected assembly and primarily acts as an agent of the national government.

Administratively, the country is divided into 47 provinces with special administrative powers, 43 ordinary provinces, 3 metropolitan provinces and one administrative region for the most northern islands.

Culture & Religion

Early Japanese culture was heavily influenced by China. During the Edo era, Japan exercised a strict secessionist policy, which closed its doors to all relations with the outside world. It cultivated a distinct Japanese culture.

After the fall of that era in 1868, Japan reversed this practice, adopted cultural practices from around the world and was established during the Edo era. Over the years, Western culture has influenced all aspects of Japanese culture, including art, lifestyle, and food.

There are two main religions in Japan: Shinto and Buddhism. Shinto is a Japanese religion, while Buddhism was imported from China in the 6th century. A recent survey found that 39% of Japanese identify as Buddhist, 3.9% as Shinto, and 2.3% as Christian।

Economy of japan

Japan's economy is a highly developed free market economy. It is the third largest in the world by GDP and fourth largest by purchasing power parity, PPP and the second largest developed economy in the world. Japan is a member of the G7 and the Group of20. According to the International Monetary Fund, the country's per capita GDP was $38,937 (2016).

The Japanese economy is forecasted by a quarterly Tankan survey of business conducted by Bank of Japan. In 2018, Japan was the world's fourth largest importer and the fourth largest exporter.

It has the second largest foreign-exchange reserves in the world, whose value

$1.3 trillion.

1 US Dollar= 106.96Japanese Yen

Description of flag

The flag of Japan was first adopted in 1870 (the current design became the national flag in 1999). It has a white background with a red disc in its center. The red disk represents the Sun. The flag is sometimes called the Sun-disk flag. In Japan it is called Nishuki or Hinomaru.

Hinomaru means "circle of the sun."

Famous Places

Tokyo Tower, Imperial Palace, Mount Fuji, Monkey Park, Kiyomizu-dera Buddhist temple, Himeji Castle, Golden Pavilion, Todaiji Temple, Great Buddha of Kamakura, Tokyo Skytree

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INDIA: A multicolored nation

2020-07-16T17:30:00.000+05:30

INDIA

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, inhabited by over 4 billion people. Asia includes the world's most populous country, China, India and Russia, the world's largest country. Asia's borders lie to the west of Africa and Europe and the Pacific Ocean to the east.

Let us know about our beloved country India which is important for every Indian,

India is a country which forms a major part of South Asia. Its capital is New Delhi, its government is a constitutional republic representing a highly diverse population consisting of thousands of ethnic groups and containing hundreds of languages. India is about one-sixth of the total population of the world, India is the second most populous country after China. India is one of the most diverse countries in the world. Apart from its many religions and sects, India is home to innumerable castes and tribes, as well as more than a dozen chiefs of several language families and hundreds of small linguistic groups unrelated to each other. Religious minorities, including Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains, still account for a significant proportion of the population; Collectively, they number more than the population of all countries except China. The greatest efforts have been made to instill the spirit of nationalism in such a diverse population.

Geeography

The geography of India is extremely diverse, with landscapes ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts, plains, hills and plateaus. India covers most of the Indian subcontinent, not part of the Indo-Australian plate. Having a coastline of more than 7,000 km (4,300 mi), most of India lies on the peninsula of southern Asia that extends into the Indian Ocean. India is surrounded by the Arabian Sea in the southwest and the Bay of Bengal in the southeast.

The east and northeast border of India includes the higher Himalayan range. The highest point in India is disputed due to a territorial dispute with Pakistan; According to India's claim, the highest point (located in the disputed Kashmir region) is K2 at 8,611 meters (28,251 ft) elevation. And the highest point in undisputed Indian territory is Kanchenjunga at 8,598 meters (28,208 ft).

India borders Pakistan, People's Republic of China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and Afghanistan. Sri Lanka and Maldives are island nations in the south of India. Politically, India is divided into 28 states, 8 union administered union territories and one national capital region. Political divisions generally follow linguistic and ethnic boundaries rather than geographic shifts.

Location & extent

India is situated between 8 degrees 4 minutes and 37 degrees 6 minutes north latitude and 68 degrees 7 minutes and 97 degrees 25 minutes east longitude north of the equator.

India is the seventh largest country in the world, with a total area of 3,287,590 km² (1,269,219 sq mi). India measures 3,214 km (1,997 mi) from north to south and 2,933 km (1,822 mi) from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15,200 km (9,445 mi) and a coastline of 7,516.5 km (4,670.5 mi). The Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea are parts of India. India is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the southwest and the Bay of Bengal in the southeast. To the north, north-east and northwest is the Himalayas. Kanyakumari constitutes the southern tip of the Indian peninsula, before ending in the Indian Ocean.

India is further divided into 29 states (which are further divided into districts), six union territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi.

Overview of the History of India

Thousands of years ago, India was home to the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the oldest civilizations in the world. In 300 and 200 BCE, the Maurya Empire ruled the land. It became one of the largest empires in the world. Years later, the Golden Age of India occurred during the Gupta dynasty. Lasting from 319 to 554 AD, the Gupta dynasty made new developments in science, great art and advanced culture.

With the rise of Islam in Arab nations, it began to spread in India. Turks and Afghans invaded India during the 10th and 11th centuries and ruled as the Delhi Sultanate. Years later, the Mughal Empire came to power and ruled the land for 300 years.

In the 16th century, European explorers began to enter India. Britain eventually took over India. In the early 1900s India started the fight for independence from Britain. Under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi, non-violent protests were organized against the British. After several years of struggle, India gained independence from Britain in 1947. The country was later divided into India and Pakistan. Later East Pakistan became the third country, Bangladesh.

Government

The national system of government is a liberal democratic federal republic, making India the largest democracy in the world. The country is divided into twenty-eight linguistically-based states for administrative purposes, with another seven smaller "union territories" directly administered by the central government to the national capital.

Official language

English enjoys associate status, but is the most important language for national, political, and professional communication; 30% of the people have Hindi as their national language and primary tongue; The 14 other official languages are: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular version of Hindi / Urdu widely spoken throughout North India, but not an official language

Climate

Most of our India is a subtropical country and it means very hot summers, humid rainy seasons and mild winters. Summers are mild in the hilly regions and winters are cold. The tropical monsoon in the south is temperate in the north. The monsoon affects most in India between June and August.

Economy

India's economy is the fifth largest in the world with a GDP (a year's goods and services) of $ 2.30 trillion (U.S.). If you consider PPP (purchasing power parity: how much that money can buy in India compared to other countries), the economy is the third largest (worth $ 8.52 trillion U.S.).

1 United States Dollar =75 Indian Rupee

Famous Places

Taj Majal, India Gate, Lotus Temple, Jama Masjid, Qutub Minar, Mysore Palace, Ajanta Caves, The Red Fort, Ganges River, Lake Palace, Virupaksha Temple, Goa beaches, Kanha National Park, Golden Temple in Amritsar

Description of flag

The national flag, adopted in 19 july 1947, is a dark saffron, white and green tricolor in horizontal stripes (with green below). There is a blue wheel in the center of the white band.

The saffron color represents courage and sacrifice, the white color stands for truth and purity, and the green color represents prosperity.

Chakra, which also appears on the Lion Pillar-Capital of Emperor Ashoka of Sarnath. This carving, which is more than 2,200 years old, is also a national emblem preserved in the Sarnath Museum. The sandstone carvings have four lions' backs, which are separated by wheels (wheel, wheel of law), which stand on a bell-shaped lotus. The national anthem is a song composed by Rabindranath Tagore in 1911 called Jana-Gana Mana. The Gregorian calendar is officially used.

National Symbols

Animal - Bengal tiger
Bird - Peacock
Reptile - King cobra
Aquatic animal - Ganges River dolphin
Tree - Banyan tree

Fruit - Mango
Emblem - Three lions from the Lion Capital of Ashoka
Motto - Truth alone triumphs
Other symbols - River Ganges, Indian elephant, Taj Majal

CHINA: The most populated country in the world

2020-07-16T16:46:00.000+05:30

CHINA

The continent of Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, inhabited by over 4 billion people. Asia includes China, the world's most populous country, and Russia, the world's largest country. Asia's borders lie to the west of Africa and Europe and the Pacific Ocean to the east.

The continent of Asia is so large and diverse that it is often subdivided into sub-regions.

Northern Asia

Central Asia

Middle East

Southern Asia

East Asia

Southeast Asia

Asia is rich in diverse breeds, cultures and languages. Many major religions of the world came out of Asia including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism.

Asia has a major influence on world culture and world economy. Countries like Russia, China, Japan, and India produce products and services used by every country in the world. Asia is also abundant in natural resources. Oil is a major supplier of most of the world's energy in the Middle East. In total, 48 countries come together in Asia.

Geographically, China comes in the eastern part of Asia. Let’s know, some interesting things about the world's most populous country.

GEOGRAPHY

Spanning 3,100 miles (ca. 4,989 km) from east to west and 3,400 miles (ca. 5,472 km) from north to south, China is a large country with widely varying landscapes. Its area consists of mountains, high plateaus, sandy deserts and dense forests.

One-third of China's landmass is made up of mountains. Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth, lies on the border between China and Nepal.

There are thousands of rivers in China. The most important are the Yangtze and Yellow River. At 3,915 miles (ca. 6,301 km) long, the Yangtze is the third largest river in the world.

HISTORY

China is home to one of the oldest civilizations in the world, but it has recently become a "modern" nation. In the last 20 years, China has changed faster than any other country in the world.

Chinese history is divided into dynasties, each of which marks the period when a line of emperors ruled. The first empire was the Qin dynasty and began in 221 BCE. The last emperor was overthrown in 1912, and China became a republic. The Communist government began its rule in 1949 after a civil war with Chinese nationalists. Ancient China was a country of invention. For centuries, China was ahead of other countries in science and technology, astronomy and mathematics. The Chinese invented, among other things, paper, magnetic compass, printing, porcelain, silk and gunpowder.

PEOPLE & CULTURE:

With a population of 1.3 billion, China has more people than any other country on Earth. About a third of the population lives in cities. The rest live in the country.

Arts and crafts have a long history in China. Thousands of years ago the Chinese were some of the first people to use art to make silk, jade, bronze, wood, and paper. Artistic writing called calligraphy was invented in China.

Most of China's modern beliefs and philosophies are based on the teachings of a government official who lived around 3,000 years ago. Kongfuzi, also known as Confucius, taught people the value of such things as morality, kindness, and education.

Confucius is known as the first teacher in China who wanted to make education widely available and who were instrumental in establishing the art of teaching. He also established moral, ethical and social standards that formed the basis of the way of life known as Confucianism.

GOVERNMENT

THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA is a socialist republic, governed by one party, the COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA. The power in THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA is divided between the NATIONAL PEOPLE'S CONGRESS (NPC), the President and the Council of State. The NPC (National People's Congress) is a single legislative body, whose members are elected by the Communist Party. The State Council, headed by the Premier, is the administrative branch. The People's Liberation Army also gains considerable political power. The current President of China and Communist Party Secretary General is Xi Jinping.

Official Language

The official language of the PRC is Mandarin (Mandarin), a tonal language in the Sino-Tibetan family. However, within China, only 53 percent of the population communicate in standard Mandarin.

Other important languages in China

With 77 million; Wu (Wu)

With 60 million; Cantonese

56 million; Jin (Jin)

45 million; Jiang (Xiang)

36 million; Hakka

34 million; Gan

29 million; Uighur

7.4 million; Tibetan

5.3 million; Hui (Hui)

3.2 million; Ping

The PRC also has dozens of minority languages, including Kazakh, Miao, Sui, Korean, Lisu, Mongolian, Qiang and Yi.

Climate

As a result of its large area and various landforms, China has climatic zones ranging from subtropical to tropical.

The average cold temperature in China's northern province of Heilongjiang (Heilongjiang) is less than -30 ° C. Xinjiang (Xinjiang), to the west, can reach about 50 degrees. The southern Hainan island has a tropical monsoon climate.

Hainan (Hainan) receives about 200 cm (79 in) of rain annually. The western Taklamakan Desert (Taklamakan Desert) receives only 10 cm (4 in) of rain and snow every year.

Economy

In the last 25 years, China has been the fastest growing major economy in the world,

Since the 1970s, the PRC has transformed its economy into a capitalist powerhouse.

The GDP per capita is $ 2,000. The government poverty rate is 10 percent. The Chinese currency is the yuan renminbi.

As of March 2020.

$ 1 US = 7.07 CNY.

Description of flag

The Chinese flag was adopted on September 27, 1949. It has a red background with yellow five stars on the top left. One star is larger and the other four stars form an arc of unity around the larger star. The big stars represent the Communist Party of China. The four small stars represent the four social classes of people.

Russia: The world's biggest country

2020-07-16T16:08:00.001+05:30

RUSSIA

The continent of Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, inhabited by over 4 billion people. Asia includes the world's most populous country, China, and Russia, the world's largest country. Asia's borders lie to the west of Africa and Europe and the Pacific Ocean to the east.

Let us know some such things about Asia and Russia, the largest country of the world, which will prove helpful in increasing your information.

Russia, which stretches over a vast expanse of Eastern Europe and North Asia. Russia, the major republic of the U.S.S.R. (the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) or the Soviet Union, became an independent country in December 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Russia, by far the largest country in the world, is almost twice the area of Canada, the second largest. It extends to the whole of North Asia and the eastern part of Europe, which has 11 time zones.

And encompasses a large range of environment and landforms, from deserts to deep forests and arctic tundra. Russia includes the Volga, Europe's longest river, and its largest lake, Ladoga. Russia is also home to the world's deepest lake Baikal.

The inhabitants of Russia are quite diverse. Most of the ethnicities are Russian, but more than 120 other ethnic groups also exist, speak several languages and follow religious and cultural traditions. Most of the Russian population is concentrated in the European part of the country, especially in the fertile region around the capital Moscow. Moscow and St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad) are the two most important cultural and financial centers in Russia and among the most picturesque cities in the world. However, Russians are also populated in Asia.

Climate:

Russia is anchored to the north and east by the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, and has small portions in the northwest in St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea and in the isolated Russian territory of Kaliningrad which includes Poland and Lithuania.

South Russia borders with North Korea, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Georgia. In the south-west and west it falls within the border of Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia and Estonia as well as Finland and Norway.

On the basis of geological structure and relief, Russia can be divided into two main parts - western and eastern - roughly along the line of the Yenise River. In the western part, which occupies about two-fifths of the total area of Russia, the lowland plains only prevail over vast areas broken by vast hills and plateaus. A large part of the area in the eastern part is mountainous, although there are some extensive lowland areas. Given these topical factors, Russia can be divided into six main relief zones: the Kola-Karelian region, the Russian Plains, the Ural Mountains, the West Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau, and the mountains to the south and east.

Government Politics:

It is similar to the United States. President of russia "President of the executive" The big difference is that the President of Russia has the ability to dissolve Duma (Duma is like the Indian Parliament). If the government is not working properly, it can remove all of them and start an election. But no law can pass without Duma, so time has the most importance. The president may present laws but cannot vote on them. The Prime Minister of Russia is the head of Duma. He is usually appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Duma for his position. The Prime Minister of Russia gets to appoint all the officials (who work with the President). The Prime Minister of Russia also decides the agenda on which bills will be discussed and which will be voted on. The prime minister can call for a vote of confidence. Gain confidence. If the vote of confidence fails, he is requested to report to the President and request that he terminate the Duma.

Overview of the History of Russia

The region that is today the country of Russia has been inhabited by people for thousands of years. The first modern state in Russia was established in 862 by Rurik, the king of Rus, who was made the ruler of Novgorod. A few years later, Ras conquered the city of Kiev and started the kingdom of Kiwan Ras. In the 10th and 11th centuries European Europe became a powerful empire in Europe, reaching its zenith under Vladimir the Great and Yaroslav I Wise. During the 13th century the Mongols, led by Battu Khan, overthrew the region and eliminated Kievan Rus.

In 1613, Mikhail Romanov established the Romanov dynasty that would rule Russia for many years. Under the rule of Czar Peter the Great (1689–1725), the Russian Empire continued to expand. It became a major force throughout Europe. Peter the Great moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg. During the 19th century, Russian culture was at its peak.

After the First World War, in 1917, the people of Russia fought under the leadership of the Tsars. Vladimir Lenin led the Bolshevik Party in the revolution to overthrow the Czar. Civil war broke out in 1918. Linen won favor and the Communist State of the Soviet Union was born in 1922. After Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin captured power.

During World War II, Russia initially aligned with the Germans. However, the Germans invaded Russia in 1941. More than 20 million Russians were killed in World War II, including More than 2 million Jewish people were involved.

In 1949, the Soviet Union developed nuclear weapons. An arms race developed between Russia and the US in the name of the Cold War. The Soviet economy was subject to communism and separatism. In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and many of its member states declared independence. The remaining region became the country of Russia.

Description of flag

On 11 December 1993, the flag of Russia was adopted. It is a "tricolor" flag with three horizontal strips of white (above), blue (middle), and red (below).

7 wonders of the world

2020-07-16T15:37:00.000+05:30

7 wonders of the world

Have you heard the names of such places in the world which are the same in themselves, these places have their own specialties everywhere in the world, which are seen in connection with history, these historical places by UN (United natiion) Are recognized, which in themselves have been shown as a separate identity.

There are many such buildings in the world even today, which definitely have some relation with the history, some such places related to history even today

2000 A Swiss Foundation launched a campaign to determine the new Seven Wonders of the World. Given that the original Seven Wonders list was compiled in the 2nd century BC and people around the world clearly agreed, as over 100 million votes were cast on the Internet or by text message. The final results, which were announced in 2007,

Let's know about these 7 wonders of the world,

Chichén Itzá, Mexico

Chichen Itza is classified as one of the new Seven Wonders of the World and in 1988 it was listed as a UNESCO Heritage Site. 2. The word Chichen Itza means 'mouth at the well of Itza'. Chichen was founded about the 6th century AD, possibly by the Mayan people of the Yucatan Peninsula, who pre-classicized the region or Formative, occupied since the period (1500 bce-300 CE).

Taj Mahal, Agra, INDIA

The Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum on the southern bank of the Yamuna River. Yamuna in the Indian city of Agra. It was built in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (ruled from 1628 to 1658) for the tomb of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal; It also has the tomb of Shah Jahan himself. The mausoleum is the centerpiece of the 17-hectare (42-acre) complex, which includes a mosque and a guest house, and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a formal wall.

The Taj Mahal was named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally acclaimed masterpieces of the world's heritage". It is considered by many to be the best example of Mughal architecture and a symbol of India's rich history. The Taj Mahal attracts 7–8 million viewers a year and in 2007, it was declared the winner of the New 7 Wonders of the World (2000–2007) initiative.

Petra, Jordan

Famous for its rock-cut architecture and water drain system, Petra is also known as the 'Rose City' because of the stone color from which it is carved. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. Petra is a symbol of Jordan, as well as Jordan's most visited tourist attraction. The Petra was built by Nabataeans in what is now southern Jordan, while civilization traded extensively with its Greek and Persian contemporaries around 150BC. Petra is situated between the desert valleys and mountains in what is now the southwest corner of Jordan's Hashmite Empire, Petra was once a thriving trading center and was built in 400 BC. Was the capital of the Nabataean Empire. And A.D. 106. The city was empty and inhabited by ruins for centuries.

Machu Picchu, Peru

At more than 7,000 feet above sea level in the Andes Mountains, Machu Picchu is the most visited tourist destination in Peru. A symbol of the Incan Empire and built around 1450AD, Machu Picchu was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 and was named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in 2007. In 1572, the collapse of the last Incan capital With, the line of their rulers ended. Machu Picchu, a royal estate once visited by the great emperors, was ruined. Machu Picchu was inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO in 1983 and is described as "a masterpiece of architecture and a unique testimony to the Inca civilization." Was described as ". Earlier in 1981, it was declared a historical sanctuary of Peru.

Christ the Redeemer, Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

Christ the Redeemer is a statue in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which was erected as a symbol of Brazilian Christianity. In 1850, the idea of building a religious monument was first suggested by a Catholic priest. It was not until 1920 when a group petitioned for support to build a landmark statue that it became a reality. Christ the Redeemer, Portuguese Christo Redder, Mount Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro, on the summit of southeastern Brazil Great statue of Jesus Christ. It was completed in 1931 and is 98 feet (30 m) long, with its horizontally stretched arms 92 feet (28 feet).

Colosseum, Rome, Italy

The Colosseum is famous because it was a place where gladiators originated in ancient Rome. The Flavian Amphitheater (now known as the Roman Colosseum) was built in 72nd AD by order of Emperor Vespasian and took about 8 years to build. The Colosseum has an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators at various points in its history over the centuries, Which has an average audience of some 65,000; It was used for gladiatorial competition. The Colosseum has been damaged due to natural disasters, in particular, earthquakes. People have broken this great structure to keep it as a memento. Construction of the Colosseum 70 A.D. And took place between 72 A.D. and its construction took almost a decade.

Great wall of china

One of the world's largest building-construction projects, the Great Wall of China is widely considered to be about 5,500 miles (8,850 km) long; A disputed Chinese study, however, claims that the length is 13,170 mi (21,200 km). Work began in the 7th century BC and continued for two millennia. One not-great thing about the wall, however, was its effectiveness. Although it was built to prevent invasion and raids, the wall largely failed to provide real security. Rather, scholars have noted that it serves more as "political propaganda".