Data logger based on PIC 16F877, 18F452 and 18F4550

VB6 Data logger example program RS232 serial communication

2011-09-22T11:55:00.000-07:00

Introduction of VB6 Data Logger Program:-

This is the second of data logger project using PIC18f452. In the previous post we have discussed the hardware of data acquisition system and now in this post we will learn how we can develop a simple data logger to log the process inputs using visual basic VB6.pic datalogger 18f

Following components are used in this project:-
1. Text box
2. Command buttons
3. Com control for serial communication.

Steps to develop a simple program in VB6 for serial communication:-
1. Open a new project and using standard exe in vb6.
2. select text box and drag and drop it on form, re-size it and change with following properties of text box in properties section. (a) enable the multi-line , (b) in text property delete the text1.
3. drag and drop two commands button and change their caption in property section by "Connect" and "Disconnect"
4. Go toll bar, click on project, open component addition menu, find Ms-comm Control 6, and add this to left component section.
5. Drag and drop the MsComm on the form any where.
6. Copy and paste the following code in the code section of the project, compile and enjoy.

Photograph of the Data logger:-

Code (program) in VB6:-

The VB6 code for the data logger is as under:-
Private Sub Command1_Click()
If (MSComm1.PortOpen = False) Then
MSComm1.PortOpen = True
End If
Command1.Enabled = False
Command2.Enabled = True
End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()
If (MSComm1.PortOpen = True) Then
MSComm1.PortOpen = False
End If
Command1.Enabled = True
Command2.Enabled = False
End Sub

Private Sub Form_Load()
With MSComm1
.CommPort = 5
.RThreshold = 1
.RTSEnable = True
.Settings = "9600,N,8,1"
.InputLen = 127
.SThreshold = 1
End With
End Sub

Private Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer)
If (MSComm1.PortOpen = True) Then
MSComm1.PortOpen = False
End If
End Sub
Private Sub MSComm1_OnComm()
Dim Buffer As String

Select Case MSComm1.CommEvent
Case comEvReceive
'Text1.Text = " "
Buffer = MSComm1.Input
Text1.Text = Text1.Text & Buffer
End Select
End Sub

temperature data logger using lm35, microcontroller and lcd purpose of c5 and c6 of pic18f4550 pic programming with max485 pic based data logger lcd pic18f452 free pic based timer program in mikroc free how to interface alphanumeric keypad in mikroc 18f4520 datalogger

PIC18f452 serial Data acquisition for Temperature Monitoring

2011-09-22T11:41:00.000-07:00

Introduction of Data Logger Project:-

This is project is about the construction of simple data logger using PIC microcontroller PIC18f452 and Visual basic-6 VB6.
The project is consist of two posts:

1. In the first post, we will discuss the Hardware of Data acquisition Unit and the programming of PIC Microcontroller PIC18f452.
2. The second post will be about the development of PC side code, the Data logger is designed and developed using Visual basic VB6 programming language.
pic16f877 uart code
Hardware of Data acquisition Unit:-
This is a simple example project for the understanding of how data loggers and data acquisitions systems works. Students can design the project their won after reading the post.

Componenets List:-

The components used in this Project are as follows:-
1. The heart of the data acquisition (DAQ )is PIC18f452 microcontroller
2. Crystal used is 20MHz
3. Capacitors used are 20pF
4. Push buton for manual reset
5. Liquid crystal Display LCD 2 line 20 Characters
6. LM35 the analog temperature sensor
7. variable resistor 10K ohm to set the contrast of LCD
8. 10K ohm pull up resistor
9. 5V DC regulated power supply

Features of Data acquisition Unit:-
1. The PIC18f452 have 8 buitin analog to digital converters ADC of 10 bits resulations. So we have used only one builtin ADC to convert the analog signals of Temperature from LM35.
2. Only one analog Temperature sensor LM35 is used to sense the temperature.
3. The software is written to take the average of 10 consective readings of ADC for smooth monitoring of temperature.
4. The measured temperature is display on LCD.
5. the progress of sampling is also shown on LCD.pic18f542 lcd
6. The average value of temperature is then transmitted to PC using serial communication through RS232 port at 9600 buad rate with setting 9600,N,8,1.pic data logger

Circuit diagram of Data acquisition Unit:-
temperature sensor lm35 circuit diagram pic project

This project in which PIC452 is used but in old post you can find data logger using pic 16f877a.

Software of Data acquisition Unit:-
We can say that it is thermometer uart.
The program for PIC18f452 is written in proton basic language and listing is as under.
UART CODE for PIC18f452 here max232 interfacing pc is used.
'****************************************************************
'* Name : Temperature_data_logger.BAS *
'* Author : Dr.Rana *
'* Date : 22/9/2011 *
'* Version : 1.0 *
'* Notes : This is simple program for PIC18f452 *
'* : The LM25 sensor is connected to PIC452 *
'* The temperature measured is transfered to PC via *
'* serial port RS232 for temerature data logger *
'****************************************************************
Device = 18F452
Xtal=20 ' The crystal frequency is 20MHZ
LCD_DTPin PORTD.4 ' LCD is conected to PIC18f452 using four bit mode
LCD_RSPin PORTD.3
LCD_ENPin PORTD.2
Adin_Res 10 ' Set the resolution to 10
Adin_Tad FRC ' Choose the RC osc for ADC samples
Adin_Stime 100 ' Allow 100us for charge time
ADCON1 = %10000010 ' Set PORTA analog and right justify result
Input PORTA.0
TXSTA.5=1 ' setting Transmit Enable Bit
RCSTA.7=1
RCSTA.4=1
Hserial_Baud 9600 ' Setting Baud rate

Dim raw_adc_conversion As Word
Dim temperature As Float
Dim x As Byte
Print Cls
Print At 1,1,"T.Logger"
Loop:
raw_adc_conversion=0
For x=0 To 9
raw_adc_conversion = raw_adc_conversion + ADIn 0
DelayMS 200
Print At 1,10,"Samp.", Dec x
Next x
raw_adc_conversion = raw_adc_conversion/10
temperature = (5/1023) * raw_adc_conversion
temperature = temperature * 100
'1 degree centigrade for every 10mV
Print At 2,2,"Temp:", Dec temperature ,"C"
HRSOut Dec temperature,13,10
DelayMS 1000
GoTo Loop

Proton Basic code example for PIC18f452 counter project

2011-09-18T07:26:00.000-07:00

PROTON BASIC UP and DOWN Counter PROJECT with RESET USING PIC Microcontroller PIC18f452

Introduction of counter Project:-
This is a simple microcontroller project build for a Up and Down Counter with Reset of counts facility.
In this project PIC18f452 is used for processing and this device is the heart of the project. A 2 line 20 character General purose LCD is used as basic display of the counter.
In this project three push button are used as inputs of counter, but any TTL signal provider ciruit cn be interfaced which uses IR,LDR,phototransistor or optocoupler as input. Because this counter can be used any where, to counts any object passing through a certain location. This counter project counts up to 1000000 counts.
Thus this counter project is suitable where we have to counts any large number of objects.

Parts of the Counter Project:-
This counter project is based on a very few components which are listed as follows:-

1. The heart of the counter project is PIC18f452 (1Nos)
2. Liquid Crystal Display LCD ( 2 line 20 Characters 1Nos)
3. crystal 4MHz (1Nos)
4. Capacitor 20pF (2Nos)
5. Push Buttons (4 Nos)
6. Resistors (10K ohm 4Nos)
7. variable resistor (10K ohm 1 Nos)

A regulated power supply of +5V DC is required to make this project operational.

Circuit Diagram of Counter Project:-
Below is the circuit diagram of counter using PIC18f452 PIC Microcontroller and LCD.

Main Features of Up and Down Counter:-

The object counter based on PIC Microcontroller have following three basic inputs.

Up button for increment the nuber of counts
Down Button for decrement the number of counts
Reset Button for reset the counted value to zero.

Although in this project push button are being used as the input to counter, but this project accept any TTL input from any circuit which used IR,optocoupler,phototransistor,relays,LDR. Actually this counter is ready to use counting any object, the only thing it requires is TTL pulses for increment , decrement or reset the operation.

Code of counter:-
The code of this project is written in basic language and compiled using proton basic compiler from Crownhill. Proton IDE is a professional and powerful visual Integrated Development Environment (IDE) designed specifically for the Proton Plus compiler.

The code is written below which uses many built in functions and commands.

'****************************************************************
'* Name : LCD_pic18f452.BAS *
'* Author : [Dr.Rana] *
'* Notice : www.picinf.blogspot.com All Rights Reserved *
'* Date : 9/18/2011 *
'* Version : 1.0 *
'* Notes : Students can use this program for learning *
'* : *
'****************************************************************
Device = 18F452
Xtal=4
All_Digital=true
Output PORTD
TRISB = %11100000 ' only last three pin are inputs
Declare LCD_Interface 4
Declare LCD_Lines 2
Declare LCD_DTPin PORTD.0 ' first four lines Used for 4-line interface.
Declare LCD_ENPin PORTD.4 ' Enable PIN of LCD
Declare LCD_RSPin PORTD.5 ' RS PIN of LCD
Symbol up_counter = PORTB.7
Symbol down_counter = PORTB.6
Symbol reset_counter = PORTB.5
Dim old_b1 As Bit
Dim old_b2 As Bit
Dim old_b3 As Bit
Dim my_counts As Dword
Dim old_counts As Dword
Print At 1 , 5 , "HELLO WORLD"
Print At 2 , 1 , "Counts = "
old_counts = 0
my_counts = 0
old_b1 = 1
old_b2 = 1
old_b3 = 1
PORTB = 255
loop:
If up_counter = 0 And old_b1 = 1 Then GoSub increment_counts
If down_counter = 0 And old_b2 = 1 Then GoSub decrement_counts
If reset_counter = 0 And old_b3 = 1 Then GoSub reset_counts
If old_counts < > my_counts Then GoSub print_counts
old_counts = my_counts
old_b1 = up_counter
old_b2 = down_counter
old_b3 = reset_counter
GoTo loop
End
increment_counts:
Inc my_counts
If my_counts > = 1000000 Then my_counts = 0
Return
decrement_counts:
If my_counts > 0 Then Dec my_counts
Return
reset_counts:
my_counts = 0
Return
print_counts:
Print At 2 , 10 , Dec my_counts
Return

proton basic example project pic18f452 up and down counter with lcd

PIC18f452 counter MIKROC UP and Down display on LCD

2011-09-18T04:34:00.000-07:00

PIC counter with source code written in MIKROC

In this project we will learn how interface an LCD with microcontroller PIC18f452. This is a simple counter project. The project can be used to count any thing like person entering and exiting into a hall or vehicles in a parking.
The input to counter is any thing which can give logic zero when activated like button, infrared receiver, photodiode,LDR, etc.
In the case of button or any other input, the software is writen in such a way that it handles the debouncing effects and remove contineus input counting. Because it remmbers the previous state of the input and compare it each time then decide , the counter shouldbe incremented or decremented or reseted.

Components list:-
1. Microcontroller PIC18f452
2. LCD ( any general purpose 2 line 20 character LCD can be used.)
3. Crystal = 4MHz
4. capacitors (22 pf 2Nos)
5. Push buttons (4 Nos, one for master reset of microcontroller, one for up button, one for down button and one for reset counts)
6. PULLUP resistors (10k ohm 4Nos)

Circuit diagram:-
below is the circuit diagram for UP and Down counter with reset button.

main features of the counter:-
1. It can be used to counts any thing like person passing through a wake way, cars entering to car parking place,etc.
2. The project has three inputs named UP,DOWN,REST.
3. The program take care the debouncing and contineus input by comparing the current state with previous state of input each time then if these found different then counter is updated by increment of decrement or reset depending upon the input.
4. The major purpose of the project to become familar with the interfacing of LCD with PIC microcontroller PIC18f452.
5. Button interface with microcontroller and its programming.
Coding:-
The program is written in MikroC pro for PIC version 5.0.1, which can be downloaded from mikro.com.
The code listing are as under:-

// Lcd pinout settings
sbit LCD_RS at RD5_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RD4_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at RD3_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at RD2_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RD1_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RD0_bit;

// Pin direction
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISD5_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISD4_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISD3_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISD2_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISD1_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISD0_bit;
// inputs from buttons
sbit up_counter at RB7_bit;
sbit down_counter at RB6_bit;
sbit reset_counter at RB5_bit;
// functions to perform different tasks
void increment_counts(void);
void decrement_counts(void);
void reset_counts(void);
void print_counts (void);
// Global varaibles
unsigned int my_counts;
unsigned int pre_counts;
bit old_b1;
bit old_b2;
bit old_b3;
char *text = "WELCOME";
char *text1 = "counts = ";

void main() {
Lcd_Init(); // Initialize LCD connected to PORTD

TrisB = 0xE0; // last three PINS as input and other are output. 11100000
PortB = 0xE0;
up_counter = 1;
down_counter = 1;
reset_counter = 1;
my_counts = 0;
pre_counts = 0;
old_b1 = 1;
old_b2 = 1;
old_b3 = 1;
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Out(1, 6, text); // Print text to LCD, 2nd row, 1st column
Lcd_Out(2, 1, text1); // Print text to LCD, 2nd row, 1st column
while(1){
if( up_counter == 0 & & old_b1 == 1) increment_counts();
if( down_counter == 0 & & old_b2 == 1) decrement_counts();
if( reset_counter == 0 & & old_b3 == 1 ) reset_counts();

if(pre_counts != my_counts) print_counts ();
pre_counts = my_counts;
old_b1 = up_counter;
old_b2 = down_counter;
old_b3 = reset_counter;
}
}
void increment_counts(void)
{
my_counts++;
if(my_counts > = 10000) my_counts = 0;
}
void decrement_counts(void)
{
if(my_counts > = 0)my_counts--;

}
void reset_counts(void)
{
my_counts = 0;
}
void print_counts (void)
{
unsigned int temp;
unsigned char lcd_out_char;
lcd_out_char = (my_counts/1000)+48;
temp = my_counts % 1000;
Lcd_Chr(2, 11, lcd_out_char); //print on line 2 at char# 11 the 1000th digit
lcd_out_char = (temp/100)+48;
temp = temp % 100;
Lcd_Chr_Cp(lcd_out_char); //print the 100th digit
lcd_out_char = (temp/10)+48;
Lcd_Chr_Cp(lcd_out_char); //print the 10th digit
lcd_out_char = (temp % 10)+48;
Lcd_Chr_Cp(lcd_out_char); //print the unit digit
}

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LED moving message diaply using PIC16f628 CD4017 and 74LS595

2011-09-10T10:15:00.000-07:00

SECOND MMD PROJECT
LED moving message diaply using PIC16f628 CD4017 and 74LS595

Introduction of MMD Project-2:-
The PIC microcontroller PIC16f628 is used the main processor in the MMD. The difference from the previous moving message diaply and this is method for scaning the rows. In previous MMD a decoder 74LS138 was used to scan the rows. But in this project, i have used CD4017 for row scanning instead of use of any decoder.

Components of the LED moving message display:-
LED matrix = 8x8 LED matrix 8 Nos,
MCU = PIC16f628
Shift registers = 74LS595 8Nos
crystal = 4MHz with 22 pF capacitors.
and other basic components like reset switches and regulated power suplly of 5V which have enough current baring for this project like 1Amp max.
The circuit diagram of the 8 x 8 x 8 LED matrix moving message display using PIC microcontroller is as under:-

Code of the Moving message diaply is written in proton basic compiler and is as under:-
Device=16F628A
XTAL=4
ALL_DIGITAL=true
Output PORTB
Symbol SER = PORTB.0 ' Serial data Pin
Symbol SRCLK = PORTB.1 ' Serial data Clock Pin
Symbol SRClr = PORTB.2 ' Serial data Clear
Symbol Latch = PORTB.3 ' Columns, Latch
Symbol RowClk = PORTB.4 ' Row clock, to select new row
Symbol Rowrst = PORTB.5 ' Row reset, selects row 0
High SRClr ' Turn off the serial register clear
Dim serial_buffer[128] As Byte
STR serial_buffer = "www.PICinf.blogspot.com" , 0
Dim i As Byte
Dim n As Byte
Dim b As Byte
Dim c As Byte
dim m as byte
dim l as byte
dim ch_index as byte
dim start_ch_idx as byte
dim end_ch_idx as byte
for b =0 to 128
if serial_buffer[b]>0 then serial_buffer[b] =serial_buffer[b]-32
next b
' setup for positive pulses:
lATCH = 0 : SRCLK = 0 : SER = 0
c = 0
start_ch_idx =0
end_ch_idx = 30
Loop:
PulsOut Rowrst,2 ' give a pulse on row reset pin, to select row 0
For i=0 To 6
ch_index = start_ch_idx
for n = 0 to 10
GoSub GetPatternAndOut
inc ch_index
if ch_index = end_ch_idx then ch_index =0
next n
PulsOut Latch,4
DelayUS 250
PulsOut RowClk,2
for n = 0 to 7
SHOut SER,SRCLK,lsbfirst,[0]
next n
PulsOut Latch,4
Next i
inc l
if l = 10 then
l = 0
Inc start_ch_idx
If start_ch_idx = end_ch_idx Then start_ch_idx = 0
endif
GoTo Loop
End
GetPatternAndOut:
       m = LRead LABEL+((serial_buffer[ch_index]) * 8) +i
         m = ~m
' out a clock pulse and restore data pin to 0
        'out the low 5 bits of pattern
        SRCLK = 1 : SRCLK = 0: SER = 0
  If m.4 = 1 Then SER = 1
        SRCLK = 1 : SRCLK = 0: SER = 0
        If m.3 = 1 Then SER = 1
        SRCLK = 1 : SRCLK = 0: SER = 0
        If m.2 = 1 Then SER = 1
        SRCLK = 1 : SRCLK = 0: SER = 0
        If m.1 = 1 Then SER = 1
        SRCLK = 1 : SRCLK = 0: SER = 0
        If m.0 = 1 Then SER = 1
        SRCLK = 1 : SRCLK = 0: SER = 0
    Return
LABEL:
LDATA $FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF 'Space
LDATA $FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FF,$FB,$FF '!
LDATA $F5,$F5,$F5,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF '"
LDATA $F5,$F5,$E0,$F5,$E0,$F5,$F5,$FF '#
LDATA $FB,$F0,$EB,$F1,$FA,$E1,$FB,$FF '$
LDATA $E3,$EA,$E5,$FB,$F4,$EA,$F8,$FF '%
LDATA $F7,$EB,$EB,$F7,$EA,$ED,$F2,$FF '&
LDATA $F9,$F9,$FD,$FB,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF ''
LDATA $FD,$FB,$F7,$F7,$F7,$FB,$FD,$FF '(
LDATA $F7,$FB,$FD,$FD,$FD,$FB,$F7,$FF ')
LDATA $FB,$EA,$F1,$FB,$F1,$EA,$FB,$FF '*
LDATA $FF,$FB,$FB,$E0,$FB,$FB,$FF,$FF '+
LDATA $FF,$FF,$FF,$F3,$F3,$FB,$F7,$FF ',
LDATA $FF,$FF,$FF,$F1,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF '-
LDATA $FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$F3,$F3,$FF '.
LDATA $FF,$FE,$FD,$FB,$F7,$EF,$FF,$FF '/
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EC,$EA,$E6,$EE,$F1,$FF '0
LDATA $FB,$F3,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$F1,$FF '1
LDATA $F1,$EE,$FE,$F1,$EF,$EF,$E0,$FF '2
LDATA $F1,$EE,$FE,$F9,$FE,$EE,$F1,$FF '3
LDATA $FD,$F9,$F5,$ED,$E0,$FD,$FD,$FF '4
LDATA $E0,$EF,$E1,$FE,$FE,$FE,$E1,$FF '5
LDATA $F9,$F7,$EF,$E1,$EE,$EE,$F1,$FF '6
LDATA $E0,$FE,$FD,$FB,$F7,$F7,$F7,$FF '7
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EE,$F1,$EE,$EE,$F1,$FF '8
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EE,$F0,$FE,$FD,$F3,$FF '9
LDATA $FF,$F3,$F3,$FF,$F3,$F3,$FF,$FF ':
LDATA $F3,$FB,$F3,$F3,$FF,$F3,$F3,$FF ';
LDATA $FD,$FB,$F7,$EF,$F7,$FB,$FD,$FF ' < ''
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F1,$FF,$F1,$FF,$FF,$FF ' = '''
LDATA $F7,$FB,$FD,$FE,$FD,$FB,$F7,$FF ' > '''
LDATA $F1,$EE,$FE,$FD,$FB,$FF,$FB,$FF '?
LDATA $F1,$EE,$FE,$F2,$EA,$EA,$F1,$FF '@
LDATA $FB,$F5,$EE,$EE,$E0,$EE,$EE,$FF 'A
LDATA $E1,$F6,$F6,$F1,$F6,$F6,$E1,$FF 'B
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EF,$EF,$EF,$EE,$F1,$FF 'C
LDATA $E1,$F6,$F6,$F6,$F6,$F6,$E1,$FF 'D
LDATA $E0,$EF,$EF,$E3,$EF,$EF,$E0,$FF 'E
LDATA $E0,$EF,$EF,$E3,$EF,$EF,$EF,$FF 'F
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EF,$E8,$EE,$EE,$F1,$FF 'G
LDATA $EE,$EE,$EE,$E0,$EE,$EE,$EE,$FF 'H
LDATA $F1,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$F1,$FF 'I
LDATA $F8,$FD,$FD,$FD,$FD,$FD,$F3,$FF 'J
LDATA $EE,$ED,$EB,$E7,$EB,$ED,$EE,$FF 'K
LDATA $EF,$EF,$EF,$EF,$EF,$EF,$E0,$FF 'L
LDATA $EE,$E4,$EA,$EA,$EE,$EE,$EE,$FF 'M
LDATA $EE,$E6,$EA,$EC,$EE,$EE,$EE,$FF 'N
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EE,$EE,$EE,$EE,$F1,$FF 'O
LDATA $E1,$EE,$EE,$E1,$EF,$EF,$EF,$FF 'P
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EE,$EE,$EA,$ED,$F2,$FF 'Q
LDATA $E1,$EE,$EE,$E1,$EB,$ED,$EE,$FF 'R
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EF,$F1,$FE,$EE,$F1,$FF 'S
LDATA $E0,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FF 'T
LDATA $EE,$EE,$EE,$EE,$EE,$EE,$F1,$FF 'U
LDATA $EE,$EE,$EE,$F5,$F5,$FB,$FB,$FF 'V
LDATA $EE,$EE,$EE,$EA,$EA,$E4,$EE,$FF 'W
LDATA $EE,$EE,$F5,$FB,$F5,$EE,$EE,$FF 'X
LDATA $EE,$EE,$F5,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FF 'Y
LDATA $E0,$FE,$FD,$FB,$F7,$EF,$E0,$FF 'Z
LDATA $F1,$F7,$F7,$F7,$F7,$F7,$F1,$FF '[
LDATA $FF,$EF,$F7,$FB,$FD,$FE,$FF,$FF 'backslash
LDATA $F1,$FD,$FD,$FD,$FD,$FD,$F1,$FF '[
LDATA $FB,$F5,$EE,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF '^
LDATA $FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$E0,$FF 'underline
LDATA $F3,$F3,$F7,$FB,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF ''
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F1,$FE,$F0,$EE,$F1,$FF 'a
LDATA $EF,$EF,$E9,$E6,$EE,$E6,$E9,$FF 'b
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F8,$F7,$F7,$F7,$F8,$FF 'c
LDATA $FE,$FE,$F2,$EC,$EE,$EC,$F2,$FF 'd
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F1,$EE,$E0,$EF,$F1,$FF 'e
LDATA $F9,$F6,$F7,$E1,$F7,$F7,$F7,$FF 'f
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F0,$EE,$F0,$FE,$F1,$FF 'g
LDATA $EF,$EF,$E9,$E6,$EE,$EE,$EE,$FF 'h
LDATA $FB,$FF,$F3,$FB,$FB,$FB,$F1,$FF 'i
LDATA $FD,$FF,$F9,$FD,$FD,$FD,$F3,$FF 'j
LDATA $F7,$F7,$F6,$F5,$F3,$F5,$F6,$FF 'k
LDATA $F3,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$F1,$FF 'l
LDATA $FF,$FF,$E5,$EA,$EA,$EA,$EA,$FF 'm
LDATA $FF,$FF,$E9,$E6,$EE,$EE,$EE,$FF 'n
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F1,$EE,$EE,$EE,$F1,$FF 'o
LDATA $FF,$FF,$E1,$EE,$E1,$EF,$EF,$FF 'p
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F0,$EE,$F0,$FE,$FE,$FF 'q
LDATA $FF,$FF,$E9,$E6,$EF,$EF,$EF,$FF 'r
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F0,$EF,$F1,$FE,$E1,$FF 's
LDATA $FB,$FB,$F0,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FC,$FF 't
LDATA $FF,$FF,$EE,$EE,$EE,$EC,$F2,$FF 'u
LDATA $FF,$FF,$EE,$EE,$EE,$F5,$FB,$FF 'v
LDATA $FF,$FF,$EE,$EE,$EA,$EA,$F4,$FF 'w
LDATA $FF,$FF,$EE,$F5,$FB,$F5,$EE,$FF 'x
LDATA $FF,$FF,$EE,$F5,$FB,$FB,$F3,$FF 'y
LDATA $FF,$FF,$E0,$FD,$FB,$F7,$E0,$FF 'z
LDATA $F9,$F7,$F7,$E7,$F7,$F7,$F9,$FF '{
LDATA $FB,$FB,$FB,$FF,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FF '|
LDATA $F3,$FD,$FD,$FC,$FD,$FD,$F3,$FF '}
LDATA $F5,$EA,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF '~
LDATA $F5,$EA,$F5,$EA,$F5,$EA,$F5H 'DEL

Moving Message Display MMD with LED matrix using PIC Microcontroller PIC16f628

2011-09-09T11:40:00.000-07:00

PIC MICROCONTROLLER BASED LED MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY

MMD PROJECT INTRODUCTION:-
This is a simple moving message display project in which LED matrix are used for scanning the text message from right to left. PIC microcontroller 16f628 is used in the LED moving message display project.

Parts of the Moving message display:-

LED Matrix = 12
74LS595 serial tp parallel shift registers for columns scanning = 8
MCU = PIC16f628
74LS138 decoder for rows scanning = 1

crystal = 4MHz with 22pf capacitors
and other power supply components.

circuit diagram of the moving message display is as follows:-

The program of the moving message display is written in proton basic language is as under:-
Device=16F628A
XTAL=4
ALL_DIGITAL=true
Output PORTB
Output PORTA
Symbol SER = PORTB.0 ' Serial data Pin
Symbol SRCLK = PORTB.1 ' Serial data Clock Pin
Symbol SRClr = PORTB.2 ' Serial data Clear
Symbol Latch = PORTB.3 ' Columns, Latch
High SRClr ' Turn off the serial register clear
Dim serial_buffer[120] As Byte
STR serial_buffer = "Moving Message Display and many other Microcontroller Project can be downloaded free from www.PICinf.blogspot.com" , 0
Symbol selectline PORTA
Dim row As Byte
Dim character_counter As Byte
Dim general_index As Byte
dim charcter as byte
dim scrolling as byte
dim ch_index as byte
dim start_ch_idx as byte
dim end_ch_idx as byte
for general_index =0 to 120
if serial_buffer[general_index]>0 then serial_buffer[general_index] =serial_buffer[general_index]-32
next general_index
' setup for positive pulses:
lATCH = 0 : SRCLK = 0 : SER = 0
start_ch_idx =0
end_ch_idx = 120
Loop:
For row =0 To 6
ch_index = start_ch_idx
for character_counter = 0 to 9
GoSub Get_Pattern
inc ch_index
if ch_index = end_ch_idx then ch_index =0
next character_counter
PulsOut Latch,4
selectline = row
DelayUS 250
'selectline = 7
for character_counter = 0 to 7
SHOut SER,SRCLK,lsbfirst,[0]
next character_counter
PulsOut Latch,4
Next row
inc scrolling
if scrolling = 10 then
scrolling = 0
Inc start_ch_idx
If start_ch_idx = end_ch_idx Then start_ch_idx = 0
endif
GoTo Loop
End
Get_Pattern:

charcter = LRead LABEL+((serial_buffer[ch_index]) * 8) + row
charcter = ~charcter
' out a clock pulse and one bit on data pin
'out the low 5 bits of pattern

If charcter.4 = 1 Then SER = 1
SRCLK = 1 : SRCLK = 0: SER = 0
If charcter.3 = 1 Then SER = 1
SRCLK = 1 : SRCLK = 0: SER = 0
If charcter.2 = 1 Then SER = 1
SRCLK = 1 : SRCLK = 0: SER = 0
If charcter.1 = 1 Then SER = 1
SRCLK = 1 : SRCLK = 0: SER = 0
If charcter.0 = 1 Then SER = 1
SRCLK = 1 : SRCLK = 0: SER = 0
SRCLK = 1 : SRCLK = 0: SER = 0
Return

LABEL:
LDATA $FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF 'Space
LDATA $FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FF,$FB,$FF '!
LDATA $F5,$F5,$F5,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF '"
LDATA $F5,$F5,$E0,$F5,$E0,$F5,$F5,$FF '#
LDATA $FB,$F0,$EB,$F1,$FA,$E1,$FB,$FF '$
LDATA $E3,$EA,$E5,$FB,$F4,$EA,$F8,$FF '%
LDATA $F7,$EB,$EB,$F7,$EA,$ED,$F2,$FF '&
LDATA $F9,$F9,$FD,$FB,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF ''
LDATA $FD,$FB,$F7,$F7,$F7,$FB,$FD,$FF '(
LDATA $F7,$FB,$FD,$FD,$FD,$FB,$F7,$FF ')
LDATA $FB,$EA,$F1,$FB,$F1,$EA,$FB,$FF '*
LDATA $FF,$FB,$FB,$E0,$FB,$FB,$FF,$FF '+
LDATA $FF,$FF,$FF,$F3,$F3,$FB,$F7,$FF ',
LDATA $FF,$FF,$FF,$F1,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF '-
LDATA $FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$F3,$F3,$FF '.
LDATA $FF,$FE,$FD,$FB,$F7,$EF,$FF,$FF '/
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EC,$EA,$E6,$EE,$F1,$FF '0
LDATA $FB,$F3,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$F1,$FF '1
LDATA $F1,$EE,$FE,$F1,$EF,$EF,$E0,$FF '2
LDATA $F1,$EE,$FE,$F9,$FE,$EE,$F1,$FF '3
LDATA $FD,$F9,$F5,$ED,$E0,$FD,$FD,$FF '4
LDATA $E0,$EF,$E1,$FE,$FE,$FE,$E1,$FF '5
LDATA $F9,$F7,$EF,$E1,$EE,$EE,$F1,$FF '6
LDATA $E0,$FE,$FD,$FB,$F7,$F7,$F7,$FF '7
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EE,$F1,$EE,$EE,$F1,$FF '8
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EE,$F0,$FE,$FD,$F3,$FF '9
LDATA $FF,$F3,$F3,$FF,$F3,$F3,$FF,$FF ':
LDATA $F3,$FB,$F3,$F3,$FF,$F3,$F3,$FF ';
LDATA $FD,$FB,$F7,$EF,$F7,$FB,$FD,$FF ' < '''

LDATA $FF,$FF,$F1,$FF,$F1,$FF,$FF,$FF ' =
LDATA $F7,$FB,$FD,$FE,$FD,$FB,$F7,$FF ' >
LDATA $F1,$EE,$FE,$FD,$FB,$FF,$FB,$FF '?
LDATA $F1,$EE,$FE,$F2,$EA,$EA,$F1,$FF '@
LDATA $FB,$F5,$EE,$EE,$E0,$EE,$EE,$FF 'A
LDATA $E1,$F6,$F6,$F1,$F6,$F6,$E1,$FF 'B
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EF,$EF,$EF,$EE,$F1,$FF 'C
LDATA $E1,$F6,$F6,$F6,$F6,$F6,$E1,$FF 'D
LDATA $E0,$EF,$EF,$E3,$EF,$EF,$E0,$FF 'E
LDATA $E0,$EF,$EF,$E3,$EF,$EF,$EF,$FF 'F
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EF,$E8,$EE,$EE,$F1,$FF 'G
LDATA $EE,$EE,$EE,$E0,$EE,$EE,$EE,$FF 'H
LDATA $F1,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$F1,$FF 'I
LDATA $F8,$FD,$FD,$FD,$FD,$FD,$F3,$FF 'J
LDATA $EE,$ED,$EB,$E7,$EB,$ED,$EE,$FF 'K
LDATA $EF,$EF,$EF,$EF,$EF,$EF,$E0,$FF 'L
LDATA $EE,$E4,$EA,$EA,$EE,$EE,$EE,$FF 'M
LDATA $EE,$E6,$EA,$EC,$EE,$EE,$EE,$FF 'N
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EE,$EE,$EE,$EE,$F1,$FF 'O
LDATA $E1,$EE,$EE,$E1,$EF,$EF,$EF,$FF 'P
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EE,$EE,$EA,$ED,$F2,$FF 'Q
LDATA $E1,$EE,$EE,$E1,$EB,$ED,$EE,$FF 'R
LDATA $F1,$EE,$EF,$F1,$FE,$EE,$F1,$FF 'S
LDATA $E0,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FF 'T
LDATA $EE,$EE,$EE,$EE,$EE,$EE,$F1,$FF 'U
LDATA $EE,$EE,$EE,$F5,$F5,$FB,$FB,$FF 'V
LDATA $EE,$EE,$EE,$EA,$EA,$E4,$EE,$FF 'W
LDATA $EE,$EE,$F5,$FB,$F5,$EE,$EE,$FF 'X
LDATA $EE,$EE,$F5,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FF 'Y
LDATA $E0,$FE,$FD,$FB,$F7,$EF,$E0,$FF 'Z
LDATA $F1,$F7,$F7,$F7,$F7,$F7,$F1,$FF '[
LDATA $FF,$EF,$F7,$FB,$FD,$FE,$FF,$FF 'backslash
LDATA $F1,$FD,$FD,$FD,$FD,$FD,$F1,$FF '[
LDATA $FB,$F5,$EE,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF '^
LDATA $FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$E0,$FF 'underline
LDATA $F3,$F3,$F7,$FB,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF ''
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F1,$FE,$F0,$EE,$F1,$FF 'a
LDATA $EF,$EF,$E9,$E6,$EE,$E6,$E9,$FF 'b
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F8,$F7,$F7,$F7,$F8,$FF 'c
LDATA $FE,$FE,$F2,$EC,$EE,$EC,$F2,$FF 'd
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F1,$EE,$E0,$EF,$F1,$FF 'e
LDATA $F9,$F6,$F7,$E1,$F7,$F7,$F7,$FF 'f
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F0,$EE,$F0,$FE,$F1,$FF 'g
LDATA $EF,$EF,$E9,$E6,$EE,$EE,$EE,$FF 'h
LDATA $FB,$FF,$F3,$FB,$FB,$FB,$F1,$FF 'i
LDATA $FD,$FF,$F9,$FD,$FD,$FD,$F3,$FF 'j
LDATA $F7,$F7,$F6,$F5,$F3,$F5,$F6,$FF 'k
LDATA $F3,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FB,$F1,$FF 'l
LDATA $FF,$FF,$E5,$EA,$EA,$EA,$EA,$FF 'm
LDATA $FF,$FF,$E9,$E6,$EE,$EE,$EE,$FF 'n
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F1,$EE,$EE,$EE,$F1,$FF 'o
LDATA $FF,$FF,$E1,$EE,$E1,$EF,$EF,$FF 'p
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F0,$EE,$F0,$FE,$FE,$FF 'q
LDATA $FF,$FF,$E9,$E6,$EF,$EF,$EF,$FF 'r
LDATA $FF,$FF,$F0,$EF,$F1,$FE,$E1,$FF 's
LDATA $FB,$FB,$F0,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FC,$FF 't
LDATA $FF,$FF,$EE,$EE,$EE,$EC,$F2,$FF 'u
LDATA $FF,$FF,$EE,$EE,$EE,$F5,$FB,$FF 'v
LDATA $FF,$FF,$EE,$EE,$EA,$EA,$F4,$FF 'w
LDATA $FF,$FF,$EE,$F5,$FB,$F5,$EE,$FF 'x
LDATA $FF,$FF,$EE,$F5,$FB,$FB,$F3,$FF 'y
LDATA $FF,$FF,$E0,$FD,$FB,$F7,$E0,$FF 'z
LDATA $F9,$F7,$F7,$E7,$F7,$F7,$F9,$FF '{
LDATA $FB,$FB,$FB,$FF,$FB,$FB,$FB,$FF '|
LDATA $F3,$FD,$FD,$FC,$FD,$FD,$F3,$FF '}
LDATA $F5,$EA,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF,$FF '~
LDATA $F5,$EA,$F5,$EA,$F5,$EA,$F5H 'DEL

Moving Message Display MMD with LED matrix using PIC Microcontroller PIC16f628,74ls595,74ls138,fancy LED matrix display

PIC Microcontroller 16f877 based calculator with LCD

2011-08-28T11:49:00.000-07:00

PIC Microcontroller 16f877 based calculator with LCD:-
The mini calculator is developed using PIC16f877 microcontroller with LCD display. The programming language is mikroC. This prject will help the students to learn the designing of microcontroller based project, interfacing of keypad with microcontroller, interfacing the LCD with microcontrollers. handling the strings and their conversions to numbers will be discussed in this project.pic 16f877a calculator
The operation of the calculator is as under:
The display shows a message " CALCULATOR" on powering up the microcontroller on LCD first. Then after a few second display is changed and new message is printed " No1:" at first line of the LCD. This is clear indication that the microcontroller is ready to operate and waiting to feed first number as input.YOu can download the 16f877a microcontroller c code of the calculator project
The user should feed a positive number like 219 etc.
To feed second number press once the key "=" at the keypad. The display is updated on second line of LCD with message "No2:", yes the microcontroller based calculator is ready to accept the second number. using the keypad, user will enter the second number like 2987 etc.
Now, after entering these two number, the turn come for operator. So, the user will press key "=" once. Now the LCD is again updated with new message like "OP" at first line of LCD. You should feed required operator by pressing right key on keypad, like "+","-","*" or "\"
The result will be displayed like "res = 456" etc.
The circuit diagram of PIC Microcontroller 16f877 based calculator with LCD is as shown below:

The code or program for PIC16f877 is written in MikroC language and is presented here:
/**************************************************************
In this project a 4 x 4 keypad is connected to PORTB of a PIC18F877
microcontroller. Also an LCD is connected to PORTC. The project is a simple
calculator which can perform integer arithmetic.
The keys on keypad are labeled as follows:
.............
7 8 9 /
4 5 6 *
1 2 3 -
C 0 = +
In this program mikroC built-in functions are used.
The crystal frequency for microcontroller PIC16f877 in this project is 8MHz
****************************************************************/
#define Enter 0x0C// here it is the key "=" on keypad
#define Plus 0x0F// The "+" key
#define Minus 0x0E // The "-" key
#define Multiply 0x0B // The "*" key
#define Divide 0x0D // The "/"

unsigned key [17]={0,0x07,0x08,0x09,0x0D,0x04,0x05,
0x06,0x0B,0x01,0x02,0x03,0x0E,0x00,0x0A,0x0C,0x0F};
void main()
{

unsigned char MyKey, i,j,lcd[5],op[12];
unsigned long Calc, Op1, Op2;
TRISC = 0; // PORTC are outputs (LCD)
//
// Configure LCD
//
Lcd_Init(&PORTC); // LCD is connected to PORTC
Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"CALCULATOR"); // Display CALCULATOR
Delay_ms(2000);
Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR);
//
// Configure KEYPAD
//
Keypad_Init(&PORTB); // Keypad on PORTB
//
// Program loop
//
for(;;) // Endless loop
{
MyKey = 0;
Op1 = 0;
Op2 = 0;
Lcd_Out(1,1,"No1: "); // Display No1:
while(1)
{
do // Get first number
MyKey = key[Keypad_Released()];

while(!MyKey);
// MyKey = key[MyKey];
if(MyKey == Enter)break; // If ENTER pressed
if(MyKey == 10)MyKey = 0; // If 0 key pressed
Lcd_Chr_Cp(MyKey + '0');
//Lcd_Chr_Cp(key[MyKey] + '0');
Op1 = 10*Op1 + MyKey;
}
Lcd_Out(2,1,"No2: "); // Display No2:
while(1) // Get second no
{
do
MyKey = key[Keypad_Released()]; // Get second number
while(!MyKey);
if(MyKey == Enter)break; // If ENTER pressed
if(MyKey == 10)MyKey = 0; // If 0 key pressed
Lcd_Chr_Cp(MyKey + '0');
Op2 = 10*Op2 + MyKey;
}
Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"Op: "); // Display Op:
do
MyKey = key[Keypad_Released()]; // Get operation
while(!MyKey);
Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,"Res="); // Display Res=
switch(MyKey) // Perform the operation
{
case Plus:
Calc = Op1 + Op2; // If ADD
break;
case Minus:
Calc = Op1 - Op2; // If Subtract
break;
case Multiply:
Calc = Op1 * Op2; // If Multiply
break;
case Divide:
Calc = Op1 / Op2; // If Divide
break;
}
LongToStr(Calc, op); // Convert to string
//
// Remove leading blanks
//
j=0;
for(i=0;i<=11;i++) { if(op[i] != ' ') // If a blank { lcd[j]=op[i]; j++; } } Lcd_Out_Cp(lcd); // Display result Delay_ms(5000); // Wait 5 seconds Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); } }

moving message on LCD using PIC microcontroller 16f84

2011-08-26T07:21:00.000-07:00

This post is about the scrolling the moving message from right to left on LCD screen using microcontroller PIC1684. The ciruit diagram of moving message display is shown below. The code of this project is written in proton basic compiler.

'****************************************************************
'* Name : LCD scrolling text.BAS *
'* Author : [Dr.Rana] *
'* Date : 8/25/2011 *
'* Version : 1.0 *
'* Notes : Moveing message on LCD 16 character 2 line *
'* : *
'****************************************************************
Device 16F84A
Declare LCD_Interface 4
' 4-line or 8-line interface is required by the LCD.
Declare LCD_Lines 4
' Inform the compiler as to how many lines the LCD has

Dim SCROL As Word
' this viarable is for indexing the characters on LCD
Dim ASCII As Byte
' second index variable for LCD locations
Dim CHAR1 As Byte
'temparary variable in RAM
PORTB=0
PORTA=0
DelayMS 500
' to stabilized microcontroller

PRINT_MESSAGE_LCD_scrol:
For SCROL= 0 To 800
Cursor 1,1
For ASCII=0 To 15
' 0 TO 16 MAKES A TOTAL OF 16 LOCATION IN THE LCD (FOR LCD = 16 CHARS)

CHAR1 = LRead TEXT1 + (ASCII+ SCROL)
' Read memory location LABEL + LOOP
Print CHAR1
Next ASCII
Cursor 2,1
For ASCII=0 To 15

' 0 TO 16 MAKES A TOTAL OF 16 LOCATION IN THE LCD (FOR LCD = 16 CHARS)

CHAR1 = LRead TEXT2 + (ASCII+ SCROL)

' Read memory location LABEL + LOOP

Print CHAR1
Next ASCII
DelayMS 250

' DELAY IN ORDER TO SEE THE TEXT IN THE LCD

Next SCROL
GoTo PRINT_MESSAGE_LCD_scrol

TEXT1:
LData " This is moving message example on LCD, the text will be scrol from right to left on LCD at first line "
TEXT2:
LData " This example is written in IC BASIC Proton. and two line scroling is being performed here"
GoTo PRINT_MESSAGE_LCD_scrol

This program is tested in proteus ISIS and works fine.
The crystal frequency for microcontroller PIC 16f84 is 4MHz.
The text is scroll from right to left at both lines of LCD.
The user can change their own message in the program and recompile the basic code to hex file. Then using suitable programmer for PIC16f84 and burn the hex file of moving message display into the microcontroller.

Heart beat monitor PIC16f84 Microcontroller display on LCD

2011-08-17T12:01:00.000-07:00

This is very simple project for heart beat monitoring using microcontroller PIC 16f84.
A pair of LED and LDR is used as sensor for sensing the pulses of heart. The signal is generated when a finger is placed between LED and LDR. OP amp LM358 is used for the further processing of the signal generated from the LDR, if finger is placed and some obstacle for light is created, which it self is varying with the pressure of blood in the veins of finger.
The output of two operational amplifiers is TTL pulses. For a healthy person, these pulses should be nearly equal to 70 to 80 BPM and if we convert it into frequency then we will get 1.2 to 1.4 Hz.
The microcontroller PIC16f84 senses these TTL pulses generated from the analog circuit and count then using a very simple algorithm converts them into beats per minuets.
The results of the beats are shown on LCD with unit BPM.

For display of heart beat monitor , a general purpose LCD is used. Students can use any single line or two line LCD available in their local market. As, in the program, only first 16 characters and first line is used to display any message on LCD. If any student got 2 line and 20 characters LCD, it will also works good.

Here is circuit diagram of the heart beat monitor using PIC microcontroller 16f84.

below is c language code for the heart rate monitor using PIC microcontroller 16f84, the c code is written Hi-Tech C.

//# define
# include < pic . h>
#define  rs   RA2
#define  e   RA1
#define  lcd_data PORTB
#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000
void delayms(unsigned int itime);
void pulse(void);
void send_char(unsigned char data);
void lcd_goto(unsigned char data);
void lcd_clr(void);
void send_string(const char *s);
void init_lcd(void);
void dis_num(unsigned int data,unsigned char digit);
void prog1(void);
unsigned long no=0;
void main (void)
{
TRISA=0;
TRISB=0;
TRISA3=1;

init_lcd();
delayms(10);
lcd_clr();
delayms(10);
send_string("Heart rate meter");
delayms(1000);
lcd_clr();
delayms(10);
while(1)
{
prog1();
}
}
void prog1(void)
{
unsigned int temp1=0,temp2=0;
unsigned char i;
unsigned int hb=1;
  while(RA3);
  while(!RA3){
  hb++;
  delayms(1);
  }
hb=30000/hb;
lcd_goto(2);
send_string("H.B.R:    bpm");
lcd_goto(8);
dis_num(hb,3);

}
void delayms(unsigned int itime)
{
unsigned int i;
for(;itime>0;itime--)
{
__delay_ms(1);
}
}

void send_config(unsigned char data) //send lcd configuration
{
rs=0;        //set lcd to configuration mode
lcd_data=data&0xf0;     //lcd data port = data
pulse();
lcd_data=(data<<4)&0xf0;
pulse();
}
void pulse(void)
{
e=1;        //pulse e to confirm the data
delayms(1);
e=0;
delayms(1);
}
void lcd_goto(unsigned char data)  //set the location of the lcd cursor
{          //if the given value is (0-15) the
    send_config(0x80+data);   //cursor will be at the lower line
}
void lcd_clr(void)      //clear the lcd
{

send_config(0x01);
delayms(2);
}
void send_string(const char *s)   //send a string to display in the lcd
{
rs = 1;
while (*s)send_char (*s++);
}
void send_char(unsigned char data)  //send lcd character
{
rs =1;
delayms(1);        //set lcd to display mode
lcd_data=data&0xf0;     //lcd data port = data
pulse();
lcd_data=(data<<4)&0xf0;
pulse();
}
void init_lcd(void)
{
rs=0;e=0;        //command mode
delayms(10);      //delay 10ms
lcd_data=0x30;      //load initial nibble
pulse();       //Latch initial code
delayms(5);       //delay 5ms
pulse();       //Latch initial code
delayms(1);       //delay 1ms
pulse();       //Latch initial code
lcd_data=0x20;
pulse();       //Latch initial code

//configure lcd
send_config(0x28);     //Set 4-bit mode, 2 lines
send_config(0xF);     //Switch off display
  send_config(0x06);     //Enable cursor auto increase
}

void dis_num(unsigned int data,unsigned char digit)
{
if(digit>3)
send_char('0'+(data/1000)%10);
if(digit>2)
send_char('0'+(data/100)%10);
if(digit>1)
send_char('0'+(data/10)%10);
if(digit>0)
send_char('0'+(data/1)%10);
}

MMC interface with Microcontroller PIC16f877 and serial communication with PC

2011-08-13T12:02:00.000-07:00

This project is about How to interface MMC with Microcontroller PIC16f877 and serial communication with PC.
PIC - MMC (Multi Media Card) Flash Memory Extension

It is easy to interface a MMC (MultiMediaCard) with a MicroChip PIC via the SPI (Serial Port Interface). This is a very handy data logging circuit with lots of memory for data storage. I2C RAM's or EEPROM's are hardly available at sizes bigger than 256kb, but this solution with a 64MB Flash MMC is not to beat in both cost effectiveness and storage volume!
This version utilizes a PIC16F876, but it's easy to port the schematic and software to other PIC's.
The MMC is connected to the SPI pins of the PIC via simple resistor voltage dividers to transform the +5V high levels to about 3.3V used by the MMC. The supply voltage for the MMC (2.7V - 3.6V) comes from a LD1086V33 voltage regulator (3.3V) or equivalent. It is possible to run the PIC at 3.3V, but then the AD converters are not as stable as at 5V. The data-out pin from the MMC goes directly to the PIC, because 3.3V is high for the PIC anyway.
circuit diagram of the MMC interface with Microcontroller PIC16f877 and serial communication with PC is as below:

code of the project is as below:-
/* PIC MMC Interface Test
http://www.captain.at/electronics/

Writes ASCII characters to the MMC, reads them back and sends the characters

Furthermore the PIC returns any character sent to it via the interrupt
service routine. Use "ser" for testing:

# ./ser
baud=9600
baud=9600
written:ABC
readport=ABC
#

Compile with CC5x: http://www.bknd.com/cc5x/
c:\picc\cc5x mmc.c -Ic:\picc\ -ammc.ASM -u

CC5x runs nicely on Linux with "dosemu" http://www.dosemu.org/

Credit:
SPI functions made by Michael Dworkin
http://home.wtal.de/Mischka/MMC/
*/

#include <16F876.h>
#include "int16CXX.H" // interrupt stuff

#define CP_off |= 0x3F30
#define LVP |= 128
#pragma config CP_off,PWRTE=on,WDTE=off,FOSC=HS,BODEN=on,LVP

#pragma bit CS @ PORTC.2 // output pin for chip select (MMC)

#pragma rambank 0
char sector1[64];
int currentrambank;
int counter;

#pragma rambank 1
char sector2[64];

#pragma rambank 2
char sector3[64];

#pragma rambank 3
char sector4[64];

#pragma origin 4 // force interrupt service routine at address 4

interrupt myInterrupt(void) // ISR
{
int_save_registers
char rec;
if (RCIF) // USART interrupt ?
{
while(!TXIF) { // wait for serial register to be sent, if there is still something in there
nop();
}
rec = RCREG; // Get the received character
TXREG = rec; // write to serial register -> start transmission

RCIF = 0; // clear USART int flag
}
int_restore_registers
}

void InitUSART()
{
PORTA = 0;
PORTB = 0;
PORTC = 0;

BRGH = 1; // high speed serial mode
SPBRG = 25; // Set 9600 baud for 4 MHz oscillator
SYNC = 0; // Clear SYNC bit -> Set ASYNC Mode
SPEN = 1; // Set serial port enable
TX9 = 0; // 8-bit transmissions
TXEN = 1; // Enable transmission
RCIE = 1; // Rx interrupts are desired
RX9 = 0; // 8-bit receptions
CREN = 1; // Enable reception
}

void initint() // init interrupts
{
GIE = 1; // Set Global Interrupt Enable
PEIE = 1; // Set Peripheral Interrupt Enable
}

void fillram() // fill RAM (sector1..4) with ASCII characters
{
int i;
int x;
for (i=0;i<=63;i++) { x = i + 48; sector1[i] = x; sector2[i] = x; sector3[i] = x; sector4[i] = x; } } char SPI(char d) // send character over SPI { SSPBUF = d; // send character while (!BF); // wait until sent return SSPBUF; // and return the received character } char Command(char befF,uns16 AdrH,uns16 AdrL,char befH ) { // sends a command to the MMC char a; SPI(0xFF); SPI(befF); SPI(AdrH.high8); SPI(AdrH.low8); SPI(AdrL.high8); SPI(AdrL.low8); SPI(befH); SPI(0xFF); return SPI(0xFF); // return the last received character } bit MMC_Init() // init SPI { SMP = 0; // input is valid in the middle of clock CKE = 0; // rising edge is data capture CKP = 1; // high value is passive state SSPM1 = 1; // speed f/64(312kHz), Master SSPEN = 1; // enable SPI CS = 1; // disable MMC char i; // start MMC in SPI mode for(i=0; i < 10; i++)SPI(0xFF); // send 10*8=80 clock pulses CS=0; // MMC-Enabled if (Command(0x40,0,0,0x95) !=1) goto mmcerror; // Reset MMC st: // if there is no MMC, prg. loops here if (Command(0x41,0,0,0xFF) !=0) goto st; return 1; mmcerror: return 0; } void serialterminate() { // terminate sent string!!! while(!TXIF); TXREG = 0x0d; while(!TXIF); TXREG = 0x0a; } void SerString(const char *str) // send string via RS232 { char ps; ps = *str; // pointer of start of string into ps while(ps>0) // test if end of string is reached
{
str++; // set pointer to next char
if (ps== 0) break; // test if end of string is reached
while(!TXIF); // test if TXREG empty
TXREG = ps ; // send character
ps = *str; // content of pointer into ps
}
serialterminate();
}

bit writeramtommc() // write RAM (sector1..4) to MMC
{
// 512 byte-write-mode
if (Command(0x58,0,512,0xFF) !=0) {
SerString("MMC: write error 1 ");
return 1;
}
SPI(0xFF);
SPI(0xFF);
SPI(0xFE);
uns16 i;
// write ram sectors to MMC
for (i=0;i<=63;i++) { SPI(sector1[i]); } for (i=0;i<=63;i++) { SPI(sector2[i]); } for (i=0;i<=63;i++) { SPI(sector3[i]); } for (i=0;i<=63;i++) { SPI(sector4[i]); } for (i=0;i<256;i++) { // fill rest with 'C' SPI('C'); } SPI(255); // at the end, send 2 dummy bytes SPI(255); i = SPI(0xFF); i &= 0b.0001.1111; if (i != 0b.0000.0101) { SerString("MMC: write error 2 "); return 1; } while(SPI(0xFF) != 0xFF); // wait until MMC is not busy anymore return 0; } bit sendmmc() // send 512 bytes from the MMC via the serial port { uns16 i; // 512 byte-read-mode if (Command(0x51,0,512,0xFF) !=0) { SerString("MMC: read error 1 "); return 1; } while(SPI(0xFF) != 0xFE); // wait for 0xFE - start of any transmission for(i=0; i < 512; i++) { while(!TXIF); // wait until TXREG is empty TXREG = SPI(0xFF); // get MMC byte and send via RS232 } serialterminate(); SPI(0xFF); // at the end, send 2 dummy bytes SPI(0xFF); return 0; } void main(void) { InitUSART(); // initialize serial port initint(); // initialize interrupts ADCON1=0x6; // PortA Digital // set ports for I/O TRISC = 0b.1101.0011; // sck rc3-0, sdo rc5-0, CS rc2-0. TRISB = 0b.0000.0010; // RB2>TX, RB1>RX

SerString("PIC online "); // start message
// SerString(0x00); // start message

// init MMC and send message if ok
if (MMC_Init()) SerString("MMC online ");

fillram(); // fill the RAM with ASCII characters
writeramtommc(); // write RAM to MMC
sendmmc(); // send 512 bytes of the MMC via serial port

while(1) {
nop();
nop();
}
}

Stereo FM band receiver with RDS decoding for mobile applications using PIC Microcontroller PIC18f452

2011-07-14T03:03:00.000-07:00

Stereo FM band receiver with RDS decoding for mobile applications using PIC Microcontroller PIC18f452.

source of post is http://www.techdesign.be/projects.htm

Stereo FM band receiver with RDS decoding for mobile applications.
Continuous full RDS data output through RS232: RDS PS, PI, TA/TP/TMC, CT, TMC.
Full Radio Text supported: 2x64 characters.
Raw TMC data output.

Low power operation with two AA (HR6) 1V2 Ni-Mh batteries or power supply.
Power input range is +2.4V ... +3.0V, 50..60mA without OLED and 80..90mA with OLED.
Runs on a PIC18F46K20 at 16 MhZ.
Full user control (volume, tune, save preset) with a 5-way micro joystick.
Module works as stand-alone without OLED as well.
Optional OLED Module 1 with RGB OLED 96x64 pixels shows PS (station name), frequency, TA/TP/TMC, PI, mono/stereo, RT (2 alternating lines of radio text)
Serial interface controlso the player may be used as a playback module.
Analog line stereo output.
Antenna connection, suggest use of a 30cm -> 2m wire.

now available .Assembled and fully tested KIT1

Project source code can be purchased separately.

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Microcontroller Basic Elements Central Processing Unit Serial communication Input-output unit

2011-07-02T09:44:00.000-07:00

1. Introduction Of Microcontroller

The use of microcontroller in industrial and control design has become very common over past the decade. Due to that reason, many appliances become smaller from previous design and easy to use. The sophistication of current technology has made microcontroller possible to store hundreds of thousands of transistors inside it. That was a prerequisite for production of microprocessors, and the first computers were made by adding external peripherals such as memory, input-output lines, timers and other. Further increasing of the volume of the package resulted in creation of integrated circuits. These integrated circuits contained both processor and peripherals. That is how the first chip containing a microcomputer, or what would later be known as a microcontroller came about.

A microcontroller is a computer control system on a single chip. It has many electronic circuits built into it, which can decode written instructions and convert them to electrical signals. The microcontroller will then step through these instructions and execute them one by one. As an example a microcontroller could be instructed to measure the temperature of a room and turn on a heater if it goes cold. Microcontrollers are now changing electronics design. Instead of hard wiring a number of logic gates together to perform some function and now use instructions to wire the gates electronically. The list of these instructions given to the microcontroller is called a program. Each microcontroller has a number of I/O pins. These pins can be configured to be either used for inputs or outputs. They are specially designed for external devices to be quickly and easily connected with the minimum of hardware. For instance, an LED may be connected directly to an output. Microcontrollers are designed to be part of applications that do not need human intervention, they are therefore reliable. Nowadays there are many microcontroller manufacturers in the market like AMCC (Applied Micro Circuit Corporation), Atmel, Cypress MicroSystems, Freescale Semiconductor, Fujitsu, Holtek, Intel, Microchip, National Semiconductor, NEC, Philips semiconductors, Renesas Tech. Corp, STM Microelectronics, Texas Instruments, Toshiba, Western Design Center, Ubicom, Xilinx, Zilog and Motorola.

2. Microcontroller Basic Elements

Microcontroller in design does not need to use more external component to do particular task. This is because microcontroller has several built-in basic elements that can replace the external component task.

2.1 Memory unit

Memory is part of the microcontroller that functions to store data. It is shown in the figure below. The easiest way to explain it is to describe it as one big closet with lots of drawers. The drawer has been marked to avoid confused and will be easily accessible. It is enough to know the designation of the drawer and its contents will be known.

For a certain input, the contents of a certain addressed memory location can be getting. Two new concepts are brought: addressing and memory location. Memory consists of all memory locations, and selecting one of the memory. Reading from a memory location, memory must also provide for writing onto it. This is done by supplying an additional line called control line. This line will designate as R/W (read/write). Control line is used in the following way: if r/w=1, reading is done, and if opposite is true then writing is done on the memory location. Memory is the first element, and need a few operations for the microcontroller.

2.2 Central Processing Unit

Three more memory locations are added to a specific block that will have a built in capability to multiply, divide, subtract, and move its contents from one memory location onto another as shown in the figure below. The parts that are added in are called "central processing unit" (CPU). Its memory locations are called registers.

Registers are therefore memory locations where the role is to help with performing various mathematical operations or any other operations with data wherever data can be found at the current situation. Two independent entities (memory and CPU) which are interconnected, and thus any exchange of data is hindered, as well as its functionality. If, for example, the contents of two memory locations are added and the results are return back again to memory, and need a connection between memory and CPU. Simply stated, that must have some "way" through data goes from one block to another.

2.3 Bus

When working with it, the port acts like a memory location. Something is simply being written into or read from it, and it could be noticed on the pins of the microcontroller. The figure above shows the input/output unit of microcontroller.

2.5 Serial communication

Beside the above matter, the possibilities of communication with an outside world were added to the already existing unit. However, this way of communicating has its drawbacks. One of the basic drawbacks is the number of lines which need to be used in order to transfer data. What if it is being transferred to a distance of several kilometers? The number of lines times number of kilometers doesn't promise the economy of the project. The number of lines must be reduced in such a way that its functionality would not. Suppose if three lines were involved, and that one line is used for sending data, other for receiving, and the third one is used as a reference line for both the input and the output side. In order for this to work, the rules of exchange of data need to be set. These rules are called protocol. Protocol is therefore defined in advance so there wouldn't be any misunderstanding between the sides that are communicating with each other. The following protocol is considered. The logical unit "1" is set up on the transmitting line until transfer begins. Once the transfer starts, lower the transmission line to logical "0" for a period of time (which will designate as T), so the receiving side will know that it is receiving data, and so it will activate its mechanism for reception. Now go back to the transmission side and start putting logic zeros and ones onto the transmitter line in the order from a bit of the lowest value to a bit of the highest value. Let each bit stay on line for a time period which is equal to T, and in the end, or after the 8th bit, let us bring the logical unit "1" back on the line which will mark the end of the transmission of one data. The protocol above is called in professional literature NRZ (Non-Return to Zero).

It is possible to receive and send data at the same time separate lines for receiving and sending were used. So called full-duplex mode block which enables this way of communication is called a serial communication block. Unlike the parallel transmission, data moves here bit by bit, or in a series of bits what defines the term serial communication comes from. After the reception of data it must be read from the receiving location and stored in memory as opposed to sending where the process is reversed. Data goes from memory through the bus to the sending location, and then to the receiving unit according to the protocol. The figure above shows the serial unit of microcontroller.

2.6 Timer unit

After the serial communication was explained, the data can be received, sent and processed.

However, in order to utilize it in industry a few additionally blocks were needed. One of those is the timer block which is significant because it can give information about time, duration, protocol etc. The basic unit of the timer is a free-run counter as shown in the figure above which is in fact a register whose numeric value increments by one in even intervals, so that by taking its value during periods T1(start time) and T2 (end time) and on the basis of their difference the time elapsed can be determined. This is a very important part of the microcontroller which requires constant understanding.

2.7 Watchdog

One more thing that needs attention is a flawless functioning of the microcontroller during its run-time. Suppose that as a result of some interference (which often does occur in industry) the microcontroller will stop executing the program, or worse, it starts working incorrectly.

Of course, when this happens with a computer, simply it can be reset and it will keep working. However, there is no reset button on the microcontroller and thus solve the problem. To overcome this obstacle, one more block was introduced called watchdog as shown in the figure above. This block is in fact another free-run counter where the program needs to write a zero for every time it executes correctly. In case that program gets "stuck", zero will not be written in, and counter will reset the microcontroller upon achieving its maximum value alone. This will result in executing the program again, and correctly this time around. That is an important element of every program to be reliable without man's supervision.

2.8 Analog to Digital Converter

As the peripheral signals usually are substantially different from the ones that microcontroller can understand (zero and one), they have to be converted into a pattern which can be comprehended by a microcontroller. This task is performed by a block for analog to digital conversion or by an ADC as shown in the figure below. This block is responsible for converting an information about some analog value to a binary number and for follow it through to a CPU block so that CPU block can further process it.

Finally, the microcontroller is now completed and needs to be assembled into an electronic component where it will access inner blocks through the outside pins. The figure below shows what a microcontroller looks like inside.

Thin lines which lead from the center towards the sides of the microcontroller represent wires connecting inner blocks with the pins on the housing of the microcontroller so called bonding lines. Chart on the following picture represents the center section of a microcontroller.

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That "way" is called "bus". Physically, it represents a group of 8, 16, or more wires there are two types of buses: address and data bus. The first one consists of as many lines as the amount of memory to address and the other one is as wide as data, and in this case are 8 bits or the connection line. First one serves to transmit address from CPU memory, and the second to connect all blocks inside the microcontroller as shown in the figure below.

As far as functionality, the situation has improved, but a new problem has also appeared: there are units that's capable of working by itself, but which does not have any contact with the outside world. In order to remove this deficiency, a block are added which contains several memory locations whose one end is connected to the data bus, and the other has connection with the output lines on the microcontroller which can be seen as pins on the electronic component.

2.4 Input-output unit

Those locations added are called "ports". There are several types of ports: input, output or bidirectional ports. When working with ports, first of all it is necessary to choose which port that need to work with, and then to send data to, or take it from the port.

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Data Acquisition System using PIC Microcontroller

2011-06-13T08:33:00.000-07:00

Data Acquisition System using PIC Microcontroller:-
A data acquisition system is developed and presented here for students to make some idea for their final project for the microcontroller. The Data Acquisition system is developed to monitor power supplies and development tool for the design of a 200 W switch-mode power supply.At the heart of any data acquisition system lies the data acquisition hardware. The main function of this hardware is to convert analog signals to digital signals, and to convert digital signals to analog signals.
A PIC microcontroller from Microchip is the heart of the data collection system. Internal analog to digital converters acquired data from an analog interface. The analog subsystem gathered data from temperature, voltage, and current sensors. Data is recorded through HyperTerminal in Windows.

In the Data Acquisition System using PIC Microcontroller project the main part is to measure the three basic quantities: voltage, temperature, and current. These three physical quantities can provide enough information to allow for debugging of almost any electrical circuit. The data acquisition system measures one channel of voltage from 0 to 20 volts, one channel of current from –50 to +50 amps, and two channels of temperature (one ambient and one load).
The Microchip PIC controller; PICs are self-contained microcontrollers often including clock, I/O, and a host of peripherals on-chip. The great advantage seen by adopting the PIC was a chip with onboard analog to digital converters was available in a small 14-pin DIP package. In addition a serial port, and multiple timer/counters were available. A low-cost development kit is available from Microchip to try out any of the 14-pin series of micrcontrollers. Additionally, for the intended application a low-power small form factor device was a plus. Essentially all the PIC needs to create the system is the analog interface and a voltage regulator. At minimum 4 ADC channels, a UART, and one counter timer were needed. The first device found to meet these specifications was the PIC16F688. The ‘688 contains 8 channels of 10-bit AD converters, an enhanced UART, two timer counters, analog input comparison modules, an internal 32kHz to 8MHz clock, and flash program memory. Sensors and actuators can both be transducers. A transducer is a device that converts input energy of one form into output energy of another form. For example, a microphone is a sensor that converts sound energy (in the form of pressure) into electrical energy, while a loudspeaker is an actuator that converts electrical energy into sound energy.
INTRODUCTION of Data Acquisition System using PIC Microcontroller
The Data acquisition and control using microcontroller and Fundamental principles of data acquisition are important components to understand for control systems. Some DAQ system are Typical PC based applications and
ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS which involves Sensors, transducers and temperature.Transducers have important features such as Strain gauges,The difference between single ended, differential systems, Grounding and isolation techniques to reduce noise and Cable shielding and grounding
SIGNAL CONDITIONING. For this The different types of signal conditioners and Signal conditioning functions and signal filtering are applied in Isolation and overvoltage protection mode.THE PC FOR REAL TIME WORK involves the The different data transfer methods and Streaming of data to hard disk.
Microchip provides an integrated development environment (IDE) called MPLAB for coding, compiling, setting up, and controlling programmers for the PIC series of microcontrollers. Included in the IDE is a debugger and compiler. The debugger worked well until additional peripherals were initialized and used which then caused the debugger to crash the IDE. Thus, all further testing needed to be conducted on actual hardware. A simple USB powered programmer interfaced to the IDE and reprogrammed the flash program memory in PIC controllers. Eight general purpose digital I/O lines are also provided which allow the board to control external digital circuitry or monitor the state of external devices such as switches or buttons.

Data acquisition software allows you to exchange information between the computer and the hardware. For example, typical software allows you to configure the sampling rate of your board, and acquire a predefined amount of data.
The high integration of the PIC controller leads to a very simple hardware solution. On the digital side the PIC controller is connected to a MAX232, RS-232 to logic-level converter. A 5 V power supply and some supply decoupling capacitors round out the digital section of the hardware. Figure shows the implementation of the digital board that was constructed on the PICKit-1 development board. These drivers allow the programmer to perform all the necessary tasks such as initializing, configuring, and sending and receiving data from the board.

Highly integrated sensors reduced the difficulty of implementing an analog interface board. The LM35 temperature sensor features a conditioned output with a 10mV/C output slope. It was decided to use the LM35’s output directly, without amplification, with slightly reduced resolution. A hall-effect current sensor the

made by Allegro was chosen as an easy integrated solution for current sensing.

The current sensor is capable of resolving –50 to +50 A and outputs a 0 to 5 V signal corresponding to the current through the device. In the original application it was expected to see load currents up to 30 A. However, when demonstrating the device it was not possible to find power supplies capable of supplying more than 2.5A, thus the captured waveforms appear very noisy due to the small currents measured. Figure shows the schematic of the analog board. Two LM35 temperature sensors are attached via twisted cable, enabling them to be clamped onto heatsinks to measure power supply temperatures. A set of binding posts is provided for voltage measurement and current measurement input. The 9 pin serial port hangs off the left side of the development board .Unregulated (9 to 37 VDC) DC input is supplied via two wires exiting the back of the board.The analog digital converters provide a numeric (binary) representation of the analog signal
applied at their input. Two of the most important characteristics of an analog digital converter are the resolution and the conversion rate. The conversion rate (sometimes defined by its inverse, the conversion time) expresses how fast the conversion is.The output voltage, current, ambient temperature, and temperature of the load resistor were all monitored via the data acquisition system. This data acquisition system, while functional, could be improved. Primarily, the improvements are centered on the lack of resolution of the ADC in the PIC controller and the need for better PC interface software. Other microcontrollers such as the MSC series from Texas Instruments have on-board ADC converters with up to 24 bits of resolution. These microcontrollers also feature programmable gain amplifiers, which effectively increase the dynamic range of the ADC and thus further increase resolution.
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Security System Using PIC16f877 with vehicles access control

2011-06-07T12:34:00.000-07:00

This is degree project in which Security system of an organization is formed. Security is an essential issue for a country and as well as offices. It is the level of protection against danger, loss and criminals. In order to get the first degree of protection, people are getting security system installed within their premises in order to prevent or stop incidents to happen.The project is developed using microcontroller PIC16f877. The Vehicle access is controlled through a process of identification and restriced entry is allowed to certain vehicles which fulfil the required arrangements. Other Vehicles will be not alloed to enter the premises of that organization. The heart of the security system is microcontroller.
The systems allows controlling the access of vehicles to an institution. The system allows only the registered objects to access automatically and stores their access time in a database, unregistered objects must meet the security officer to access.. In this system, the microcontroller does main process. That microcontroller controls the peripheral devices.
In this project a database is also developed in which all known vehicles are registered and their information is stored. The new vehicles go through the registration process before entering.This security system is created using microcontroller technology as the brain of the system where sensors are connected to the system.
the Security system contains two parts:
The part-1 is the base where sensors are applied, connected to the gate and the database.
The part-2: A certain piece of hardware is placed in each vehicle, saves and transmits the ID number of the vehicle to the base station.
Actually these two parts are necessary to get the desired results from the security system using microcontroller and database.
When the vehicle approaches to the gate, an IR sensor informs the base station which requests the ID, that request is done by sending a random key to the (vehicle) using IR transmitter.
The ID saver (the vehicle) receives the key and generates a cipher containing the ID number encrypted by that key, then sends the cipher by RF transmitter.The device consists of GSM modem, microcontroller, sensors, relays, memory and display. For Infrared emitting diode circuit, a load resistor is requiring to limit the amount of forward current (If) flowing through the diode. Driving the emitter with higher forward current to obtain larger reflected signal strength may cause the diode to burn out due to over current.
The base decrypts the message, gets the ID and then sends it to a software which looks in the database, if the ID is allowed to access, it sends a message to the base asking to open the gate. If the ID is not allowed, it send an SMS to the security officer asking him to check the gate.
Unregistered vehicles might not have the ID saver, so it will not reply respond to the ID request, so the base will not receive a cipher. The base waits 2 seconds after the ID request is done, if no cipher received, it sends a dummy (unused) ID to the computer, and the computer will send a SMS to the security officer.

Encryption: the ID is encrypted using a random key, so in the next access the cipher will be changed. saving the cipher and transmitting it will not give you an access.

Intelligent Car Security System Using Dynamic Generation of Random Security codes.
System components of security system using microcontroller and database management system:
There are two main components which are the Base station and the ID saver and off course the computer.
The Base station contains the following components:
• IR transmitting circuit.
• 2 IR sensors circuits (transmitters and receivers).
• RF receiver.
• Serial data connection with the computer.
• PIC16F877 basic station circuit.

The ID saver’s components:
• IR receiving circuit.
• RF transmitter.
• PIC16F877 circuit.

The computer side:
• A software that has access to a Database containing two tables:
1- Saves the allowed ID numbers to access, and the owner name and all relevant information about that particular vehicle.
2- The software saves info about all the accesses done (in and out)
• A mobile phone connected to the computer using IR connection (or serial).
• Serial connection with the Base.
GSM is one of the latest mobile technologies using smart MODEM, which can easily interfaced to embedded microcontrollers. Now everything is going to be automated using this technology, using this technology we can access the devices remotely. Using GSM and GPS now we can identify the people, vehicles etc in any where of the world.
MODEM is communicating with the microcontroller using AT commands, for example if we want to send an SMS to number 98xxxxxxxxx,the commands we have to send is AT+CMGS=”<98xxxxxxxxxx>”, , , .

This software handles the serial communication with the Base, checks whether the ID is allowed to access or not, and send result to the Base.
It also handles the SMS messaging using AT commands.

PIC16F877 and its peripheral devices mainly construct circuit. 16F877 is an 8-bit CMOS Flash microcontroller. This microcontroller is more advanced than most used PIC16F84 microcontroller. It has flash memory and can erase and program many times easily (for that reason this is a good development tool). It has 33 I/O ports and 10 of them can configure as A/D converters. More properties are going to be describing in my project. In my project, I’m going to be use two interrupt sources, 24 of 33 I/O ports (PIC16F84 has only 13 I/O ports), 4MHz external clock frequency and my own software.

Tags:-
Ce projet de diplôme est dans laquelle le système de sécurité d'une organisation est formé. La sécurité est un enjeu essentiel pour un pays et ainsi que des bureaux. Il est le niveau de protection contre les dangers, les pertes et les criminels. Afin d'obtenir le premier degré de protection, les gens sont système de sécurité installé dans leurs locaux, afin de prévenir ou faire cesser les incidents à des projets happen.The est développé en utilisant un microcontrôleur PIC16F877. L'accès des véhicules est contrôlé par un processus d'identification et de l'entrée restriced est autorisé à certains véhicules qui remplissent les arrangements nécessaires. Autres véhicules ne seront pas alloed à pénétrer dans les locaux de cette organisation. Le cœur du système de sécurité est un microcontrôleur.
これは、組織のセキュリティシステムが形成される程度のプロジェクトです。セキュリティは、本質的な国の問題と同様にオフィスがあります。それは危険、損失および犯罪者に対する保護のレベルです。保護の最初の学位を得るために、人々はhappen.Theプロジェクトに事故を防止または停止するために、セキュリティシステムは、その敷地内にインストール得ている、マイクロコントローラPIC16F877を使用して開発されています。車両のアクセスが必要な取り決めを満たす特定の車両に許可されている識別とrestricedエントリのプロセスを介して制御されます。その他の車両は、その組織の敷地を入力するalloedされるものではない。セキュリティシステムの心臓部はマイクロコントローラです
这是程度的项目中，安全系统是一个组织形成。安全是一个国家重要的问题，以及办事处。这是打击的危险，损失和罪犯的保护水平。为了得到保护的程度，人们越来越安全系统，楼宇内安装，以防止或制止事件happen.The项目开发，利用微控制器PIC16F877。该车辆的控制，通过识别和restriced进入过程中，允许符合规定的安排某些车辆。其他车辆将不alloed进入该组织的楼宇。安全系统的核心是微控制器。
Это дипломный проект, в котором безопасность системы организации формируется. Безопасность является важным вопросом для страны и, а также офисы. Это уровень защиты от опасности, потери и преступников. Для того чтобы получить первую степень защиты, люди получают системы безопасности установлены в пределах своей территории, чтобы предотвратить или остановить инцидентов проекта happen.The разработан с использованием микроконтроллера PIC16F877.Автомобиль доступ контролируется с помощью процесса идентификации и restriced вход открыт для определенных транспортных средств, которые выполняют необходимые меры. Другой транспорт будет не alloed входить в помещения этой организации.Сердце системы безопасности является микроконтроллер.

pic microcontroller projects pic data logger circuit build project components of c program how to interface lcd with pic18f452 in mikroc jdm programmer pcb pic microcontroller usart pic16 instruction set rs232 bit timing diagram +sd card controller ic 12f675 long sleep precision

Microcontroller Projects

2011-05-22T04:05:00.000-07:00

Below is a list of Topics which can be selected for final year degree project for the students of Master of Information Technology, Master of Computer science, Bachelor of computer science, Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical,Bachelor of Engineering in computer science, Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics, Bachelor of Engineering in mekatronics, Bachelor of Engineering in system engineering.
The final year degree projects are listed as under:
Construction of microcontroller based Touchscreen Mobile Phone with Password protected features.

Android Smart Phone based Home Automation.
Touch Screen GLCD based Digital Devices Control System

MEMS Accelerometer based tilt operated Graphical LCD and memory stick based textbook reading system.

Evaluation of the tongue drive system by individuals with high-level spinal cord injury (IEEE 2009).

GSM Based Automatic Energy Meter Reading System

Microcontroller based GPS Data Logger into MMC/SD Card.

Triac and optically isolated diac based electrical oven temperature monitoring and controlling system with zero-crossing detector.

Voice Operated Guidance Systems for Vision Impaired People. (Speech Recognition, Voice Guidance, Ultrasonic Obstacle sensor and GPS Receiver).

GSM based Irrigation Water Pump Controller for Illiterates. (No Mobile phone operation knowledge required)

Smartphone blutooth controlled Robot.

Implementation of location based advertisement system using GPS and Graphical LCD.

Innovative keyboard construction with only one input pin.

RFID and GSM based intelligent letterbox (mailbox).

Wireless energy meter monitoring system with automatic tariff calculation on handheld.

Image based password authentication for Illiterates with Touchscreen.

Google Android operated Smart Home.

Speaking microcontroller for deaf and dumb.

Wireless GoogleEarth control system at Railway/Bus Stations for tourist’s route map guidance.

Virtual wireless dancing bells for classical dancers.

Touchscreen based temperature monitoring and control system with graphical LCD.

Location driven car music player. (Plays devotional songs near temples, shuts at home etc.)

GPS based asset/vehicle/animal/child tracking system.

Microcontroller and Touchscreen based wireless library book catalog system.

Touchscreen based Nurse/attendant calling system for physically impaired.

Graphical LCD and Memory stick (MMC/SD card) based textbook reading system.

Mobile phone controlled four-legged walking robot with speed and direction control.

GPS based universal clock. Gets the time from satellites and displays on GLCD.

Microcontroller based online examination system with dynamic questions.

Digital vehicle speedometer with password enabled speed limit setting.

GPS based vehicle travel location-logging system. This System stores the traveler’s geographical location and speed at an interval of one second and is stored in to 1GB MMC/SD memory card.

SMS based remote SIM card’s address book access system.

Microcontroller based digital clock with Graphical LCD and Sanskrit font (or Any regional font) Numbers.

Microcontroller based virtual boundary/fencing for Wild Animals.

GSM based instantaneous vehicle registration details extraction system very useful for Traffic police.

Wireless Heartbeat Monitoring and Alert system.

RFID/Mifare/Smart Card based security access control systems.

GPS and GSM based real-time vehicle tracking on GoogleEarth (with two GSM Modems)

Implementation of wireless sensors network for Wild Fire monitoring system.

Real-time Heartbeat Monitoring system with display on Graphical LCD and Voice based alerting system.

Touchscreen operated liquid dispensing system.

Infrared (IR) remote controlled Muscle Stimulator with duration and intensity control.

GPS based border alert system for fishermen.

MEMS Accelerometer based digital photo frame with automatic position/view adjustment system (similar to digital cameras).

Construction of Touchscreen based portable Digital Clock.

GPS and Graphical display based tourist-guiding system with Touchscreen keyboard input for dynamic location recording. This can be used any where in the world including Sea and Forest locations.

Microcontroller and RF transceiver based chatting application with Touchscreen keyboard implementation.

Travel assistant for blind with dynamic user input for location based alerts.

Telugu Tutor with dynamic text and Images identification for elementary school kids.

Micro Electro Mechanical Sensor (MEMS) Accelerometer/Gyroscope based self-balancing robot.

Military persons training system that monitors the speed at which they move and records the calculated traveled distance with the time.

GPS based office cab monitoring system very useful for the safety of female employees. This system records the travel path and location with timings. Also records the destination of each employee home.

GPS based station name announcement and display system for Trains/buses.

Microcontroller and voice based alerting system for blind people with GPS enabled location identification.

GPS based navigator with location display on Graphical LCD. This provides user to have the location information displayed in any language.

Advanced GPS based navigator for illiterates.

Live Human being detection wireless remote controlled Robot. (Useful for detection of terrorists hiding inside buildings)

Radio Frequency based remote controlled robot with wireless video camera mounted on it.

Autonomous Robot with artificial vision for obstacle detection.

Accelerometer (Gyroscope) Controlled Robot. Accelerometer is mems based 3-axis sensor that can sense the tilt in of the 3-diamentions. The robot moment is controlled based on the tilt angle of the robot. No need to press any buttons for robot control.

Mobile technology (GSM) based remote monitoring and control of digital Energy meter. Useful for Electricity Department personal for remote meter reading. Also useful to disconnect the power supply to consumer incase of non-payment of electric bill. This is also used to exchange messages like power cut timings with the consumers.

Microcontroller and GPS based geographical map drawing instrument. Very useful for Civil engineers.

Touchscreen controlled motor speed and direction controlling system.

GSM based digital Notice board with display on Monitor or LCD display.

PIR based energy conservation system for corporate Computers and lighting system.

Remote control of critical software applications with mobile phone.

Microcontroller based dual Lithium-ion battery charger with automated charge and discharge cycles.

Virtual distance measuring tape with Graphical LCD. Very useful for roads and buildings department. One man operable and works on anywhere on earth.

Radio Frequency wireless remote controlled digital camera with high power LED based focusing light. The camera direction can be controlled remotely and the video images can be seen live on TV.

Wireless Speedo meter for boat/ship with speed and location limit alerts.

GPS based travel assistant for blind people.

Touch Screen based digital devices control system. This project is to build a Graphical LCD Touch Screen interface for switching electrical devices. The controlled devices can be of high voltage or low voltage.

GSM Mobile phone controlled intelligent Robot.

Automatic Intelligent Plant Watering System.

DC Motor Speed and direction control over GSM Mobile/Modem.

Mobile phone controlled Street Light monitoring and control system.

UPS battery monitoring system over GSM for high availability systems (banking/finance/medical etc).

Touchscreen controlled lamp dimmer for next generation apartments.

Soil Moisture sensor based intelligent irrigation water pump controlling system with GSM technology.

DTMF mobile phone controlled dam water gates controlling system with high-level protection.

DC Motor Speed and direction control using RF/IR/Zigbee technologies.

Hazardous chemical valve control system with stepper motor and line of site remote control.

Contact less Motor speed monitoring on Graphical display with high and low speed alerts.

Liquid dispensing system with adjustable quantity for industrial use.

Password enabled pre-paid liquid/milk dispensing system.

Wireless Energy Meter monitoring system with automatic tariff calculation.

Data logger for energy meter with time and KWH readings. Very useful for historical data logging and analysis.

High voltage fuse blown indicator with Voice based announcement system.

Voice enabled devices switching for visually impaired.

RF transceiver (Zigbee/X-Bee) based energy meter monitoring system. (Energy Meter reading on PC over wireless comm.)

GSM based SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) implementation.

SCADA system design and construction for real-time electrical parameter monitoring and control.

Timer based Electrical Oven temperature monitoring and control for Metal Industries.

Timer based automatic power cutoff for industrial sealing/packaging machines.
Source:http://www.mycollegeproject.com/
PIC 16F877, 18F452 and 18F4550,PIC16F877, PIC18F452,PIC18F4550,16f876,16f84,microcontroller projects,lm35,lm34,lm335,temperature sensor,MikroC Projects

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Detection of Anger through BPM Beats Per Minuets (Heart rate) with MicroController

2011-03-02T04:14:00.000-08:00

Title of the Project:
MicroController PIC16f877 based Anger Detection and Display of Beats per Minuets:-
Detection of Anger through BPM Beats Per Minuetus(Heart rate) with MicroController PIC16F877

This project is about how to develop heart rate monitor using microcontroller PIC16f877. The Beats per minut will be used to check about the level of anger. The same project can also be extended to develop a digital blood pressure monitor but in its first phase it will serve only for the detection of beats of heart and calculate the BPM.
The status of anger can produce bad effect towards heart rate, blood pressure, levels of adrenaline and noradrenalin and other physical effects. Or we can say that heart rate is normally high in the state of anger. This project is design to detect the anger of a person through detection of heart rate or beats per minutes or blood pressure of the patient. The microcontroller PIC 16f877 is used to monitor the blood pressure of the person. This Project is done at the request of a student,who was doing the project of anger detection by various method. This post is actually written to help the student to complete the thesis.
The project of heart rate meter is divided into two parts.
1. Analog section:
The analog section of heart rate meter is consisting of some operational amplifiers and analog components. The sensor or transducer to sense the heart rate is interfaced to this section. A pair of LED and LDR is used as transducer. The signal from the sensor is feed to operational amplifier stage where it is amplified and comparator produces the digital signal of the corresponding analog signal. these digital signal is then feed to microcontroller.
2. Digital part:
In the digital section heart rate meter is the microcontroller the TTL pulses are processed and resulted heart rate is displayed on the LCD screen.

The code for the heart rate meter is written in Hitech c language as is given below.
The first stage is detection, then detected pulses are converted into beats BPM and then BPM is displayed on LCD all these computatin is done inside in microcontroller PIC16f877. The complete code for beats per minut is described here.
#include // plz include pic . h file here this file is available in hitech
#ifndef _XTAL_FREQ
// Unless specified elsewhere, 4MHz system frequency is assumed
#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000
#endif
#define rs RD7
#define e RD6
#define lcd_data PORTB
#define buzzer RC1
void beep (void);
void delayms(unsigned int itime);
void blink(void);
void send_config(unsigned char data);
void pulse(void);
void send_char(unsigned char data);
void lcd_goto(unsigned char data);
void lcd_clr(void);
void send_string(const char *s);
void init_lcd(void);
void dis_num(unsigned int data,unsigned char digit);
unsigned int read_an(unsigned char channel);
void prog1(void);
void display(unsigned char c);
unsigned long no=0;
void main (void)
{
TRISA5=0;
TRISC=0;
TRISB=0;
TRISD0=1;
TRISD1=0;
TRISD7=0;
TRISD6=0;
TRISD3=0;
init_lcd();
while(1)
{
prog1();
}

}
void prog1(void)
{
unsigned int temp1=0,temp2=0;
unsigned char i;
unsigned int hb=1;
while(RD0);
while(!RD0){
hb++;
__delay_ms(1);
}
hb=30000/hb;
lcd_goto(2);
send_string("H.B.R: bpm");
lcd_goto(8);
dis_num(hb,3);
if(hb>87&&RD3==1) //if value of Heart Beat >87 and sound > 85dB
{
beep();
lcd_goto(16);
send_string(" Stay Calm!! ");
RD3=0;
}
else if(hb>87)
{
lcd_goto(16);
send_string(" Stay Calm!! ");
}
else
{
buzzer=0;
lcd_goto(16);
send_string(" Normal :) ");
}

}
void delayms(unsigned int itime)
{
for(;itime>0;itime--)
{__delay_ms(1);}
}

void send_config(unsigned char data) //send lcd configuration
{
rs=0; //set lcd to configuration mode
lcd_data=data&0xf0; //lcd data port = data
pulse();
lcd_data=(data<<4)&0xf0; pulse(); }
void pulse(void) {
e=1; //pulse e to confirm the data
delayms(1); e=0; delayms(1); }
void lcd_goto(unsigned char data) //set the location of the lcd cursor
{
//if the given value is (0-15) the //cursor will be at the upper line
//if the given value is (20-35) the send_config
//cursor will be at the lower line
//location of the lcd cursor(2X16):
}
void lcd_clr(void) //clear the lcd
{ send_config(0x01); delayms(2); }

void send_string(const char *s)
//send a string to display in the lcd
{ rs = 1; while (*s)send_char (*s++); }
void send_char(unsigned char data) //send lcd character
{ rs =1; __delay_us(40); //set lcd to display mode
lcd_data=data&0xf0; //lcd data port = data
pulse(); lcd_data=(data<<4)&0xf0; pulse();
}
void init_lcd(void) {
rs=0;e=0; //command mode
delayms(10); //delay 10ms
lcd_data=0x30; //load initial nibble
pulse(); //Latch initial code
delayms(5); //delay 5ms
pulse(); //Latch initial code
delayms(1); //delay 1ms
pulse(); //Latch initial code
lcd_data=0x20; pulse(); //Latch initial code //configure
lcd send_config(0x28); //Set 4-bit mode, 2 lines
send_config(0xF); //Switch off display
send_config(0x01); //Clear Display
send_config(0x06); //Enable cursor auto increase //
send_config(0x80); //Zero display address
void dis_num(unsigned int data,unsigned char digit) {
if(digit>3)
send_char('0'+(data/1000)%10);
if(digit>2)
send_char('0'+(data/100)%10);
if(digit>1)
send_char('0'+(data/10)%10);
if(digit>0)
send_char('0'+(data/1)%10);
}

void beep(void) // beep generator
{
buzzer=1;
delayms(300);
buzzer=0;
delayms(200);
buzzer=1;
delayms(300);
buzzer=0;
delayms(200);
buzzer=1;
delayms(300);
buzzer=0;
delayms(200);
buzzer=1;
delayms(300);
buzzer=0;
delayms(200);
buzzer=1;
delayms(300);
buzzer=0;
delayms(200);
}

Состояние гнева может произвести плохое влияние на частоту сердечных сокращений, артериальное давление, уровень адреналина и норадреналина и других физических эффектов. Или же мы можем сказать, что частота сердечных сокращений, как правило, высоко в состоянии гнева. Этот проект дизайна для обнаружения гнев человека через выявление частоты сердечных сокращений или ударов в минут или кровяное давление пациента.Микроконтроллеров PIC 16F877 используется для мониторинга кровяного давления человека. Этот проект осуществляется по просьбе студента, который делал проект гнева обнаружения различных метода. Эта должность является на самом деле написана, чтобы помочь студенту для завершения диссертации.

Statusen av ilska kan ge dålig effekt mot hjärtfrekvens, blodtryck, nivåer av adrenalin och noradrenalin och andra fysiska effekter. Eller kan vi säga att hjärtfrekvensen är normalt hög i det statligt av ilska. Detta projekt är design för att upptäcka vrede en person genom detektering av puls eller slag per minut eller blodtryck på patienten. Mikrokontroller PIC 16f877 används för att övervaka blodtrycket hos en person. Detta projekt är gjort på begäran av en student, som gjorde projektet av ilska detektion av olika metod. Detta inlägg är faktiskt skriven för att hjälpa studenten att slutföra avhandlingen.

怒りの状態では心拍数、血圧、アドレナリンのレベルとノルアドレナリンおよび他の物理的な効果に向けて悪影響を生成することができます。または我々は、心拍数が怒りの状態では通常高いと言うことができる。このプロジェクトは、心拍数や議事録や患者の血圧の拍検出を通じて、人の怒りを検出するための設計です。マイコンPIC16F877は、人の血圧を監視するために使用されます。このプロジェクトは、様々な方法で怒りの検出のプロジェクトをやっていた学生の要求で行われます。このポストは実際に論文を完了するために学生を助けるために書かれています。

愤怒的状态，可以对心率，血压，肾上腺素水平和去甲肾上腺素和其他物理效应产生不好的影响。或者我们可以说，心率通常是在愤怒的状态。这个项目的设计，检测一个人通过检测心率每分钟或病人的血压心跳的愤怒。微控制器PIC16F877是用来监视的人的血压。这个项目是做学生，谁在做各种方法的愤怒检测项目的要求。实际上是写这篇文章，以帮助学生完成毕业论文。

adc interfacing with Pic16f877

2011-02-08T07:50:00.000-08:00

I found many questions from students of Electrical and electronics studying Microcontroller in electronics labs or in course related to microcontrollers. They often asked for adc interfacing with Pic16f877. So i decided to write a page about Interfacing of analog to digital converter with PIC16f877 microcontroller.
An analog-to-digital converter (A/D) is used to convert an analog signal, such as
voltage, to digital form so a microcontroller can read and process it. Some
microcontrollers have built-in A/D converters. External A/D converter can also be connected to any type of microcontroller. A/D converters are usually 8 to 10 bits, having 256 to 1024 quantization levels. Most PIC microcontrollers with A/D features have multiplexed A/D converters which provide more than one analog input channel.
For example, the PIC18F452 microcontroller and PIC16f877 have 10-bit 8-channel A/D converters. The A/D conversion process must be started by the user program and may take several hundred microseconds to complete. A/D converters usually generate interrupts when a conversion is complete so the user program can read the converted data quickly.
A/D converters are especially useful in control and monitoring applications, since most sensors (e.g., temperature sensors, pressure sensors, force sensors, etc.) produce analog output voltages.
First of all if we have checked the data sheet of the microcontroller PIC 16f877. Then we will come to know that it have builtin Analog to digital converter. The microcontroller PIC16f877 have built in adcs. what we need is carefull configuration of the special purpose registers associated with ADC in PIC16f877. Best practice is to start using analog to digital converter from AN0 to onword. becuase if you will start from AN4 or AN5 then you will notic that there are some analog channel which have to configure them as spare channel. At first it appears that the PIC16F877 has 8 built-in ADCs, but this is not the case. The input analogue channels AN4..0 are shared with port A, and channels AN7..5 are shard with port E. If less than eight analogue channels are required then some of the pins can be assigned as digital I/O port lines using PCFG3..0 bits (see datasheet). For example, if PCFG3..0 = 0010 then AN4..0 are configured as analogue inputs, while AN7..5 are digital (port E free), with VDD used as the reference.Any how, I suggest my students, to use builtin ADC of the PIC 16f877 for any general purpose expierement. As they have good enough resolution and in the most of the assignments they have good performance. The typical resolution of the ADC built in PIC 16f1877 are 10bits, i.e you can have 5000(mV)/1024 = 4.88 mV/bit. It is fine for some cases. When you need some higher resolution then you can attach 12bit or 14, 16 bit ADC with PIC16f877 very easily. In the coming post we will learn how to interface 12-bit ADC with Microcontroller PIC16f877.There are many
analog-to-digital converter chips available on the market, and an embedded systems designer should understand the characteristics of such chips so they can be used efficiently. As far as the input and output voltage are concerned A/D converters can be classified as either unipolar and bipolar. Unipolar ADC accept unipolar input voltages in the range 0 to þ0V, and bipolar ADC accept bipolar input voltages in the
range V. Bipolar converters are frequently used in signal processing applications, where the signals by nature are bipolar. Unipolar converters are usually cheaper, and they are used in many control and instrumentation applications. The typical steps involved in reading and converting an analog signal into digital form, a process also known as signal conditioning. Signals received from sensors usually need to be processed before being fed to an ADC. The processing usually begins with scaling the signal to the correct value. Unwanted signal components are then removed by filtering the signal using classical filters (e.g., a lowpass filter). Finally, before feeding the signal to an ADC, the signal is passed through a sample-and-hold device. This is particularly important with fast real-time signals whose value may be changing between the sampling instants. A sample-andhold device ensures that the signal stays at a constant value during the actual conversion
process. Many applications required more than one ADC, which normally involves using an analog multiplexer at the input of the ADC. The multiplexer selects only one signal at any time and presents this signal to the ADC. An ADC usually has a single analog input and a digital parallel output.
The most practical method of reading Analog signal is by using an ADC built into a PICmicro® MCU. The ADC read can be carried out in the following macro:
ADCRead Macro
bsf ADCON0, GO ; Turn on the ADC
btfsc ADCON0, GO ; Wait for it to Complete
goto $ - 1
endm
Method to use Built in ADC of PIC16f877 in MicroC C language:
void main()
{
ADCON1 = 0x00 ; // set PORTA as analog input
TRISA = 0xff ; // set PORTA as inputs
while (1)
{
temp = Adc_Read(0);
}
}
mikroc code adc lcd pic 16f877
In the above example single channel ADC is used , however you can use upto eight ADC by selecting one by one. the analog voltage from PORTA channel 0. The analog voltage is supplied by a potentiometer. As you change the variable resistance the voltage that is applied to PORTA channel 0 will change. The ADC module of the PIC16F877 will convert the input voltage to an integer number between 0 and 1024. Notice that the ADC module of the PIC 16F877 is a 10-bit module, so the there are 1024 binary number to represent the input voltage range.The output of ADC module is a 10-bit binary number.
The Microcontroller PIC16F873A has 5 10-bit ADC channels,16F874A has 8 10-bit ADC channels,16F876A has 5 10-bit ADC channels,16F877A has 8 10-bit ADC channels.
reflectance sensor with PIC16F877 solar panel voltage by using PIC16F877 microcontroller. Microcontroller-based converter is chosen because it permits easy system modifications.

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Automatic Furnace Temperature Control

2011-02-05T10:13:00.000-08:00

Automatic Furnace Temperature Control:-
In this project temerature of a furnace is controlled using microcontroller PIC16f877.
The furnce is a closed chamber in which an electric heater and fan is used to maintain the critical temperature.
The temperature is measured and checked then fan or heater is turned ON if necessary.
The Project is desinged to build an automatic furnce by taking a stability in preference. The heater and fan are turned ON in a specific range instead of set point. Forexample, if the set point is 50 degree C and running temerature is 25 degree C, then heater will be ON if temerature till 49 is echived then dueto heater's interia or heat in chamber, temperature can be rised to 51C, if temperature goes up even more than this, fan will be turned ON. Then temerature starts falling, Fan will switched OFF on 52C. and heater will then ON if temperature is down to 48C. This way the temperature will be very stable.

Source code:-

unsigned int cnt ,brk,lr,hr,st,chr,clr;
char led [3],key;
unsigned int rem ;
void converter (unsigned int z);
void scanled (void);
void highrang (void);
void lowrang (void);
void setvalue (void);
void keyid (void) ;
unsigned int valueed (unsigned int a);
void cont1 (void);
void main() {
OPTION_REG = 0x80; // pull up resistors
TRISB = 0x1f; // designate portb pins as first five line as input
PORTB = 0xff; //and other as output
TRISC = 0x00; // designate portb pins as first five line as input
PORTC = 0xec; //and other as output
PORTD = 0; // clear portd (make sure LEDs are off)
TRISD = 0; // designate portb pins as output
ADCON1 = 0x80;//ADCON2 = 0x80; // Configure analog inputs and Vref
cnt = 0;
lr= 1;
hr = 1;
st = 50;
key = 0;
clr = st - lr;
chr = st + hr;
while(1)
{
if (Button( & PORTB, 0, 100, 0))
// port, pin #, time (ms), ative state (0 or 1)
{
key ++;
if (key < =4)key = 0;
}
keyid();
scanled();
}
}
void keyid (void)
{
switch (key)
{
case 0 :
cnt=ADC_Read(2);
converter(cnt*5);
cont1();
break;
case 1 :
highrang();
PORTC & = 0xef;
break;
case 2 :
lowrang();
PORTC & = 0xef;
break;
case 3 :
setvalue();
PORTC &= 0xef;
break;
}
}
void cont1 (void)
{
cnt = cnt/2;
if(cnt < clr ){PORTB = 0xbf; PORTC = 0xfd;} else { if( cnt > chr){ PORTB = 0x7f; PORTC = 0xfe; }
else {PORTB = 0xdf; PORTC = 0xfc;}
}
}
void highrang (void)
{
if(hr >10) hr = 1;
hr = valueed (hr);
converter(hr);
led[0] = 1;
led[1] = 12;
chr = st + hr;
}
void lowrang (void)
{
if(lr > 10) lr = 1;
lr = valueed (lr);
converter(lr);
led[0] = 2;
led[1] = 11;
clr = st - lr;
}
void setvalue (void)
{
if(hr > 99) st = 10;
st = valueed (st);
converter(st);
led[0] = 3;
led[1] = 10;
}
unsigned int valueed (unsigned int a)
{

if (Button(&PORTB, 1, 100, 0)) a++;
if (Button(&PORTB, 2, 100, 0)) a--;
if(a<=1)a=1; return (a); }
void converter(unsigned int z) {
led[0] = z/1000;
rem = z%1000 ;
led[1] = rem/100;
rem = rem%100 ;
led[2] = rem/10;
led[3] = rem%10; }
void scanled(void) {
unsigned char i;
for(i=0;i<4;i++) {
portd = i << 4;
portd |= led[i];
delay_ms(10); } }

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Digital Thermometer LM35 Seven segment display

2011-02-05T09:58:00.000-08:00

Digital Thermometer LM35 Seven segment display;-
In this project we will learn to develop a digital thermometer using microcontroller PIC16f877, Lm35, and seven segment display.

Source code:-
unsigned int cnt ,brk;
char led [3];
unsigned int rem ;
void converter (unsigned int z);
void scanled (void);

void main() {

OPTION_REG = 0x80; // pull up resistors
//PORTA = 0; // clear porta (make sure both displays are off)
TRISA = 255; // designate porta pins as output
PORTD = 0; // clear portb (make sure LEDs are off)
TRISD = 0; // designate portb pins as input

ADCON1 = 0x80;//ADCON2 = 0x80; // Configure analog inputs and Vref

while(1)
{
cnt=ADC_Read(2);
cnt=cnt*5;
converter(cnt);
scanled();

}

}
void converter(unsigned int z)
{
led[0] = z/1000;
rem = z%1000 ;
led[1] = rem/100;
rem = rem%100 ;
led[2] = rem/10;
led[3] = rem%10;

}
void scanled(void)
{
unsigned char i;

for(i=0;i < 4;i++) { portd = i & 4;
portd |= led[i];
delay_ms(10);
}
}

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Embedded C Programming and the Microchip PIC

2011-01-24T01:18:00.000-08:00

The Reference Book: Embedded C Programming and the Microchip PIC by Barnett, Cox and O’Cull

This book is a good guide for introducing the microcontroller technology. First chapter is dedicated to teaching basic C programming however, this book shouldn’t be considered a C programming handbook. One should always have a book like: Teach yourself C by Zhang ISBN 0-672-31861 as a C programming reference guide for beginners.

This book is designed to teach C language programming as it applies to embedded microcontrollers and to fuel knowledge in the application of the Microchip family of PIC microcontrollers. Coverage begins with a step-by-step exploration of the C language showing readers how to create C language programs to solve problems. PIC processors are then studied, from basic architecture to all of the standard peripheral devices included in the microcontrollers. Numerous worked-out example programs demonstrate common uses for each of the peripherals. Readers are subsequently introduced to the built-in functions available in C, to speed their programming and problem solving. Finally, readers are taken through use of the C Compiler, and to help custom learn to efficiently develop projects.

Included with the book is a CDROM containing samples all of the example programs from the book as well as an evaluation version of the CCS-PICC Compiler.

Author`s note 01/22/04 : In the first examples and projects in chapter 1, functions like “scanf” and “printf” are used that require prior knowledge to interface the board through RS-232 which is introduced in the late chapters of the book. It might be discouraging for the student not being able to do the first project of the book, hands-on. Although I was able to find answers to most of my questions about using the C compiler and the hardware however, I had to do a lot of skipping between chapters and Appendixes to find these answers which was time consuming. In general it is a nice and descriptive text book.
Beginner's guide to the popular PIC Microcontroller.

Get all the advantages of the Basic Stamp, at one quarterthe cost and one hundred times the speed with Microchips Company's 8-bit PIC computer-on-a-chip.

The no assembly required PIC Microcontroller Project Book, by popular TAB author John Iovine, shows you how to program the PIC using Microchip's free MPLAB compiler and the BASIC programming language.

Learn about the two most popular PIC chips, exploring architecture, registers, CPU, RISC, RAM, and ROM.

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Microcontroller programming: the microchip PIC By Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton

Book overview

From cell phones and television remote controls to automobile engines and spacecraft, microcontrollers are everywhere. Programming these prolific devices is a much more involved and integrated task than it is for general-purpose microprocessors; microcontroller programmers must be fluent in application development, systems programming, and I/O operation as well as memory management and system timing.Using the popular and pervasive mid-range 8-bit Microchip PIC® as an archetype, Microcontroller Programming offers a self-contained presentation of the multidisciplinary tools needed to design and implement modern embedded systems and microcontrollers. The authors begin with basic electronics, number systems, and data concepts followed by digital logic, arithmetic, conversions, circuits, and circuit components to build a firm background in the computer science and electronics fundamentals involved in programming microcontrollers.For the remainder of the book, they focus on PIC architecture and programming tools and work systematically through programming various functions, modules, and devices. Helpful appendices supply the full mid-range PIC instruction set as well as additional programming solutions, a guide to resistor color codes, and a concise method for building custom circuit boards.Providing just the right mix of theory and practical guidance, Microcontroller Programming: The Microchip PIC® is the ideal tool for any amateur or professional designing and implementing stand-alone systems for a wide variety of applications.

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ICD-S Debugger and Programmer

2011-01-24T00:51:00.000-08:00

The ICD-S programmer is the hardware/firmware interface to burn the .hex files to the Microchip PIC. The ICD unit works with CCS's PCW debugger or CCS's stand-alone ICD control software. CCS's PCW debugger is a very robust debugger integrated with PCW, and provides very detailed debugging information at the C level. The stand-alone control software allows you to quickly program target chips using ICD's ICSP. The control software also lets you update the ICD unit's firmware without having to remove the chip from the ICD unit. (Using these software tools requires you to have loaded the CCS-ICD firmware onto the ICD unit, which is loaded by default).

Authors note 01/22/04 : I found it odd that prllc.com does not provide a freeware program like “AVR bootloader.exe” for FlashPIC Development board as they do for Atmel AVR development board, that would enable programming the chip via serial communication connector P1 in-built to the development board. I don`t think that Development board and Compiler vendors should force the costumers to buy products like ICD-S where an option like programming via serial link exists. I have seen a program in http://sjeffroy.free.fr/Prog__PIC/BootLoader/bootloader.html which seems like it might work given the fact that bootloader file “loader.hex” pre-exists on the chip. Personally, I did not try running this program and programming the chip via RS-232.

For an ICD-S to function properly, it requires +3.3V or +5.0V of power and at least 50mA. If the ICD-S cannot draw power from the target device, the connection between pin 5 on the ICD-S and pin 2 on the target device can be cut, and the ICD-S can be powered with an external power supply. This same technique can be used to supply voltage to the target board as well as the ICD-S.

Unlike the ICD-S, the ICD-U draws its power directly from the USB port. However, the connection between pin 5 on the ICD-U and pin 2 on the target device should be left intact. One reason for this is because the ICD-U uses this connection to pull up voltage values. Another reason is because the ICD-U is capable of supplying +3.3V or +5.0V to the target board. This can be done by opening the case of the ICD-U and placing a jumper on the correct jumper pins next to the ICD connector.
In order to use in-circuit programming and debugging, the I/O pins B6 and B7 are reserved on the PIC® MCU or PIC® DSC. If debugging is not going to be used on the target device, pins B6 and B7 can be used in the target circuit. If pins B6 and B7 are used in the target circuit, ensure the circuit has high impedance during the programming process. However, some PIC® MCUs or PIC® DSCs do not use pins B6 and B7 for programming and debugging. Always check the datasheet to find the proper programming and debugging pins. The table below lists some of the PIC® MCUs that use different programming pins.
Pin B3 is an optional pin connected to the ICD-S/U that allows use of the monitor feature while debugging. If pin B3 is used in the target circuit or is not connected to the ICD-S/U, the target can still be programmed and debugged, except without use of the monitor feature. When debugging, disabling the userstream feature will ignore the connection between pin 1 on the ICD-S/U and pin 6 on the target device. Older versions of the debugger software require that if the monitor is not used, the pin connection on the ICD connector needs to be pulled high at all times. While pin B3 is recommended for the monitor feature, any pin on a PIC® MCU or PIC® DSC can support this feature.

The MCLR pin is used for both programming and debugging. While programming, the MCLR pin will have +13V supplied to it, or +5.0V while programming a PIC18J® MCU, PIC24® MCU, or dsPIC® DSC. The 47K resistor to +5.0V is sufficient isolation to protect the PIC® MCU or PIC® DSC from the +13V. However, if anything else is connected to the MCLR pin, be sure the +13V will not damage or interfere with the connected device.

The ICD-S/U is not capable of programming using the Low Voltage Programming mode. Programs being written to the target devices should have the NOLVP fuse set.

If using the ICD-S/U to debug a target device, the target device needs to have an active oscillator running. If the ICD-S/U is only being used to program a target device, the ICD-S/U generates a clock signal that is used to program the PIC® MCU or PIC® DSC without the need of a running oscillator.

Some PIC® MCUs are not capable of debugging with the standard version of the part. In order to debug, a specific ICD version of the chip will be needed. The table below lists some of the PIC® MCUs that require ICD Headers.
ICD is a complete in-circuit debugging solution for Microchip's PIC16Fxx and PIC18Fxx PIC® microcontrollers. ICD can debug all PIC16 and PIC18 targets that support debug mode for debugging. It also provides in-circuit serial programming (ICSP) support for all flash chips.)

Device PIC12F629 PIC12F675 PIC16F72 PIC16F73 PIC16F74 PIC16F76 PIC16F77 PIC16F83 PIC16F84 PIC16F84A PIC16LF84A PIC16F627 PIC16F627A PIC16F628 PIC16F628A PIC16F630 PIC16F648A PIC16F676 PIC16F818 PIC16F819 PIC16F870 PIC16F871 PIC16F872 PIC16F873 PIC16F873A PIC16F874 PIC16F874A PIC16F876 PIC16F876A PIC16F877 PIC16F877A PIC18F242 PIC18F248 PIC18F252 PIC18F258 PIC18F442 PIC18F448 PIC18F452 PIC18F458 PIC18C601 PIC18C801 PIC18F1220 PIC18F1320 PIC18F2220 PIC18F2320 PIC18F4220 PIC18F4320 PIC18F6520 PIC18F6585 PIC18F6620 PIC18F6680 PIC18F6720 PIC18F8520 PIC18F8585 PIC18F8620 PIC18F8680 PIC18F8720

CCS PIC-C compiler

2011-01-23T23:06:00.000-08:00

The CCS PCW compiler is specially designed to meet the special needs of the PICmicro MCU controllers. These tools allow developers to quickly design application software for these controllers in a highly readable, high-level language.

The compilers has some limitations when compared to a more traditional C compiler. The hardware limitations make many traditional C compilers ineffective. As an example of the limitations, the compilers will not permit pointers to constant arrays. This is due to the separate code/data segments in the PICmicro MCU hardware and the inability to treat ROM areas as data. On the other hand, the compilers have knowledge about the hardware limitations and do the work of deciding how to best implement your algorithms. The compilers can efficiently implement normal C constructs, input/output operations and bit twiddling operations.
The compiler can output 8 bit hex, 16 bit hex, and binary files. Two listing formats are available. Standard format resembles the Microchip tools and may be required by some third-party tools. The simple format is easier to read. The debug file may either be a Microchip .COD file or Advanced Transdata .MAP file.

All file formats and extensions are selected via the Options|File Formats menu option in the Windows IDE.
The usage of the copiler is explained in Section 2.0 Getting started. The reference book “Embedded C Programming and the Microchip PIC” comes with a demo version of the compiler.
Write a C source program, compile, and download the HEX code to the chip directly, connect DC adapter and debug the program until it works to the designed objective.
While it is true that C compilers may generate less efficient code from a quickly written line of C than a human working in hand coded / hand optimized assembly, in most cases, well written C compilers can come very close. In some cases, a C compiler can optimize code in a way that would be very difficult for a human, even surpassing well written human assembly when very complex constructs are involved. Byte Craft did an interesting test on one of thier C compilers^ where they verified that for every instruction in the processors instruction set, there is some C sequence that compiles into that single instruction. At least with that compiler, for every possible Assembly program there exists a C program that generates the same (if not less) code.The PCB, PCM, and PCH are separate compilers. PCB is for 12-bit opcodes, PCM is for 14-bit opcodes, and PCH is for 16-bit opcode PIC® microcontrollers. Due to many similarities, all three compilers are covered in this reference manual. Features and limitations that apply to only specific microcontrollers are indicated within. These compilers are specifically designed to meet the unique needs of the PIC® microcontroller. This allows developers to quickly design applications software in a more readable, high-level language.
When compared to a more traditional C compiler, PCB, PCM, and PCH have some limitations. As an example of the limitations, function recursion is not allowed. This is due to the fact that the PIC® has no stack to push variables onto, and also because of the way the compilers optimize the code. The compilers can efficiently implement normal C constructs, input/output operations, and bit twiddling operations. All normal C data types are supported along with pointers to constant arrays, fixed point decimal, and arrays of bits.
SAM7-EX-256 Development Board for or AT91SAM7X256 ARM7TDMI-S Microcontroller
SAM7-H256 Header development board for AT91SAM7S256 ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller
SAM7-H64 Header development board for AT91SAM7S64 ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller
SAM7-LA2 DEVELOPMENT BOARD FOR AT91SAM7EA2 ARM7TDMI-S MICROCONTROLLER
SAM7-MT-256 Development Board for AT91SAM7S256 ARM7TDMI-S Microcontroller
SAM7-P256 development board for AT91SAM7S256 ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller
SAM7-P64 Header development board for AT91SAM7S64 ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller
SAM9-L9260 Development board for AT91SAM9260 Microcontroller

Hardware
Programmers
Olimex
PIC-ICD2 PIC MICROCONTROLLER IN-CIRCUIT DEBUGGER
PIC-ICD2 POCKET PIC MICRO IN-CIRCUIT DEBUGGER & PROG
PIC-ICSP 3-WAY CONNECTOR
PIC-MCP PICSTART+ EMULATOR MPLAB COMPATIBLE PIC 8/18/28/40 PIN DEVICES PROG.
PIC-MCP-USB MPLAB COMPATIBLE PIC 8/18/28/40 PIN DEVICES PROGRAMMER
PIC-PG1 - ICSP SERIAL PORT DONGLE PROGRAMMER
PIC-PG2 - SERIAL PORT PROG. FOR 8/18/28/40 PIN PIC MICROs AND I2C EEPROMS + ICSP conn. & cable
PIC-PG3 - PARALLEL PORT PIC 8/18/28/40 PIN DEVICES PROGRAMMER
PIC-PG4 PIC16F84 /16F628 PROGRAMMER AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT BOARD

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Flash PIC-DEVelopment Board

2011-01-23T22:55:00.000-08:00

features of the development board include:
- RS232 through a 9-Pin D-Shell as well as screw terminals and a jumper header.- Up to 32K words of In-System Programmable FLASH memory with up to 256 bytes of EEPROM and up to 1.5K of Internal RAM (depending on processor selection).
- Up to 8, 10 bit, Analog Inputs, using either internal or user supplied reference.
- 9 I/O controlled LEDs, 8 of which are jumper selectable.
- 32KHz “watch” crystal for on-board Real-Time operations.
- A universal clock socket allows for “canned oscillators”, as well as a variety of crystals, ceramic resonators, and passive terminations.
- 0.1” centered headers provide for simple connection to the processor special function pins and I/O.
- A 6-pin, ICD connection is provided for in-system programming and debugging.
This connection is directly compatible with the Microchip ICD, ICD2 and CCS ICD-S programming hardware. Flash PICs can also be programmed through RS232 using an appropriate boot loader application.
- On-board regulation allows for power inputs from 8-38VDC with an LED power indicator.
- Termination is provided for 5VDC output at 250ma Power J2 (screw terminal connector) is the power input point. Acceptable voltages are 8 – 38 VDC (J1-1 is +, J1-2 is ground).
JP11 is an output of the regulated 5 VDC that may be used to power other devices. Note, however, that the LM7805 does not have a heat sink and so the actual available power output is somewhat limited, depending on the input voltage and power being consumed. Check the LM7805 regulator specification for details.
Serial Connection P1 is a standard DB-9 connector usually used to connect to a PC. The TX signal is on
P1-2 and the RX signal on P1-3. These are RS-232 level signals. J1 and JP8 also provide connections for the RS-232 level serial signals. On each connector, pin 1 is the TX signal, pin 3 is the Rx signal and pin 2 is ground.JP9 and JP10 are jumpers, which connect the processor serial signals (RXD and TXD) to/from the RS-232 driver chip. These jumpers must be in place for the RS-232 serial connections to work. Removing the jumpers allows use of the Port D, bits 0 and 1, for TTL-level I/O.
SPI Connection Use of the SPI bus is by making connections to the SPI bus signals on Port C (JP1-4, 5,
and 6). Parallel Ports
Parallel ports A/E, B, C, and D are connected to JP5, JP4, JP1, and JP7, respectively (and labeled clearly on the board). Bits are connected sequentially with bit 0 on pin 1, bit 1 on pin2, etc. These are normal TTL-level signals with or without pull-ups depending on the port initialization set up in the software.
Port A/E (JP5) has a parallel row of ground pins next to it (JP6) providing a convenient ground reference when measuring analog voltages with the internal A/D converter (ADC).
Port B (JP4) has a parallel row of ground pins next to it (JP16) so that enabling the built-in pull-up resistors and then using two-pin jumpers to ground any pins that need a logic 0 applied for input purposes can effect simple input signals. Port C (JP1) has a parallel set of pins (JP3) at positions 1 and 2. A clock crystal (32.768 KHz) is connected to JP3. JP3 is located adjacent to JP1 (Port C) to proprovide an easy
connection of the clock crystal to Port C bits 0 and 1 for use as a real-time clock. Port D (JP7) has a parallel row of pins (JP2), each of which is connected to an LED through a 510-ohm series resistor to +5 VDC. Jumping any of the pins of JP7 to the corresponding pin of JP2 allows the use of the on-board LED’s as an output. Because the LED’s are connected to +5 VDC and the port is sinking the LED current, the LED
will be on for any pin that outputs logic 0. System Clock
As supplied, the system clock is 10 MHz. U2 contains the crystal and caps necessary for the oscillator. Replacing U2 with a TTL, crystal, ceramic resonator, or RC oscillator, or a different integrated oscillator unit allows changing the system clock if necessary.
CAN Interface A CAN interface driver socket it provided (U5) for a Linear Technologies, LT1796
CAN bus interface. Jumpers JP13 and JP14 connect the CAN interface to the appropriate pins on the controller (CANTX and CANRX). The CAN interface is intended for use with the PIC18F45x microprocessors that have an actual CANtransceiver built in. Refer to Microchips website and datasheets for details on the CAN bus controller and its features.
PIC16F877/18F458 PIC® Boot Loader The boot loader runs on the PIC’s UART at 9600 baud, XON, XOFF handshaking, 8 data bits and 1 stop bit. The boot loader code is executed upon reset or power up of the processor. If the boot loader does not receive instructions to load a new file with 5 seconds, then it jumps to the application code.the boot loader source
code is available for purchase and as such provides the opportunity for customized boot
loader solutions. The PIC boot loader is available at http://www.prllc.com/

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Flash PIC development board

2011-01-23T22:51:00.000-08:00

Usually, a microcontroller by itself is not sufficient to perform the intended tasks. For instance, an oscillator chip is necessary to time the programmed instructions. In order to investigate the capabilities or to test a given microcontroller, obviously it is vital to build the proper circuitary. Example: potentiometer and a power supply to simulate analog inputs or LEDs to simulate the digital outputs. Hence, some hardware and sofware vendors provide the microcontroller with the supplemantary circuit elements on the same breadboard. These boards are called Development Boards. One can also build a development board himself/herself if he/she is willing to go through the painsaking process of building the circuit.
The development board used in the series of experiments is Flash PIC development board. (Figure3.1-1) It has the following features:

- RS232 through a 9-Pin D-Shell as well as screw terminals and a jumper header.
- Up to 32K words of In-System Programmable FLASH memory with up to 256 bytes of EEPROM and up to 1.5K of Internal RAM (depending on processor selection).
- Up to 8, 10 bit, Analog Inputs, using either internal or user supplied reference.
- 9 I/O controlled LEDs, 8 of which are jumper selectable.
- 32KHz “watch” crystal for on-board Real-Time operations.
- A universal clock socket allows for “canned oscillators”, as well as a variety of crystals, ceramic resonators, and passive terminations.
- 0.1” centered headers provide for simple connection to the processor special function pins and I/O.
- A 6-pin, ICD connection is provided for in-system programming and debugging.
This connection is directly compatible with the Microchip ICD, ICD2 and CCS ICD-S programming hardware. Flash PICs can also be programmed through RS232 using an appropriate boot loader application.
- On-board regulation allows for power inputs from 8-38VDC with an LED power indicator.
- Termination is provided for 5VDC output at 250ma The peripheral features of the PIC16F877 are:
• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler,can be incremented during SLEEP via external crystal/clock
• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit
• 10-bit multi-channel Analog-to-Digital converter
• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI. (Master mode) and I2C. (Master/Slave)
• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection
• Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide, with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only)
• Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

GENERAL
The FlashPIC-Development board is designed for prototyping and laboratory use. The board supports the PIC16F877, PIC18F458 as well as several other PIC16x and PIC18x microcontrollers in the 40-pin DIP package.
New Feature: PIC16F877/18F458 PIC® Boot Loader The FlashPIC-Development board now comes programmed with the PIC16F877/18F458 PIC® Boot Loader. The PIC Boot Loader (PICBL) is a bootstrap loader that, once programmed into the PIC processor’s memory area, allows reprogramming of PIC microcontrollers without need for a chip programmer. The PICBL makes use of the selfprogramming
features of the PIC microcontrollers to allow in-circuit reprogramming. Once the PICBL is programmed into the microcontroller, it remains resident until the chip is erased. Application programs require only a very minimum software interface to use the PICBL. The PC application to interface to the boot loader and more documentation about interfacing to the boot loader are available free at http://www.prllc.com/.

PIC 16F877, 18F452 and 18F4550,PIC16F877, PIC18F452,PIC18F4550,16f876,16f84,microcontroller projects,lm35,lm34,lm335,temperature sensor,MikroC Projects

SECCIÓN DE LA ENTRADA/SALIDA SERIE DEL PC

2011-01-23T11:21:00.000-08:00

En el PC se edita el programa PBASIC y por su puerto serie se envía al módulo de Parallax.También desde dicho módulo hay ocasiones en las que se envía información al PC, como sucede con la instrucción DEBUG.
La entrada y salida de esta información serie con el PC se acondiciona mediante un circuito transistorizado que recoge y entrega el microcontrolador por sus patitas RA2 y RA3. Las instrucciones PBASIC que llegan desde el PC las recoge el PIC por su patita RA2 y luego las envía por RAO a la EEPROM, donde queda almacenado. Está compuesta por el circuito integrado LM2940-5.0, que es un regulador de tensión a + 5
VDC. También existe un condensador electrolítico auxiliar. Por la patita Vin del regulador se recibe una tensión que puede oscilar entre +5,5 y +I5 VDC. Por la patita de salida VOUT se obtiene una tensión V dd de + 5 VDC regulada, que se emplea para alimentar los circuitos electrónicos del módulo y también se pone a disposición de los periféricos externos por la patita

I9 del módulo.
Cuando se disponga de una fuente de alimentación que proporcione los + 5 VDC precisos se puede eliminar la intervención del regulador LM2940-5.0, evitando el calor que disipa. De esta manera no se introduce nada por V i,, y se aplican los + 5 VDC de la fuente por la patita 20 del módulo (Vdd).SECCIÓN DE LAS LÍNEAS DE E/S PARA INFORMACIÓN CON EL MUNDO EXTERIOR
El módulo OEM BS2-IC dispone de 20 patitas por las que se aplica la alimentación eléctrica, la señal de Reset y las líneas de E/S de las puertas B y C del microcontrolador, por las que se recibe y se saca la información que se maneja en el procesamiento de las instrucciones del programa. Las patitas Vdd, GND y V;„ corresponden a las descritas del regulador de tensión LM2940- 5.0. Cuando por la patita Vin se aplica una tensión comprendida entre + 5,5 y + I5 VDC, el citado regulador alimenta al circuito electrónico del módulo con + 5 VDC regulados y presenta dicha tensión en la patita V dd (20) del módulo para su posible utilización por circuitos o periféricos externos. Cuando se dispone de + 5 VDC regulados, se pueden aplicar entre V dd y GND, dejando sin conectar V;„, para alimentar al circuito electrónico sin funcionar el regulador. La patita I7 del módulo, denominada MCLR#, se usa para reinicializar el programa cuando
desde el exterior se aplica un nivel bajo. El módulo OEM BS2-IC dispone de 16 patitas para Entrada/Salida de información que se denominan PO-P 15 y sirven para conectar los periféricos que se desean controlar. En realidad, el PIC 16C57 que soporta el módulo tiene 20 líneas de E/S, que se agrupan en tres grupos que
reciben el nombre de puertas A, B y C. La Puerta A consta de 4 líneas (RA0-RA3) que se utilizan
para la recepción y transmisión de información serie con el PC y para realizar la transferencia con la memoria EEPROM que almacena el programa PBASIC. Cada una de las Puertas B y C posee 8 líneas de E/S (RB0-RB7 y RC0-RC7) que son las que quedan disponibles para el usuario en el módulo de Parallax.La importancia del consumo Cada línea de E/S del microcontrolador puede absorber una corriente máxima de 25 mA y puede suministrar hasta 20 mA. Además, el conjunto de líneas de una puerta tiene una corriente
máxima admisible tanto si entra como si sale. Las puertas B y C pueden absorber un máximo de 150 mA entre todas las líneas de cada puerta y pueden suministrar un máximo de 100 mA. Esta limitación obliga a controlar la máxima corriente que disipa cada puerta. Según la conexión de los periféricos la corriente puede ser de entrada o de salida. Así, si en el interruptor de la figura se conecta el terminal libre a tierra, cuando está abierto por la patita del microcontrolador se absorbe una corriente que dependerá del valor de la resistencia. PIC 16F877, 18F452 and 18F4550,PIC16F877, PIC18F452,PIC18F4550,16f876,16f84,microcontroller projects,lm35,lm34,lm335,temperature sensor,MikroC Projects