DECEASES

Diabetes : Screening

noreply@blogger.com (ayu) — Tue, 17 Nov 2009 07:44:00 +0000

Diabetes screening is recommended for many people at various stages of life, and for those with any of several risk factors. The screening test varies according to circumstances and local policy, and may be a random blood glucose test, a fasting blood glucose test, a blood glucose test two hours after 75 g of glucose, or an even more formal glucose tolerance test. Many healthcare providers recommend universal screening for adults at age 40 or 50, and often periodically thereafter. Earlier screening is typically recommended for those with risk factors such as obesity, family history of diabetes, high-risk ethnicity (Hispanic, Native American, Afro-Caribbean, Pacific Islander, or Maori).
Many medical conditions are associated with diabetes and warrant screening. A partial list includes: subclinical Cushing's syndrome, testosterone deficiency, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels[citation needed], coronary artery disease[citation needed], past gestational diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, fatty liver, hemochromatosis[citation needed], cystic fibrosis, several mitochondrial neuropathies and myopathies, myotonic dystrophy, Friedreich's ataxia, some of the inherited forms of neonatal hyperinsulinism. The risk of diabetes is higher with chronic use of several medications, including long term corticosteroids, some chemotherapy agents (especially L-asparaginase), as well as some of the antipsychotics and mood stabilizers (especially phenothiazines and some atypical antipsychotics).

People with a confirmed diagnosis of diabetes are tested routinely for complications. This includes yearly urine testing for microalbuminuria and examination of the retina of the eye for retinopathy.

Diabetes : Signs and symptoms

noreply@blogger.com (ayu) — Tue, 17 Nov 2009 07:42:00 +0000

The classical symptoms are polyuria and polydipsia which are, respectively, frequent urination and increased thirst and consequent increased fluid intake. Symptoms may develop quite rapidly (weeks or months) in type 1 diabetes, particularly in children. However, in type 2 diabetes symptoms usually develop much more slowly and may be subtle or completely absent. Type 1 diabetes may also cause a rapid yet significant weight loss (despite normal or even increased eating) and irreducible mental fatigue. All of these symptoms except weight loss can also manifest in type 2 diabetes in patients whose diabetes is poorly controlled, although unexplained weight loss may be experienced at the onset of the disease. Final diagnosis is made by measuring the blood glucose concentration.

When the glucose concentration in the blood is raised beyond its renal threshold (about 10 mmol/L, although this may be altered in certain conditions, such as pregnancy), reabsorption of glucose in the proximal renal tubuli is incomplete, and part of the glucose remains in the urine (glycosuria). This increases the osmotic pressure of the urine and inhibits reabsorption of water by the kidney, resulting in increased urine production (polyuria) and increased fluid loss. Lost blood volume will be replaced osmotically from water held in body cells and other body compartments, causing dehydration and increased thirst.

Prolonged high blood glucose causes glucose absorption, which leads to changes in the shape of the lenses of the eyes, resulting in vision changes; sustained sensible glucose control usually returns the lens to its original shape. Blurred vision is a common complaint leading to a diabetes diagnosis; type 1 should always be suspected in cases of rapid vision change, whereas with type 2 change is generally more gradual, but should still be suspected.

Patients (usually with type 1 diabetes) may also initially present with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), an extreme state of metabolic dysregulation characterized by the smell of acetone on the patient's breath; a rapid, deep breathing known as Kussmaul breathing; polyuria; nausea; vomiting and abdominal pain; and any of many altered states of consciousness or arousal (such as hostility and mania or, equally, confusion and lethargy). In severe DKA, coma may follow, progressing to death. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a medical emergency and requires immediate hospitalization.

A rarer but equally severe possibility is hyperosmolar nonketotic state, which is more common in type 2 diabetes and is mainly the result of dehydration due to loss of body water. Often, the patient has been drinking extreme amounts of sugar-containing drinks, leading to a vicious circle in regard to the water loss.

Genetics

Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are at least partly inherited. Type 1 diabetes appears to be triggered by some (mainly viral) infections, with some evidence pointing at Coxsackie B4 virus. There is a genetic element in individual susceptibility to some of these triggers which has been traced to particular HLA genotypes (i.e., the genetic "self" identifiers relied upon by the immune system). However, even in those who have inherited the susceptibility, type 1 diabetes mellitus seems to require an environmental trigger.

There is a stronger inheritance pattern for type 2 diabetes. Those with first-degree relatives with type 2 have a much higher risk of developing type 2, increasing with the number of those relatives. Concordance among monozygotic twins is close to 100%, and about 25% of those with the disease have a family history of diabetes. Genes significantly associated with developing type 2 diabetes, include TCF7L2, PPARG, FTO, KCNJ11, NOTCH2, WFS1, CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, SLC30A8, JAZF1, and HHEX.[22] KCNJ11 (potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11), encodes the islet ATP-sensitive potassium channel Kir6.2, and TCF7L2 (transcription factor 7–like 2) regulates proglucagon gene expression and thus the production of glucagon-like peptide-1. Moreover, obesity (which is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes) is strongly inherited.

Monogenic forms, e.g., MODY, constitute 1-5 % of all cases.

Various hereditary conditions may feature diabetes, for example myotonic dystrophy and Friedreich's ataxia. Wolfram's syndrome is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder that first becomes evident in childhood. It consists of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness, hence the acronym DIDMOAD.

Gene expression promoted by a diet of fat and glucose as well as high levels of inflammation related cytokines found in the obese results in cells that "produce fewer and smaller mitochondria than is normal," and are thus prone to insulin resistance.
Pathophysiology

Mechanism of insulin release in normal pancreatic beta cells. Insulin production is more or less constant within the beta cells, irrespective of blood glucose levels. It is stored within vacuoles pending release, via exocytosis, which is primarily triggered by food, chiefly food containing absorbable glucose. The chief trigger is a rise in blood glucose levels after eating

Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells (primarily muscle and fat cells, but not central nervous system cells). Therefore deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus.

Most of the carbohydrates in food are converted within a few hours to the monosaccharide glucose, the principal carbohydrate found in blood and used by the body as fuel. The most significant exceptions are fructose, most disaccharides (except sucrose and in some people lactose), and all more complex polysaccharides, with the outstanding exception of starch. Insulin is released into the blood by beta cells (β-cells), found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, in response to rising levels of blood glucose, typically after eating. Insulin is used by about two-thirds of the body's cells to absorb glucose from the blood for use as fuel, for conversion to other needed molecules, or for storage.

Insulin is also the principal control signal for conversion of glucose to glycogen for internal storage in liver and muscle cells. Lowered glucose levels result both in the reduced release of insulin from the beta cells and in the reverse conversion of glycogen to glucose when glucose levels fall. This is mainly controlled by the hormone glucagon which acts in an opposite manner to insulin. Glucose thus recovered by the liver re-enters the bloodstream; muscle cells lack the necessary export mechanism.
Higher insulin levels increase some anabolic ("building up") processes such as cell growth and duplication, protein synthesis, and fat storage. Insulin (or its lack) is the principal signal in converting many of the bidirectional processes of metabolism from a catabolic to an anabolic direction, and vice versa. In particular, a low insulin level is the trigger for entering or leaving ketosis (the fat burning metabolic phase).

If the amount of insulin available is insufficient, if cells respond poorly to the effects of insulin (insulin insensitivity or resistance), or if the insulin itself is defective, then glucose will not be absorbed properly by those body cells that require it nor will it be stored appropriately in the liver and muscles. The net effect is persistent high levels of blood glucose, poor protein synthesis, and other metabolic derangements, such as acidosis.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, and many cases of type 2, is usually prompted by recent-onset symptoms of excessive urination (polyuria) and excessive thirst (polydipsia), often accompanied by weight loss. These symptoms typically worsen over days to weeks; about a quarter of people with new type 1 diabetes have developed some degree of diabetic ketoacidosis (a type of metabolic acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of ketone bodies, formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and the deamination of amino acids) by the time the diabetes is recognized. The diagnosis of other types of diabetes is usually made in other ways. These include ordinary health screening; detection of hyperglycemia during other medical investigations; and secondary symptoms such as vision changes or unexplainable fatigue. Diabetes is often detected when a person suffers a problem that is frequently caused by diabetes, such as a heart attack, stroke, neuropathy, poor wound healing or a foot ulcer, certain eye problems, certain fungal infections, or delivering a baby with macrosomia or hypoglycemia.

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:
· Fasting plasma glucose level at or above 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L).

· Plasma glucose at or above 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load as in a glucose tolerance test.

· Symptoms of hyperglycemia and casual plasma glucose at or above 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L).

A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above-listed methods on a different day. Most physicians prefer to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test.[27] According to the current definition, two fasting glucose measurements above 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.

Patients with fasting glucose levels from 100 to 125 mg/dL (6.1 and 7.0 mmol/L) are considered to have impaired fasting glucose. Patients with plasma glucose at or above 140 mg/dL or 7.8 mmol/L, but not over 200, two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load are considered to have impaired glucose tolerance. Of these two pre-diabetic states, the latter in particular is a major risk factor for progression to full-blown diabetes mellitus as well as cardiovascular disease.
While not used for diagnosis, an elevated level of glucose irreversibly bound to hemoglobin (termed glycated hemoglobin or HbA1c) of 6.0% or higher (the 2003 revised U.S. standard) is considered abnormal by most labs; HbA1c is primarily used as a treatment-tracking test reflecting average blood glucose levels over the preceding 90 days (approximately) which is the average lifetime of red blood cells which contain hemoglobin in most patients. However, some physicians may order this test at the time of diagnosis to track changes over time. The current recommended goal for HbA1c in patients with diabetes is 6.5%.

Diabetes : Other types

noreply@blogger.com (ayu) — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 06:07:00 +0000

Most cases of diabetes mellitus fall into the two broad etiologic categories of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. However, many types of diabetes mellitus have more specific known causes, and thus fall into more specific categories. As more research is done into diabetes, many patients who were previously diagnosed as type 1 or type 2 diabetes will have their condition reclassified.

Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body's tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which is what separates it from type 2 diabetes); this form is very uncommon. Genetic mutations (autosomal or mitochondrial) can lead to defects in beta cell function. Abnormal insulin action may also have been genetically determined in some cases. Any disease that causes extensive damage to the pancreas may lead to diabetes (for example, chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis). Diseases associated with excessive secretion of insulin-antagonistic hormones can cause diabetes (which is typically resolved once the hormone excess is removed). Many drugs impair insulin secretion and some toxins damage pancreatic beta cells. The ICD-10 (1992) diagnostic entity, malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus (MRDM or MMDM, ICD-10 code E12), was deprecated by the World Health Organization when the current taxonomy was introduced in 1999.

Diabetes : Gestational diabetes

noreply@blogger.com (ayu) — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 06:06:00 +0000

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in about 2%–5% of all pregnancies and may improve or disappear after delivery. Gestational diabetes is fully treatable but requires careful medical supervision throughout the pregnancy. About 20%–50% of affected women develop type 2 diabetes later in life.

Even though it may be transient, untreated gestational diabetes can damage the health of the fetus or mother. Risks to the baby include macrosomia (high birth weight), congenital cardiac and central nervous system anomalies, and skeletal muscle malformations. Increased fetal insulin may inhibit fetal surfactant production and cause respiratory distress syndrome. Hyperbilirubinemia may result from red blood cell destruction. In severe cases, perinatal death may occur, most commonly as a result of poor placental perfusion due to vascular impairment. Induction may be indicated with decreased placental function. A cesarean section may be performed if there is marked fetal distress or an increased risk of injury associated with macrosomia, such as shoulder dystocia.

A 2008 study completed in the U.S. found that more American women are entering pregnancy with preexisting diabetes. In fact the rate of diabetes in expectant mothers has more than doubled in the past 6 years. This is particularly problematic as diabetes raises the risk of complications during pregnancy, as well as increasing the potential that the children of diabetic mothers will also become diabetic in the future.

Diabetes : Type 2

noreply@blogger.com (ayu) — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 06:05:00 +0000

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized differently and is due to insulin resistance or reduced insulin sensitivity, combined with relatively reduced insulin secretion which in some cases becomes absolute. The defective responsiveness of body tissues to insulin almost certainly involves the insulin receptor in cell membranes. However, the specific defects are not known. Diabetes mellitus due to a known specific defect are classified separately. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type.

In the early stage of type 2 diabetes, the predominant abnormality is reduced insulin sensitivity, characterized by elevated levels of insulin in the blood. At this stage hyperglycemia can be reversed by a variety of measures and medications that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce glucose production by the liver. As the disease progresses, the impairment of insulin secretion worsens, and therapeutic replacement of insulin often becomes necessary.

There are numerous theories as to the exact cause and mechanism in type 2 diabetes. Central obesity (fat concentrated around the waist in relation to abdominal organs, but not subcutaneous fat) is known to predispose individuals to insulin resistance. Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called adipokines that may possibly impair glucose tolerance. Obesity is found in approximately 55% of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Other factors include aging (about 20% of elderly patients in North America have diabetes) and family history (type 2 is much more common in those with close relatives who have had it). In the last decade, type 2 diabetes has increasingly begun to affect children and adolescents, probably in connection with the increased prevalence of childhood obesity seen in recent decades in some places. Environmental exposures may contribute to recent increases in the rate of type 2 diabetes. A positive correlation has been found between the concentration in the urine of bisphenol A, a constituent of polycarbonate plastic from some producers, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes may go unnoticed for years because visible symptoms are typically mild, non-existent or sporadic, and usually there are no ketoacidotic episodes. However, severe long-term complications can result from unnoticed type 2 diabetes, including renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy, vascular disease (including coronary artery disease), vision damage due to diabetic retinopathy, loss of sensation or pain due to diabetic neuropathy, liver damage from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and heart failure from diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Studies have suggested show that hormones like cortisol and possibly testosterone play a crucial role in the sugar absorption and in the insulin resistance[citation needed]. It has been suggested that subclinical Cushing's syndrome (cortisol excess) is associated with diabetes mellitus type 2. The percentage of sublinical Cushing's syndrome on diabetic population seems to be about 9%, but it also seems that the real percentage is higher than previously believed. Diabetic patients with a pituitary microadenoma can significantly improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance by transsphenoidal surgery, because the remotion of microadenomas can decrease ACTH and cortisol levels.

Hypogonadism is often associated with cortisol excess, and testosterone deficiency is also associated with diabetes mellitus type 2, even if the exact mechanism by which testosterone improve insulin resistance is still not known.

Diabetes : Type 1

noreply@blogger.com (ayu) — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 06:01:00 +0000

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas leading to a deficiency of insulin. This type of diabetes can be further classified as immune-mediated or idiopathic. The majority of type 1 diabetes is of the immune-mediated nature, where beta cell loss is a T-cell mediated autoimmune attack. There is no known preventive measure which can be taken against type 1 diabetes, which contain approximately 10% of diabetes mellitus cases in North America and Europe (though this varies by geographical location). Most affected people are otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight when onset occurs. Sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin are usually normal, especially in the early stages. Type 1 diabetes can affect children or adults but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes" because it represents a majority of the diabetes cases in children.

The principal treatment of type 1 diabetes, even in its earliest stages, is the delivery of artificial insulin via injection combined with careful monitoring of blood glucose levels using blood testing monitors. Without insulin, diabetic ketoacidosis often develops which may result in coma or death. Treatment emphasis is now also placed on lifestyle adjustments (diet and exercise) though these cannot reverse the progress of the disease. Apart from the common subcutaneous injections, it is also possible to deliver insulin by a pump, which allows continuous infusion of insulin 24 hours a day at preset levels, and the ability to program doses (a bolus) of insulin as needed at meal times. An inhaled form of insulin was approved by the FDA in January 2006, although it was discontinued for business reasons in October 2007. Non-insulin treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies and stem-cell based therapies, are effective in animal models but have not yet completed clinical trials in humans.

Diabetes mellitus

noreply@blogger.com (ayu) — Mon, 09 Nov 2009 06:14:00 +0000

Often referred to simply as diabetes—is a condition in which the body either does not produce enough, or does not properly respond to, insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas. Insulin enables cells to absorb glucose in order to turn it into energy. In diabetes, the body either fails to properly respond to its own insulin, does not make enough insulin, or both. This causes glucose to accumulate in the blood, often leading to various complications.
Many types of diabetes are recognized: The principal three are:

· Type 1: Results from the body's failure to produce insulin. It is estimated that 5-10% of Americans who are diagnosed with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. Presently almost all persons with type 1 diabetes must take insulin injections.

· Type 2: Results from Insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with relative insulin deficiency. Most Americans who are diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Many people destined to develop type 2 diabetes spend many years in a state of Pre-diabetes: Termed "America's largest healthcare epidemic,":10-11, pre-diabetes indicates a condition that occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. As of 2009 there are 57 million Americans who have pre-diabetes.

· Gestational diabetes: Pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high blood sugar (glucose) levels during pregnancy are said to have gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes affects about 4% of all pregnant women. It may precede development of type 2 (or rarely type 1).

Many other forms of diabetes mellitus are categorized separately from these. Examples include congenital diabetes due to genetic defects of insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids, and several forms of monogenic diabetes.

All forms of diabetes have been treatable since insulin became medically available in 1921, but a cure is difficult. Pancreas transplants have been tried with limited success in type 1 DM; gastric bypass surgery has been successful in many with morbid obesity and type 2 DM; and gestational diabetes usually resolves after delivery. Diabetes and its treatments can cause many complications. Acute complications including hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or nonketotic hyperosmolar coma may occur if the disease is not adequately controlled. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, retinal damage, which can lead to blindness, several types of nerve damage, and microvascular damage, which may cause erectile dysfunction and poor wound healing. Poor healing of wounds, particularly of the feet, can lead to gangrene, possibly requiring amputation. Adequate treatment of diabetes, as well as increased emphasis on blood pressure control and lifestyle factors such as not smoking and maintaining a healthy body weight, may improve the risk profile of most of the chronic complications. In the developed world, diabetes is the most significant cause of adult blindness in the non-elderly and the leading cause of non-traumatic amputation in adults, and diabetic nephropathy is the main illness requiring renal dialysis in the United States.

A menudo denominado simplemente como la diabetes es una condición en la que el cuerpo no produce suficiente, o no responder adecuadamente a la insulina, una hormona producida en el páncreas. La insulina permite a las células a absorber la glucosa para convertirla en energía. En la diabetes, el cuerpo deja de responder adecuadamente a su propia insulina, no produce suficiente insulina, o ambos. Esto origina que la glucosa se acumula en la sangre, a menudo conduce a diversas complicaciones.

Muchos tipos de diabetes son reconocidas: Las tres principales son:

Tipo 1: Resultados de la incapacidad del cuerpo para producir insulina. Se estima que el 5-10% de los estadounidenses que son diagnosticados con diabetes tienen diabetes tipo 1. En la actualidad casi todas las personas con diabetes tipo 1 deben inyectarse insulina.

Resultados de la de tipo 2: de resistencia a la insulina, una condición en la que las células no usan la insulina adecuadamente, a veces combinada con una deficiencia relativa de insulina. La mayoría de los estadounidenses que son diagnosticados con diabetes tienen el tipo 2 diabetes. Muchas personas destinadas a desarrollar diabetes tipo 2, pasar muchos años en un estado de pre-diabetes: denominado "epidemia de la salud más grande de América", :10-11, la pre-diabetes indica una condición que ocurre cuando los niveles de glucosa en la sangre de una persona son superiores a lo normal pero no lo suficientemente alta como para un diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 2. A partir de 2009 hay 57 millones de estadounidenses que tienen pre-diabetes.

La diabetes gestacional: Las mujeres embarazadas que nunca han tenido diabetes antes, pero que tienen azúcar en la sangre (glucosa) durante el embarazo se dice que tienen diabetes gestacional. La diabetes gestacional afecta a cerca de 4% de todas las mujeres embarazadas. Se puede preceder al desarrollo de tipo 2 (o rara vez de tipo 1).

Muchas otras formas de diabetes mellitus se clasifican por separado de estos. Algunos ejemplos son la diabetes congénita debido a defectos genéticos de la secreción de insulina, la fibrosis quística relacionada con la diabetes, la diabetes inducida por esteroides altas dosis de glucocorticoides, y varias formas de diabetes monogénicas.

Todas las formas de diabetes se han puesto a la insulina se puede tratar médicamente disponible en 1921, pero la curación es difícil. Los trasplantes de páncreas se han ensayado con éxito limitado en la DM tipo 1, la cirugía de bypass gástrico ha sido exitoso en muchos de ellos con obesidad mórbida y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y diabetes gestacional generalmente se resuelve después del parto. La diabetes y sus tratamientos pueden causar muchas complicaciones. Las complicaciones agudas como la hipoglucemia, cetoacidosis diabética o coma hiperosmolar no cetónico puede ocurrir si la enfermedad no se controla adecuadamente. Graves complicaciones a largo plazo incluyen enfermedades cardiovasculares, la insuficiencia renal crónica, daño en la retina, que puede conducir a la ceguera, varios tipos de daño a los nervios, y el daño microvascular, que puede causar disfunción eréctil y la cicatrización de la herida. Lenta curación de las heridas, especialmente de los pies, puede llevar a la gangrena, que posiblemente requieran la amputación. El tratamiento adecuado de la diabetes, así como un mayor énfasis en el control de la presión arterial y los factores de estilo de vida como no fumar y mantener un peso corporal saludable, puede mejorar el perfil de riesgo de la mayoría de las complicaciones crónicas. En el mundo desarrollado, la diabetes es la causa más importante de ceguera en los adultos no ancianos, y la principal causa de amputación no traumática en adultos, y la nefropatía diabética es la principal enfermedad que requiere diálisis renal en los Estados Unidos.

Souvent appelé simplement le diabète est une maladie dans laquelle le corps ne produit pas assez ou ne répond pas correctement à l'insuline, une hormone produite par le pancréas. L'insuline permet aux cellules d'absorber le glucose dans le but de le transformer en énergie. Dans le diabète, le corps ne soit pour répondre correctement à sa propre insuline, n'en fait pas assez d'insuline, ou les deux. Ce glucose causes à s'accumuler dans le sang, conduisant souvent à des complications diverses.

De nombreux types de diabète sont reconnus: Les trois fonctions principales sont:

Type 1: Résultats de l'échec de l'organisme à produire de l'insuline. Il est estimé que 5-10% des Américains qui sont diagnostiqués avec le diabète de type 1 diabetes. Actuellement, presque toutes les personnes diabétiques de type 1 doivent recevoir des injections d'insuline.

Type 2: Les résultats de résistance à l'insuline, une condition dans laquelle les cellules ne parviennent pas à utiliser l'insuline correctement, parfois combiné à une carence relative en insuline. La plupart des Américains qui sont diagnostiqués avec le diabète de type 2 diabetes. Beaucoup de gens appelés à se développer le diabète de type 2 passent de nombreuses années dans un état de pré-diabète: Qualifiée de "plus grand en Amérique du épidémie de santé", :10-11, pré-diabète indique un état qui survient lorsque les niveaux de sang d'une personne de glucose sont plus élevés que la normale mais pas assez élevé pour un diagnostic de diabète de type 2. A partir de 2009 il ya 57 millions d'Américains qui souffrent de diabète pré-.

Le diabète gestationnel: Les femmes enceintes qui n'ont jamais eu le diabète avant mais qui ont l'hyperglycémie (glucose) pendant la grossesse sont, dit-on le diabète gestationnel. Le diabète gestationnel touche environ 4% de toutes les femmes enceintes. Elle mai précéder le développement de type 2 (ou plus rarement de type 1).

Beaucoup d'autres formes de diabète sucré sont classés séparément de ceux-ci. Les exemples incluent le diabète congénitale due à des défauts génétiques de la sécrétion d'insuline, de la fibrose kystique, de diabète lié, le diabète de stéroïdes induite par de fortes doses de glucocorticoïdes, et plusieurs formes de diabète monogénique.

Toutes les formes de diabète ont été traitables médicalement puisque l'insuline est devenu disponible en 1921, mais la guérison est difficile. Greffes de pancréas ont été expérimentés avec succès limité dans le type 1 DM; pontage gastrique a été un succès dans beaucoup d'obésité morbide et de diabète de type 2 et diabète gestationnel disparaît habituellement après l'accouchement. Le diabète et ses traitements peuvent causer beaucoup de complications. Acute complications, dont une hypoglycémie, l'acidocétose diabétique ou un coma hyperosmolaire non cétosique mai se produire si la maladie n'est pas suffisamment maîtrisée. Complications graves à long terme comprennent les maladies cardio-vasculaires, l'insuffisance rénale chronique, des lésions rétiniennes, qui peuvent conduire à la cécité, plusieurs types de lésions nerveuses, et les dommages microvasculaires, qui mai causer une dysfonction érectile et d'une mauvaise cicatrisation. Mauvaise cicatrisation des plaies, en particulier des pieds, peut mener à la gangrène, pouvant nécessiter une amputation. Un traitement adéquat du diabète, ainsi que de mettre davantage l'accent sur la tension artérielle et les facteurs de style de vie comme ne pas fumer et de maintenir un poids corporel sain, mai améliorer le profil de risque de la plupart des complications chroniques. Dans les pays développés, le diabète est la cause la plus importante de cécité chez l'adulte dans le non-personnes âgées et la principale cause d'amputation non traumatique chez l'adulte, et la néphropathie diabétique est la principale maladie rénale nécessitant une dialyse dans les États-Unis.

Oft auch nur als Diabetes bezeichnet ist ein Zustand, in dem der Körper entweder nicht genügend oder nicht richtig reagieren, Insulin, ein Hormon, das in der Bauchspeicheldrüse produziert. Insulin ermöglicht die Zellen auf Glukose aufnehmen, um sie in Energie verwandeln. Bei Diabetes, der Körper entweder nicht richtig auf seine eigenes Insulin zu reagieren, nicht genug Insulin produziert, oder beides. Dies führt zu akkumulieren Glukose im Blut, was häufig zu verschiedenen Komplikationen.

Viele Formen des Diabetes werden erkannt: Die drei wichtigsten sind:

Typ 1: Ergebnisse aus der Nichteinhaltung des Körpers auf Insulin zu produzieren. Es wird geschätzt, dass 5-10% der Amerikaner, die mit Diabetes diagnostiziert werden, an Typ-1-Diabetes. Derzeit fast alle Personen mit Typ 1-Diabetes müssen Insulin-Injektionen zu erhalten.

Typ 2: Ergebnisse der Insulinresistenz, eine Erkrankung, bei der die Zellen nicht auf Insulin richtig zu nutzen, manchmal mit relativem Insulinmangel kombiniert. Die meisten Amerikaner, die sich mit Diabetes diagnostiziert an Typ 2-Diabetes. Viele Menschen bestimmt, Typ-2-Diabetes zu verbringen viele Jahre in einem Zustand der Pre-Diabetes: als "Amerikas größtes Gesundheits-Epidemie", :10-11, Prä-Diabetes weist auf einen Zustand, wenn eine Person den Blutzuckerspiegel höher sind als normal vorkommt aber nicht hoch genug für eine Diagnose der Typ-2-Diabetes. Ab 2009 gibt es 57 Millionen Amerikaner, die Prä-Diabetes haben.

Schwangerschaftsdiabetes: Schwangere Frauen, die noch nie hatten Diabetes vor, sondern haben hohen Blutzucker (Glukose)-Spiegel während der Schwangerschaft sollen Schwangerschafts-Diabetes haben. Schwangerschafts-Diabetes leiden etwa 4% aller schwangeren Frauen. Es kann vorausgehen Entwicklung von Typ-2-(oder seltener Typ 1).

Viele andere Formen des Diabetes mellitus sind getrennt von diesen kategorisiert. Beispiele hierfür sind angeborene Diabetes durch genetische Defekte der Insulinsekretion, zystische Fibrose im Zusammenhang mit Diabetes, Steroid-Diabetes durch hohe Dosen von Glukokortikoiden induziert und verschiedene Formen der monogenen Diabetes.

Alle Formen von Diabetes sind behandelbar, da Insulin wurde medizinisch in 1921, aber eine Heilung ist schwierig. Pankreas-Transplantation wurden mit mäßigem Erfolg bei Typ-1 DM versucht, Magen-Bypass-Chirurgie ist es gelungen, viele mit krankhafter Fettleibigkeit und Typ-2-DM und Schwangerschaftsdiabetes verschwindet meist nach der Geburt. Diabetes und seine Behandlung kann zu vielen Komplikationen. Akute Komplikationen wie Hypoglykämie, diabetischer Ketoazidose oder nonketotic hyperosmolares Koma kann auftreten, wenn die Krankheit nicht angemessen kontrolliert wird. Ernsthafte langfristige Komplikationen gehören Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, chronische Niereninsuffizienz, Retina-Schäden, die zur Erblindung führen können mehrere Arten von Nervenschäden und mikrovaskulären Schäden, die erektile Dysfunktion und schlechte Wundheilung führen kann. Schlecht heilende Wunden, vor allem der Füße, kann zu Brand, vielleicht sogar verpflichtet Amputation. Eine angemessene Behandlung von Diabetes, sowie stärkere Betonung der Kontrolle des Blutdrucks und Lifestyle-Faktoren wie das Rauchen und die Aufrechterhaltung eines gesunden Körpergewichts, kann zur Verbesserung des Risikoprofils der meisten chronischen Komplikationen. In den Industrieländern ist Diabetes die häufigste Ursache für Erblindung bei Erwachsenen die Nicht-Senioren und die häufigste Ursache für nicht-traumatische Amputationen bei Erwachsenen und diabetische Nephropathie ist die wichtigste Krankheit erfordert Dialyse in den Vereinigten Staaten.

Surgical Treatment for Prostate Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (ayu) — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 15:23:00 +0000

According to the Mayo Clinic, prostate cancer is among the most common cancers affecting American men. Nearly one in six men will be affected by the disease in his lifetime. There are a variety of surgical options available, which vary according to the position, size and type of prostate tumor you have.

Surgical Candidates

Good candidates for surgical treatment should be in good health overall, have no metastasis (spread) of the cancer to bones, have a tumor which is confined to his prostate, be younger than 70 and have at least 10 years to live.

Identification

Radical prostatectomy removes the prostate gland entirely and can be completed both traditionally and laparascopically. Additional surgical treatments include lymphadenectomy to remove the pelvic lymph nodes, and TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate), which removes specific tissue from the prostate.

Significance

The prostate gland, seminal vesicles and surrounding tissues are removed during a radical prostatectomy. TURP procedures are performed to alleviate tumor-related symptoms and can be done in men who are not candidates for a radical prostatectomy due to illness or age.

Recovery

Recovery from a prostate surgery usually involves a three- to seven-day hospital stay and catheterization for two to three weeks.

Side Effects

Surgical side effects may include urine leakage, impotence or leakage of stool from the rectum. In certain cases doctors may be able to use nerve-sparing techniques which preserve erection-related nerves.

Selon la clinique Mayo, le cancer de la prostate est l'un des cancers les plus courants chez l'homme américain. Près d'un sur six hommes seront touchés par la maladie dans sa vie. Il existe une variété d'options chirurgicales disponibles, qui varient selon la position, la taille et le type de tumeur de la prostate que vous avez.
Surgical candidats

    1. Les bons candidats pour le traitement chirurgical doit être en bonne santé en général, n'ont pas de métastases (propagation) du cancer aux os, une tumeur qui se limite à sa prostate, soit moins de 70 ans et avoir au moins 10 ans à vivre.

Identification

    2. Prostatectomie radicale enlève la prostate et peut être entièrement achevé à la fois traditionnel et laparascopically. Des traitements chirurgicaux supplémentaires comprennent curage pour enlever les ganglions lymphatiques pelviens et RTUP (résection trans-urétrale de la prostate), ce qui retire le tissu spécifique de la prostate.

Importance

    3. La glande de la prostate, les vésicules séminales et les tissus environnants sont retirés au cours d'une prostatectomie radicale. RTUP procédures sont effectuées pour atténuer les symptômes liés à la tumeur et peut être effectué chez les hommes qui ne sont pas candidats à une prostatectomie radicale pour cause de maladie ou d'âge.

Recovery

    4. La guérison d'une chirurgie de la prostate implique généralement une durée de trois à sept jours d'hospitalisation et de sondage pour deux à trois semaines.

Effets secondaires

    5. Les effets secondaires incluent Surgical mai fuites d'urine, l'impuissance ou la fuite de selles du rectum. Dans certains cas, les médecins mai être en mesure d'utiliser les techniques de conservation des nerfs érecteurs qui permettent de préserver l'érection liés à des nerfs

Cancer : Colon Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (ayu) — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 13:57:00 +0000

What is Colon Cancer?
(1 Ratings)

What is Colon Cancer?
Colon cancer is cancer of the large intestine (colon). According to the American Cancer Society, colon cancer accounts for about 50,000 deaths in the United States every year. It is ranked after lung and breast cancers as the third most common cancer in the United States, with more than 140,000 new cases every year. Colon cancer is highly preventable. Almost 90% deaths due to colon cancer can be prevented by early screening and lifestyle modification.
Significance
1. The lifetime risk of colon cancer is 5 to 6%. The risk of colon cancer increases rapidly with older ages. The annual rate of colon cancer for people aged 80 and older is 450 per 100,000.
Certain people with genetic syndromes are at high risk for colon cancer. For instance, the probability of getting colon cancer by the age of 70 in people with the HNPCC gene is 70 to 80%. HNPCC stands for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer.
The average 5-year survival rate of colon cancer is 60 to 65%. The 5-year survival rate for patients with colon cancers detected at early stages is 80 to 90%. However, for patients with metastatic colon cancer, the 5-year survival rate is merely 25%.
Geography
2. The incidence of colon cancer varies from one countries to another. The incidence of colon cancer in developed countries like United States, and European countries is 10 to 20 times than that in developing countries. Therefore, colon cancer is also known as the disease of rich countries. However, the incidence of colon cancer in countries like China, India is on the rise as people in these countries start to adopt diets similar Western diet.
Identification
3. The major symptoms of colon cancer are rectal bleeding, blood in the stool, or changes in bowel habit, abdominal pain, hematochezia or melena, weakness, anemia and weight loss. In the primary care setting, patients with rectal bleeding and blood in the stool are often ordered a colonoscopy to check whether they have colon cancer.
Ideally, individuals with symptoms of colon cancer should be examined without delay. In reality, there is often a significant delay between symptom and diagnosis. It takes about 4 to 6 months for a patient to be diagnosed with colon cancer after the initial onset of symptoms.
Early detection of colon cancer leads to a much better survival rate. Thus, it is very important to talk to your doctor if you have any of colon cancer symptoms, particularly if you are 50 years old and older.
Theories/Speculation
4. It is believed that 90-95% of colon cancer cases arise from adenomatous polyps (also known as adenoma). This is referred to as the adenoma--carcinoma sequence. Although only a small proportion of adenomas progress to become cancer, it is still not possible to identify which one will become cancer. The adenoma--carcinoma theory is the corner stone of our understanding and management of colon cancer.
Prevention/Solution
5. Colon cancer can be detected early by regular screening. Early detection improves the chance of survival significantly. Studies show that your risk of colon cancer is reduced by 70 to 80%, just by complying to regular screening.
The most effective screening method is colonoscopy. The American Cancer Society recommends colonoscopy screening every 10 year, starting at age 50, for all adults. Any adenoma detected during colonoscopy will be removed by polypectomy. Several clinical trials show that colonoscopy is highly effective in reducing both incidence and mortality of colon cancer.
Other screening tests for colon cancer include stool-based tests such as fecal occult blood test (FOBT), fecal immunochemical test (FIT) and fecal DNA, and full-structural examination such as virtual colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy.

Qu'est-ce que du cancer du côlon?

Le cancer du côlon est le cancer du gros intestin (côlon). Selon la Société américaine du cancer, le cancer du côlon pour environ 50.000 décès aux Etats-Unis chaque année. Elle se classe après les cancers du poumon et du sein comme le troisième cancer le plus courant aux Etats-Unis, avec plus de 140.000 nouveaux cas chaque année. Le cancer du côlon est très évitable. Presque 90% des décès dus au cancer du côlon peut être prévenue par un dépistage précoce et la modification de style de vie.

Importance

1. Le risque de cancer du côlon est de 5 à 6%. Le risque de cancer du côlon augmente rapidement avec l'âge. Le taux annuel de cancer du côlon pour les personnes âgées de 80 ans et plus est de 450 pour 100.000 habitants.

Certaines personnes présentant des syndromes génétiques sont à risque élevé de cancer du côlon. Par exemple, la probabilité de contracter le cancer du côlon par l'âge de 70 ans chez les personnes ayant le gène HNPCC est de 70 à 80%. HNPCC est synonyme de cancer colorectal héréditaire sans polypose.

La moyenne de survie à 5 ans d'un cancer du côlon est de 60 à 65%. La survie à 5 ans des patients atteints de cancers du côlon détecté à un stade précoce est de 80 à 90%. Toutefois, pour les patients atteints de cancer métastatique du côlon, la survie à 5 ans est seulement de 25%.

Géographie

2. L'incidence du cancer du côlon varie d'un pays à l'autre. L'incidence du cancer du côlon dans les pays développés comme les Etats-Unis, et les pays européens est de 10 à 20 fois plus que dans les pays en développement. Par conséquent, le cancer du côlon est également connu comme la maladie des pays riches. Toutefois, l'incidence du cancer du côlon dans les pays comme la Chine, l'Inde est en hausse car les gens de ces pays commencent à adopter des régimes alimentaires régime alimentaire occidental similaires.

Identification

3. Les principaux symptômes du cancer du côlon sont des saignements rectaux, du sang dans les selles, ou des modifications des habitudes intestinales, des douleurs abdominales, des selles sanglantes ou méléna, une faiblesse, d'anémie et un amaigrissement. Dans le cadre des soins primaires, les patients présentant des saignements rectaux et de sang dans les selles sont souvent ordonné une coloscopie pour vérifier si elles ont un cancer du côlon.

Idéalement, les personnes présentant des symptômes de cancer du côlon devrait être examinée sans délai. En réalité, il ya souvent un délai important entre les symptômes et le diagnostic. Il faut environ 4 à 6 mois pour un patient de recevoir un diagnostic de cancer du côlon après l'apparition initiale des symptômes.

La détection précoce du cancer du côlon conduit à un bien meilleur taux de survie. Ainsi, il est très important de parler à votre médecin si vous avez un des symptômes du cancer du côlon, en particulier si vous avez 50 ans et plus.

Théories / Spéculation

4. Il est estimé que 90-95% des cas de cancer du côlon se posent à partir de polypes adénomateux (également appelés adénomes). C'est ce qu'on appelle «l'adénome - la séquence carcinome. Bien que seule une petite proportion des adénomes progrès pour devenir le cancer, il n'est toujours pas possible d'identifier où l'on va devenir le cancer. L'adénome - la théorie de carcinome est la pierre angulaire de notre compréhension et notre gestion du cancer du côlon.

Prévention / Solution

5. Le cancer du côlon peut être détecté rapidement par un dépistage régulier. La détection précoce améliore les chances de survie de façon significative. Des études montrent que le risque de cancer du côlon est réduit de 70 à 80%, tout en se conformant à un dépistage régulier.

La méthode la plus efficace de dépistage est une coloscopie. L'American Cancer Society recommande une coloscopie de dépistage chaque année 10, en commençant à l'âge de 50, pour tous les adultes. Toute adénome détecté lors d'une coloscopie seront supprimées par polypectomie. Plusieurs essais cliniques montrent que la coloscopie est très efficace pour réduire l'incidence et de mortalité du cancer du côlon.

Autres tests de dépistage du cancer du côlon comprennent des tests tabouret repose, comme test de sang occulte dans les selles (RSOS), test immunochimique fécale (FIT) et l'ADN fécal, et l'examen complet structurelles telles que la coloscopie virtuelle et une sigmoïdoscopie.

どのような大腸がんですか？

結腸がんは大腸（結腸癌）です。米国癌学会、大腸がんの口座に、米国では約50,000年、毎年によると。これは、米国で3番目の最も一般的な癌と、肺や乳房のがんの後、14万人以上の新たな症例は毎年ランク付けされます。結腸癌の高い予防です。約90％が死亡結腸癌のために早期のスクリーニングやライフスタイルの変更を防ぐことができます。

意義

1。結腸癌の生涯リスクは五から六パーセントです。結腸癌のリスクが急速に高齢期に増加します。人が80歳以上の結腸癌の成長率以上450万人当たりです。

遺伝的症候群で一部の人が大腸がんのリスクが高いです。例えば、HNPCCの遺伝子を持つ人々の70歳までに大腸癌を取得する確率は70から80までパーセントです。 HNPCC遺伝性非ポリポーシス大腸癌の略です。

平均5大腸癌の1年生存率は60〜65パーセントです。 5大腸がんの早期段階で検出された患者のための1年生存率は80から90パーセントです。しかし、転移性大腸癌、5年生存率は患者のためだけで25％です。

地理

2。結腸癌の発生率は1つの国別に異なります。アメリカ合衆国のような先進国では大腸癌の発生率は、欧州の国は発展途上国のそれよりも10から20回。したがって、大腸がんにも豊かな国の病気として知られている。しかし、中国などの国で結腸癌の発生率は、インド、これらの国の人々が増加しているような西洋の食事食事療法を採用することを開始します。

身分証明書

3。大腸がんの発生が直腸出血が主な症状は、便や排便習慣、腹痛、血便または下血、脱力感、貧血、体重の変化の血液。プライマリケアの設定では、直腸出血、血液が便中に患者が多いかどうかは大腸癌をチェックするための内視鏡検査順序付けされます。

理想的には、大腸がんの症状のある人は、遅滞なく検討すべきである。現実には、多くの症状と診断の間に大きな遅延があります。約4〜6ヶ月の患者のために大腸がんの症状の最初の発症後に診断されるのにかかる。

結腸癌の早期発見が非常に高い生存率につながる。があれば大腸がんの症状の場合は、特に50歳以上ですがこのように、非常にお医者さんに相談することが重要です。

理論/投機

4。これは、結腸癌の例90から95パーセント腺腫性ポリープから（また、腺腫と呼ばれる）が生じると考えられています。これは、腺腫-癌のシーケンスと呼ばれます。ただし、腺腫の進展のわずかな割合は、がんになること、それはまだ一がんになれるのを特定することはできません。腺腫-癌の理論を理解し、大腸癌の管理の隅石です。

予防/ソリューション

5。結腸癌の早期定期的スクリーニングによって検出することができます。早期発見は大幅に生存の可能性を向上させます。研究では、大腸がんのリスクを70〜80％に、ちょうど定期的スクリーニングを守ることによって低減されます表示されます。

最も効果的なスクリーニング法内視鏡検査です。米国癌学会内視鏡検査ごとに10年、50歳から始まるのスクリーニングは、すべての大人のためのお勧めします。すべての腺腫内視鏡検査中にポリープが削除されます。検出された。いくつかの臨床試験では、大腸内視鏡高度の両方の発生率および結腸癌の死亡率を減らすのに有効であることを示す。

その他のスクリーニング検査が大腸癌のための仮想内視鏡検査とS状結腸鏡などの便潜血検査（FOBT）、糞便の免疫化学的試験（フィット）と糞便中のDNAのようなスツールベースのテスト、および完全な構造検査が含まれます。

Was ist Colon Cancer?

Darmkrebs ist Krebs des Dickdarms (Kolon). Nach Angaben der American Cancer Society, Dickdarmkrebs beträgt ca. 50.000 Todesfälle in den Vereinigten Staaten jedes Jahr. Es ist nach Lungen-und Brustkrebs die dritthäufigste Krebserkrankung in den USA eingestuft, mit mehr als 140.000 neuen Fällen pro Jahr. Darmkrebs ist sehr vermeidbar. Fast 90% Todesfälle aufgrund von Darmkrebs durch Früherkennung und Lifestyle-Änderung verhindert werden.

Bedeutung

1. Die lebenslange Risiko von Dickdarmkrebs ist 5 bis 6%. Das Risiko, an Dickdarmkrebs zu erkranken erhöht sich schnell mit älteren Altersgruppen. Die jährliche Inflationsrate von Dickdarmkrebs bei Menschen im Alter von 80 und älter ist 450 pro 100.000.

Manche Menschen mit genetischen Syndromen sind einem erhöhten Risiko für Dickdarmkrebs. Zum Beispiel ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Dickdarmkrebs im Alter von 70 Menschen mit in den HNPCC-Gen von 70 bis 80%. HNPCC steht für hereditäre polypöses Colorectal Cancer.

Die durchschnittliche 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate von Darmkrebs ist von 60 bis 65%. Die 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate für Patienten mit Dickdarm-Krebs in einem frühen Stadium erkannt wird, von 80 bis 90%. Für Patienten mit metastasierendem Dickdarmkrebs, die 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate beträgt nur 25%.

Geographie

2. Die Häufigkeit von Dickdarmkrebs ist je nach Ländern unterschiedlich. Die Häufigkeit von Dickdarmkrebs in den entwickelten Ländern wie USA und europäischen Ländern ist von 10 bis 20 Mal als die in den Entwicklungsländern. Daher ist Darmkrebs auch als die Krankheit der reichen Länder bekannt. Allerdings war die Häufigkeit von Dickdarmkrebs in Ländern wie China, Indien ist auf dem Vormarsch, wie die Menschen in diesen Ländern zu beginnen, um Futtermittel zu erlassen vergleichbare westliche Ernährung.

Identification

3. Die wichtigsten Symptome von Darmkrebs sind rektale Blutungen, Blut im Stuhl oder Veränderungen in der Darm Gewohnheit, Bauchschmerzen, Hämatochezie oder Melaena, Schwäche, Blutarmut und Gewichtsverlust. In der Hausarztpraxis, sind Patienten mit rektalen Blutungen und Blut im Stuhl häufig bestellt einer Koloskopie zu prüfen, ob sie Darmkrebs haben.

Im Idealfall sollten die Personen mit Symptomen von Darmkrebs unverzüglich geprüft werden. In Wirklichkeit gibt es oft zu einer erheblichen Verzögerung zwischen Symptom und Diagnose. Es dauert etwa 4 bis 6 Monate bei einem Patienten mit Darmkrebs nach dem ersten Auftreten der Symptome diagnostiziert werden.

Früherkennung von Darmkrebs führt zu einer deutlich besseren Überlebensrate. Daher ist es sehr wichtig, dass Sie mit Ihrem Arzt sprechen, wenn Sie von Darmkrebs Symptome, vor allem wenn Sie 50 Jahre alt und älter sind.

Theorien / Spekulationen

4. Es wird angenommen, dass 90-95% der Fälle von Dickdarmkrebs adenomatöse Polypen entstehen (auch als Adenom bekannt). Dies wird als das Adenom - Karzinom-Sequenz bezeichnet. Obwohl nur ein kleiner Teil von Adenomen Fortschritte werden von Krebs, ist es immer noch nicht möglich, festzustellen, welche ein Krebs sein wird. Die Adenom - Karzinom Theorie ist der Grundstein für das Verständnis und das Management von Darmkrebs.

Prävention / Lösung

5. Dickdarmkrebs kann frühzeitig durch regelmäßige Screening erkannt werden. Früherkennung verbessert die Überlebenschancen deutlich. Studien zeigen, dass das Risiko von Dickdarmkrebs um 70 auf 80% reduziert, nur durch die Erfüllung der regelmäßige Überprüfung.

Die wirksamste Methode ist Screening-Koloskopie. Die American Cancer Society empfiehlt Screening-Koloskopie alle 10 Jahre, beginnend im Alter von 50, für alle Erwachsenen. Jede Adenom festgestellt während der Koloskopie wird durch Polypektomie entfernt werden. Mehrere klinische Studien zeigen, dass die Koloskopie höchst wirksam bei der Verringerung sowohl Inzidenz und Mortalität von Darmkrebs.

Anderen Screening-Tests sind für Darmkrebs Stuhl-basierten Tests wie okkultes Blut-Test (FOBT), fäkale immunologische Test (FIT) und fäkale DNA-und Full-strukturelle Untersuchung, wie die virtuelle Koloskopie und Sigmoidoskopie.

Cancer : Beat Skin Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (ayu) — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 07:59:00 +0000

How to Beat Skin Cancer before it Strikes

Skin cancer is a malignant growth on the skin and it develops on the outer part of the skin so that the tumor is visible and more people are affected with it than one thinks, however there are ways to stop it before it strikes, but always make sure to talk to your doctor about it.

· Drink black tea; in fact some different studies according researchers of Arizona University (http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Hot_Tea_May_Lower_Risk_of_Some_Skin_Cancers.asp), state that people that drank good quantities of hot black tea had less of the cell cancer.

· Buy a sun protective laundry treatment and there are some that you can buy at your local grocery store and it works in a way that it washes the equivalent of SPF 30 directly into your clothes.

· Use SPF every time you are out in the sun of at least 15 or higher and it can be either sunscreen or sun block; this seems to be one of the best ways to avoid getting skin cancer. Remember that to use sunscreen not only when you are at the beach or pool but every day that you are going to be out in the sun for an extended period of time.

· Another way is to stop smoking since smokers are more likely to develop skin cancer by at least thirty percent than non smokers, and even if people know that quitting is ultimately best for them it can be hard. To quit ask your doctor or a friend for help and support while you are going through it and know that in the long run this is going to be better for your health.

· Take an aspirin, in fact a dose of aspirin or ibuprofen which contain anti-inflammatory ingredients, may actually fight off the chemical that enables the skin cancer cell. Always talk to your doctor first to see which is best for you and your health before undergoing any medical changes on your own.

Cancer : Cancer Online Information

noreply@blogger.com (ayu) — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 07:53:00 +0000

How to Find Information About Cancer Online

There is so much information about cancer online these days, it can be hard to know where to start. This article will lead you through the guide you should take to find the best, most relevant, and most current information about cancer online :
Start your search for information about cancer online at Google Health or another site that can provide you with a broad overview of symptoms, treatments and prognoses. These overview sites are great for getting a lot of general information in one place and for providing links to more specialized sources of cancer information.

Next, you should search for information about the specific type of cancer that you are researching. Different types of cancer can actually be very different from one another. On sites such as the Mayo Clinic's, you can search for the latest information about particular types of cancer and be confident that your cancer information is coming from the foremost experts in the field.

Look for subjective information about cancer online by searching blogs. Many people write off subjective information as unimportant; however, blogs can give you a sense about the experiences and feelings of people that are actually dealing with cancer. Simply type the name of the cancer you are interested in researching and the word "blog" into any search engine. You'll be surprised to find that there are blogs by people with almost every type of cancer.

So finden Sie Informationen zu Krebs Online

Es gibt so viele Informationen über Krebs online in diesen Tagen, es kann schwer zu sagen, wo ich anfangen soll. Dieser Artikel führt Sie durch die Anleitung Sie sollten sich auf der Suche nach den besten, wichtigsten führen, und die meisten aktuellen Informationen über Krebs online:

Start der Suche nach Informationen über Krebs online bei Google Health oder eine andere Website, die Sie mit einem breiten Überblick über Symptome, Therapien und Prognosen geben kann. Diese Übersicht Seiten sind ausschließlich immer eine Menge allgemeiner Informationen an einem Ort und für die Bereitstellung von Links zu weiteren Quellen von Krebs spezialisiert Informationen groß.

Als nächstes sollten Sie die Suche nach Informationen über die spezifische Art von Krebs, die Sie forschen. Verschiedene Arten von Krebs kann tatsächlich sehr verschieden voneinander. Auf Websites wie der Mayo-Klinik, können Sie die neuesten Informationen über bestimmte Arten von Krebs suchen und darauf vertrauen können, dass Ihr Krebs Information, die von den führenden Experten auf diesem Gebiet.

Anhand der subjektiven Informationen zu Krebs online durch die Suche nach Blogs. Viele Menschen schreiben mir aus subjektiver Informationen als unwichtig, jedoch können Blogs geben Ihnen einen Eindruck über die Erfahrungen und Gefühle der Menschen, die tatsächlich handelt es sich um Krebs. Geben Sie einfach den Namen des Krebses sind Sie bei der Recherche und das Wort "Blog" in eine Suchmaschine interessiert. Sie werden überrascht sein, dass es Blogs, die Menschen mit fast jeder Art von Krebs.

CANCER: Breast Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (ayu) — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 07:49:00 +0000

How to Lower the Risk of Breast Cancer

Lower the risk of breast cancer by following the recommendations of the studies that have been done, and learn from those who have had breast cancer. M.D. Anderson is one of the large cancer centers that does research in the field, and their work is helpful in understanding the risks.

Some risks are uncontrollable, like age and hereditary, but there are risks you can avoid, too.

(1) Loose the weight. Keep your weight down since weight gain and obesity are risk factors. A diet high in saturated fats also creates a risk.

(2) Get to work. Physical inactivity is one of the risks, so it is important to get exercise regularly.

(3) Eliminate the oral contraceptives. Birth control pills have hormones that create some risk for breast cancer.

(4) Do not consume alcohol. Alcohol consumption in a quantity of more than one drink a day is considered a risk factor.

(5) Cut the tobacco use. Tobacco creates an additional risk for all cancers, including breast cancer. Avoid second-hand smoke, too.

(6) Eat fruits and vegetables, and not much red meat. Diet has a significant bearing on the risk of breast cancer.

(7) Learn your family history to study the genetic risks. We have an article in Resources below to help you learn your family history for genetic risk of disease.

(8) Have routine screenings and do the BSE self-exams as recommended by the studies. Recommendations include a mammogram every one to three years after the age of 20, and every year after the age of 40. You cannot control aging which is one of the key risk factors, but you can be alert and practice early detection recommendations.

(9) Lower the risk of breast cancer by using the information learned from the years of research on the subject. Practice a healthy lifestyle with exercise and proper eating, screening and self-exams, and knowing your genetic risks to lower the risk of breast cancer.

Comment réduire le risque de cancer du sein

Réduire le risque de cancer du sein en suivant les recommandations des études qui ont été fait, et apprendre de ceux qui ont eu le cancer du sein. MD Anderson est l'un des grands centres de cancer qui fait des recherches dans le domaine, et leur travail est utile pour comprendre les risques.

Certains risques sont incontrôlables, comme l'âge et héréditaire, mais il ya des risques que vous pouvez éviter, aussi.

(1) Loose le poids. Maintenez votre poids à la baisse depuis la prise de poids et l'obésité sont des facteurs de risque. Une alimentation riche en graisses saturées crée également un risque.

(2) Au boulot. L'inactivité physique est l'un des risques, donc il est important de faire de l'exercice régulièrement.

(3) Éliminer les contraceptifs oraux. Les contraceptifs oraux ont des hormones qui créent un certain risque pour le cancer du sein.

(4) Ne pas consommer d'alcool. La consommation d'alcool en une quantité de plus d'un verre par jour est considérée comme un facteur de risque.

(5) Coupez l'usage du tabac. Le tabac entraîne un risque supplémentaire pour tous les cancers, notamment le cancer du sein. Évitez la fumée secondaire, aussi.

(6) Mangez des fruits et légumes et la viande rouge, pas beaucoup. L'alimentation a un impact significatif sur le risque de cancer du sein.

(7) Pour en savoir vos antécédents familiaux d'étudier les risques génétiques. Nous avons un article dans les ressources ci-dessous pour vous aider à connaître vos antécédents familiaux de risque génétiques de maladies.

(8) ont Examens de routine et faire l'auto-examens ESB tel que recommandé par les études. Les recommandations comprennent une mammographie tous les un à trois ans après l'âge de 20 ans, et chaque année après l'âge de 40 ans. Vous ne pouvez pas contrôler le vieillissement qui est l'un des principaux facteurs de risque, mais vous pouvez être vigilants et de la pratique des recommandations de dépistage précoce.

(9) Réduire le risque de cancer du sein en utilisant les informations tirées des années de recherche sur le sujet. Pratique un mode de vie sain avec l'exercice et les repas, le dépistage et l'auto-examens et connaître vos risques génétiques pour diminuer le risque de cancer du sein.