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href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>165</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-7660864768637635161</id><published>2026-10-20T22:56:25.315+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-20T22:56:25.315+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="CUDA OOM"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="GPU Memory"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Memory Profiling"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="PyTorch"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><title type='text'>CUDA 메모리 부족 오류, allocated·reserved·peak 로그는 어떻게 읽을까</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand: clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px); width: calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand)); max-width: none; margin: 0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand)); padding: 16px 16px 18px; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;CUDA 메모리 부족 오류를 읽을 때는 현재 텐서 사용량인 allocated, 할당기가 관리하는 reserved, 측정 구간의 최대 텐서 사용량인 peak를 같은 측정 구간·장치 기준으로 기록해야 합니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 먼저 작업 전후 로그와 peak 초기화 위치를 확인하세요. reserved와 allocated를 더하거나, 둘의 차이를 곧바로 단편화로 해석하면 진단이 어긋납니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; lang=&quot;ko&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand: clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px); width: calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand)); max-width: none; margin: 0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand)); padding: 0px 16px 16px; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 24px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;30초 진단 순서&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;종료 로그는 낮은데 OOM이 난다:&lt;/strong&gt; 한 작업 직전 peak를 초기화하고, 작업 후 현재값과 peak를 함께 기록합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;반복할수록 allocated가 오른다:&lt;/strong&gt; 같은 입력 크기에서 기준선을 비교하고 결과 텐서·참조가 남는 위치를 확인합니다. 이 패턴만으로 누수라고 확정하지 않습니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;reserved만 높아 보인다:&lt;/strong&gt; 먼저 allocator backend와 로그 범위를 확인합니다. 무작정 empty_cache나 allocator 설정 변경부터 하지 않습니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;적용 범위:&lt;/strong&gt; PyTorch 2.14 공식 CUDA 문서, NVIDIA CUDA GPU를 쓰는 단일 프로세스의 단일 장치 진단입니다. 확인일은 2026-10-20 KST입니다. 아래 GPU 계측 코드는 &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;문서 기반 미실행 예제&lt;/strong&gt;이며, 실제로 실행한 부분은 GPU가 필요 없는 &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;가상 로그 계산과 Python 문법 검사&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 다중 GPU·다중 프로세스·CUDA Graph 캡처 중인 서비스에 그대로 넣는 예제가 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 24px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;목차와 한 줄 정의&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#counters&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;allocated·reserved&lt;/a&gt;: 현재 텐서 사용량과 캐싱 할당기의 관리량입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#peak&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;peak와 기준 구간&lt;/a&gt;: 마지막 초기화 이후 기록한 최대 텐서 사용량입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#probe&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;작업 전후 계측&lt;/a&gt;: 같은 GPU에서 한 작업의 전후와 피크를 기록합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#example&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;가상 로그 해석&lt;/a&gt;: 종료 4 GiB와 구간 최대 9 GiB를 구분합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#actions&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;증상별 다음 행동&lt;/a&gt;: 원인을 단정하지 않고 확인 범위를 좁힙니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#summary&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;요약·비교와 Appendix&lt;/a&gt;: 실행 여부와 제약을 다시 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;counters&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;1. allocated와 reserved는 더하는 숫자가 아니다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;allocated는 해당 장치의 텐서가 현재 차지하는 메모리 바이트 수입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 이 값은 GPU 전체 사용량이 아닙니다. 공식 문서는 캐싱 할당기의 미사용 보유 메모리와 GPU 컨텍스트 때문에 nvidia-smi 표시와 다를 수 있다고 설명합니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.memory_allocated.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;memory_allocated 공식 정의&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;reserved는 해당 장치에서 PyTorch 캐싱 할당기가 관리하는 메모리 바이트 수입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 일반적인 native backend의 그림에서는 allocated가 reserved 안에 들어갑니다. 예를 들어 reserved 10 GiB, allocated 4 GiB를 보고 총 14 GiB를 쓴다고 계산하면 안 됩니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.memory_reserved.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;memory_reserved 공식 정의&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;단위도 맞춰야 합니다.&lt;/strong&gt; API의 바이트 값을 1024²로 나누면 MiB, 1024³으로 나누면 GiB입니다. 이 글의 1 GiB는 1024 MiB입니다. 아래 가상 로그에서는 MiB를 사용하며, 제조사가 십진 GB로 표시하는 용량과 섞어 계산하지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;peak&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;2. peak는 ‘이번 작업의 추가 필요량’과 다르다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;peak allocated는 측정 시작 이후 텐서가 가장 많이 차지했던 메모리입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 기본적으로 프로그램 시작 이후의 최댓값이므로 한 작업을 비교하려면 시작점을 다시 정해야 합니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.max_memory_allocated.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;max_memory_allocated&lt;/a&gt;와 &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.reset_peak_memory_stats.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;reset_peak_memory_stats&lt;/a&gt;가 이 용도로 쓰입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;모델을 올린 뒤 allocated가 이미 2 GiB이고 작업 중 peak가 9 GiB였다면, 관측한 최대 텐서 사용량은 9 GiB입니다. 그 차이 7 GiB는 시작값 대비 증가 폭이지, 어떤 입력에서도 보장되는 추가 용량이나 GPU 전체 필요량이 아닙니다. 실패한 할당 요청 크기까지 peak에 더해 기록된다고 가정해서도 안 됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;초기화는 메모리를 비우는 동작이 아닙니다.&lt;/strong&gt; peak 추적의 기준을 바꾸는 동작입니다. 다른 계측 코드가 같은 프로세스·장치의 peak를 보고 있다면 측정 구간에 간섭할 수 있으므로 독립된 재현 환경에서 사용하세요.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;probe&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;3. 한 작업의 전후 로그를 남기는 Python 예제&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;계측은 같은 장치·같은 조건에서 전후를 비교하는 절차입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 아래 코드는 작업 전에 동기화하고 peak를 초기화한 뒤 before·after를 출력합니다. OOM은 기록을 시도한 뒤 다시 전달하며 자동 재시도하지 않습니다. 이 코드를 실제 GPU에서 실행한 결과라고 주장하지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;전제:&lt;/strong&gt; 독자가 관리하는 CUDA 지원 PyTorch 환경, GPU 0 한 개, 동시에 같은 프로세스에서 GPU 작업을 추가하지 않는 진단 구간입니다. 아래 작은 텐서 예제를 실행하려면 gpu_memory_probe.py로 저장해 &lt;code style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; overflow-wrap: anywhere; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;python gpu_memory_probe.py&lt;/code&gt;를 실행합니다. PyTorch 설치·드라이버 변경·유료 클라우드 작업은 이 글의 실행 검증 범위가 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;code-label&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin: 20px 0px 8px;&quot;&gt;Python · GPU 계측 예제 · 문법 검사만 수행, CUDA 실행 미검증&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 14px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin: 12px 0px 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-source-file=&quot;gpu_memory_probe.py&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; overflow-wrap: normal; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&quot;&quot;&quot;PyTorch 2.14 documentation-based CUDA example. GPU execution NOT tested here.&quot;&quot;&quot;
import json
import torch

MIB = 1024 ** 2


def read_stats(tag, device=0):
    free_bytes, total_bytes = torch.cuda.memory.mem_get_info(device)
    return {
        &quot;tag&quot;: tag,
        &quot;device&quot;: device,
        &quot;allocated_mib&quot;: round(torch.cuda.memory.memory_allocated(device) / MIB, 2),
        &quot;reserved_mib&quot;: round(torch.cuda.memory.memory_reserved(device) / MIB, 2),
        &quot;peak_allocated_mib&quot;: round(torch.cuda.memory.max_memory_allocated(device) / MIB, 2),
        &quot;driver_free_mib&quot;: round(free_bytes / MIB, 2),
        &quot;driver_total_mib&quot;: round(total_bytes / MIB, 2),
    }


def measure_step(step, device=0):
    if not torch.cuda.is_available():
        raise RuntimeError(&quot;CUDA GPU와 CUDA 지원 PyTorch가 필요합니다.&quot;)
    torch.cuda.synchronize(device)
    torch.cuda.memory.reset_peak_memory_stats(device)
    print(json.dumps(read_stats(&quot;before&quot;, device), ensure_ascii=False))
    try:
        result = step()
        torch.cuda.synchronize(device)
    except torch.OutOfMemoryError:
        try:
            print(json.dumps(read_stats(&quot;oom&quot;, device), ensure_ascii=False))
        except Exception as log_error:
            print(&quot;OOM 로그 수집 실패:&quot;, type(log_error).__name__)
        raise
    print(json.dumps(read_stats(&quot;after&quot;, device), ensure_ascii=False))
    return result


if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;:
    print(json.dumps({&quot;torch&quot;: torch.__version__, &quot;cuda_runtime&quot;: torch.version.cuda}))
    if not torch.cuda.is_available():
        raise SystemExit(&quot;CUDA 사용 불가: GPU 예제는 여기서 종료합니다.&quot;)
    print(&quot;allocator:&quot;, torch.cuda.memory.get_allocator_backend())
    value = measure_step(lambda: torch.empty((256, 1024), device=&quot;cuda:0&quot;, dtype=torch.float32))
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;기본 예제의 텐서 원소 크기는 256 × 1024 × 4 bytes = 1 MiB입니다. 이는 텐서 데이터 크기의 계산이지 CUDA 컨텍스트·allocator의 전체 증가량을 예측한 값이 아닙니다. 자신의 코드에서는 &lt;code style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; overflow-wrap: anywhere; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;measure_step&lt;/code&gt;에 한 번의 학습·추론 단계를 수행하는 함수를 전달하되 입력·출력 텐서의 수명을 기록해야 합니다. 반환값을 보유한 채 after를 찍기 때문에 그 결과 텐서도 현재 allocated에 남을 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;synchronize는 장치의 모든 stream에 있는 커널 완료를 기다립니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 진단 구간을 구분하기 위한 것이며 평소 처리량을 측정하는 벤치마크 루프에 무심코 넣으면 동작과 성능을 바꿉니다. 여러 stream의 실제 서비스나 Graph 캡처 중에는 그대로 쓰지 마세요. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.synchronize.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;synchronize 공식 문서&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;추가로 기록한 &lt;code style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; overflow-wrap: anywhere; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;driver_free_mib&lt;/code&gt;는 &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;cudaMemGetInfo가 반환하는 장치 전체 free/total 범위&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 이 프로세스의 allocated·reserved와 같은 범위가 아니며, 차례로 읽은 값은 원자적인 한 장면도 아닙니다. 다음 할당 성공 여부를 이 값 하나로 보장할 수 없습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.mem_get_info.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;mem_get_info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;example&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;4. 종료 4 GiB, peak 9 GiB인 로그를 읽어 보자&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;가상 로그는 계산법을 설명하기 위해 만든 입력입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 실제 장치 출력이나 위 작은 텐서 예제의 예상 출력이 아닙니다. native backend의 단순화한 예로 시작 allocated 2 GiB, 종료 allocated 4 GiB, 종료 reserved 10 GiB, 구간 peak allocated 9 GiB를 사용합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure aria-label=&quot;가상 allocated 사용량이 시작 2 GiB에서 중간 최대 9 GiB를 거쳐 종료 4 GiB가 되는 도식&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 26px 0px; padding: 14px; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 10px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248);&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;flow-step&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 12px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;시작 · allocated 2 GiB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;기존 텐서를 보유한 상태에서 peak 기준 설정&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flow-arrow&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-align: center; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; color: rgb(23, 86, 169);&quot;&gt;↓&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;flow-step&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 12px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;구간 최대 · peak allocated 9 GiB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;중간 텐서가 많아진 시점의 기록값&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flow-arrow&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-align: center; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; color: rgb(23, 86, 169);&quot;&gt;↓&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;flow-step&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 12px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;종료 · allocated 4 GiB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;중간 피크가 지나간 뒤의 현재값&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 24px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;종료 reserved 10 GiB 안에 allocated 4 GiB 포함&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;차이 6 GiB ≠ 확정 단편화 크기&lt;br style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;차이 6 GiB ≠ 다음 요청에 보장된 가용량&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figcaption style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 14px;&quot;&gt;자체 제작 가상 도식. 중간 최대값과 종료값을 더하지 않습니다. 단순화한 텐서 사용량 흐름이며 GPU 전체 메모리 지도나 실제 측정 차트가 아닙니다.&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;아래 계산 예제는 PyTorch를 import하지 않는 순수 Python입니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Windows x64의 Python 실행 결과&lt;/strong&gt;를 제시하며 가상 입력의 산술만 검증했습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;code-label&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin: 20px 0px 8px;&quot;&gt;Python · analyze_demo.py · 가상 입력 산술 검증&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 14px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin: 12px 0px 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-source-file=&quot;analyze_demo.py&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; overflow-wrap: normal; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&quot;&quot;&quot;CPU-only arithmetic on explicitly synthetic CUDA-style logs. No torch import.&quot;&quot;&quot;
before = {&quot;allocated_mib&quot;: 2048, &quot;reserved_mib&quot;: 4096, &quot;peak_allocated_mib&quot;: 2048}
after = {&quot;allocated_mib&quot;: 4096, &quot;reserved_mib&quot;: 10240, &quot;peak_allocated_mib&quot;: 9216}

allocated_growth = after[&quot;allocated_mib&quot;] - before[&quot;allocated_mib&quot;]
peak_above_start = after[&quot;peak_allocated_mib&quot;] - before[&quot;allocated_mib&quot;]
peak_above_end = after[&quot;peak_allocated_mib&quot;] - after[&quot;allocated_mib&quot;]
reserved_gap = after[&quot;reserved_mib&quot;] - after[&quot;allocated_mib&quot;]

assert allocated_growth == 2048
assert peak_above_start == 7168
assert peak_above_end == 5120
assert reserved_gap == 6144
assert after[&quot;peak_allocated_mib&quot;] / 1024 == 9
assert 1024 ** 3 / (1024 ** 2) == 1024
assert after[&quot;reserved_mib&quot;] &amp;gt;= after[&quot;allocated_mib&quot;]

print(&quot;입력: 가상 로그, GPU 실측 아님&quot;)
print(f&quot;allocated 증가: {allocated_growth} MiB ({allocated_growth / 1024:.2f} GiB)&quot;)
print(f&quot;구간 peak: {after[&#39;peak_allocated_mib&#39;]} MiB ({after[&#39;peak_allocated_mib&#39;] / 1024:.2f} GiB)&quot;)
print(f&quot;peak - 시작 allocated: {peak_above_start} MiB ({peak_above_start / 1024:.2f} GiB)&quot;)
print(f&quot;끝 reserved - allocated: {reserved_gap} MiB ({reserved_gap / 1024:.2f} GiB)&quot;)
print(&quot;판정: 단편화·다음 할당 성공 여부는 이 로그만으로 미확인&quot;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;code-label&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin: 20px 0px 8px;&quot;&gt;실제로 실행한 계산 출력 · GPU 실측 아님&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 14px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin: 12px 0px 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-source-file=&quot;demo-output.txt&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; overflow-wrap: normal; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;입력: 가상 로그, GPU 실측 아님
allocated 증가: 2048 MiB (2.00 GiB)
구간 peak: 9216 MiB (9.00 GiB)
peak - 시작 allocated: 7168 MiB (7.00 GiB)
끝 reserved - allocated: 6144 MiB (6.00 GiB)
판정: 단편화·다음 할당 성공 여부는 이 로그만으로 미확인
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;이 예에서는 종료값만 보면 4 GiB지만 구간 최대는 9 GiB입니다. peak와 종료값의 차이는 5 GiB입니다. 따라서 종료 시 스냅샷만 보고 여유가 충분했다고 결론내릴 수 없습니다. 반대로 reserved−allocated가 6 GiB라는 사실만으로 그 공간이 모두 즉시 반환 가능하다거나 그만큼 단편화됐다고 결론내리지도 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;actions&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;5. 패턴별로 한 가지씩 확인한다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;allocated 기준선이 계속 오른다:&lt;/strong&gt; 입력 크기와 반복 조건을 고정해 로그를 비교하고, 보관 중인 출력·참조를 확인합니다. 의도한 캐시나 워밍업일 수도 있으므로 증가만으로 누수 판정은 하지 않습니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;현재값은 비슷한데 peak만 크다:&lt;/strong&gt; 입력 길이·배치·작업 단계를 기록합니다. 한 변수를 바꿔 피크가 어떻게 달라지는지 다시 확인합니다. 성능·정확도까지 함께 검수해야 하며 배치 축소가 모든 문제의 정답은 아닙니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;reserved와 allocated 차이가 크다:&lt;/strong&gt; backend를 확인하고 필요할 때 &lt;code style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; overflow-wrap: anywhere; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;torch.cuda.memory_summary(device=0)&lt;/code&gt; 또는 allocator snapshot으로 블록 상태를 더 봅니다. 단편화는 후보이지 이 차이만으로 확정된 원인이 아닙니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;PyTorch 로그와 전체 장치 사용량이 크게 다르다:&lt;/strong&gt; 장치·프로세스 범위와 PyTorch 밖의 할당을 확인합니다. 다른 사용자의 프로세스를 임의로 종료하지 않습니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;empty_cache는 살아 있는 텐서를 지우지 않습니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 공식 문서는 미사용 캐시를 반환하는 동작과 텐서가 점유한 메모리를 구분합니다. allocator 옵션도 첫 조치가 아닙니다. 특히 max_split_size_mb는 native backend의 inactive split 블록 근거가 있는 경계 사례에서 검토하는 마지막 수단으로 안내되며, 성능 비용이 생길 수 있습니다. 이 글은 해당 설정을 자동 변경하거나 고정 값을 권하지 않습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/notes/cuda.html#memory-management&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;PyTorch 메모리 관리&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;고급 snapshot도 모든 CUDA 할당을 보여주는 것은 아닙니다. 공식 메모리 시각화 문서는 PyTorch allocator를 통하지 않는 할당이 보이지 않을 수 있음을 설명합니다. 기록 파일에는 모델·코드 경로 같은 운영 정보가 포함될 수 있으므로 승인 없이 외부에 업로드하지 마세요. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/torch_cuda_memory.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Understanding CUDA Memory Usage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;summary&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;6. 요약·비교: 현재값, 관리량, 구간 최대를 분리한다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 24px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(238, 241, 244);&quot;&gt;로그 항목&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(238, 241, 244);&quot;&gt;먼저 답할 질문&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;allocated&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;지금 텐서가 얼마를 차지하나?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;reserved&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;할당기가 얼마를 관리하나?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;peak allocated&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;기준 구간 중 얼마나 높아졌나?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;driver free&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;장치 전체 free 범위는 어떤가?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;안전한 순서는 환경·backend 기록 → 같은 장치에서 시작점 설정 → 한 작업의 before·after·peak 기록 → 한 변수씩 바꿔 재확인입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 로그가 알려주는 범위보다 더 큰 결론을 내리지 않는 것이 핵심입니다. peak를 줄였더라도 처리량과 응답 지연이 좋아졌다고 자동으로 결론내릴 수는 없습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;관련 개념은 같은 언어 글타래로 이어 볼 수 있습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai-pc-kv-cache.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;브라우저 메모리와 서버 KV Cache를 나누어 보는 글&lt;/a&gt;은 측정 위치를 구분하는 데, &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/llm-ttfttpotitl.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;TTFT·TPOT·ITL과 처리량 설명&lt;/a&gt;은 메모리 변경 후 응답 품질을 무엇으로 검증할지 정하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 서로 다른 자원·성능 지표를 한 숫자로 대체하지 마세요.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;Appendix · 실행 환경, 실패 조건과 출처&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;확인일 2026-10-20 KST. 문서 기준은 PyTorch 2.14입니다. GPU 계측 코드는 CUDA 지원 환경이 필요하고, CUDA 미지원·잘못된 장치·OOM·동시 작업·서로 다른 allocator backend에서는 실행 또는 해석에 제약이 생깁니다. 특히 일부 allocator 통계는 backend에 따라 의미가 달라집니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.get_allocator_backend.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;현재 allocator backend 확인&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;실행 여부:&lt;/strong&gt; 가상 로그 계산은 Windows x64의 Python 3.14.3으로 실행하고 일곱 산술 조건을 확인했습니다. GPU 코드는 Python 문법만 검사했으며 PyTorch import·CUDA 실행·실제 LLM·처리량·메모리 누수 재현은 수행하지 않았습니다. 실제 GPU 출력이나 OOM 해결을 보장하는 글이 아닙니다. 설치 패키지·드라이버·전역 설정은 변경하지 않았습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.memory_allocated.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;memory_allocated&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.memory_reserved.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;memory_reserved&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.max_memory_allocated.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;max_memory_allocated&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.reset_peak_memory_stats.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;reset_peak_memory_stats&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.mem_get_info.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;mem_get_info&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.synchronize.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;synchronize&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/notes/cuda.html#memory-management&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;CUDA memory management&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/torch_cuda_memory.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;CUDA memory snapshots의 범위와 한계&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-32b267e70dbe83990b31ce0e --&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/7660864768637635161/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/cuda-allocatedreservedpeak.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/7660864768637635161'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/7660864768637635161'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/cuda-allocatedreservedpeak.html' title='CUDA 메모리 부족 오류, allocated·reserved·peak 로그는 어떻게 읽을까'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-7838392838708388203</id><published>2026-10-20T17:16:47.273+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-20T17:16:47.273+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI Browser"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Aside"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Browser Automation"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ego lite"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><title type='text'>Aside vs ego lite, AI 브라우저는 무엇이 다를까? 기능·비용·보안 비교</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand: clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px); width: calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand)); max-width: none; margin: 0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand)); padding: 16px 16px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Aside와 ego lite의 차이는 AI가 있느냐보다, 내가 쓰는 에이전트와 브라우저를 어떤 방식으로 연결하느냐에 있습니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 브라우저 안에서 작업·기억·반복 실행을 묶어 시작하려면 Aside를, 기존 AI 에이전트가 웹을 조작하는 작업 공간을 붙이려면 ego lite를 먼저 살펴볼 만합니다. 다만 Aside도 CLI·MCP·REPL을 지원하므로 ‘Aside는 내장형만, ego lite는 외부 연결만’이라는 이분법은 정확하지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; lang=&quot;ko&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand: clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px); width: calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand)); max-width: none; margin: 0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand)); padding: 0px 16px 16px; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;이 글에서 Aside는 &lt;a href=&quot;https://aside.com/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;aside.com의 AI 브라우저&lt;/a&gt;, ego lite는 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.egolite.app/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;egolite.app의 브라우저&lt;/a&gt;를 뜻합니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;기준일은 2026년 10월 20일이며, 공식 문서·다운로드 안내·공개 요금 화면을 비교했습니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 두 제품을 같은 PC에서 설치해 속도·메모리·성공률을 겨룬 실측 리뷰는 아닙니다. 아래 선택 기준은 문서에 대한 해석이며 성능 우열이나 보안 인증을 뜻하지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 24px 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;30초 선택: 이미 쓰는 에이전트부터 확인하세요.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;“브라우저에서 요청하고 반복 작업까지 한곳에서 관리하고 싶다”&lt;/strong&gt; → Aside의 기본 작업 흐름과 루틴을 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;“쓰던 코딩 에이전트에 로그인된 웹 작업을 연결하고 싶다”&lt;/strong&gt; → ego lite의 연결 방식과 Space를 확인합니다. Aside의 MCP 연결도 비교 후보입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;회사·고객 정보를 다룬다&lt;/strong&gt; → 무료 여부보다 조직의 사용 승인과 모델 전송 범위를 먼저 확인합니다. ‘로컬’이라는 표현만으로 안전하다고 판단하지 않습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 24px 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;목차와 핵심 용어&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#browser-agent&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;AI 브라우저와 에이전트&lt;/a&gt;: 화면을 여는 프로그램과 다음 행동을 결정하는 AI는 서로 다른 역할입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#aside&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Aside&lt;/a&gt;: 브라우저와 AI 작업 기능을 묶은 제품이며 외부 도구 연결도 제공합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ego&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;ego lite&lt;/a&gt;: 기존 에이전트에 브라우저 조작 환경을 연결하는 데 초점을 둡니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#workflow&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;작업 흐름&lt;/a&gt;: 요청이 모델과 웹사이트까지 이동하는 경로입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#cost&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;비용&lt;/a&gt;: 브라우저 요금과 에이전트·모델 요금을 분리해서 봅니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#privacy&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;데이터와 권한&lt;/a&gt;: 로컬 저장과 외부 모델의 처리는 별개의 문제입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#trial&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;안전한 비교 방법&lt;/a&gt;: 같은 공개 자료를 같은 완료 조건으로 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;browser-agent&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;1. AI 브라우저와 AI 에이전트는 같은 것이 아니다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;AI 브라우저는 웹을 열고 조작하는 환경이고, 에이전트는 목표에 맞춰 읽기·클릭·입력 같은 행동을 결정하는 소프트웨어입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 이를 한 제품에 묶을 수도 있고, 별도의 에이전트와 연결할 수도 있습니다. 웹사이트 로그인 상태, 도구의 권한, 연결된 모델에 따라 가능한 작업이 달라집니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;MCP(Model Context Protocol)&lt;/strong&gt;는 여기서 외부 에이전트가 도구에 연결하는 인터페이스를, &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;CLI&lt;/strong&gt;는 터미널 명령 인터페이스를, &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;REPL&lt;/strong&gt;은 명령을 입력하고 결과를 확인하는 대화식 실행 환경을 뜻합니다. 이 이름이 보인다고 해서 설치·연결 없이 곧바로 모든 에이전트에서 작동하는 것은 아닙니다. 지원 버전과 설정을 따로 확인해야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;aside&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;2. Aside: 브라우저 안의 작업 묶음에서 출발한다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Aside의 특징은 브라우저 작업과 Memory·Routines 같은 기능을 제품 안에서 함께 안내한다는 점입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 공식 문서의 Routines는 정해진 시각이나 주기로 작업을 실행하는 기능입니다. 새 작업으로 실행하는 cron 방식과 기존 대화를 이어가는 heartbeat 방식을 구분합니다. 반복 실행이 필요하다면 단순히 예약 유무뿐 아니라 실패·겹침·중단 조건도 확인하는 편이 좋습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.aside.com/help/automation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Aside Routines 공식 문서&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;외부 에이전트와 연결하는 길도 있습니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 개발자 문서는 CLI로 작업을 시작하거나, MCP 서버로 다른 도구와 연결하거나, REPL로 페이지 확인·스크린샷 같은 세부 조작을 수행하는 경로를 설명합니다. 따라서 기존 개발 환경과 연결하려는 사람도 Aside를 비교 대상에 넣을 수 있습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.aside.com/help/developers&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Aside CLI·MCP·REPL 문서&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;이 글의 판단은 ‘통합된 기본 경험을 원하는가’입니다. 기능이 한곳에 있다는 이유만으로 복잡한 업무를 더 정확히 끝낸다고 단정할 수는 없습니다. 실제 업무에서 어느 단계에 사람 확인이 필요한지가 더 중요합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;ego&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;3. ego lite: 기존 에이전트에 작업 공간을 붙인다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;ego lite는 기존 AI 에이전트가 브라우저를 다룰 수 있도록 연결하는 Chromium 기반 브라우저입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 공식 Windows 문서는 ego-browser 도구를 통한 연결과 페이지의 조작 대상을 간결하게 전달하는 Snapshot을 설명합니다. 에이전트의 모델 선택·지시·도구 사용 능력이 결과에 영향을 줍니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.egolite.app/document/en/docs/windows/product-introduce&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;ego lite Windows 제품 소개&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Space는 에이전트 작업을 나누는 브라우저 작업 공간입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 공식 설명상 작업마다 별도 BrowserContext를 두어 쿠키·저장소를 분리하며, 사용자는 작업 탭을 보고 개입할 수 있습니다. 그렇다고 모든 사이트에서 재로그인이 필요 없거나 회사 자료의 외부 전송이 차단된다고 보장하는 기능은 아닙니다. 작업 공간 분리와 정보 접근 권한은 다른 층위입니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.egolite.app/document/en/docs/space&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;ego lite Space 문서&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;운영체제도 오래된 소개 글이 아닌 현재 다운로드 안내로 확인해야 합니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 확인일 기준 Aside는 macOS·Windows를 안내하고, ego lite도 macOS와 &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Windows 베타&lt;/strong&gt;를 제공합니다. ego lite의 일부 macOS 소개에는 Windows가 향후 계획처럼 남아 있지만 현재 Windows 문서·다운로드 페이지가 존재합니다. 베타의 안정성이나 기능 동등성은 이 글에서 검증하지 않았습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://aside.com/download&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Aside 다운로드 안내&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.egolite.app/download?auto=1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;ego lite 다운로드 안내&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;workflow&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;4. 같은 웹 작업도 요청 경로가 다르다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;작업 흐름은 ‘누가 판단하고, 어떤 도구가 화면을 조작하는가’를 보여주는 경로입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 아래는 제품의 대표적인 시작 방식을 단순화한 개념도입니다. 실제 네트워크 구성이나 모든 지원 모드를 그린 아키텍처는 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure aria-label=&quot;Aside와 ego lite의 대표 작업 흐름 비교 개념도&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 26px 0px; padding: 14px; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 10px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248);&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;flow-lane&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 12px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Aside에서 시작하는 경우&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flow-step&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 10px; background: rgb(238, 244, 252); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;사용자 요청&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flow-arrow&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-align: center; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; color: rgb(23, 86, 169);&quot;&gt;↓&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flow-step&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 10px; background: rgb(238, 244, 252); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;Aside의 AI 작업 기능 + 선택한 모델&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flow-arrow&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-align: center; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; color: rgb(23, 86, 169);&quot;&gt;↓&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flow-step&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 10px; background: rgb(238, 244, 252); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;브라우저 조작 → 대상 웹사이트&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;외부 에이전트도 CLI·MCP·REPL로 연결 가능&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;flow-lane&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 12px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;ego lite에 연결하는 경우&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flow-step&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 10px; background: rgb(238, 244, 252); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;사용자 요청 → 기존 AI 에이전트와 모델&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flow-arrow&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-align: center; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; color: rgb(23, 86, 169);&quot;&gt;↓&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flow-step&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 10px; background: rgb(238, 244, 252); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;ego-browser 도구&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flow-arrow&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-align: center; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2; color: rgb(23, 86, 169);&quot;&gt;↓&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;flow-step&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 10px; background: rgb(238, 244, 252); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;ego lite의 Space → 대상 웹사이트&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;사용자는 작업 공간을 보며 확인·개입&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figcaption style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 14px;&quot;&gt;공식 개발자·제품 문서를 바탕으로 직접 구성한 개념도. 실제 UI 캡처나 속도 측정 결과가 아닙니다. 두 흐름 모두 모델·웹사이트로 전달되는 정보를 별도로 확인해야 합니다.&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;예를 들어 공개 제품 문서 세 개의 지원 OS를 표로 정리하는 작업이라면, 최종 표가 정확한지와 원문 링크가 맞는지를 확인해야 합니다. 첫 답변이 빨리 나왔다고 전체 작업이 빠른 것도 아닙니다. 모델 응답 지연과 작업 완료 시간을 구분하려면 &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/llm-ttfttpotitl.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;TTFT·TPOT·ITL 등 LLM 추론 성능 지표&lt;/a&gt;를 함께 보면 이해에 도움이 됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;cost&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;5. 무료 브라우저와 무료 AI 작업은 다르다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;총비용은 브라우저·도구 요금, 에이전트·모델 요금, 재시도와 사람 검수 부담을 나눠 보는 것이 좋습니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 이는 비용을 비교하는 틀이며 실제 과금 산식이나 측정값은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 24px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(238, 241, 244);&quot;&gt;제품·플랜&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(238, 241, 244);&quot;&gt;표시 요금&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(238, 241, 244);&quot;&gt;Aside Free&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;US$0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(238, 241, 244);&quot;&gt;Aside Pro&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;US$20/월&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(238, 241, 244);&quot;&gt;Aside Max&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;US$200/월&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(238, 241, 244);&quot;&gt;ego lite&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;브라우저 무료&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;Aside는 &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Monthly 선택 기준&lt;/strong&gt;이며 무료 플랜은 월 500 credits를 안내합니다. 확인일 기준 표시 가격이므로 실제 결제 조건은 공식 화면에서 다시 확인하세요. ego lite의 무료 안내는 브라우저에 대한 것이며 연결하는 AI 에이전트·모델의 구독이나 API 사용료까지 무료라는 뜻은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;Aside 문서는 자체 credits와 외부 AI 구독·API 사용을 구분합니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;credits를 모델 토큰이나 ‘완료할 수 있는 작업 수’로 임의 환산하면 안 됩니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 자신이 연결할 모델에서 어떤 요금이 별도로 발생하는지 확인해야 합니다. 이 글은 유료 결제나 작업당 비용 측정을 수행하지 않았습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://aside.com/pricing&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Aside 공식 요금&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.aside.com/help/subscription&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Aside 구독·credits 문서&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.egolite.app/document/en/docs/windows/product-introduce&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;ego lite 비용 안내&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;privacy&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;6. ‘로컬 실행’은 ‘모델에 아무것도 보내지 않음’이 아니다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;로컬 저장은 데이터가 내 컴퓨터에 보관되는 위치에 관한 말이고, 모델 처리는 어떤 내용이 AI 제공자에게 전달되는가에 관한 말입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 둘을 같은 의미로 쓰면 개인정보와 회사 자료의 경계를 놓칠 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Aside:&lt;/strong&gt; 개인정보 처리방침은 로컬 중심 설계와 별도로 hosted model 사용 시 작업에 선택된 프롬프트·도구 결과·페이지 스냅샷·스크린샷·파일 등의 문맥이 모델 제공자에게 전달될 수 있음을 설명합니다. 외부 모델 연결에는 해당 제공자의 정책도 적용됩니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://aside.com/policy/privacy&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Aside 개인정보 처리방침&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;ego lite:&lt;/strong&gt; Windows 공식 문서는 에이전트가 읽은 페이지 내용을 연결된 모델 제공자에게 보낼 수 있음을 명시합니다. 브라우저가 로컬에서 돌아가더라도 선택한 에이전트의 처리 경로를 함께 봐야 합니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.egolite.app/document/en/docs/windows/product-introduce&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;ego lite 데이터 처리 설명&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;권한 제어와 결과 검수도 따로 필요합니다.&lt;/strong&gt; Aside 문서는 도구별 Allow·Ask·Deny와 읽기 전용·Guard·Full Access 모드를 설명합니다. 이는 제공 기능의 설명이지 보안 감사를 대신하는 증거가 아닙니다. 처음에는 읽기 중심으로 확인하고 결제·게시·삭제·권한 변경은 실행 직전에 사람이 확인하는 편이 안전합니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.aside.com/help/security&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Aside 권한 문서&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;또한 로그인 상태를 옮기는 것은 단순 북마크 복사와 다릅니다. ego lite 다운로드 안내는 Chrome 가져오기를 복사 방식으로 설명하며 이후의 로그인·확장 변경이 자동 동기화되지는 않는다고 안내합니다. 계정 연결을 결정하기 전에 가져올 프로필과 자료 범위를 확인하세요. 회사 자료는 조직의 승인 없이 시험에 사용하지 않는 것이 좋습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.egolite.app/download?auto=1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;ego lite 가져오기 안내&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;trial&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;7. 직접 비교한다면 공개 자료로 같은 과제를 준다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;공정한 비교의 시작은 동일한 입력과 완료 조건입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 다음은 독자가 활용할 수 있도록 작성한 &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;미실행 시험 예시&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 이 글에서 실제로 수행한 결과표가 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 24px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;예시 과제&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;“지정한 공개 제품 문서 세 페이지에서 지원 OS, 무료·유료 구분, 확인 날짜를 찾아 표로 정리해 줘. 각 항목에 원문 링크를 달고, 서로 충돌하는 내용은 미확인으로 남겨 줘. 로그인·다운로드·게시·결제는 하지 마.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;조건을 적습니다.&lt;/strong&gt; OS, 브라우저·에이전트 버전, 모델, 시작 로그인 상태와 허용 권한을 남깁니다. 모델이 다르면 브라우저만의 비교가 아니라고 표시합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;완료 시간을 잽니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 요청부터 사람이 확인한 정확한 표가 나올 때까지 측정하고 재시도·수동 수정 횟수를 따로 기록합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;출처를 검수합니다.&lt;/strong&gt; OS 베타 여부, 월간·연간 요금 선택, 문서 날짜와 서로 다른 안내의 충돌을 점검합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;범위를 지켰는지 봅니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 허용하지 않은 로그인·설치·외부 게시가 없었는지 확인합니다. 공개 자료의 정확한 요약을 먼저 통과시킨 뒤 민감하지 않은 작은 업무로 확장합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;Snapshot을 작게 만든다는 제품 설명이나 특정 벤치마크 순위만으로 다른 제품보다 싸고 빠르다고 결론내리지 않았습니다. 모델·과제·버전·실패 처리가 일치하지 않으면 숫자끼리 비교하기 어렵기 때문입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;summary&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;8. 요약: 우승 제품보다 내 작업의 출발점을 고른다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;통합 관리가 우선:&lt;/strong&gt; Aside의 기본 작업 화면·Memory·Routines와 플랜 제한을 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;기존 에이전트 연결이 우선:&lt;/strong&gt; ego lite의 도구·Space 연결과 Aside의 MCP·CLI 경로를 비교합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;비용·정보 보호가 우선:&lt;/strong&gt; 두 제품 모두 모델 요금·전송 문맥·권한·사람 승인 조건을 따로 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;정리하면, Aside는 통합된 작업 경험을, ego lite는 기존 에이전트와 브라우저 작업 공간의 연결을 출발점으로 비교할 만합니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 하지만 실제 선택은 지원 OS와 연결 방법을 확인하고 같은 읽기 전용 과제를 수행한 뒤 내리는 것이 좋습니다. 다음 확인 항목은 ‘내 에이전트와 연결되는가, 무엇이 모델로 나가는가, 틀린 결과를 사람이 얼마나 고쳐야 하는가’입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;Appendix · 확인 범위와 1차 출처&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;자료 확인: 2026-10-20 KST. 공식 공개 문서 및 Aside Monthly 요금 화면 기준입니다. 제품 설치, 같은 조건의 실작업 비교, 메모리·네트워크 계측, 유료 결제, 보안 감사는 수행하지 않았습니다. 그림은 자체 HTML 개념도이며 브랜드 화면·로고를 복제하지 않았습니다. 기능·요금·베타 상태는 바뀔 수 있으므로 도입 직전에 다시 확인하세요.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.aside.com/help/developers&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Aside: CLI·MCP·REPL&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.aside.com/help/automation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Routines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://aside.com/pricing&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Aside: 가격&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.aside.com/help/subscription&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;구독·credits&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href=&quot;https://aside.com/download&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;다운로드&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://aside.com/policy/privacy&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Aside: 개인정보 처리방침&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.aside.com/help/security&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;권한·보안 설정&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.egolite.app/document/en/docs/windows/product-introduce&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;ego lite: Windows 제품·모델 전송·요금 설명&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.egolite.app/document/en/docs/space&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Space&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.egolite.app/download?auto=1&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;ego lite: 현재 OS·다운로드·가져오기&lt;/a&gt; / &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.egolite.app/privacy&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;개인정보 처리방침&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-28eeaf485e21b587c841c897 --&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/7838392838708388203/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/aside-vs-ego-lite-ai.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/7838392838708388203'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/7838392838708388203'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/aside-vs-ego-lite-ai.html' title='Aside vs ego lite, AI 브라우저는 무엇이 다를까? 기능·비용·보안 비교'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-1670676364811289776</id><published>2026-10-20T06:37:09.832+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-20T06:37:09.832+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="CUDA"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="GPU Memory"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="LLM Serving"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="PyTorch"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(EN)"/><title type='text'>Why CUDA OOM Happens Even When GPU Memory Looks Free</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand: clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px); width: calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand)); max-width: none; margin: 0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand)); padding: 16px 16px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;CUDA out of memory does not always contradict a dashboard showing spare memory.&lt;/strong&gt; The dashboard, the framework’s allocator and the failing request can describe different scopes or moments. First match the device and timestamp, then distinguish live tensors, allocator-held memory and the next allocation—not just the headline free-memory number.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand: clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px); width: calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand)); max-width: none; margin: 0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand)); padding: 0px 16px 16px; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;Scope checked October 20, 2026, Korea time: PyTorch 2.14 CUDA documentation, principally its native caching allocator; NVIDIA’s device-memory documentation; and a versioned vLLM 0.20.0 implementation example. These are documentation-based explanations, not a CUDA, PyTorch or LLM benchmark. The numerical examples below are synthetic arithmetic, checked with Node.js on Windows.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;panel&quot; role=&quot;navigation&quot; aria-label=&quot;Contents and definitions&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 24px 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Contents · the terms behind the apparent contradiction&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#views&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Three memory views&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;allocated&lt;/em&gt; is tensor memory; &lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;reserved&lt;/em&gt; is allocator-managed memory; &lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;device free&lt;/em&gt; is a device-level observation.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#fragmentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Fragmentation&lt;/a&gt;: available pieces do not necessarily suit the next allocation.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#peak&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Peak memory and headroom&lt;/a&gt;: the transient maximum and the margin left for it.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#cache&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Cache release&lt;/a&gt;: returning unused cached memory, not deleting live tensors.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#capacity&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Serving capacity&lt;/a&gt;: a workload budget rather than a nameplate-capacity promise.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;1. “Free” belongs to a particular memory view&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Allocated memory&lt;/strong&gt; is the current device memory occupied by tensors reported by PyTorch’s &lt;code style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;memory_allocated()&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Reserved memory&lt;/strong&gt; is the memory managed by its caching allocator, reported by &lt;code style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;memory_reserved()&lt;/code&gt;. Both APIs return bytes for a selected device; neither is a whole-server memory total. See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.memory_allocated.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;allocated-memory reference&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.memory_reserved.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;reserved-memory reference&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;In the native-allocator picture, allocated tensor memory sits &lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;inside&lt;/em&gt; the allocator’s reserved pool. Do not add the two readings. A lower allocated reading can coexist with a larger reserved pool; that alone is not evidence of a leak.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Device-level free memory&lt;/strong&gt; describes another scope. NVIDIA’s &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.nvidia.com/deploy/nvidia-smi/index.html#fb-memory-usage&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;nvidia-smi documentation&lt;/a&gt; describes frame-buffer memory and process/context reporting. Driver accounting and reporting support matter: process GPU-memory usage is unavailable under Windows WDDM. A process metric, a whole-device metric and a reading from another GPU are not interchangeable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure aria-label=&quot;Hypothetical 80 GiB device accounting, with allocated memory nested inside reserved memory&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 26px 0px; padding: 16px; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 10px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248);&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;A hypothetical 80 GiB device—not a hardware measurement&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;memory-pool&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 14px; border: 2px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); background: rgb(238, 244, 252); border-radius: 8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;64 GiB · one PyTorch allocator’s reserved pool&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;memory-inner&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 0px; padding: 12px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;48 GiB · tensor-allocated memory inside that pool&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;memory-inner&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 0px; padding: 12px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;16 GiB · reserved minus allocated; not a guarantee of a reusable 16 GiB block&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;memory-row&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 12px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;8 GiB · other device use outside that pool&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;memory-row&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 12px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 6px;&quot;&gt;8 GiB · device-free memory in this toy accounting&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figcaption style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 14px;&quot;&gt;Original explanatory diagram. 64 + 8 + 8 = 80 GiB; 48 is already included in 64. GiB means 2³⁰ bytes. These buckets are deliberately simplified and are not a universal reconciliation formula for every driver or allocator.&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;Imagine the next operation asks for 12 GiB. The 8 GiB device-free reading is smaller, but the 16 GiB pool difference does not settle the outcome either: what can be reused or returned matters. The correct conclusion from these totals is &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;“inspect the allocation state”&lt;/strong&gt;, not “12 GiB will certainly fit” or “fragmentation is proven.”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;fragmentation&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;2. A reserved–allocated gap is a clue, not a diagnosis&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Allocator fragmentation&lt;/strong&gt; is a mismatch between the available allocation pieces and the request that must be satisfied. It is not established merely by subtracting two counters. PyTorch’s &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/torch_cuda_memory.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;memory-snapshot documentation&lt;/a&gt; distinguishes tensor-allocated blocks, blocks waiting for another stream to finish, and inactive blocks. It also explains that cache release can return entirely inactive segments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;That is why “reserved minus allocated” should not be labeled “immediately reclaimable memory.” Nor should it be translated into “this many additional requests will fit.” The allocator’s state and the size of the next request are missing from that subtraction.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;There is another visibility limit: the PyTorch profiler does not see allocations made outside its allocator, such as some NCCL communication allocations. A clean-looking framework trace is therefore not proof that nothing else occupies the device. Diagnose the relevant layer before blaming the application—or buying a larger GPU.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;peak&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;3. An idle snapshot is not a peak-memory budget&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Peak memory&lt;/strong&gt; is the largest use within a defined observation interval. &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Headroom&lt;/strong&gt; is capacity deliberately left for variation and uncertainty. The practical question is whether a specified workload fits at its demanding moments, not whether a quiet screenshot looks comfortable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;For a serving example, &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;KV cache&lt;/strong&gt; stores attention keys and values used as a model continues generation. vLLM 0.20.0’s &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/en/v0.20.0/api/vllm/v1/worker/gpu_worker/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;GPU-worker implementation&lt;/a&gt; derives a cache budget after non-cache memory profiling and applicable CUDA-graph memory estimation. A CUDA graph is a captured sequence of GPU work for replay. This versioned example is not a claim that every engine or configuration budgets memory identically.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;panel&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 24px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Independent, hypothetical planning example&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;KV budget = device capacity − model weights − other peak use − safety margin&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;80 − 48 − 20 − 4 = &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;8 GiB for KV data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;Here “other peak use” is an assumed combined allowance for activations, workspace, runtime/communication and any graph-related use; it excludes weights, KV data and the separate margin. The categories must not overlap. This is a planning toy, not the earlier allocator snapshot or vLLM’s exact formula.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;At an assumed &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;0.5 GiB of KV per active request&lt;/strong&gt;, 8 GiB holds at most &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;16&lt;/strong&gt; such requests in the arithmetic.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;At &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1 GiB per request&lt;/strong&gt;, that falls to &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;8&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;If the assumed other peak use rises from 20 to &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;28 GiB&lt;/strong&gt;, the same budget leaves &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;zero&lt;/strong&gt; for KV data.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;The last case is not a forecast and the request counts are not measured serving limits. They ignore such details as scheduling, cache sharing and allocation granularity. Their purpose is narrower: identical advertised capacity can produce different usable workload budgets. Average usage is not enough to select an admission limit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;cache&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;4. Why empty_cache() is not a universal OOM fix&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Cache release&lt;/strong&gt; returns unused allocator-held memory; it does not remove tensors that are still needed. PyTorch’s &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/notes/cuda.html#memory-management&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;CUDA memory-management notes&lt;/a&gt; explain that &lt;code style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;empty_cache()&lt;/code&gt; releases unused cached memory for other GPU applications, but does not free memory occupied by tensors. It does not create extra physical memory for PyTorch.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;The same notes describe &lt;code style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;max_split_size_mb&lt;/code&gt; as a last-resort option when a failing workload shows substantial inactive split blocks; it applies to the native backend and is ignored with &lt;code style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;cudaMallocAsync&lt;/code&gt;. That is a reason to check the backend and evidence—not a setting to paste into every production server. This article makes no allocator or driver changes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;capacity&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;5. What this means for AI infrastructure capacity&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Usable serving capacity&lt;/strong&gt; is the workload that meets an operating target under stated conditions. It is not just the number of installed memory bytes. A &lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;latency SLO&lt;/strong&gt; is a defined latency objective for requests. As an engineering interpretation, a useful capacity claim should name the model, input/output lengths, concurrent workload, relevant memory peaks, and success/latency criteria.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;More HBM can relax a genuine capacity constraint. Better allocation reuse or a different workload can also change what fits. Neither observation translates directly into a forecast for memory shipments, chip orders or a supplier’s profit. Separate the hardware supply question from the software admission policy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;This is the distinction behind our &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/vera-rubin-nvl72-memory-demand-hbm4-and.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;NVL72 HBM4 and SOCAMM2 capacity scenarios&lt;/a&gt;: hardware configuration arithmetic is not a measured count of useful simultaneous requests. Once a workload fits, the &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/llm-inference-metrics-explained-ttft.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;TTFT, TPOT, ITL and goodput guide&lt;/a&gt; explains why token speed alone is not the final service-quality test.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;summary&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;6. Compare the signal before choosing an action&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 24px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(238, 241, 244);&quot;&gt;Observation&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(238, 241, 244);&quot;&gt;What to check next&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Device looks free, but one request fails&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Match device and timestamp; retain the failed allocation size and workload conditions.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Reserved is larger than allocated&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Inspect allocator state before calling the difference a leak or fully reclaimable space.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;A small workload fits, a larger one does not&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Compare the defined peak and workload shape—not only the idle reading.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Framework and device totals disagree&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; background: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;Keep the measurement scopes separate; investigate other allocations and reporting limits.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Bottom line:&lt;/strong&gt; start with one device, one failing request and one timestamped set of observations. Keep evidence before changing configuration. Do not kill another tenant’s process, reset the GPU, expand permissions or assume an allocator flag is safe just to make an OOM disappear.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 34px 0px 16px; padding-top: 16px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;Appendix · methods, limits and primary sources&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Method:&lt;/strong&gt; the arithmetic above was executed and checked with six assertions using Node.js v24.14.1, Windows x64. No GPU was probed; PyTorch/vLLM were not installed or run for this article, and no real LLM request was made. It is not a step-by-step production remediation runbook. Graph, allocator, operating-system and distributed-runtime behavior must be checked against the actual installed versions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Terminology:&lt;/strong&gt; GPU is the accelerator device; VRAM refers to its device memory; HBM is a high-bandwidth memory technology used by many AI accelerators. More bytes, higher bandwidth and more successful requests are three different claims. This is technical and industry education, not a recommendation to buy or sell securities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; padding-left: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 20px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.memory_allocated.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;PyTorch 2.14 · memory_allocated&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/generated/torch.cuda.memory.memory_reserved.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;memory_reserved&lt;/a&gt; — counter scope and units.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/torch_cuda_memory.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;PyTorch 2.14 · Understanding CUDA Memory Usage&lt;/a&gt; — segments, block states and allocations outside the profiler.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/2.14/notes/cuda.html#memory-management&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;PyTorch 2.14 · CUDA memory management&lt;/a&gt; — cache release, allocator backends and tuning caveats.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.nvidia.com/deploy/nvidia-smi/index.html&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA · nvidia-smi reference&lt;/a&gt; — device/context accounting and OS reporting limitations.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/en/v0.20.0/api/vllm/v1/worker/gpu_worker/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;vLLM 0.20.0 · GPU-worker implementation&lt;/a&gt; — version-specific cache-budget profiling.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 18px;&quot;&gt;Sources checked October 20, 2026 KST. Numerical capacities, margins and request sizes are original illustrative assumptions, not vendor specifications, measured results or purchase forecasts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-8b975a275469539537bc468b --&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/1670676364811289776/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/why-cuda-oom-happens-even-when-gpu.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/1670676364811289776'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/1670676364811289776'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/why-cuda-oom-happens-even-when-gpu.html' title='Why CUDA OOM Happens Even When GPU Memory Looks Free'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-5822415753683627710</id><published>2026-10-19T19:28:26.024+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:11:00.556+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="HBM4"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Memory Capacity"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Python"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="SOCAMM2"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(EN)"/><title type='text'>Estimate HBM4 and SOCAMM2 Demand per Rack in Python</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing:border-box;padding:16px;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;overflow-wrap:anywhere;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.7;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));&quot;&gt;To estimate HBM4 and SOCAMM2 demand in Python, multiply rack count by the relevant GPU or CPU population, then calculate capacity and physical module counts separately. Keep an unknown CPU memory configuration unknown: a valid multiplication does not prove a supported server configuration or a customer order.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 16px 24px;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;overflow-wrap:anywhere;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.7;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quick check:&lt;/strong&gt; Does your input describe memory per GPU, per CPU, or per module? Start with the no-CPU-population command below. Add module assumptions only when you can label their source. Never turn an “up to” capacity into an installed module count.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;color:#4b5563;font-size:15px;&quot;&gt;Checked October 19, 2026. Executed on Windows 11, Python 3.12.14 and 3.14.3, using only the standard library. This is a locally tested capacity worksheet—not a hardware measurement, an LLM benchmark, or a shipment forecast. No GPU, account, package installation, or API key is required.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background:#f5f6f8;border:1px solid #d1d5db;padding:16px;margin:20px 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;color:#111111;&quot;&gt;Terms and route through the worksheet&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left:22px;margin-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#inputs&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;1. Inputs:&lt;/a&gt; a reference specification describes a product; a scenario input describes what you assume.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#domains&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;2. Memory domains:&lt;/a&gt; HBM4 is GPU memory here; SOCAMM2 modules carry CPU-side LPDDR5X memory.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#code&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;3. Python:&lt;/a&gt; a command-line argument is a value supplied when running a program; JSON is structured text output.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#results&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;4. Results:&lt;/a&gt; capacity is an amount of data; module count is a number of assemblies.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#limits&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;5. Guardrails:&lt;/a&gt; null means not determined, not zero demand.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;inputs&quot; style=&quot;color:#111111;font-size:25px;font-weight:600;margin:30px 0 14px;padding-top:18px;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;line-height:1.4;&quot;&gt;1. Separate reference inputs from assumptions&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A reference input is a number tied to a named, dated specification.&lt;/strong&gt; A scenario input is a value chosen to ask “what if?” Keeping them separate makes the output auditable: another reader can change a rack count without mistaking it for an announced deployment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The current &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/vera-rubin-nvl72/&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA Vera Rubin NVL72 specification&lt;/a&gt; lists 72 Rubin GPUs, 36 Vera CPUs, and 288 GB of HBM4 per GPU. Those are the worksheet defaults. The rack-level GPU capacity is displayed as a rounded 20.7 TB. Do not apply these defaults to every system carrying the name NVL72.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://micron.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/micron-high-volume-production-hbm4-designed-nvidia-vera-rubin&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Micron&#39;s March 16 announcement&lt;/a&gt; identifies a 192 GB SOCAMM2 product. That establishes a product capacity, not how many such modules populate any particular customer system. The program therefore has &lt;strong&gt;no default modules-per-CPU or module-capacity assumption&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For this worksheet, GB and TB are explicitly normalized as decimal units: 1 TB = 1,000 GB. GiB and TiB are different, binary units. Do not silently relabel a vendor capacity or an operating-system reading; check the original unit convention before adapting this worksheet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;domains&quot; style=&quot;color:#111111;font-size:25px;font-weight:600;margin:30px 0 14px;padding-top:18px;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;line-height:1.4;&quot;&gt;2. Follow two separate multiplication paths&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A memory domain is the memory associated with a particular processing side of this calculation.&lt;/strong&gt; The GPU path produces HBM4 capacity. The CPU path first produces an assumed number of SOCAMM2 modules, then CPU memory capacity. Keeping two paths prevents a change in one input from silently changing the other.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;calculation-map&quot; aria-label=&quot;Two independent capacity calculation paths, with CPU population explicitly required&quot; style=&quot;margin:20px 0;background:#f5f6f8;padding:16px;border:1px solid #d1d5db;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color:#111111;font-size:20px;font-weight:600;&quot;&gt;One rack-count input, two paths&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(min(100%,240px),1fr));gap:14px;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:12px;border-left:3px solid #1756a9;background:#eef1f4;min-width:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GPU / HBM4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:8px 0;&quot;&gt;Racks × GPUs/rack&lt;br /&gt;× GB/GPU ÷ 1,000&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;→ HBM4 capacity in TB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:12px;border-left:3px solid #4b5563;background:#eef1f4;min-width:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPU / SOCAMM2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:8px 0;&quot;&gt;Racks × CPUs/rack&lt;br /&gt;× assumed modules/CPU&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;→ Module count&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:8px 0 0;&quot;&gt;Then × GB/module ÷ 1,000&lt;br /&gt;→ CPU memory in TB&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size:15px;color:#4b5563;&quot;&gt;Original calculation diagram. The CPU branch remains null unless both population and module capacity are supplied. It is not a hardware wiring diagram or a bill of materials.&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For one reference rack, the GPU path is 72 × 288 = 20,736 GB, or &lt;strong&gt;20.736 TB&lt;/strong&gt; under the declared convention. This is more precise arithmetic from the selected inputs, not a claim that the vendor&#39;s rounded figure is wrong. Memory bandwidth, usable model capacity, and token throughput require different inputs; none is inferred here.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;code&quot; style=&quot;color:#111111;font-size:25px;font-weight:600;margin:30px 0 14px;padding-top:18px;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;line-height:1.4;&quot;&gt;3. Run the standard-library Python worksheet&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The worksheet is a small command-line program:&lt;/strong&gt; it validates positive integer inputs, performs the two multiplications, and prints JSON. Save the complete block as &lt;code&gt;rack_memory.py&lt;/code&gt; in a working folder. Open a terminal in that folder. Use the Python executable associated with your installation; &lt;code&gt;python --version&lt;/code&gt; shows which interpreter that command selects.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:15px;color:#4b5563;background:#eef1f4;padding:8px 12px;&quot;&gt;Python · rack_memory.py · complete executed source&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;pre id=&quot;python-source&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;white-space:pre;margin:0 0 20px;padding:16px;background:#f5f6f8;color:#222222;font-family:Consolas,monospace;font-size:15px;line-height:1.65;&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&quot;Capacity worksheet, not an order forecast or hardware validator.&quot;&quot;&quot;
import argparse
import json


def positive_int(text):
    try:
        value = int(text)
    except ValueError as exc:
        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(&quot;use a positive integer&quot;) from exc
    if value &amp;lt;= 0:
        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(&quot;use a positive integer&quot;)
    return value


def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
    parser.add_argument(&quot;--racks&quot;, type=positive_int, nargs=&quot;+&quot;, default=[1])
    parser.add_argument(&quot;--gpus-per-rack&quot;, type=positive_int, default=72)
    parser.add_argument(&quot;--cpus-per-rack&quot;, type=positive_int, default=36)
    parser.add_argument(&quot;--hbm-gb-per-gpu&quot;, type=positive_int, default=288)
    parser.add_argument(&quot;--modules-per-cpu&quot;, type=positive_int)
    parser.add_argument(&quot;--module-gb&quot;, type=positive_int)
    args = parser.parse_args()
    if (args.modules_per_cpu is None) != (args.module_gb is None):
        parser.error(&quot;supply --modules-per-cpu and --module-gb together&quot;)

    rows = []
    for racks in args.racks:
        hbm_gb = racks * args.gpus_per_rack * args.hbm_gb_per_gpu
        modules = None
        cpu_tb = None
        if args.modules_per_cpu is not None:
            modules = racks * args.cpus_per_rack * args.modules_per_cpu
            cpu_tb = modules * args.module_gb / 1000
        rows.append({
            &quot;racks&quot;: racks,
            &quot;hbm4_tb&quot;: hbm_gb / 1000,
            &quot;socamm2_modules&quot;: modules,
            &quot;cpu_memory_tb&quot;: cpu_tb,
        })

    print(json.dumps({
        &quot;basis&quot;: &quot;Capacity arithmetic only; not orders or a supported configuration&quot;,
        &quot;units&quot;: &quot;decimal GB and TB; 1000 GB = 1 TB&quot;,
        &quot;inputs&quot;: vars(args),
        &quot;scenarios&quot;: rows,
    }, indent=2, allow_nan=False))


if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;:
    main()
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;First run without a CPU population. The HBM4 result is calculated; the CPU results remain null.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre style=&quot;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow-x:auto;white-space:pre;padding:16px;background:#f5f6f8;color:#222222;font:15px/1.65 Consolas,monospace;&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;python rack_memory.py&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Next, try an &lt;strong&gt;explicitly hypothetical&lt;/strong&gt; four-module-per-CPU population using a 192 GB module input. This combination has not been verified as an orderable configuration. Run the following as one line:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre style=&quot;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow-x:auto;white-space:pre;padding:16px;background:#f5f6f8;color:#222222;font:15px/1.65 Consolas,monospace;&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;python rack_memory.py --racks 1 100 500 --modules-per-cpu 4 --module-gb 192&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;--racks 1 100 500&lt;/code&gt; runs three independent scenarios. It does not describe a rollout schedule, a market-size range, or a probability distribution. The output includes the supplied inputs so a copied result retains its assumptions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;results&quot; style=&quot;color:#111111;font-size:25px;font-weight:600;margin:30px 0 14px;padding-top:18px;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;line-height:1.4;&quot;&gt;4. Read the actual program output—not a hardware result&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;An execution result is what the program printed for the declared inputs.&lt;/strong&gt; The following rows were produced on both tested Python versions. The calculation ran for real; the rack quantities and CPU population are still hypothetical.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%;table-layout:fixed;border-collapse:collapse;margin:16px 0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;caption style=&quot;text-align:left;font-size:15px;color:#4b5563;margin-bottom:8px;&quot;&gt;Selected output fields. Modules = SOCAMM2 modules. TB uses the decimal convention; CPU results assume four 192 GB modules per CPU.&lt;/caption&gt;
&lt;thead&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;padding:10px 6px;border:1px solid #d1d5db;background:#f5f6f8;color:#222222;font-size:18px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;width:25%;background:#eef1f4;color:#111111;&quot;&gt;Racks&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;padding:10px 6px;border:1px solid #d1d5db;background:#f5f6f8;color:#222222;font-size:18px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;background:#eef1f4;color:#111111;&quot;&gt;Calculated output&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding:10px 6px;border:1px solid #d1d5db;background:#f5f6f8;color:#222222;font-size:18px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding:10px 6px;border:1px solid #d1d5db;background:#f5f6f8;color:#222222;font-size:18px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;HBM4: &lt;span class=&quot;capacity-number&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;20.736 TB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modules: &lt;span class=&quot;capacity-number&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CPU: &lt;span class=&quot;capacity-number&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;27.648 TB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding:10px 6px;border:1px solid #d1d5db;background:#f5f6f8;color:#222222;font-size:18px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;100&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding:10px 6px;border:1px solid #d1d5db;background:#f5f6f8;color:#222222;font-size:18px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;HBM4: &lt;span class=&quot;capacity-number&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;2,073.6 TB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modules: &lt;span class=&quot;capacity-number&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;14,400&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CPU: &lt;span class=&quot;capacity-number&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;2,764.8 TB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding:10px 6px;border:1px solid #d1d5db;background:#f5f6f8;color:#222222;font-size:18px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding:10px 6px;border:1px solid #d1d5db;background:#f5f6f8;color:#222222;font-size:18px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;HBM4: &lt;span class=&quot;capacity-number&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;10,368 TB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modules: &lt;span class=&quot;capacity-number&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;72,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CPU: &lt;span class=&quot;capacity-number&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;13,824 TB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Try changing only &lt;code&gt;--module-gb 192&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;--module-gb 96&lt;/code&gt;. For one rack, CPU capacity becomes 13.824 TB while the module count stays 144 and HBM4 stays 20.736 TB. That is a useful sensitivity check, &lt;strong&gt;not a claim that a 96 GB population is validated&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;sensitivity-chart&quot; aria-label=&quot;One hypothetical rack: halving module capacity halves CPU memory but does not alter module count or HBM4 capacity&quot; style=&quot;margin:20px 0;background:#f5f6f8;padding:16px;border:1px solid #d1d5db;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;color:#111111;font-size:20px;&quot;&gt;Change density, not population&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size:16px;color:#4b5563;&quot;&gt;One rack · 36 CPUs · four assumed modules/CPU · 144 modules in both cases&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:12px 0;&quot;&gt;192 GB/module → &lt;strong&gt;27.648 TB CPU&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;height:14px;margin-top:6px;background:#1756a9;width:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:12px 0;&quot;&gt;96 GB/module → &lt;strong&gt;13.824 TB CPU&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;height:14px;margin-top:6px;background:#4b5563;width:50%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;HBM4: &lt;strong&gt;20.736 TB in both cases&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size:15px;color:#4b5563;margin-top:12px;&quot;&gt;Original chart from executed, hypothetical inputs. Bars share a zero baseline and show CPU capacity only; not supported SKUs, orders, or observed installed memory.&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;limits&quot; style=&quot;color:#111111;font-size:25px;font-weight:600;margin:30px 0 14px;padding-top:18px;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;line-height:1.4;&quot;&gt;5. Catch an invalid calculation before sharing it&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Validation is checking whether an input meets the program&#39;s rules.&lt;/strong&gt; Here that means positive whole numbers and a complete pair of CPU-population inputs. It does not establish electrical compatibility, permitted module populations, procurement lead times, or a supplier&#39;s share.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left:22px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;--racks 0&lt;/code&gt;, negative values, fractions, and &lt;code&gt;NaN&lt;/code&gt; are rejected with exit code 2. No result JSON is printed.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Supplying only &lt;code&gt;--module-gb 192&lt;/code&gt; is rejected: module capacity and population must be provided together.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;With neither CPU input supplied, the program succeeds but returns null CPU fields. Null is missing knowledge; zero would assert none.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;HBM4 capacity is not an HBM stack or die count. The code deliberately does not derive wafer needs, package yield, or supplier revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hardware specification changes and unsupported configurations are not detected. Recheck the dated reference and exact bill of materials before interpreting a real deployment.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Seven CLI tests passed on each tested interpreter, including 24 bad-value subcases and two incomplete-pair cases. Tests checked decimal scaling, independent CPU/GPU inputs, preserved unknowns, and the density change shown above. Linux, macOS, actual racks, usable memory, and model-serving performance were not tested.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;color:#111111;font-size:25px;font-weight:600;margin:30px 0 14px;padding-top:18px;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;line-height:1.4;&quot;&gt;Summary: three outputs, three different claims&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HBM4 TB&lt;/strong&gt; describes calculated GPU memory capacity. &lt;strong&gt;SOCAMM2 modules&lt;/strong&gt; describes an assumed assembly count. &lt;strong&gt;CPU TB&lt;/strong&gt; adds the chosen module capacity. None describes orders or revenue. Before your next calculation, verify the generation, unit convention, and installed population; leave missing inputs null rather than filling them with a maximum.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;color:#111111;font-size:25px;font-weight:600;margin:30px 0 14px;padding-top:18px;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;line-height:1.4;&quot;&gt;Appendix: continue the same-language reading thread&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left:22px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/vera-rubin-nvl72-memory-demand-hbm4-and.html&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Vera Rubin NVL72 memory-demand scenarios&lt;/a&gt; explains the industry interpretation and why rack scenarios are not observed shipment volumes.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/read-socamm2-specifications-capacity.html&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Read SOCAMM2 capacity, bandwidth, and module-count specifications&lt;/a&gt; covers the unit and scope checks before you enter numbers.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/socamm2-explained-what-veras-reported.html&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;What Vera&#39;s reported memory cut means&lt;/a&gt; separates configuration changes from total market demand.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The program performs local arithmetic and prints to the terminal. It does not download specifications, write files, query a cloud account, or call a model. If you redirect output yourself, choose a new filename so you do not overwrite an existing file. Very large integer inputs are not a practical workload target for this teaching script.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color:#111111;font-size:21px;margin:24px 0 12px;&quot;&gt;Primary sources and reproducibility&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left:22px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/vera-rubin-nvl72/&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA: Vera Rubin NVL72 specifications&lt;/a&gt; — dated reference inputs, checked October 19, 2026.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://micron.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/micron-high-volume-production-hbm4-designed-nvidia-vera-rubin&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Micron: March 16, 2026 production announcement&lt;/a&gt; — the 192 GB SOCAMM2 product, not a full system population.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/metric-si-prefixes&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;NIST: SI prefixes&lt;/a&gt; — decimal prefix convention.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/argparse.html&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Python 3.12: argparse&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/json.html&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;json&lt;/a&gt; — command-line input and structured output. The code and diagrams here are original.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-d0127e206b8e11d3883cd182 --&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/5822415753683627710/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/estimate-hbm4-and-socamm2-demand-per.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/5822415753683627710'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/5822415753683627710'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/estimate-hbm4-and-socamm2-demand-per.html' title='Estimate HBM4 and SOCAMM2 Demand per Rack in Python'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-1172101588009079585</id><published>2026-10-19T09:18:38.454+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:31:23.402+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI Infrastructure"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="CoreWeave"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="KV Cache"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Memory Contracts"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(EN)"/><title type='text'>CoreWeave Credit Fears and Slower Anthropic Growth: Is the AI Infrastructure Boom in Trouble?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;AI infrastructure skepticism has a real financial basis, but it does not yet prove that demand for AI chips and memory is collapsing. CoreWeave’s funding burden, Anthropic’s reported growth deceleration, memory supply contracts and the changing economics of inference describe different parts of the same investment chain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; --deoks-expand: clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px); width: 100%; max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 18px / 1.7 Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; border: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Evidence checked October 19, 2026, Korea time. The interpretation and scenarios are the author’s; company statements, public filings and reported private-company figures are distinguished below. This is industry analysis, not a recommendation to buy or sell securities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;nav aria-label=&quot;Contents&quot; style=&quot;padding: 18px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Contents · the terms behind the headlines&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#credit&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Credit risk&lt;/a&gt; — whether a borrower can meet its obligations.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#revenue&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Revenue growth&lt;/a&gt; — recognized sales, not an annualized headline.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#memory&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;LTA / SCA&lt;/a&gt; — multi-year supply arrangements with specific terms.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#chips&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Chip commitments&lt;/a&gt; — plans, agreements and delivered systems are different.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#kv&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;KV cache&lt;/a&gt; — stored attention keys and values used during inference.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#scenarios&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Outlook&lt;/a&gt; — conditions that would strengthen or weaken the thesis.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#physical&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Physical AI&lt;/a&gt; — robotaxi and humanoid opportunities beyond chatbots.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;credit&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. CoreWeave: strong demand does not eliminate credit risk&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Credit risk is the risk that contractual payments cannot be met when due. An AI cloud can have valuable customers and still face a mismatch between spending on capacity today and collecting revenue later.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;CoreWeave’s June-quarter 2026 results show the tension: revenue of &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;$2.575 billion&lt;/strong&gt;, net interest expense of &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;$640 million&lt;/strong&gt; and a GAAP net loss of &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;$626 million&lt;/strong&gt;. Its approximately &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;$104 billion&lt;/strong&gt; June-end revenue backlog includes amounts beyond remaining performance obligations and depends on delivery and service-availability requirements. &lt;a href=&quot;https://investors.coreweave.com/financials/quarterly-results/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;CoreWeave Q2 results&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;June 30 Form 10-Q&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Those are not contradictory signals. Backlog indicates contracted future activity, not cash available for the next interest bill. Adjusted EBITDA is also not free cash flow after infrastructure investment. The useful credit questions are refinancing terms, customer concentration, deployment timing and whether usable capacity starts earning before financing costs accumulate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure id=&quot;cash-chain&quot; aria-label=&quot;The investment chain has several separate gates&quot; style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;The investment chain has several separate gates&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top: 14px; padding: 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1. Customer signs a commitment — contractual quality and counterparty funding matter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top: 14px; padding: 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2. Supplier builds chips, memory and racks — qualification and delivery still matter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top: 14px; padding: 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;3. Data center energizes capacity — power, cooling and utilization still matter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top: 14px; padding: 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;4. Provider collects cash — operating costs, interest and replacement investment still matter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original explanatory diagram, not a company cash-flow forecast. A long-term contract strengthens the first gate; it does not automatically clear all four.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;revenue&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. Anthropic: slower growth is not falling revenue&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;An October 15 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/15/anthropic-revenue-jumps-46-to-168bn-as-ai-firm-eyes-record-2-trillion-ipo-valuation&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Euronews report, citing investor presentations reported by Bloomberg&lt;/a&gt;, put Anthropic’s July–September revenue at &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;$16.8 billion&lt;/strong&gt;, versus &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;$11.5 billion&lt;/strong&gt; in the preceding quarter: roughly &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;46% growth&lt;/strong&gt;. The reported pace was slower than the previous quarter’s more-than-doubling. These are reported private-company figures, not a public audited quarterly filing independently inspected for this article.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;A business can keep expanding quickly and still disappoint expectations embedded in financing plans or valuations. Annualized run-rate revenue extrapolates a recent pace; it is not revenue already earned over a year. Nor can two quarterly totals reveal a reliable month-by-month trend. The defensible concern is whether monetization and cash generation can support commitments—not that these reported numbers show sales collapsing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;memory&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. Memory LTAs are substantial—but “everything sold through 2028” is too broad&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;An LTA is a long-term agreement. Its protection depends on the covered product, committed volume, price mechanism, deposits, enforcement and delivery conditions. HBM, conventional DRAM and NAND are not one interchangeable market.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 20px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Supplier evidence&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;What it does—and does not—establish&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Micron · September 30, 2026&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Its &lt;a href=&quot;https://s25.q4cdn.com/621799436/files/doc_financials/2026/q4/Q4-FY26-Prepared-Remarks.pdf&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;FY2026 Q4 remarks, page 3&lt;/a&gt; describe 26 multi-year take-or-pay SCAs, estimated at over 35% of revenue through 2030; some extend into 2031. Customer financial commitments total $32 billion, mostly deposits. This is not 100% of all future output.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SK hynix · July 29, 2026&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.skhynix.com/en/q2-2026-business-results/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Q2 statement&lt;/a&gt;: LTAs finalized with around 10 customers. That confirms multi-year contracting, not a public company-wide, product-by-product “fully booked to December 2028” schedule.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Samsung · July 25, 2026&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-and-broadcom-expand-strategic-collaboration-across-memory-and-foundry-technologies&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Broadcom collaboration announcement&lt;/a&gt;: an MOU covers memory and foundry cooperation, including HBM. An MOU and broad collaboration estimate are not a disclosed, binding schedule for all memory capacity.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;My reading is constructive but selective: stronger supply assurance and customer deposits can reduce a memory maker’s planning risk. They cannot remove counterparty risk, technology qualification, manufacturing yield, or the possibility that new capacity changes pricing later. Public evidence reviewed here does not establish that every major memory maker has all output locked up through end-2028.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;chips&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;4. Chip agreements show a pipeline, not a single guaranteed revenue pool&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA’s September 2025 &lt;a href=&quot;https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/openai-and-nvidia-announce-strategic-partnership-to-deploy-10gw-of-nvidia-systems&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;OpenAI announcement&lt;/a&gt; was explicitly a letter of intent for at least 10 GW of systems. OpenAI and Broadcom’s October 2025 &lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/openai-and-broadcom-announce-strategic-collaboration/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;10 GW collaboration&lt;/a&gt; described existing co-development/supply agreements and a rack-deployment term sheet, targeting second-half 2026 through end-2029. Anthropic’s April 2026 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anthropic.com/news/google-broadcom-partnership-compute&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Google/Broadcom agreement&lt;/a&gt; expects next-generation TPU capacity to begin coming online in 2027.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;These announcements support a multi-year buildout thesis. They are not equivalent legal instruments, and their gigawatts must not be added as independently verified installed capacity or converted into guaranteed HBM orders. GPU and custom-accelerator platforms can also compete for the same workload. Supplier revenue depends on actual products, acceptance, deployment and payment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The reverse exposure matters too: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA’s FY2027 Q2 filing&lt;/a&gt; discusses infrastructure-related commitments and credit support, as well as inventory/purchase-obligation risks. A supplier that helps finance a customer may benefit from demand while also retaining some ecosystem risk. Counting the investment and the customer’s planned purchases as two independent proofs of end-user demand would be misleading.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;kv&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;5. LLM progress changes both demand and efficiency&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;There is no defensible universal “LLM improvement rate” or annual KV-cache growth rate. A useful recent counterexample to “better models always consume more per task” is &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anthropic.com/claude-opus-5-5&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Anthropic’s September 22 Opus 5.5 release&lt;/a&gt;: it claims improved capability and lower running cost. Those are vendor-reported results, not a benchmark reproduced here; savings on selected tasks are not an industry-wide reduction in total compute.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;KV cache stores the attention keys and values needed to continue generating without recomputing the whole history. Longer active context and more simultaneous sessions increase conventional full-attention cache requirements; fewer KV heads, lower precision, bounded windows and reuse can reduce them. Maximum advertised context is not the average context actually used.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 20px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Illustrative full-attention cache model&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KV bytes ≈ 2 × layers × KV heads × head dimension × retained tokens × bytes per value × concurrent sequences&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Assume 32 layers, 8 KV heads, head dimension 128 and 2-byte values. This gives 128 KiB per retained token per sequence. It excludes weights, activations, allocation overhead and shared-prefix savings; it is not a frontier model’s disclosed architecture.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;figure id=&quot;kv-scenarios&quot; aria-label=&quot;KV cache grows with the workload—not the calendar&quot; style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KV cache grows with the workload—not the calendar&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top: 14px; padding: 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1. 32,768 tokens × 1 sequence → 4 GiB of raw KV data.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top: 14px; padding: 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2. 131,072 tokens × 1 sequence → 16 GiB: 4× the cache, or +300%.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top: 14px; padding: 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;3. 131,072 tokens × 4 sequences → 64 GiB: 16× the starting total.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original hypothetical arithmetic, executed in Node.js—not a GPU or LLM benchmark. GiB = 2³⁰ bytes. These are total raw cache sizes before sharding; no claim that one GPU can host all of them.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The tensor layout is grounded in &lt;a href=&quot;https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/cache_explanation&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Hugging Face’s cache explanation&lt;/a&gt;. Its &lt;a href=&quot;https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/kv_cache&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;cache-strategy documentation&lt;/a&gt; also describes bounded cache growth, quantization and CPU offloading. Moving cache to CPU DRAM does not make it HBM, and SSD storage is not a drop-in substitute for low-latency GPU memory. Offloading changes transfer costs and latency, not just capacity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The investment implication is a balance, not an automatic multiplier. Useful agent sessions, multimodal workloads and longer histories could raise total retained state. Compression and cheaper models push the other way. If context and concurrency each rise 4× while bytes per value halve, this toy model still grows 8×—but that is a conditional workload scenario, not a forecast of memory sales.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;scenarios&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;6. What would make the growth thesis stronger—or weaker?&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 20px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Scenario · not a probability forecast&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Evidence to watch&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Durable expansion&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Paid usage and retention improve; deployed capacity earns cash; deposits convert into accepted deliveries; financing remains serviceable. Chips, HBM, CPU DRAM and storage benefit differently.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Growth with financial shakeouts&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;AI usage grows, but expensive borrowers refinance poorly or delay projects. Efficient operators and selected suppliers can grow while some equity or debt investors lose money.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Demand disappoints / excess capacity&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Customer budgets weaken, contract deliveries slip, utilization and realized rental prices fall, or supply additions outrun profitable usage. Longer contracts cushion some timing risk, not every loss.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;My base interpretation is that a financing stress test is a better description than proven technological exhaustion. But that is an interpretation, not a measured probability. Watch cash conversion, deployment milestones, contract changes and realized pricing together. Rising token counts alone cannot prove that a rack earns an adequate return; a large backlog alone cannot prove that a borrower can refinance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;physical&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;7. Robotaxis and humanoids could open the next large market—if commercialization works&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Tesla’s &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000162828026049270/tsla-20260630.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;June-quarter 2026 filing&lt;/a&gt; describes an expanding Robotaxi service, Cybercab production beginning in the first half, and preparations for large-scale Optimus production. These are different maturity stages. The filing does not establish that general-purpose humanoids already form a mature mass-market business.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The upside scenario is bigger than selling more chatbot subscriptions. Reliable autonomous transport could address paid mobility; capable humanoids could address repeatable physical work. Training, simulation, fleet learning, onboard inference, memory and sensing would then form a broader infrastructure chain. This is an architectural and commercial scenario—not a Tesla sales forecast, and not every action would become a cloud LLM request.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Safety, regulatory permission, intervention rates, manufacturing yield, maintenance, insurance and cost per useful ride or productive hour decide whether that opportunity becomes an enduring market. They also determine which chip and memory architectures win. Physical AI may open another enormous market, but its possible future cash flows cannot repay a cloud provider’s interest bill today.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 20px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Bottom line:&lt;/strong&gt; take credit concerns seriously without treating them as proof that AI has stopped advancing. Contracts and inference workloads support a plausible long-term growth path; profitable deployment and cash collection determine who captures it. Robotaxi and humanoid commercialization would add a new growth engine—conditionally, not inevitably.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;reading&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Continue this English reading thread&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/openai-revenue-concerns-what-50b-vs-70b.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Revenue: why run-rate and recognized revenue differ&lt;/a&gt; — background on metric boundaries, not a current Anthropic data source.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/vera-rubin-nvl72-memory-demand-hbm4-and.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Hardware: NVL72 HBM4 and SOCAMM2 demand scenarios&lt;/a&gt; — configuration arithmetic versus real orders.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/09/prefix-caching-saves-ai-computebut-it.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Serving: prefix caching and the memory trade-off&lt;/a&gt; — why compute savings and memory demand can coexist.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/llm-inference-metrics-explained-ttft.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Measurement: TTFT, TPOT, ITL and goodput&lt;/a&gt; — test the useful service delivered, not just peak token output.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix · boundaries and source trail&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;HBM is high-bandwidth memory close to an accelerator; CPU DRAM supports a different memory tier; NAND flash is persistent storage. A gigawatt measures power, not delivered tokens, chip counts or supplier revenue. Take-or-pay strengthens a purchase commitment but is not immunity from default or delivery disputes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Methods: desktop arithmetic only, Node.js v24.14.1 on Windows; no paid model call, hardware measurement or trading-price forecast. The Anthropic quarter figures are explicitly attributed reporting. No inference is made about individual monthly revenue, all suppliers’ undisclosed contracts, an industry KV-cache CAGR or a numerical robotics TAM.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;CoreWeave · Q2 2026 Form 10-Q (June 30 reporting date)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://investors.coreweave.com/financials/quarterly-results/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;CoreWeave · quarterly results / backlog definition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/15/anthropic-revenue-jumps-46-to-168bn-as-ai-firm-eyes-record-2-trillion-ipo-valuation&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Euronews · October 15, 2026 Anthropic report (secondary, not audited filing)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://s25.q4cdn.com/621799436/files/doc_financials/2026/q4/Q4-FY26-Prepared-Remarks.pdf&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Micron · September 30, 2026 prepared remarks, SCA update p.3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.skhynix.com/en/q2-2026-business-results/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;SK hynix · July 29, 2026 Q2 results&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-and-broadcom-expand-strategic-collaboration-across-memory-and-foundry-technologies&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Samsung · July 25, 2026 Broadcom MOU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/openai-and-nvidia-announce-strategic-partnership-to-deploy-10gw-of-nvidia-systems&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA · September 22, 2025 OpenAI letter of intent&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/openai-and-broadcom-announce-strategic-collaboration/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;OpenAI/Broadcom · October 13, 2025 collaboration and term sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anthropic.com/news/google-broadcom-partnership-compute&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Anthropic · April 6, 2026 Google/Broadcom compute agreement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA · July 26, 2026 Form 10-Q reporting date&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anthropic.com/claude-opus-5-5&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Anthropic · September 22, 2026 Opus 5.5 release (vendor claims)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/cache_explanation&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Hugging Face · cache tensor layout (living documentation)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/kv_cache&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Hugging Face · cache strategies (living documentation)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000162828026049270/tsla-20260630.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Tesla · June 30, 2026 Form 10-Q reporting date&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/1172101588009079585/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/coreweave-credit-fears-and-slower.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/1172101588009079585'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/1172101588009079585'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/coreweave-credit-fears-and-slower.html' title='CoreWeave Credit Fears and Slower Anthropic Growth: Is the AI Infrastructure Boom in Trouble?'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-1048104309956444567</id><published>2026-10-19T09:18:22.374+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:12:25.371+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI Infrastructure"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="CoreWeave"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="KV Cache"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Memory Contracts"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><title type='text'>AI 클라우드 업체 코어위브의 신용 우려와 앤트로픽의 매출 둔화…글로벌 AI 인프라 투자 회의론, 진짜일까?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing:border-box;padding:18px 16px;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;overflow-wrap:anywhere;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.8;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));&quot;&gt;AI 인프라 투자 회의론에는 실제 자금 조달 위험이 있습니다. 그러나 코어위브의 신용 부담과 앤트로픽의 매출 성장률 둔화를 곧바로 메모리·AI 반도체 수요의 붕괴로 읽는 것은 성급합니다. 장기 공급계약이 어느 물량을 보호하는지, 늘어난 추론 사용량이 현금으로 바뀌는지, 기술 효율화가 수요를 얼마나 줄이거나 넓히는지를 함께 봐야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 16px 24px;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;overflow-wrap:anywhere;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.8;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;확인 기준일은 2026년 10월 19일 KST입니다. 특히 제목의 ‘매출 둔화’는 아래 보도에서 매출 감소가 아니라 성장 속도의 둔화를 가리킵니다. 공시·회사 발표, 비상장사에 대한 보도, 필자의 해석·가상 계산을 구분했습니다. 매수·매도 추천이나 주가 전망치가 아닌 산업 분석입니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;nav aria-label=&quot;목차&quot; style=&quot;padding:18px;background:#f5f6f8;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;border-radius:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;목차 · 먼저 알아둘 용어&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left:24px;margin-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#credit&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;신용 위험&lt;/a&gt; — 만기에 이자·원금을 지급하지 못할 위험.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#revenue&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;매출과 성장률&lt;/a&gt; — 벌어들인 매출액과 그 증가 속도는 다른 지표.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#memory&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;LTA·SCA&lt;/a&gt; — 제품·물량·가격 조건을 정하는 다년 공급계약.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#chips&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;칩 공급계약&lt;/a&gt; — 발표·계약·실제 납품을 구분해야 하는 약속.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#kv&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;KV cache&lt;/a&gt; — 추론 중 이전 토큰의 Key·Value를 보관하는 상태.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#scenarios&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;성장 시나리오&lt;/a&gt; — 실제 현금 흐름으로 확인할 조건.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#physical&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Physical AI&lt;/a&gt; — 이동·물리 작업으로 확장되는 인공지능.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;credit&quot; style=&quot;font-size:25px;line-height:1.5;color:#111111;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;padding-top:24px;margin:38px 0 16px;&quot;&gt;1. 코어위브, 수주가 있어도 자금 조달이 위험할 수 있다&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;신용 위험은 기술이 유용한지를 묻는 말이 아니라, 돈을 갚아야 할 때 갚을 수 있는지를 묻는 말입니다. AI 클라우드는 GPU와 시설을 먼저 마련하고 서비스를 제공한 뒤 돈을 받습니다. 좋은 고객을 확보했어도 전력 인입과 가동이 늦어지면 이자는 먼저 쌓일 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;코어위브의 2026년 2분기 매출은 &lt;strong&gt;25억7,500만 달러&lt;/strong&gt;, 순이자비용은 &lt;strong&gt;6억4,000만 달러&lt;/strong&gt;, GAAP 순손실은 &lt;strong&gt;6억2,600만 달러&lt;/strong&gt;였습니다. 6월 말 약 &lt;strong&gt;1,040억 달러&lt;/strong&gt;의 매출 backlog에는 잔여 수행의무 외의 추정 금액도 포함되며 서비스 제공·가용성 조건을 충족해야 합니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://investors.coreweave.com/financials/quarterly-results/&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;회사 2분기 결과&lt;/a&gt;와 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;6월 말 기준 10-Q&lt;/a&gt;에서 확인되는 내용입니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;따라서 ‘큰 수주 잔고가 있으니 신용 우려는 가짜’도, ‘자금 조달이 비싸졌으니 AI 수요는 끝났다’도 과도합니다. 조정 EBITDA를 설비투자 후 잉여현금흐름과 같게 볼 수도 없습니다. 필자는 고객 집중도, 차환 조건, 실제 가동 일정, 현금 회수 속도를 함께 봐야 한다고 판단합니다. 특정 시점의 채권 수익률이나 SNS 반응을 실시간 확인값처럼 인용하지 않았습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure id=&quot;cash-chain&quot; aria-label=&quot;계약에서 현금 회수까지, 네 번의 확인이 필요하다&quot; style=&quot;margin:24px 0;padding:16px;background:#f5f6f8;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;border-radius:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color:#111111;&quot;&gt;계약에서 현금 회수까지, 네 번의 확인이 필요하다&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px;padding:14px;background:#eef1f4;border-left:4px solid #1756a9;&quot;&gt;1. 계약 체결 → 고객의 지불 능력과 계약 조건을 확인한다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px;padding:14px;background:#eef1f4;border-left:4px solid #1756a9;&quot;&gt;2. 칩·메모리·랙 생산 → 인증, 수율, 인도 일정을 확인한다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px;padding:14px;background:#eef1f4;border-left:4px solid #1756a9;&quot;&gt;3. 데이터센터 가동 → 전력·냉각·가동률을 확인한다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px;padding:14px;background:#eef1f4;border-left:4px solid #1756a9;&quot;&gt;4. 현금 회수 → 운영비·이자·교체투자를 감당하는지 확인한다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;color:#4b5563;margin-top:14px;&quot;&gt;직접 만든 설명 도식입니다. 특정 기업의 현금흐름 예측이 아니며, 장기계약이 뒤의 모든 단계를 보장한다는 뜻도 아닙니다.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;revenue&quot; style=&quot;font-size:25px;line-height:1.5;color:#111111;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;padding-top:24px;margin:38px 0 16px;&quot;&gt;2. 앤트로픽, ‘성장률 둔화’와 ‘매출 감소’는 다르다&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/15/anthropic-revenue-jumps-46-to-168bn-as-ai-firm-eyes-record-2-trillion-ipo-valuation&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;10월 15일 Euronews 보도&lt;/a&gt;는 Bloomberg가 전한 투자자 설명 내용을 인용해, 앤트로픽의 7~9월 매출이 &lt;strong&gt;168억 달러&lt;/strong&gt;로 직전 분기 &lt;strong&gt;115억 달러&lt;/strong&gt;보다 약 &lt;strong&gt;46%&lt;/strong&gt; 늘었다고 전했습니다. 그 전 분기에는 두 배 이상 증가했으므로 성장 속도가 낮아졌다는 이야기입니다. 이 글에서 직접 열람한 공개 감사 분기보고서가 아니라, 비상장사 투자자 설명에 관한 보도 수치입니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;이 수치는 매출이 줄었다는 근거가 아닙니다. 다만 높은 성장 기대를 전제로 평가받거나 대규모 컴퓨팅 계약을 맺은 기업에는 성장 속도의 변화도 중요합니다. 최근 매출 속도를 1년으로 늘린 run-rate와 실제 기간 매출을 섞으면 판단이 왜곡됩니다. 분기 합계 두 개만으로 각 월의 매출이 감소했다고 역산하는 것도 피해야 합니다. 실제 위험은 사용자 지출과 현금 창출이 향후 투자 약속을 지탱할 수 있느냐입니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;memory&quot; style=&quot;font-size:25px;line-height:1.5;color:#111111;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;padding-top:24px;margin:38px 0 16px;&quot;&gt;3. 메모리 업체는 2028년 말까지 정말 전량 계약됐을까&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;LTA는 장기 공급계약, Micron의 SCA는 전략 고객 계약을 가리킵니다. 중요한 것은 계약 기간만이 아닙니다. HBM인지 일반 DRAM·NAND인지, 최소 물량·가격 하한·선급금·취소와 인도 조건이 무엇인지가 보호 범위를 결정합니다. 공급 부족 전망을 ‘그때까지 모든 생산량의 계약 완료’로 바꿔 읽으면 안 됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%;table-layout:fixed;border-collapse:collapse;margin:20px 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#111111;background:#eef1f4;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;확인된 공개 근거&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#111111;background:#eef1f4;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;읽을 수 있는 범위&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#222222;background:#f5f6f8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;Micron · 9월 30일&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#222222;background:#f5f6f8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://s25.q4cdn.com/621799436/files/doc_financials/2026/q4/Q4-FY26-Prepared-Remarks.pdf&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;FY2026 4분기 설명자료 3쪽&lt;/a&gt;: 다년 take-or-pay SCA 26건, 2030년까지 매출의 35% 초과로 추정. 일부는 2031년까지 연장됐고 고객 재무 약정은 320억 달러이며 대부분 현금 예치금. 전량 계약을 뜻하지 않습니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#222222;background:#f5f6f8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;SK하이닉스 · 7월 29일&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#222222;background:#f5f6f8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.skhynix.com/en/q2-2026-business-results/&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;2분기 공식 발표&lt;/a&gt;: 약 10개 고객과 LTA 체결. 다년 계약 확대는 확인되지만, 모든 제품의 2028년 말까지 전량 예약표가 공개된 것은 아닙니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#222222;background:#f5f6f8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;삼성전자 · 7월 25일&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#222222;background:#f5f6f8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-and-broadcom-expand-strategic-collaboration-across-memory-and-foundry-technologies&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Broadcom과의 공식 발표&lt;/a&gt;: HBM 등 메모리와 파운드리 협력을 확대하는 MOU. 협력 규모의 추정치를 전체 메모리 생산능력에 대한 확정 발주로 볼 수 없습니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;이 자료들은 수요의 지속성을 지지합니다. 고객이 미래 공급을 확보하려고 자금을 묶어 둔다는 점도 의미가 있습니다. 하지만 이번에 확인한 공개 자료만으로 ‘주요 메모리 업체 모두 2028년 말까지 전량 계약 완료’라고 단정하지는 않겠습니다. 계약이 길어져도 고객 부도, 제품 인증 지연, 수율, 증설 이후 가격 경쟁은 남습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;필자의 해석은 메모리 산업의 성장 가능성이 사라졌다는 쪽보다, 어떤 공급자가 어떤 고객·제품의 위험을 떠안는지 따져야 한다는 쪽입니다. HBM의 높은 대역폭 수요, CPU 쪽 DRAM 용량, SSD의 저장 수요는 연결되지만 서로 같은 제품은 아닙니다. 한 계층의 부족을 모든 메모리 업체의 동일한 이익 증가로 확장해서는 안 됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;chips&quot; style=&quot;font-size:25px;line-height:1.5;color:#111111;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;padding-top:24px;margin:38px 0 16px;&quot;&gt;4. 반도체 회사의 계약도 ‘발표의 무게’가 서로 다르다&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/openai-and-nvidia-announce-strategic-partnership-to-deploy-10gw-of-nvidia-systems&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA·OpenAI의 2025년 9월 발표&lt;/a&gt;는 10GW 이상 시스템 구축을 위한 의향서였습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/openai-and-broadcom-announce-strategic-collaboration/&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;OpenAI·Broadcom의 같은 해 10월 발표&lt;/a&gt;는 공동 개발·공급계약과 랙 배치 term sheet를 설명하며 2026년 하반기부터 2029년 말까지 배치를 목표로 했습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anthropic.com/news/google-broadcom-partnership-compute&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;앤트로픽·Google·Broadcom의 2026년 4월 합의&lt;/a&gt;는 차세대 TPU 용량이 2027년부터 가동될 것으로 예상했습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;긴 투자 파이프라인은 분명한 긍정 근거입니다. 그러나 의향서, 공급계약, 가동 목표는 법적·회계적으로 같지 않습니다. 발표된 GW를 단순 합산해 독립적으로 검증된 설치 용량이나 HBM 발주량으로 바꾸기도 어렵습니다. GPU와 맞춤형 가속기는 같은 추론 작업을 놓고 경쟁할 수 있고, 납품·검수·가동 시점에 따라 매출 인식도 달라집니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA FY2027 2분기 공시&lt;/a&gt;는 데이터센터 구축 관련 약정·신용 지원과 재고·구매의무 위험도 다룹니다. 판매자가 고객의 투자 자금을 지원한다면 판매 기회와 함께 생태계의 재무 위험 일부도 연결될 수 있습니다. 공급사의 투자와 고객의 구매 계획을 서로 완전히 독립된 최종 수요 증거 두 개로 세는 것은 조심해야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;kv&quot; style=&quot;font-size:25px;line-height:1.5;color:#111111;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;padding-top:24px;margin:38px 0 16px;&quot;&gt;5. LLM 발전과 KV cache, 성장률을 하나로 말할 수 없는 이유&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;LLM의 발전은 정답률뿐 아니라 같은 일을 끝내는 비용·시간·도구 호출 수로도 봐야 합니다. 발전 속도를 대표하는 단일한 연간 증가율은 없습니다. 더 똑똑해진 모델이 더 긴 작업을 맡을 수 있지만, 같은 작업을 더 적은 토큰으로 끝낼 수도 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;예를 들어 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anthropic.com/claude-opus-5-5&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;9월 22일 Anthropic의 Opus 5.5 발표&lt;/a&gt;는 성능 개선과 실행 비용 감소를 함께 주장합니다. 이는 공급사의 발표이며 이 글에서 재현한 벤치마크가 아닙니다. 특정 작업의 효율 개선을 산업 전체 연산량 감소로 일반화할 수는 없지만, ‘성능 발전=요청당 메모리 무조건 증가’라는 가정의 반례는 됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;KV cache는 이전 토큰의 attention Key·Value를 저장해 매번 과거 전체를 다시 계산하는 일을 줄이는 상태입니다. 일반적인 full-attention 구성에서는 실제 보관 토큰과 동시 요청이 늘면 커집니다. 반면 KV head 감소, 정밀도 축소, sliding window, 공통 prefix 재사용은 반대 방향으로 작동합니다. 제품이 지원하는 최대 context와 사용자가 평균적으로 채우는 context도 다릅니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background:#eef1f4;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;border-radius:10px;padding:16px;margin:20px 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;가상 full-attention 구성의 계산식&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;KV bytes ≈ 2 × 레이어 수 × KV head 수 × head 차원 × 보관 토큰 수 × 값당 byte × 동시 sequence 수&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;레이어 32개, KV head 8개, head 차원 128, 값당 2byte를 가정하면 토큰·sequence당 128KiB입니다. 가중치·활성값·할당 여유 공간·공통 prefix 공유는 제외했습니다. 특정 비공개 최신 모델의 실제 구조를 뜻하지 않습니다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;figure id=&quot;kv-scenarios&quot; aria-label=&quot;시간이 아니라 작업 조건이 만드는 KV cache 증가&quot; style=&quot;margin:24px 0;padding:16px;background:#f5f6f8;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;border-radius:12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color:#111111;&quot;&gt;시간이 아니라 작업 조건이 만드는 KV cache 증가&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px;padding:14px;background:#eef1f4;border-left:4px solid #1756a9;&quot;&gt;1. 32,768토큰 × 1 sequence → raw KV 4GiB.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px;padding:14px;background:#eef1f4;border-left:4px solid #1756a9;&quot;&gt;2. 131,072토큰 × 1 sequence → 16GiB. 문맥 4배, cache도 4배(+300%).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px;padding:14px;background:#eef1f4;border-left:4px solid #1756a9;&quot;&gt;3. 131,072토큰 × 4 sequence → 64GiB. 출발점 대비 총 16배.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;color:#4b5563;margin-top:14px;&quot;&gt;직접 만든 가상 계산 도식이며 Node.js로 산술을 실행했습니다. GiB는 2³⁰byte입니다. GPU·LLM 실측도 연간 성장률도 아니며, 여러 GPU로 나누기 전의 전체 raw cache 규모입니다.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;텐서 형태는 &lt;a href=&quot;https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/cache_explanation&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Hugging Face cache 설명&lt;/a&gt;으로 확인했습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/kv_cache&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;cache 전략 문서&lt;/a&gt;에는 길이가 제한되는 cache, 양자화, CPU offloading도 나옵니다. CPU DRAM으로 옮겼다고 HBM이 되는 것은 아니며, SSD가 저지연 GPU 메모리를 그대로 대신하는 것도 아닙니다. 저장 용량뿐 아니라 전송 대역폭·지연을 함께 봐야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;가령 문맥과 동시 요청이 각각 4배가 되고 값당 byte가 절반이 된다면, 이 가상 구성의 총 cache는 여전히 8배입니다. 하지만 이것은 조건부 산술이지 메모리 매출 8배 전망이 아닙니다. 업무형 에이전트·멀티모달·긴 대화가 얼마나 실제로 채택되고, 압축·재사용이 얼마나 상쇄하는지 관측해야 합니다. 현재 공개 자료로 산업 전체 KV cache의 단일 CAGR을 제시할 수는 없습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;scenarios&quot; style=&quot;font-size:25px;line-height:1.5;color:#111111;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;padding-top:24px;margin:38px 0 16px;&quot;&gt;6. 미래 성장 가능성, 어떤 숫자로 확인할까&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;width:100%;table-layout:fixed;border-collapse:collapse;margin:20px 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#111111;background:#eef1f4;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;가능한 경로 · 확률 예측 아님&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#111111;background:#eef1f4;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;확인할 신호&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#222222;background:#f5f6f8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;지속 성장&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#222222;background:#f5f6f8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;유료 사용·재이용 증가, 공급계약의 실제 납품 전환, 가동률과 현금 회수 개선. 메모리 계층·가속기별 수혜는 다름.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#222222;background:#f5f6f8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;성장 속 재무 구조조정&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#222222;background:#f5f6f8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;수요는 늘지만 고비용 차입자의 차환·시설 일정이 흔들림. 산업 성장과 일부 투자자의 손실이 동시에 발생 가능.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#222222;background:#f5f6f8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;수요 미달·과잉 설비&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;padding:12px;vertical-align:top;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;color:#222222;background:#f5f6f8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&gt;예산 축소, 인도 연기, 이용률·실현 임대가격 하락, 수익성 있는 수요보다 빠른 증설. 장기계약도 모든 손실을 제거하지 못함.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;현재 확인한 근거로는 ‘AI 기술 발전의 종료’보다 ‘투자를 이익과 현금으로 바꾸는 능력의 검증’이라는 해석이 더 적절해 보입니다. 다만 이는 필자의 판단이지 측정된 확률이 아닙니다. 유료 사용량, 계약 변경, 전력 인입·가동, 실현 가격, 이자와 투자비를 지불하고 남는 현금을 같이 봐야 합니다. 토큰 사용량만 늘어도 손해 보는 서비스는 있을 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;physical&quot; style=&quot;font-size:25px;line-height:1.5;color:#111111;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;padding-top:24px;margin:38px 0 16px;&quot;&gt;7. 마지막 성장 옵션, 테슬라 로봇택시와 휴머노이드&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000162828026049270/tsla-20260630.htm&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;테슬라의 2026년 2분기 공시&lt;/a&gt;는 Robotaxi 서비스 확대, 상반기 Cybercab 생산 시작, Optimus의 대규모 생산 준비를 설명합니다. 운영 중인 서비스, 생산 개시, 양산 준비는 다른 단계입니다. 이 공시가 범용 휴머노이드의 대중적 상용화 완료를 입증하는 것은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;그럼에도 장기 가능성을 볼 때 중요한 방향입니다. 로봇택시가 안전성과 단위 경제성을 확보하면 이동 서비스 시장으로, 휴머노이드가 유용한 일을 안정적으로 수행하면 물리적 노동 시장으로 AI의 수익 기반이 넓어질 수 있습니다. 챗봇 이용료와 다른 거대한 시장이 열릴 수 있다는 뜻입니다. 이는 상용화 조건을 충족했을 때의 시나리오이지 확정 매출이나 시장 규모 예측은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;수혜 구조도 단순한 ‘클라우드 토큰 증가’가 아닐 것입니다. 학습·시뮬레이션·차량군 데이터 개선에는 데이터센터가, 현장 판단에는 차량·로봇의 온디바이스 추론과 메모리·센서가 중요합니다. 안전 검증, 인허가, 사람의 개입 빈도, 제조 수율, 유지보수·보험료와 유용한 작업 시간당 비용이 관문입니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background:#eef1f4;border:1px solid #cbd1d8;border-radius:10px;padding:16px;margin:20px 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;정리하면:&lt;/strong&gt; 코어위브의 신용 우려를 무시할 이유는 없습니다. 다만 메모리 장기계약, 칩 구축 계획, 추론 사용 방식의 변화까지 보면 AI 성장의 종료를 단정할 근거도 부족합니다. 로봇택시·휴머노이드의 본격 상용화는 또 다른 큰 성장 시장을 열 수 있습니다. 그러나 그 미래 가능성이 오늘의 부채를 대신 갚아 주지는 않습니다.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;reading&quot; style=&quot;font-size:25px;line-height:1.5;color:#111111;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;padding-top:24px;margin:38px 0 16px;&quot;&gt;같은 주제를 이어 읽는 한국어 글타래&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left:24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai-500700.html&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;매출 지표: 오픈AI의 연환산 매출과 기간 매출은 어떻게 다른가&lt;/a&gt; — 숫자를 읽는 배경이며 현재 앤트로픽 수치의 출처는 아닙니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/09/ai-hbm.html&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;산업 구조: HBM에서 전력·냉각·기판까지&lt;/a&gt; — 투자가 실제 설비로 바뀌는 연결.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/09/kv-hbm.html&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;추론 메모리: KV cache 재사용과 HBM 수요&lt;/a&gt; — 연산 절약과 메모리 계층의 차이.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/llm-ttfttpotitl.html&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;서비스 측정: TTFT·TPOT·ITL과 처리량&lt;/a&gt; — 단순 토큰 수가 아닌 응답 품질을 확인하는 방법.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;font-size:25px;line-height:1.5;color:#111111;border-top:1px solid #d1d5db;padding-top:24px;margin:38px 0 16px;&quot;&gt;Appendix · 수치와 확인 범위&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;HBM은 가속기 가까이의 고대역폭 메모리, CPU DRAM은 별도 메모리 계층, NAND flash는 비휘발성 저장장치입니다. GW는 전력 단위이지 GPU 대수·토큰 수·메모리 발주액 단위가 아닙니다. Take-or-pay는 구매 의무를 강화하는 조건이지 채무 불이행이나 인도 분쟁을 없애는 조건은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin:14px 0;&quot;&gt;계산 환경은 Windows의 Node.js v24.14.1이며 산술 검증만 실행했습니다. 유료 LLM 호출·GPU 실험·실시간 주가 분석은 하지 않았습니다. 앤트로픽의 분기 매출은 보도치, 공개되지 않은 전체 LTA 잔고·업계 KV 성장률·로봇 시장의 숫자 전망은 미확인입니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left:24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;CoreWeave — 2026년 6월 말 10-Q&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://investors.coreweave.com/financials/quarterly-results/&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;CoreWeave — 2분기 결과와 backlog 정의&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/15/anthropic-revenue-jumps-46-to-168bn-as-ai-firm-eyes-record-2-trillion-ipo-valuation&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Euronews — 2026-10-15 앤트로픽 보도(2차 출처)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://s25.q4cdn.com/621799436/files/doc_financials/2026/q4/Q4-FY26-Prepared-Remarks.pdf&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Micron — 2026-09-30 실적 설명자료, SCA 3쪽&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.skhynix.com/en/q2-2026-business-results/&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;SK하이닉스 — 2026-07-29 2분기 공식 발표&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-and-broadcom-expand-strategic-collaboration-across-memory-and-foundry-technologies&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;삼성전자 — 2026-07-25 Broadcom MOU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/openai-and-nvidia-announce-strategic-partnership-to-deploy-10gw-of-nvidia-systems&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA — 2025-09-22 OpenAI 의향서&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/openai-and-broadcom-announce-strategic-collaboration/&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;OpenAI·Broadcom — 2025-10-13 협력과 term sheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anthropic.com/news/google-broadcom-partnership-compute&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Anthropic — 2026-04-06 Google·Broadcom 합의&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA — 2026-07-26 기준 10-Q&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.anthropic.com/claude-opus-5-5&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Anthropic — 2026-09-22 Opus 5.5 발표(회사 주장)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/cache_explanation&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Hugging Face — cache 구조 문서&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/kv_cache&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Hugging Face — cache 전략 문서&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000162828026049270/tsla-20260630.htm&quot; style=&quot;color:#1756a9;&quot;&gt;Tesla — 2026-06-30 기준 10-Q&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-def3147eabcf2528da9ac295 --&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/1048104309956444567/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai-ai.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/1048104309956444567'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/1048104309956444567'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai-ai.html' title='AI 클라우드 업체 코어위브의 신용 우려와 앤트로픽의 매출 둔화…글로벌 AI 인프라 투자 회의론, 진짜일까?'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-781717338622089228</id><published>2026-10-19T06:38:24.898+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:31:27.723+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="HBM4"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Memory Demand"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="SOCAMM2"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(EN)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Vera Rubin"/><title type='text'>Vera Rubin NVL72 Memory Demand: HBM4 and SOCAMM2 Scenarios</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;Vera Rubin NVL72 creates two different memory requirements: HBM4 attached to Rubin GPUs and LPDDR5X in SOCAMM2 modules on the Vera CPU side. To estimate demand, multiply a stated rack count by the installed configuration—not by an unlabeled headline maximum. The scenarios below are arithmetic exercises, not disclosed NVIDIA orders or supplier shipment forecasts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 18px / 1.7 Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; width: 100%; border: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Evidence checked October 19, 2026, Korea time. Published platform specifications, dated production statements and hypothetical calculations are labeled separately. No rack hardware, supplier purchase order, wafer requirement or inference benchmark was measured.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;nav aria-label=&quot;Contents&quot; style=&quot;padding: 18px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Contents · terms before the calculation&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#platform&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Which NVL72?&lt;/a&gt; The platform generation and shipment boundary.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#units&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;HBM4 and SOCAMM2&lt;/a&gt; GPU memory versus CPU memory modules.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#per-rack&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Per-rack arithmetic&lt;/a&gt; Capacity, stacks and modules are different counts.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#scenarios&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Three hypothetical volumes&lt;/a&gt; What changes when rack count changes?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#risks&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;From capacity to business demand&lt;/a&gt; Mix, qualification, yield and timing.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#summary&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Comparison and next checks&lt;/a&gt;, then &lt;a href=&quot;#appendix&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix and sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;platform&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. NVL72 is a configuration name, not a memory-generation guarantee&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;NVL72&lt;/strong&gt; identifies a rack-scale GPU configuration; the full product name matters. NVIDIA’s GB200 page lists Blackwell GPUs with HBM3E, while its Vera Rubin page lists Rubin GPUs with HBM4. A report about “NVL72 shipments” cannot automatically be counted as Rubin HBM4 demand. See the &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/gb200-nvl72/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;GB200 specification&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/vera-rubin-nvl72/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Vera Rubin specification&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Production&lt;/strong&gt; also needs a boundary: components being manufactured, completed systems shipping and customer installations becoming usable are different events. NVIDIA’s May 31 release described a production ramp but placed production shipments in the fall. Its later FY2027 Q2 filing says Vera Rubin production shipments began in fiscal Q3. The current product page displays availability. Those statements support a transition into shipments; they do not give us an NVL72 rack-count series.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Sources: &lt;a href=&quot;https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/vera-rubin-full-production-agentic-ai-factory&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;May 31 company announcement&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;10-Q for the quarter ended July 26, 2026&lt;/a&gt;. Fiscal Q3 of FY2027 is not calendar Q3 of 2027. The filing also says Blackwell and Rubin will both ship.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; identify the exact architecture before attaching a memory assumption to a shipment headline. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Caution:&lt;/strong&gt; a production announcement is not a bill of materials, an installed-memory average or a purchase commitment for a specific memory supplier.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;units&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. Count two memory paths, not one interchangeable pool&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;HBM4&lt;/strong&gt; is the high-bandwidth memory generation on the GPU side. An &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;HBM stack&lt;/strong&gt; combines multiple memory dies in a stacked assembly. A stack count is not a die count. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SOCAMM2&lt;/strong&gt; is a compression-attached module format carrying LPDDR5X on the CPU side; a module is not an HBM stack.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;rack-map&quot; aria-label=&quot;Two separate memory paths in one reference NVL72 rack&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 24px 0px; padding: 18px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;display: block; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin-bottom: 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;One reference rack · two memory paths&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 14px; margin: 12px 0px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;72 Rubin GPUs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;GPU count × memory per GPU&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;HBM4 capacity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Stack count additionally needs capacity per stack.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 14px; margin: 12px 0px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;36 Vera CPUs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CPU count × installed modules per CPU × module capacity&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CPU LPDDR5X capacity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SOCAMM2 module count omits the last capacity factor.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original scope diagram based on NVIDIA’s reference counts. It shows accounting paths, not a physical wiring diagram. CPU and GPU capacities are not interchangeable performance or bandwidth budgets.&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;https://dam-cdn.nvd.orangelogic.com/AssetLink/56p68o47y6f1yucpubl0ump1c0aif422.pdf&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;official datasheet, pages 8–10&lt;/a&gt;, separates these memory domains. For a broader introduction to the module format and the reported configuration change, our &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/socamm2-explained-what-veras-reported.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;SOCAMM2 and Vera capacity explanation&lt;/a&gt; addresses that earlier question. Here we move to rack-level quantity accounting.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Capacity&lt;/strong&gt; is the amount of stored data, expressed here in nominal GB, TB or PB. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Bandwidth&lt;/strong&gt; is a rate, such as TB/s. More capacity does not alone establish faster inference. Our worksheet normalizes 1 TB = 1,000 GB and 1 PB = 1,000 TB; it does not silently relabel manufacturer GB as GiB.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;per-rack&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. Start with one rack, then expose the missing inputs&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;A reference specification&lt;/strong&gt; is a published configuration description, not a measured installed average. The current NVIDIA table lists 288 GB HBM4 per Rubin GPU, 20.7 TB HBM4 per rack, and up to 54 TB CPU LPDDR5X per rack. The CPU ceiling is not our assumption for every shipped system.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 18px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); border-radius: 8px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;GPU-side capacity calculation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;72 GPUs × 288 GB = 20,736 GB&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;20,736 ÷ 1,000 = &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;20.736 TB per rack&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The last number is the decimal-normalized product of the listed inputs; it rounds to the published 20.7 TB. Preserve the reference’s nominal labels rather than treating this as a measurement of exact physical bytes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;A component-density assumption&lt;/strong&gt; is needed to convert capacity into stack count. Micron’s March 16 release identifies a 36 GB HBM4 12H product and 192 GB SOCAMM2 in high-volume production. “12H” describes stack height, not twelve stacks per GPU. These are useful example densities—not evidence that Micron supplies every stack or module in every rack. &lt;a href=&quot;https://micron.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/micron-high-volume-production-hbm4-designed-nvidia-vera-rubin&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Read the dated supplier announcement&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 18px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); border-radius: 8px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Conditional HBM stack arithmetic&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;If each stack is 36 GB: 288 ÷ 36 = 8 stacks per GPU.&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;72 × 8 = &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;576 stacks per rack&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;This is a density-conditioned result, not an independently verified supplier-specific bill of materials.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;For the CPU side, let &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;M&lt;/strong&gt; be populated SOCAMM2 modules per CPU and &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/strong&gt; be nominal GB per module. Then modules per rack = 36 × M, and CPU capacity per rack = 36 × M × D. We deliberately do not solve M by dividing a rounded CPU maximum by a module label.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; calculate capacity and physical component counts in separate columns. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Caution:&lt;/strong&gt; module population rules, exact SKUs and supported densities require a validated configuration. A numerically neat ratio does not supply that validation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;scenarios&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;4. What would 100, 500 or 1,000 racks imply?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;A scenario&lt;/strong&gt; is an explicitly chosen input set, not a forecast with an implied probability. We use three invented completed-rack counts to show linear scaling. There is no target quarter, delivery commitment or evidence-based “base case” behind these counts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Hold the GPU assumption above fixed. For a separate CPU arithmetic exercise, choose &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;M = 4&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;D = 192 GB&lt;/strong&gt;: 768 GB per CPU, 144 modules and 27.648 TB per rack. Four modules per CPU is a worksheet assumption only; this article does not establish that population as an orderable or validated Vera configuration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;volume-chart&quot; aria-label=&quot;Hypothetical HBM4 and CPU LPDDR5X capacity for three assumed rack counts&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 24px 0px; padding: 18px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;display: block; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin-bottom: 16px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Hypothetical capacity · not an order forecast&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;100 assumed racks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;HBM4: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2.0736 PB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 20px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 20px; width: 7.5%; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CPU LPDDR5X: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2.7648 PB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 20px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 20px; width: 10%; background: rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;500 assumed racks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;HBM4: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10.368 PB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 20px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 20px; width: 37.5%; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CPU LPDDR5X: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;13.824 PB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 20px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 20px; width: 50%; background: rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1,000 assumed racks&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;HBM4: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;20.736 PB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 20px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 20px; width: 75%; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CPU LPDDR5X: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;27.648 PB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 20px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 20px; width: 100%; background: rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original calculated chart. Every bar starts at zero and uses the same 27.648 PB maximum. Fixed assumptions: 288 GB/GPU; hypothetical four 192 GB CPU modules per CPU. HBM4 and CPU memory remain separate categories even when their capacity bars share a scale.&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; width: 100%; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;width: 32%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-align: left; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Invented rack count&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-align: left; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Conditional physical component counts&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;100&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;57,600 HBM stacks&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;14,400 SOCAMM2 modules&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;288,000 HBM stacks&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;72,000 SOCAMM2 modules&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;1,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;576,000 HBM stacks&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;144,000 SOCAMM2 modules&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Assumes 36 GB per HBM stack and four CPU modules per CPU, as stated above. Counts exclude spares, other platform types, manufacturing losses and inventory timing. They are not observed orders, die starts or supplier allocations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;One-input sensitivity:&lt;/strong&gt; at the same 1,000 racks, changing only hypothetical M from 4 to 2 halves the CPU result to 72,000 modules and 13.824 PB. HBM4 stays 20.736 PB. Changing only module density would instead change capacity without changing module count. Neither sensitivity asserts a supported hardware configuration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;For a bit-based planning worksheet, nominal bits = nominal bytes × 8. The 1,000-rack HBM result would be 165.888 petabits under the same decimal convention. That conversion does not tell us how many wafers must be started: packaging, die size, redundancy and yield information are still missing.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;risks&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;5. Why calculated capacity is not supplier revenue&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Installed demand&lt;/strong&gt; is the memory embodied in the systems being counted. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Procurement demand&lt;/strong&gt; is what a buyer orders over a period, which can include inventory and spares. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Recognized revenue&lt;/strong&gt; is another boundary again. The three do not have to peak in the same quarter.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Platform mix:&lt;/strong&gt; a Blackwell shipment is not a Rubin shipment. The fiscal filing supports coexistence, not a one-for-one replacement schedule.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Memory mix:&lt;/strong&gt; capacity per module and modules per CPU can move independently. A richer module mix can change bits per module without the same change in module units.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Qualification and share:&lt;/strong&gt; a supplier’s compatible product establishes business exposure, not its share of all racks. Micron’s announcement is evidence of participation; it is not an allocation table for Micron or competitors.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Manufacturing yield:&lt;/strong&gt; usable stacks are not wafer starts. Without yield and packaging assumptions, multiplying demand into gross production would add false precision.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Deployment timing:&lt;/strong&gt; power, cooling, networking, financing and customer readiness can delay system acceptance or use. Strong component capacity does not remove those gates.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Our interpretation is therefore conditional: a ramp in completed, similarly configured Rubin racks would increase both memory categories, but at different component counts and price/mix sensitivities. A lighter CPU configuration can moderate LPDDR5X capacity per rack while the GPU-side assumption stays unchanged. Conversely, delays or a different product mix can weaken the same demand case. This is industry analysis, not a buy/sell recommendation or a stock-price forecast.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;summary&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;6. Keep the answer in four separate columns&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; width: 100%; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;width: 40%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-align: left; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Quantity&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-align: left; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;What it does not establish&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Memory capacity&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;GB/TB/PB&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Bandwidth, latency or actual orders&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Stacks / modules&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;physical assemblies&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Die count, wafer starts or supplier share&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Completed racks&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;units in a period&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;All Vera platforms or all AI data centers&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Supplier revenue&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;currency in a period&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Profit, stock return or bits shipped without more data&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Next checks:&lt;/strong&gt; obtain a dated rack-count source, the installed SKU/population rules, the accounting period and supplier-specific shipment evidence. Until then, keep the model as a sensitivity worksheet rather than a forecast. Our &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/read-socamm2-specifications-capacity.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;SOCAMM2 specification-reading worksheet&lt;/a&gt; explains how to check unit and configuration mismatches before replacing these assumptions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. Reproduction boundaries and primary sources&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The scenario arithmetic was executed locally with Node.js on Windows. It uses no live shipment database, memory hardware, paid API or model benchmark. All rack counts and the four-module CPU example are invented. Replace them only with compatible, dated inputs; do not use NVIDIA’s maximum CPU memory as an installed average. No supply-share, pricing or yield model is included.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/vera-rubin-nvl72/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA Vera Rubin NVL72 specifications&lt;/a&gt; — current GPU/CPU memory rows and product availability, checked October 19.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dam-cdn.nvd.orangelogic.com/AssetLink/56p68o47y6f1yucpubl0ump1c0aif422.pdf&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA Vera Rubin datasheet&lt;/a&gt; — pages 8–10, reference topology and memory domains; not a customer-specific bill of materials.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/gb200-nvl72/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA GB200 NVL72&lt;/a&gt; — distinguishes Blackwell/HBM3E from the Rubin scenario.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/vera-rubin-full-production-agentic-ai-factory&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA production-ramp announcement&lt;/a&gt; — May 31, 2026; announcement and shipment timing are separate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA FY2027 Q2 Form 10-Q&lt;/a&gt; — quarter ended July 26; shipment-transition and supply/deployment risks.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://micron.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/micron-high-volume-production-hbm4-designed-nvidia-vera-rubin&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Micron HBM4/SOCAMM2 production release&lt;/a&gt; — March 16, 2026; example component densities and supplier participation.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Both figures and the scenario calculations are original educational material. Vendor specifications are dated source inputs, not independently tested performance. Actual rack shipments, populated configurations, purchase quantities and supplier shares remain unavailable in this worksheet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-a0b999b154159ad57194404a --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/781717338622089228/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/vera-rubin-nvl72-memory-demand-hbm4-and.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/781717338622089228'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/781717338622089228'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/vera-rubin-nvl72-memory-demand-hbm4-and.html' title='Vera Rubin NVL72 Memory Demand: HBM4 and SOCAMM2 Scenarios'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-5232107298355532464</id><published>2026-10-19T00:03:18.661+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:31:32.994+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Goodput"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Latency Metrics"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="LLM Inference"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(EN)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Throughput"/><title type='text'>LLM Inference Metrics Explained: TTFT, TPOT, ITL and Goodput</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;LLM inference performance is not one speed number. TTFT describes the wait for the first output, TPOT and ITL describe how output continues, and E2EL describes the whole request. TPS and RPS measure processing capacity; SLO and goodput tell you whether that capacity meets a stated service goal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 18px / 1.7 Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; width: 100%; border: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Start with the symptom:&lt;/strong&gt; a slow start suggests checking TTFT; pauses after the start suggest checking output gaps; an overloaded service needs throughput and SLO checks together. These are directions for investigation, not proof of a root cause.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Documentation checked October 18, 2026. All numerical examples and both diagrams are hypothetical. The short Python arithmetic was actually executed; no LLM, paid API, GPU or inference-engine benchmark was run.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;nav aria-label=&quot;Contents&quot; style=&quot;padding: 18px; margin: 24px 0px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Contents · the eight essential terms&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ttft&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;TTFT&lt;/a&gt; — wait until the first output token.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#tpot&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;TPOT&lt;/a&gt; — average time per output token after the first.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#itl&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;ITL&lt;/a&gt; — output-token gaps; check the tool’s aggregation.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#e2el&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;E2EL&lt;/a&gt; — time from request start to a defined endpoint.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#tps&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;TPS&lt;/a&gt; — tokens processed per second, with scope stated.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#rps&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;RPS&lt;/a&gt; — requests completed per second here.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#slo&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;SLO&lt;/a&gt; — the service objective you choose.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#goodput&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Goodput&lt;/a&gt; — SLO-qualified completed requests per second.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#worked&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Worked calculation and comparison checklist&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;ttft&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. TTFT — how long until the answer starts?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; Time to First Token is elapsed time from a defined request start to the first generated output token received at the measurement point. Its unit is milliseconds or seconds; lower means a shorter initial wait under comparable conditions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;A &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;token&lt;/strong&gt; is a model’s processing unit, not necessarily a word or character. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Prefill&lt;/strong&gt; processes the input; &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;decode&lt;/strong&gt; generates output. Client-observed TTFT can also include queueing and transport, so it is not simply GPU prefill time. Initial empty messages and HTTP headers are not generated text. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.nvidia.com/nim/benchmarking/llm/2.0.0/metrics&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA NIM’s metric definitions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;request-timeline&quot; aria-label=&quot;Figure 1 · One hypothetical request&quot; style=&quot;padding: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Figure 1 · One hypothetical request&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 14px; margin-top: 14px; border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Request sent&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;0 ms&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 14px; margin-top: 14px; border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;First output token&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;500 ms · TTFT = 500 ms&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 14px; margin-top: 14px; border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Last output token&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1,300 ms · E2EL = 1,300 ms&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;After-first output span: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;800 ms&lt;/strong&gt;. Six output tokens mean &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;five&lt;/strong&gt; intervening gaps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;margin-top: 18px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original conceptual timeline, not a hardware trace. Box heights are not proportional to elapsed time. Assume exactly one token per delivery and use the last token as the endpoint.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; compare initial responsiveness at the same input size and load. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Caution:&lt;/strong&gt; receiving a first chunk of text is only a proxy when you do not have actual token events. Keep the measurement boundary explicit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;tpot&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. TPOT — how fast does the answer continue on average?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; Time Per Output Token describes average elapsed generation time per output token after the first. Here the unit is &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;ms/token&lt;/strong&gt;, and the calculation assumes one delivered token per event, N greater than one, and a last-token completion boundary.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 16px; margin: 22px 0px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TPOT = (E2EL − TTFT) ÷ (N − 1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;(1,300 − 500) ÷ (6 − 1) = &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;160 ms/token&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Subtracting one matters: six tokens create five gaps. With zero or one output token, this interval-based formula is undefined. A shorter average interval means faster continuation, but it does not guarantee that every individual gap is short.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; compare continuation speed without hiding the initial wait inside the average. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Caution:&lt;/strong&gt; do not assume every tool’s “time per token” has the same numerator or denominator. Some metric names overlap, so read the tool’s definition before comparing results.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;itl&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. ITL — where are the pauses hidden?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; in this guide, individual Inter-Token Latency values are successive token-arrival gaps. Their unit is milliseconds. Our six-token example arrives at 500, 600, 700, 1,000, 1,100 and 1,300 ms, giving gaps of 100, 100, 300, 100 and 200 ms.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;gap-chart&quot; aria-label=&quot;Figure 2 · Same average does not mean evenly spaced output&quot; style=&quot;padding: 16px; margin: 24px 0px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Figure 2 · Same average does not mean evenly spaced output&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Gap 1: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;100 ms&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; width: 33.3333%; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Gap 2: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;100 ms&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; width: 33.3333%; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Gap 3: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;300 ms&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; width: 100%; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Gap 4: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;100 ms&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; width: 33.3333%; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Gap 5: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;200 ms&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; width: 66.6667%; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Average: 160 ms. Longest gap: 300 ms.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;margin-top: 18px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original hypothetical interval chart. Bars start at zero and use a common 300 ms scale. Five uniform 160 ms gaps would have the same mean but a different delivery pattern.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Important naming difference:&lt;/strong&gt; NIM/AIPerf also uses ITL for an &lt;em style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;average&lt;/em&gt; interval and treats it as TPOT. Therefore “ITL” on a dashboard does not by itself tell you whether you are seeing an individual gap, a request average or an aggregated distribution. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.nvidia.com/nim/benchmarking/llm/2.0.0/metrics&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;See the tool-specific ITL formula&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; inspect uneven streaming instead of relying only on a mean. A &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;chunk&lt;/strong&gt; is a delivery bundle and may contain several tokens; &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;inter-chunk latency&lt;/strong&gt; measures gaps between bundles. Network chunks and SSE events are not automatically tokens. Client gap measurements cannot, by themselves, identify server compute or memory as the cause.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;e2el&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;4. E2EL — when is the complete result available?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; End-to-End Latency measures elapsed time from request start to the stated completion boundary. Here that boundary is receipt of the last output token, giving &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1,300 ms&lt;/strong&gt;. Lower is better for the same task and comparable output length.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Under our interval assumptions, &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;E2EL = TTFT + TPOT × (N − 1)&lt;/strong&gt;, or 500 + 160 × 5 = 1,300 ms. This is an accounting identity for this example, not a universal substitute for measuring completion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; judge when a generated report, summary or code answer is ready. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Caution:&lt;/strong&gt; an application may continue waiting for a completion signal or perform extra work after the final text. Name that endpoint separately. NIM’s documented AIPerf definition excludes a trailing done/empty signal. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.nvidia.com/nim/benchmarking/llm/2.0.0/metrics&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;End-to-end latency boundary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;tps&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;5. TPS — how much token work gets through?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; Tokens Per Second is a rate whose scope must be stated. It may mean total server output throughput or the output rate of one request. Both use tok/s, but answer different questions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;For an invented closed benchmark run with &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;9,000 output tokens over 12 seconds&lt;/strong&gt;, aggregate output throughput is &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;750 tok/s&lt;/strong&gt;. For our one six-token request, including its initial wait gives 6 ÷ 1.3 ≈ &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;4.62 tok/s&lt;/strong&gt;. Excluding that wait and using five post-first intervals gives 5 ÷ 0.8 = &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;6.25 tok/s&lt;/strong&gt;. State which calculation you mean.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; evaluate capacity, then inspect request latency alongside it. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Caution:&lt;/strong&gt; output-only throughput is not input-plus-output throughput. A higher aggregate TPS does not establish a faster individual experience. Record the benchmark window and request inclusion rules. &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/llm-benchmarking-fundamental-concepts/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA’s benchmarking discussion&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;rps&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;6. RPS — how many requests finish?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; Requests Per Second here means successful completed requests divided by the declared measurement duration. Our invented run completes 120 requests in 12 seconds: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10 req/s&lt;/strong&gt;. This is not the same as the rate of newly arriving requests.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Concurrency&lt;/strong&gt; is the number of requests active at once. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Batching&lt;/strong&gt; processes work from multiple requests together. These are load and scheduling conditions, not synonyms for RPS. If arrivals exceed sustainable completion capacity, outstanding work can grow. &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/llm-benchmarking-fundamental-concepts/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Load-control distinctions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; size a service for a defined request mix. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Caution:&lt;/strong&gt; ten short answers and ten long answers can have the same RPS but very different token work. Report failed requests, timeouts, warmup and sequence lengths rather than comparing isolated headline rates.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;slo&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;7. SLO — what counts as an acceptable response?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; a Service Level Objective states the performance target. For this lesson, a request passes only if &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TTFT ≤ 800 ms and TPOT ≤ 200 ms/token&lt;/strong&gt;. These are invented teaching thresholds, not recommended targets for every application.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;P50&lt;/strong&gt; is the median. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;P95&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;P99&lt;/strong&gt; summarize the high-latency tail: roughly 95% or 99% of observations are at or below the corresponding value, subject to the estimator. Specify the metric, sample count and percentile method. A P95 of request-average TPOT does not describe the distribution of every individual token gap.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; make the tolerated wait explicit instead of saying “fast enough.” &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Caution:&lt;/strong&gt; a mean can hide slow users, and a small sample gives unstable tail estimates. Latency objectives also do not prove answer correctness. Track quality separately. vLLM’s benchmark CLI exposes percentile reporting and request-level goodput objectives. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/cli/bench/serve/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;vLLM benchmark options&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;goodput&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;8. Goodput — how much useful capacity meets that target?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; in this guide, goodput is successful completed requests meeting &lt;em style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;all&lt;/em&gt; stated latency objectives divided by the same run duration. Its unit is &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;req/s&lt;/strong&gt;, not a percentage. The throughput-with-latency-constraints perspective is central to &lt;a href=&quot;https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.09670&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;the DistServe research paper&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 16px; margin: 22px 0px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Invented run:&lt;/strong&gt; 120 completed requests / 12 s = &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10 req/s&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;72 requests meet both objectives / 12 s = &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;6 req/s goodput&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;72 / 120 = &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;60% attainment&lt;/strong&gt; among completed requests.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; compare throughput at an acceptable latency, not maximum throughput alone. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Caution:&lt;/strong&gt; qualifying criteria, error treatment, workload and time window must match. These counts are declared examples, not measured service capacity. vLLM supports per-request TTFT, TPOT and E2EL constraints for its goodput calculation; always verify the installed version. &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/cli/bench/serve/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Goodput configuration&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;worked&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;9. Reproduce the arithmetic, then choose the right next test&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The following complete example was executed locally with Python 3.12.14 on Windows. It only calculates the invented timestamps and counters above. It makes no network request, sleeps for no simulated delay and measures no real inference system.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 10px 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Python · synthetic arithmetic only&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px; padding: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; overflow-wrap: normal; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 15px / 1.65 Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;&lt;code id=&quot;metrics-source&quot; style=&quot;font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-language-override: inherit; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;# Synthetic arithmetic only: no network, model or GPU benchmark.
arrivals_ms = [500, 600, 700, 1000, 1100, 1300]
gaps_ms = [b - a for a, b in zip(arrivals_ms, arrivals_ms[1:])]
ttft_ms = arrivals_ms[0]
e2el_ms = arrivals_ms[-1]
tpot_ms = (e2el_ms - ttft_ms) / (len(arrivals_ms) - 1)

assert gaps_ms == [100, 100, 300, 100, 200]
assert tpot_ms == 160
print(f&quot;TTFT={ttft_ms} ms&quot;)
print(f&quot;TPOT={tpot_ms:.0f} ms/token&quot;)
print(f&quot;Individual gaps={gaps_ms} ms&quot;)
print(f&quot;E2EL={e2el_ms} ms&quot;)
print(f&quot;Request output rate={len(arrivals_ms)/(e2el_ms/1000):.2f} tok/s&quot;)
print(f&quot;System output throughput={9000/12:.0f} tok/s&quot;)
print(f&quot;Completed-request rate={120/12:.0f} req/s&quot;)
print(f&quot;SLO-qualified goodput={72/12:.0f} req/s&quot;)
print(f&quot;SLO attainment={72/120:.0%}&quot;)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 10px 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Observed local output · not a model benchmark&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px; padding: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; overflow-wrap: normal; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 15px / 1.65 Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;&lt;code id=&quot;metrics-output&quot; style=&quot;font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-language-override: inherit; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TTFT=500 ms
TPOT=160 ms/token
Individual gaps=[100, 100, 300, 100, 200] ms
E2EL=1300 ms
Request output rate=4.62 tok/s
System output throughput=750 tok/s
Completed-request rate=10 req/s
SLO-qualified goodput=6 req/s
SLO attainment=60%
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;For an actual streaming client, continue with our &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/measure-llm-streaming-ttft-and-e2el-in.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;runnable C# TTFT and E2EL timing lab&lt;/a&gt;. That lab uses a simulated SSE server over real local HTTP; it is not a paid-provider or GPU result. It answers the instrumentation question, while this guide explains the metrics.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-align: left; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Question&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-align: left; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Start with&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Why does the answer start late?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;TTFT and queue/input/cache conditions&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Why does it pause after starting?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Individual token or chunk gaps, with scope verified&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;When is the whole answer usable?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;E2EL and its endpoint&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;How much can the service handle?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;TPS, completed RPS and matching workload&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;How much meets the promised latency?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;SLO attainment and goodput, plus errors&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Takeaway:&lt;/strong&gt; choose one user question, a measurement boundary and a workload before comparing numbers. Keep first response, continuation, total completion and system capacity separate. A big tok/s value is only informative when you know whose tokens, over which window, at what latency and quality.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. Benchmark conditions and primary sources&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Before a real comparison, record model and tokenizer versions, input sequence length (ISL), output sequence length (OSL), language, hardware, inference engine and precision. Also record cache state, concurrency or arrival process, warmup, request errors and measurement location. Client and server timestamps describe different boundaries; elapsed durations should use an appropriate monotonic clock.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.nvidia.com/nim/benchmarking/llm/2.0.0/metrics&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA NIM Benchmarking 2.0.0: metrics&lt;/a&gt; — tool-specific TTFT, average ITL, endpoint and throughput definitions.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/llm-benchmarking-fundamental-concepts/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA: LLM inference benchmarking fundamentals&lt;/a&gt; — rate scope, workload and load-control context.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/cli/bench/serve/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;vLLM bench serve reference&lt;/a&gt; — percentile and goodput options; latest documentation checked October 18, not a locally installed/tested vLLM version.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.09670&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;DistServe, OSDI 2024&lt;/a&gt; — serving under TTFT/TPOT latency constraints; no paper benchmark result is presented as our measurement.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Both diagrams and all example values are original educational material. Only local arithmetic was executed. No model quality, tokenization behavior, provider performance, investment return or search-traffic improvement was measured or promised.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-5255f751eac7cc34be391856 --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/5232107298355532464/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/llm-inference-metrics-explained-ttft.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/5232107298355532464'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/5232107298355532464'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/llm-inference-metrics-explained-ttft.html' title='LLM Inference Metrics Explained: TTFT, TPOT, ITL and Goodput'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-2988426937201021858</id><published>2026-10-18T19:10:31.008+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:31:38.612+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Compound Change"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Data Validation"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="DRAM Prices"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Python"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(EN)"/><title type='text'>Build a DRAM Price-Change Calculator in Python</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;To combine consecutive DRAM price changes, multiply their growth factors instead of adding percentages. This Python calculator reads a CSV, starts a hypothetical index at 100, and creates a local HTML chart. The sample is invented; its output is not observed DRAM pricing, Samsung’s realized ASP, or a profit forecast.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 18px / 1.7 Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; width: 100%; border: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Quick diagnosis:&lt;/strong&gt; if +20% followed by −20% gives you “back to zero,” check the denominator. The second change applies to the new level. Run the supplied CSV first and compare the output before using any permitted real dataset. No API key, package install, or paid service is needed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Executed October 18, 2026 on Windows 11 with Python 3.12.14 and 3.14.3. Standard library only. Other operating systems were not executed. The script reads your chosen CSV and exclusively creates a new chart file; it refuses to overwrite an existing output.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;definitions&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Key terms, defined first&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;QoQ percentage change:&lt;/strong&gt; change from the immediately preceding quarter, not from a fixed base year.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Growth factor:&lt;/strong&gt; 1 + percentage ÷ 100. For example, +20% becomes 1.20.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Index:&lt;/strong&gt; a relative level rebased to 100 here—not a currency price per chip or per gigabit.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Cumulative change:&lt;/strong&gt; the final level divided by the initial level, minus one.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CSV:&lt;/strong&gt; comma-separated tabular text. Our two columns are period and qoq_pct.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Decimal:&lt;/strong&gt; Python’s decimal arithmetic type. The code constructs values from text; it does not make market assumptions correct.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;ASP:&lt;/strong&gt; a company’s average realized selling price across a defined basket of actual sales.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;nav aria-label=&quot;Contents&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; padding: 18px; margin: 24px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Contents&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#math&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Understand the compounding rule&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#input&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Create the hypothetical CSV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#code&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Copy the calculator and chart code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#run&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Run it and compare the actual output&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#failures&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Recognize bad inputs and file errors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#limits&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Know what the index cannot tell you&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;math&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. Understand the compounding rule&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; each quarter’s rate changes the preceding level. The calculation is &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;next index = previous index × (1 + QoQ rate ÷ 100)&lt;/strong&gt;. Cumulative change is &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;(final index ÷ starting index − 1) × 100&lt;/strong&gt;. Rates are in percent; index levels have no currency unit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Example:&lt;/strong&gt; start at 100. A 20% rise gives 120. A 20% fall then gives 96, because the fall is 20% of 120. A further 10% rise gives 105.60. The combined change is &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;+5.60%&lt;/strong&gt;; adding 20 − 20 + 10 would incorrectly give +10%.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; chain adjacent changes for one consistently defined series. Do not chain year-over-year rates as if they were sequential quarter-over-quarter rates: overlapping comparison windows would answer a different question.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;input&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. Create the hypothetical CSV&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Save the following as &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;sample.csv&lt;/strong&gt; in a small working folder. These numbers are deliberately invented. Enter &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;20&lt;/strong&gt; for +20%, not 0.20 and not the text “20%.” BASE in the output means the level immediately before the first listed quarter.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 22px 0px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 10px 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;sample.csv · hypothetical data&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px; padding: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 15px / 1.65 Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; white-space: pre; overflow-wrap: normal; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;&lt;code id=&quot;csv-source&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;period,qoq_pct
2026Q1,20
2026Q2,-20
2026Q3,10
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The code requires exactly these two headers, chronological consecutive quarters and one rate per row. It does not sort rows, fill missing quarters, or quietly treat a blank rate as zero. Before adapting it, keep the source, date, product basket, contract-versus-spot basis and permitted usage of your data in a separate note.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;code&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. Copy the calculator and chart code&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Save this complete script as &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;price_change.py&lt;/strong&gt;. The central calculation is the line beginning &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;level =&lt;/code&gt;; the other sections validate inputs, build the chart and handle files. &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/code&gt; is simply an alias for &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Decimal&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Python’s &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/csv.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;CSV documentation&lt;/a&gt; describes &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;DictReader&lt;/code&gt; and opening files with &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;newline=&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt;. The &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/decimal.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Decimal documentation&lt;/a&gt; explains decimal representation and precision. We keep intermediate values unrounded explicitly and format the display to two decimal places; normal Decimal context precision still applies, so this is not arbitrary-precision financial software.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 22px 0px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 10px 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;price_change.py · complete tested source&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px; padding: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 15px / 1.65 Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; white-space: pre; overflow-wrap: normal; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;&lt;code id=&quot;python-source&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;import csv
import re
import sys
from decimal import Decimal, InvalidOperation
from html import escape

D = Decimal


def calculate(stream):
    reader = csv.DictReader(stream, strict=True)
    if reader.fieldnames != [&quot;period&quot;, &quot;qoq_pct&quot;]:
        raise ValueError(&quot;header must be period,qoq_pct&quot;)
    points = [(&quot;BASE&quot;, D(&quot;0&quot;), D(&quot;100&quot;))]
    previous = None
    for row in reader:
        period = (row.get(&quot;period&quot;) or &quot;&quot;).strip()
        if None in row or not re.fullmatch(r&quot;[1-9][0-9]{3}Q[1-4]&quot;, period):
            raise ValueError(&quot;use exactly two fields and period YYYYQ1..YYYYQ4&quot;)
        ordinal = int(period[:4]) * 4 + int(period[-1]) - 1
        if previous is not None and ordinal != previous + 1:
            raise ValueError(&quot;quarters must be consecutive, ordered and unique&quot;)
        try:
            rate = D((row.get(&quot;qoq_pct&quot;) or &quot;&quot;).strip())
        except InvalidOperation as exc:
            raise ValueError(&quot;qoq_pct must be a decimal percentage&quot;) from exc
        if not rate.is_finite() or not D(&quot;-100&quot;) &amp;lt; rate &amp;lt;= D(&quot;1000&quot;):
            raise ValueError(&quot;qoq_pct must be finite, above -100 and at most 1000&quot;)
        if len(points) &amp;gt; 40:
            raise ValueError(&quot;this teaching example supports at most 40 quarters&quot;)
        level = points[-1][2] * (D(&quot;1&quot;) + rate / D(&quot;100&quot;))
        points.append((period, rate, level))
        previous = ordinal
    if len(points) == 1:
        raise ValueError(&quot;CSV must contain at least one data row&quot;)
    return points


def chart_html(points):
    peak = max(level for _, _, level in points)
    bars = []
    for period, _, level in points:
        width = level / peak * D(&quot;100&quot;)
        bars.append(
            f&#39;&amp;lt;p style=&quot;margin:18px 0 6px;&quot;&amp;gt;{escape(period)}: &#39;
            f&#39;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;{level:.2f}&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&#39;
            f&#39;&amp;lt;div style=&quot;height:24px;background:#303238;&quot;&amp;gt;&#39;
            f&#39;&amp;lt;div style=&quot;width:{width:.2f}%;height:24px;&#39;
            f&#39;background:#8ab4f8;&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&#39;
        )
    figure = (
        &#39;&amp;lt;figure id=&quot;index-chart&quot; aria-label=&quot;Hypothetical chained price index&quot; &#39;
        &#39;style=&quot;margin:0;padding:16px;background:#27282c;&#39;
        &#39;border:1px solid #414247;border-radius:12px;&quot;&amp;gt;&#39;
        &#39;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Hypothetical index - base 100&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&#39;
        + &quot;&quot;.join(bars)
        + &#39;&amp;lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size:16px;color:#c4c7cf;margin-top:18px;&quot;&amp;gt;&#39;
        &#39;Invented data, not observed DRAM prices. Bars start at zero; &#39;
        &#39;the largest displayed index fills the width.&amp;lt;/figcaption&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/figure&amp;gt;&#39;
    )
    return (
        &#39;&amp;lt;!doctype html&amp;gt;&amp;lt;html lang=&quot;en&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;meta charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&amp;gt;&#39;
        &#39;&amp;lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width,initial-scale=1&quot;&amp;gt;&#39;
        &#39;&amp;lt;title&amp;gt;Hypothetical price index&amp;lt;/title&amp;gt;&#39;
        &#39;&amp;lt;body style=&quot;margin:0;padding:18px;max-width:760px;&#39;
        &#39;background:#1e1f21;color:#e6e6e9;&#39;
        &#39;font:20px/1.9 system-ui,sans-serif;overflow-wrap:anywhere;&quot;&amp;gt;&#39;
        + figure + &#39;&amp;lt;/body&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&#39;
    )


def main():
    if len(sys.argv) != 3:
        raise ValueError(&quot;usage: python price_change.py sample.csv chart.html&quot;)
    with open(sys.argv[1], encoding=&quot;utf-8-sig&quot;, newline=&quot;&quot;) as stream:
        points = calculate(stream)
    # Exclusive creation: never overwrite an existing output file.
    with open(sys.argv[2], &quot;x&quot;, encoding=&quot;utf-8&quot;) as output:
        output.write(chart_html(points))
    print(&quot;HYPOTHETICAL DATA ONLY - not observed DRAM prices&quot;)
    print(&quot;period,qoq_pct,index,cumulative_pct&quot;)
    for period, rate, level in points:
        print(f&quot;{period},{rate:.2f},{level:.2f},{level - D(&#39;100&#39;):.2f}&quot;)
    print(f&quot;sum_of_rates_only={sum(p[1] for p in points):.2f}%&quot;)
    print(f&quot;chart_written={sys.argv[2]}&quot;)


if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;:
    try:
        main()
    except (OSError, ValueError, InvalidOperation, csv.Error) as exc:
        print(f&quot;ERROR: {exc}&quot;, file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(2)
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The chart uses only local HTML and inline presentation, with text labels and zero-based bars. Its largest index fills the available width; it does not pretend that 100 is a monetary quote. The rate bounds and 40-quarter cap are &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;teaching-program guardrails&lt;/strong&gt;, not claims about the possible behavior of a market.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;run&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;4. Run it and compare the actual output&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;From that folder, first check &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;python --version&lt;/code&gt;. Then run the command below. If your installation uses &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;python3&lt;/code&gt; instead, substitute that command. Avoid running unreviewed downloads or changing security settings to make this example work.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 22px 0px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 10px 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Terminal command&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px; padding: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 15px / 1.65 Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; white-space: pre; overflow-wrap: normal; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;&lt;code id=&quot;run-command&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;python price_change.py sample.csv chart.html
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Observed execution output:&lt;/strong&gt; the table below was produced locally from the supplied CSV. Both tested Python versions produced the same index values and identical chart HTML; only the deliberately different second output filename changed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 22px 0px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 10px 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Actual local output · hypothetical input&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px; padding: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 15px / 1.65 Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; white-space: pre; overflow-wrap: normal; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;&lt;code id=&quot;execution-output&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;HYPOTHETICAL DATA ONLY - not observed DRAM prices
period,qoq_pct,index,cumulative_pct
BASE,0.00,100.00,0.00
2026Q1,20.00,120.00,20.00
2026Q2,-20.00,96.00,-4.00
2026Q3,10.00,105.60,5.60
sum_of_rates_only=10.00%
chart_written=chart.html
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Open the newly created &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;chart.html&lt;/strong&gt; in your browser. The following is the same generated figure embedded in this article, not a screenshot of real market data:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;index-chart&quot; aria-label=&quot;Hypothetical chained price index&quot; style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Hypothetical index - base 100&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;BASE: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;100.00&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 83.33%; height: 24px; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2026Q1: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;120.00&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 100%; height: 24px; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2026Q2: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;96.00&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 80%; height: 24px; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2026Q3: &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;105.60&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 88%; height: 24px; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Invented data, not observed DRAM prices. Bars start at zero; the largest displayed index fills the width.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Read the columns:&lt;/strong&gt; qoq_pct is that row’s input rate, index is the chained level, and cumulative_pct is the change from BASE. Because BASE is exactly 100, the last column is numerically index minus 100 in this example. With another starting level, use the general ratio formula instead.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;failures&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;5. Recognize bad inputs and file errors&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-align: left; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Symptom&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-align: left; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Safe next step&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;File exists&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Choose a new output name, such as chart2.html. The old file was not overwritten.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Quarter-order error&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Check for duplicates, gaps or reversed rows. Do not invent a missing rate.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Rate error&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Use a finite decimal number above −100 and at most 1000, without a percent sign.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Header or CSV error&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Keep period,qoq_pct exactly, with two fields per row and valid quoting.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;File not found&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Check your working folder and the input filename. No permission escalation is required.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Verification:&lt;/strong&gt; five test methods passed on both Python versions, including 12 invalid-input subcases, year rollover, the 40-quarter limit and malformed quoting. A second attempt to create the existing chart file was also checked: Python returned error exit code 2 and left the existing output intact. A shell wrapper may expose a different outer status, so use the printed error message as well.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The strict rate lower bound excludes a zero-price collapse, where a subsequent ordinary percentage change would need different treatment. The program supports up to 40 quarters, reads UTF-8 with an optional BOM, and ignores entirely blank CSV lines through the CSV reader. It is not a production data-cleaning or index-construction service.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;limits&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;6. Know what the index cannot tell you&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; rebasing a series changes its scale, not its meaning. A correctly compounded index still needs a consistent product definition and source methodology. It does not reveal an absolute DRAM price without a matching starting quote and unit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Do not splice different products or mix spot quotes with contract prices just because each number is called “DRAM.” Nor can a basket’s percentage change be substituted for Samsung’s realized ASP or operating-profit growth. Actual sales mix, volume and costs are separate inputs. Our related &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/memory-prices-and-samsungs-record.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;English analysis explains the boundary between memory prices and Samsung’s profit estimate&lt;/a&gt;; the calculator does not estimate that relationship.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Takeaway:&lt;/strong&gt; validate the period and units, multiply growth factors, keep calculations separate from display rounding, and label every illustrative result. Your next exercise is to change one invented rate, choose a new output filename, and explain the result before considering any licensed real data.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. Reproduction and sources&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Test environment: Windows 11, CPython 3.12.14 and 3.14.3; no third-party packages, network calls or paid APIs in the example.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/csv.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Official Python 3.12 CSV reference&lt;/a&gt; — parsing, headers, file newline handling.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/decimal.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Official Python 3.12 Decimal reference&lt;/a&gt; — decimal values, arithmetic and finite precision.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Checked October 18, 2026. Local tests are not a DRAM-market observation, hardware benchmark, investment model or traffic-performance claim.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-e91afe156f9b06fcb01e8b0b --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/2988426937201021858/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/build-dram-price-change-calculator-in.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/2988426937201021858'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/2988426937201021858'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/build-dram-price-change-calculator-in.html' title='Build a DRAM Price-Change Calculator in Python'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-7810866681116512181</id><published>2026-10-18T06:34:40.793+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:31:43.465+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI Infrastructure"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="DRAM"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Memory Prices"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Samsung Earnings"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(EN)"/><title type='text'>Memory Prices and Samsung’s Record Profit Estimate: What the Data Shows</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;Higher memory selling prices can lift Samsung’s profit, and the company identified rising prices as one contributor to its Q2 2026 memory results. Its Q3 guidance is a consolidated estimate—not a memory-profit breakdown. That supports a pricing tailwind, not an exact price-to-profit attribution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 18px / 1.7 Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; width: 100%; border: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Evidence checked October 18, 2026, Korea time. Q3 figures below are preliminary guidance issued October 8; the detailed business discussion is explicitly Q2. No share-price move or investment return is inferred.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;definitions&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The terms to know first&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;ASP:&lt;/strong&gt; average selling price; the average realized price across a defined set of sales. Changing the product mix can change it.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Bit shipments:&lt;/strong&gt; memory quantity sold, measured in bits—not the number of modules or the amount of revenue.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Product mix:&lt;/strong&gt; the proportions of different products sold, such as server memory and other memory products.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Gross profit / operating profit:&lt;/strong&gt; revenue after cost of sales / profit after operating expenses as well. Neither is automatically cash flow.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Consolidated / DS / Memory:&lt;/strong&gt; the company-wide reporting scope / Device Solutions semiconductor division / the Memory Business within DS. These are not interchangeable.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Guidance:&lt;/strong&gt; a preliminary company estimate, not the same disclosure as finalized detailed quarterly results.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;nav aria-label=&quot;Contents&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; padding: 18px; margin: 24px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Contents&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#reported&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;What is the record-profit number?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#scope&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;What actually links memory prices to profit?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#mechanism&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Why can profit grow faster than price?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#mix&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Why ASP and an industry price index differ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#outlook&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Three conditional paths to watch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#summary&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;A checklist for the next earnings release&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;reported&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. What is the record-profit number?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; consolidated operating profit covers the whole company. Samsung’s &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-earnings-guidance-for-third-quarter-2026&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;October 8 guidance&lt;/a&gt; estimates Q3 sales at &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KRW 195 trillion&lt;/strong&gt; and operating profit at &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KRW 107.40 trillion&lt;/strong&gt;. Its comparison table gives Q2 sales of KRW 171.5 trillion and operating profit of KRW 89.49 trillion. These are not memory-only figures.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;profit-chart&quot; aria-label=&quot;Q2 consolidated operating profit compared with Q3 preliminary operating profit in trillion Korean won&quot; style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Figure 1 · Same scope, different disclosure status&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Q2 2026 · reported&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KRW 89.49 trillion&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; max-width: 100%; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 83.324%; height: 24px; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Q3 2026 · preliminary estimate&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KRW 107.40 trillion&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;height: 24px; max-width: 100%; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 100%; height: 24px; background: rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original chart from Samsung’s October 8 comparison table. Both bars start at zero; widths use Q3 = 100%. Q3 is an estimate, not finalized divisional earnings. &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-earnings-guidance-for-third-quarter-2026&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Data source&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Using those inputs, estimated operating profit rises &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;20.0% quarter on quarter&lt;/strong&gt;, compared with a &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;13.7%&lt;/strong&gt; sales increase. Calculated operating margin is approximately &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;55.1%&lt;/strong&gt;, versus &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;52.2%&lt;/strong&gt;: about &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2.9 percentage points&lt;/strong&gt;, not a 2.9% relative increase.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Samsung called Q2 an all-time quarterly operating-profit high in its &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-second-quarter-2026-results&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;July 30 results release&lt;/a&gt;. Q3 guidance exceeds that prior record; the careful description is therefore &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;a record-profit estimate&lt;/strong&gt;. The July release rounds Q2 operating profit to 89.5; calculations here consistently use 89.49 from the October comparison table.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;scope&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. What actually links memory prices to profit?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Purpose:&lt;/strong&gt; distinguish an explained mechanism from a quantified contribution. For Q2, Samsung attributed record Memory Business performance partly to industry-wide price increases and a server-focused sales mix. It also reported DS revenue of &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KRW 127.5 trillion&lt;/strong&gt; and DS operating profit of &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KRW 89.2 trillion&lt;/strong&gt;. DS is broader than Memory. &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-second-quarter-2026-results&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Company’s Q2 discussion&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 22px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Do not carry one quarter’s explanation into another quarter as a completed profit bridge.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;The short Q3 guidance gives no allocation of the profit change to memory prices, bit shipments, product mix, costs, currency, or individual divisions.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;A &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;profit bridge&lt;/strong&gt; reconciles a starting profit with an ending profit by identifying contributions and offsets. Without that breakdown, “memory prices helped” and “memory prices explain all the increase” are very different statements. Subtracting a DS number from company profit is not a substitute for one: scope, rounding and consolidation effects must also be reconciled.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;mechanism&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. Why can profit grow faster than price?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; a selling-price change affects revenue, while costs may move by a different amount. Consider one imaginary product, unchanged sales volume and unchanged cost per item. All numbers below are &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;teaching units, not KRW, Samsung prices, or an earnings forecast&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;price-model&quot; aria-label=&quot;Hypothetical fixed-volume example: revenue rises from100 to120 while cost stays70 and gross profit rises from30 to50&quot; style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Figure 2 · A 20% price rise is not a 20% profit rise&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Before: revenue &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;100&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Cost of sales 70 · gross profit 30&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; width: 83.3333%; height: 26px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 70%; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 30%; background: rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;After: revenue &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;120&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Cost of sales 70 · gross profit 50&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; width: 100%; height: 26px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 58.3333%; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 41.6667%; background: rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Blue segment: cost of sales.&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Green segment: gross profit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original hypothetical illustration on a common revenue scale. At flat volume, revenue increases 20%; gross profit rises from 30 to 50, or 66.7%. Operating expenses, tax, financing, currency and changing costs are omitted. This does not estimate Samsung’s sensitivity.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; understand why the direction of a pricing effect can be convincing while its magnitude remains uncertain. If cost per item rises, the benefit shrinks. If shipment volume falls, total revenue need not track the price increase. In another hypothetical case, price +20% and volume −15% produce &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.20 × 0.85 − 1 = +2%&lt;/strong&gt; revenue—not +5%, and not +20%.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The simple model stops at gross profit. To reach operating profit, also account for operating expenses and other business effects. To judge cash generation, examine working capital and investment spending separately. A profitable quarter and an affordable expansion program are related questions, not identical ones.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;mix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;4. Why ASP and an industry price index differ&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; an industry price index summarizes a specified market basket; a company’s realized ASP reflects what it actually sold. A spot quote covers a different transaction setting from a negotiated contract. Neither should silently replace the company’s realized price.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;There is a second trap: a higher average price can reflect more expensive products in the sales mix, not just a price rise for an unchanged product. HBM—high-bandwidth memory—and other server-memory products need separate product, shipment and cost assumptions. Do not apply one DRAM percentage to all memory revenue, much less to consolidated profit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Application:&lt;/strong&gt; ask whether two numbers share a product family, sales period, price basis and unit. Compare like with like before calculating. For the hardware side of this boundary, our &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/socamm2-explained-what-veras-reported.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;English SOCAMM2 analysis separates system capacity from supplier shipment demand&lt;/a&gt;. A larger specification is not itself a realized sale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;outlook&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;5. Three conditional paths to watch&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Purpose:&lt;/strong&gt; turn a broad “memory boom” claim into checks that could disprove it. These are analytical scenarios, not assigned probabilities, company guidance or share-price targets.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Pricing benefit persists.&lt;/strong&gt; Realized selling prices and the product mix remain favorable while saleable shipments and unit-cost execution hold up. Look for detailed business commentary, shipment measures and margins—not just another industry price headline.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Higher revenue, weaker conversion into profit.&lt;/strong&gt; Costs, product ramps, lower volume or weakness elsewhere offset part of the pricing benefit. Test revenue growth against operating margin and cash generation.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;The cycle normalizes.&lt;/strong&gt; Demand softens or supply expands enough to reduce pricing power. Watch inventory, utilization, customer purchasing and realized prices together; no one indicator establishes a turning point.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;For AI infrastructure, my interpretation is two-sided: a higher memory selling price may help a supplier’s revenue per unit but increase a buyer’s component budget. Whether that slows deployments depends on the buyer’s configuration, total project cost and workload economics. It is not evidence that every AI supplier benefits equally or every data center must cut spending.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Samsung also described component-cost pressure in its Q2 mobile discussion. That is a useful reminder that the same company can contain sellers and users of expensive components. It does not quantify the net Q3 effect. &lt;a href=&quot;https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-second-quarter-2026-results&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Q2 business commentary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;summary&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;6. A checklist for the next earnings release&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-align: left; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Check&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); text-align: left; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Why it matters&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Disclosure status&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Replace preliminary guidance only when finalized results appear.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Business scope&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Separate Memory, DS and consolidated figures.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Price and mix&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Ask whether ASP moved within products or because the basket changed.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Volume and cost&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Check bit shipments and production economics before attributing profit.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Cash and investment&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); vertical-align: top; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Do not treat operating profit as free cash available for expansion.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;The takeaway:&lt;/strong&gt; the pricing link has a credible economic mechanism and explicit Q2 company support. The Q3 consolidated estimate is stronger than Q2, but its price-only contribution remains undisclosed. The next useful step is a same-period, same-scope profit bridge—not a more confident extrapolation from a memory-price headline.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. Sources, calculations and limits&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Samsung Electronics’ common shares are listed on KRX as &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;005930&lt;/strong&gt;, as verified in its &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.samsung.com/global/ir/stock-information/listing-Info/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;listing information&lt;/a&gt;. This article is industry and company analysis, not a buy/sell recommendation. It contains no share-price quotation, return prediction or hardware test.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-earnings-guidance-for-third-quarter-2026&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Samsung: Q3 2026 earnings guidance&lt;/a&gt; — October 8, 2026; consolidated preliminary inputs.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-second-quarter-2026-results&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Samsung: Q2 2026 results&lt;/a&gt; — July 30, 2026; detailed business discussion.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.samsung.com/global/ir/financial-information/earnings-release/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Samsung IR: earnings releases&lt;/a&gt; — checked October 18; no Q3 detailed-results PDF was listed on the observed page.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Arithmetic was executed locally: change = new ÷ old − 1; operating margin = operating profit ÷ revenue. Rounded calculations are not additional company guidance. The two original diagrams use disclosed inputs or explicitly hypothetical values; no company chart or photograph was copied. No numerical memory-price index or Samsung-specific ASP growth rate is asserted.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-3d6476a1a4c803be2abda6b3 --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/7810866681116512181/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/memory-prices-and-samsungs-record.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/7810866681116512181'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/7810866681116512181'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/memory-prices-and-samsungs-record.html' title='Memory Prices and Samsung’s Record Profit Estimate: What the Data Shows'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-3507879791303461719</id><published>2026-10-17T19:08:09.197+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:31:48.949+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="GB vs GiB"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Memory Bandwidth"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Memory Specifications"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="SOCAMM2"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(EN)"/><title type='text'>Read SOCAMM2 Specifications: Capacity, Bandwidth, and Module Counts</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;To read a SOCAMM2 specification, label every number with its unit, hardware scope, and qualification before calculating anything. Capacity is not bandwidth, a maximum is not installed memory, and dividing two differently defined capacity labels does not prove a module count.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 18px / 1.7 Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; width: 100%; border: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); padding: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 22px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Quick check:&lt;/strong&gt; if your module-count calculation produces a fraction, do not round it into a hardware claim. First check GB versus GiB, per-module versus per-CPU scope, and whether the number is a rounded maximum. If a field is missing, write “not determined” and request the exact configuration.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Documentation checked October 17, 2026. Worked exercises below use explicitly declared assumptions; they are not a Vera bill of materials or a hardware benchmark.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;definitions&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Key terms, defined first&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SOCAMM2:&lt;/strong&gt; a memory-module format; do not confuse the physical module with the CPU or the entire server.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Capacity:&lt;/strong&gt; how much data can be held, expressed in bytes and a stated prefix.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;GB / GiB:&lt;/strong&gt; decimal gigabyte / binary gibibyte. The letters are not interchangeable.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Bandwidth:&lt;/strong&gt; a data-transfer rate, such as GB/s; not an amount of stored data.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Gb/s / GB/s:&lt;/strong&gt; gigabits per second / gigabytes per second. One byte is eight bits.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Scope:&lt;/strong&gt; the object a number describes—one module, one CPU, a Superchip, or a rack.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Populated capacity:&lt;/strong&gt; memory actually fitted in a specific configuration, rather than the largest supported option.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;nav aria-label=&quot;Contents&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; padding: 18px; margin: 24px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Contents&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;#scope&quot;&gt;Attach numbers to the right hardware level&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;#units&quot;&gt;Normalize GB, GiB, TB, and TiB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;#bandwidth&quot;&gt;Read bandwidth without multiplying twice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;#modules&quot;&gt;Calculate a module count only when inputs match&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;#worksheet&quot;&gt;Use a dated specification worksheet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;#summary&quot;&gt;Compare the common mistakes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;scope&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. Attach numbers to the right hardware level&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Purpose:&lt;/strong&gt; prevent a perfectly correct calculation from answering the wrong question. A module capacity describes one physical assembly. A CPU-memory figure describes a larger memory subsystem. A rack figure describes an even wider scope.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;For a real reading exercise, NVIDIA’s &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/vera-cpu/&quot;&gt;Vera CPU page&lt;/a&gt; states up to &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.5 TB&lt;/strong&gt; of memory and up to &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.2 TB/s&lt;/strong&gt; of LPDDR5X memory bandwidth. The first is capacity; the second is a rate. Neither number, on its own, states how many SOCAMM2 modules are installed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;scope-map&quot; aria-label=&quot;Specification scopes from module through CPU to system&quot; style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;display: block; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Figure 1 · Put each number in its own box&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 14px; margin-top: 16px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;MODULE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Part number · capacity per module · supported operation&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 14px; margin-top: 16px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CPU MEMORY SUBSYSTEM&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Populated modules · total CPU-attached capacity · aggregate memory bandwidth&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 14px; margin-top: 16px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SYSTEM / SUPERCHIP&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CPU and GPU counts · separate memory pools · exact configuration&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 16px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original reading diagram, not a wiring diagram. A number may move between levels only when a documented mapping and matching units support the calculation.&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA’s &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/vera-rubin-nvl72/&quot;&gt;Vera Rubin table&lt;/a&gt; gives one Vera CPU and two Rubin GPUs per Superchip, with separate CPU-memory and GPU-memory rows. That does not mean two GPU memory quantities can be added to the CPU’s LPDDR5X and treated as directly interchangeable capacity.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;units&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. Normalize GB, GiB, TB, and TiB&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; decimal prefixes use powers of ten; binary prefixes use powers of two. For the exercises here, 1 GB = 10&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; bytes, 1 TB = 10&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; bytes, 1 GiB = 2&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; bytes, and 1 TiB = 2&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt; bytes. See the &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/metric-si-prefixes&quot;&gt;NIST SI-prefix table&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html&quot;&gt;binary-prefix definitions&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;unit-exercise&quot; aria-label=&quot;Two different capacity values using decimal and binary units&quot; style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;display: block; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Figure 2 · Same printed number, different byte counts&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 14px; margin-top: 16px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Exercise A: exactly 192 GB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;192,000,000,000 bytes&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;÷ 1,073,741,824&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;≈ 178.814 GiB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 14px; margin-top: 16px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Exercise B: exactly 192 GiB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;206,158,430,208 bytes&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;÷ 1,000,000,000&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;≈ 206.158 GB&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 16px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original unit-conversion exercises. These are different starting byte counts, not memory lost during conversion and not a relabelling of Micron’s product. A hardware vendor’s printed convention must be checked separately.&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use:&lt;/strong&gt; convert both inputs into the same byte-based unit before dividing. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Caution:&lt;/strong&gt; a memory datasheet may use a legacy convention or rounded labels. If its byte definition is not explicit, preserve the vendor’s label and mark the conversion assumption; do not silently rename GB as GiB.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;bandwidth&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. Read bandwidth without multiplying twice&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; a rate has a time denominator. TB and TB/s cannot be compared as if they measure the same thing. Also check whether the quoted rate is per data pin, per module, per CPU, or a link’s aggregate rate.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-radius: 10px; margin: 18px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Hypothetical raw-bandwidth exercise&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;9.6 gigabits/s per data pin&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;× 128 active data pins&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;÷ 8 bits per byte&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;= 153.6 decimal GB/s&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The inputs above are declared teaching assumptions—not a verified SOCAMM2 data width or measured Vera result. They describe an ideal parallel-transfer calculation. A supported module, controller, and operating configuration must actually satisfy those assumptions before the result can describe hardware.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;If the input is already a transfer rate, do not apply another “double data rate” multiplier. If it is already an aggregate GB/s figure, do not multiply it by bus width again. Likewise, a CPU’s memory-bandwidth number and its CPU–GPU link-bandwidth number describe different interfaces; adding them does not create a useful memory-throughput specification.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;modules&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;4. Calculate a module count only when inputs match&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Purpose:&lt;/strong&gt; estimate physical modules only from a specified, compatible population—not from unrelated maximum-capacity headlines.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border-radius: 10px; margin: 18px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Declared hypothetical configuration&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CPU populated memory: exactly 1.5 TiB&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Identical compatible modules: 192 GiB each&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.5 × 1,024 = 1,536 GiB&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1,536 ÷ 192 = &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;8 modules&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;This answer is valid only under those assumptions. It does not establish Vera’s populated module count. By contrast, blindly dividing decimal 1.5 TB by decimal 192 GB gives &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;7.8125&lt;/strong&gt;. Rounding that to eight would conceal a mismatch; eight such decimal modules would total &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.536 TB&lt;/strong&gt;, not exactly 1.5 TB.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Confirm the supported densities, population rules, and installed option with the system vendor. Do not assume one physical module equals one independently active memory channel; check the actual mapping in the controller and module documentation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;worksheet&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;5. Use a dated specification worksheet&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; a specification worksheet is a small record of what the source actually says. Fill these fields before comparing products:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Object:&lt;/strong&gt; exact product, configuration, and revision.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Metric:&lt;/strong&gt; capacity, transfer rate, physical count, or another quantity.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Unit and scope:&lt;/strong&gt; retain the printed unit; note per module, CPU, or system.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Qualification:&lt;/strong&gt; “up to,” maximum supported, populated, or measured.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Source and date:&lt;/strong&gt; the original statement’s date plus your check date.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Unknowns:&lt;/strong&gt; byte convention, populated module count, or other missing conditions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;For example, &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://micron.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/micron-high-volume-production-hbm4-designed-nvidia-vera-rubin&quot;&gt;Micron’s March 16, 2026 announcement&lt;/a&gt; describes 192 GB SOCAMM2 production and a platform capability of up to 2 TB per CPU. The current NVIDIA Superchip table lists up to 1.5 TB CPU memory. Record them as separately dated statements, not as one automatically compatible set of module-count inputs. Neither tells you what a particular customer bought.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;For the industry implication rather than the arithmetic, our related English analysis explains &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/socamm2-explained-what-veras-reported.html&quot;&gt;why Vera’s reported memory-capacity cut is not an order-volume total&lt;/a&gt;. This tutorial answers the narrower task of checking a specification sheet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;summary&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;6. Compare the common mistakes&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;width: 40%; padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Mistake&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Safer check&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;GB = GiB&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Normalize the declared byte convention.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Gb/s = GB/s&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Convert bits to bytes and verify the scope.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Maximum = installed&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Ask for the populated configuration.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Fractional ratio → round up&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Stop; check units, rounding, and compatibility.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Mixed dates → one BOM&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Keep source revisions separate. BOM means bill of materials.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Your next action:&lt;/strong&gt; annotate one real specification using the six worksheet fields. If its byte convention or populated configuration is missing, the correct module-count answer is “not determined”—not a more confident multiplication.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. Verification and sources&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;All exercise arithmetic was checked locally. No SOCAMM2 module, Vera CPU, Rubin GPU, or memory benchmark was run. The exercise does not establish supported bus width, installed module counts, effective application bandwidth, shipments, or investment outcomes. No credentials or paid service are needed to repeat the arithmetic.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html&quot;&gt;NIST: binary prefixes and byte examples&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/metric-si-prefixes&quot;&gt;NIST: decimal SI prefixes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/vera-cpu/&quot;&gt;NVIDIA: Vera CPU memory specifications&lt;/a&gt;, checked October 17, 2026.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/vera-rubin-nvl72/&quot;&gt;NVIDIA: Vera Rubin configuration table&lt;/a&gt;, checked October 17, 2026.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://micron.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/micron-high-volume-production-hbm4-designed-nvidia-vera-rubin&quot;&gt;Micron: March 16, 2026 production statement&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original learning diagrams and worked examples by Deoks. Definitions, assumptions, and vendor specifications are kept separate; no search-volume or future-traffic claim is made.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-5d92d769aa82c57d88e058d3 --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/3507879791303461719/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/read-socamm2-specifications-capacity.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/3507879791303461719'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/3507879791303461719'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/read-socamm2-specifications-capacity.html' title='Read SOCAMM2 Specifications: Capacity, Bandwidth, and Module Counts'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-8561703571675568925</id><published>2026-10-17T06:38:09.467+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:31:54.228+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI Memory Supply"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="LPDDR5X"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="NVIDIA Vera"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="SOCAMM2"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(EN)"/><title type='text'>SOCAMM2 Explained: What Vera’s Reported Memory Cut Really Means</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;SOCAMM2 is a compact, replaceable module that brings low-power LPDDR5X memory to the CPU side of an AI system. It is not the Rubin GPU’s HBM4. The reported Vera memory cut concerns capacity per configuration; that alone does not establish fewer module orders or falling total memory demand.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 18px / 1.7 Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: anywhere; width: 100%; border: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Evidence checked October 17, 2026, Korea time. This is an explanation of dated public reports and product specifications—not a new NVIDIA order announcement, a hardware benchmark, or a stock-price forecast.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;definitions&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Definitions before the headlines&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SOCAMM2:&lt;/strong&gt; the second-generation small-outline compression-attached memory module format discussed here; a module is the physical assembly, not a new type of memory cell.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;LPDDR5X / LPDRAM:&lt;/strong&gt; a low-power DRAM technology / the broader low-power DRAM category. These describe the memory, not the module’s shape.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Vera:&lt;/strong&gt; NVIDIA’s CPU, which runs host-side and standalone computing workloads.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Rubin and HBM4:&lt;/strong&gt; the GPU and its high-bandwidth memory in the Vera Rubin platform. They are distinct from Vera’s CPU-attached LPDDR5X.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Capacity versus bandwidth:&lt;/strong&gt; how much memory can hold versus how quickly data can move. More capacity does not automatically mean more bandwidth.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Bit demand versus module shipments:&lt;/strong&gt; total memory quantity versus the number of physical modules shipped. Module density and populated slots connect the two.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;nav aria-label=&quot;Contents&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; padding: 18px; margin: 24px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Contents&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;#hardware&quot;&gt;Where SOCAMM2 fits—and why use it?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;#report&quot;&gt;What was reportedly cut?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;#specifications&quot;&gt;Why the specification date matters&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;#calculation&quot;&gt;How less memory per system can mean unchanged total demand&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;#industry&quot;&gt;What changes for memory suppliers and data centers?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;#summary&quot;&gt;The practical conclusion and next checks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/nav&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;hardware&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. Where SOCAMM2 fits—and why use it?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; think of SOCAMM2 as the replaceable carrier for low-power server memory. Micron’s October 2025 introduction identifies LPDDR5X as the technology inside it and describes serviceability as a benefit of the modular design. That is a packaging and system-design choice, not a claim that every memory tier has become interchangeable. &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://investors.micron.com/news/press-release/2025/Micron-Delivers-Industrys-Highest-Capacity-SOCAMM2-for-Low-Power-DRAM-in-the-AI-Data-Center-10-22-2025/default.aspx&quot;&gt;Micron’s introductory announcement&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Purpose:&lt;/strong&gt; combine low-power memory with the ability to replace modules in a server. NVIDIA’s Vera documentation describes detachable SOCAMM memory and CPU work such as data processing, orchestration, and KV-cache management. A KV cache is saved attention state used during model generation. Its placement depends on the serving software and workload; this article does not claim that all KV state sits in CPU memory. &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/vera-cpu/&quot;&gt;NVIDIA’s Vera architecture page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;memory-map&quot; aria-label=&quot;Conceptual map of CPU LPDDR5X memory and GPU HBM4 memory&quot; style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;display: block; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Figure 1 · Two memory pools, different attachment points&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top: 16px; padding: 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Vera CPU ↔ SOCAMM2 / LPDDR5X&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CPU-attached working memory. Module capacity and populated modules matter here.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 16px 4px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;NVLink-C2C connects CPU and GPU&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Connectivity does not make their physical memory interfaces identical.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding: 14px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); border-left: 4px solid rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Rubin GPU ↔ HBM4&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;GPU-side high-bandwidth memory. A SOCAMM2 module is not an HBM4 replacement.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 16px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original conceptual diagram, not a board layout or scale drawing. Based on NVIDIA’s Vera and Vera Rubin specifications, checked October 17, 2026.&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use this distinction&lt;/strong&gt; when reading an “AI memory” headline: first identify the processor and memory tier. A shortage or configuration change on one side is not automatically the same event on the other.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;report&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. What was reportedly cut?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;The reported change was a capacity adjustment, not a disclosed aggregate order cancellation.&lt;/strong&gt; On June 10, 2026, TrendForce said NVIDIA had halved SOCAMM memory capacity in its next-generation Vera Rubin configuration because preliminary 2027 LPDRAM allocations were insufficient. The researcher described a strategy of putting less memory into each configuration to enable more units, rather than reducing NVIDIA’s overall memory requirement. This is TrendForce’s supply-chain finding—not an NVIDIA-confirmed purchase-order total. &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260610-13090.html&quot;&gt;Read the dated research statement&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;A later, publicly visible &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.trendforce.com/research/download/RP260924KP&quot;&gt;September 24 bulletin summary&lt;/a&gt; still describes a Vera capacity trim intended to support more shipments. Only that public summary was reviewed; the paid report was not accessed. Neither page is a real-time shipment ledger.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); padding: 16px; margin: 22px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Three different questions:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;How much memory is fitted per CPU or system?&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;How many physical modules are ordered?&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;How many memory bits are bought in total?&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;A percentage attached to one question cannot answer the other two without additional data.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Caution:&lt;/strong&gt; the reviewed evidence does not give an audited, current total of SOCAMM2 orders by supplier. Describing the story simply as “NVIDIA cut SOCAMM2 volume” would erase the denominator that makes the claim meaningful.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;specifications&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. Why the specification date matters&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;A maximum specification is a ceiling for a documented configuration, not a shipment average.&lt;/strong&gt; The two public records below should remain separate:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;March 16, 2026—Micron:&lt;/strong&gt; its production announcement says SOCAMM2 supports up to &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2 TB per CPU&lt;/strong&gt; for the platforms discussed there. It also announces 192 GB SOCAMM2 in high-volume production. Product availability is not a disclosure of NVIDIA’s purchased quantity. &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://micron.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/micron-high-volume-production-hbm4-designed-nvidia-vera-rubin&quot;&gt;Micron’s production announcement&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Checked October 17, 2026—NVIDIA:&lt;/strong&gt; the live Vera Rubin specification lists up to &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.5 TB LPDDR5X per Superchip&lt;/strong&gt;, whose configuration includes one Vera CPU and two Rubin GPUs. It separately lists HBM4 GPU memory. &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/vera-rubin-nvl72/&quot;&gt;Current platform specification&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The numerical difference is visible. Its full cause and configuration history are not established by comparing those two maxima. In particular, 1.5 versus 2 is a 25% difference—not evidence that TrendForce’s separately reported halving describes the same baseline. Do not join a dated supplier capability statement, a current system maximum, and an analyst’s configuration report into a single invented bill of materials.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;For a deployment decision, ask the vendor for the exact system SKU, populated memory, supported module density, and specification revision. A SKU is the identifier for a particular sellable configuration.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;calculation&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;4. Less per system does not settle total demand&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Definition:&lt;/strong&gt; aggregate capacity is the sum installed across systems. For an identical-configuration teaching example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 16px; border-radius: 10px; margin: 18px 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Total installed capacity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;= systems shipped × populated modules per system × capacity per module&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Module shipments instead equal systems shipped × populated modules per system. This is why “capacity cut,” “module-count cut,” and “bit-demand cut” are not synonyms.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure id=&quot;scenario-chart&quot; aria-label=&quot;Hypothetical total memory demand with lower capacity per system&quot; style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;display: block; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Figure 2 · The missing shipment denominator&lt;/strong&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Invented capacity units, not GB or a NVIDIA forecast. Baseline: 100 systems × 100 units = 10,000 units.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 18px 0px; padding: 12px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Same system count; half the capacity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;100 × 50 = &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;5,000 units&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Total = 50% of baseline&lt;div style=&quot;height: 12px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin-top: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 50%; height: 12px; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 18px 0px; padding: 12px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Twice the systems; half the capacity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;200 × 50 = &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10,000 units&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Total = 100% of baseline&lt;div style=&quot;height: 12px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin-top: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 100%; height: 12px; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 18px 0px; padding: 12px; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.5× the systems; half the capacity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;150 × 50 = &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;7,500 units&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Total = 75% of baseline&lt;div style=&quot;height: 12px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin-top: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 75%; height: 12px; background: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original arithmetic scenarios. Bars share the same 10,000-unit baseline. All values are illustrative; actual modules per system and supplier shipments are not assumed.&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Interpretation:&lt;/strong&gt; doubling system count exactly offsets a halving of capacity per system in this simplified example. If shipments grow less, aggregate capacity falls; if configurations vary, calculate each group separately. Constant total capacity also does not guarantee constant revenue: prices, product mix, qualification, and delivery timing still matter.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;industry&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;5. What changes for suppliers and data centers?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Memory suppliers:&lt;/strong&gt; Micron’s own announcement establishes a SOCAMM2 production role. TrendForce’s allocation discussion names Samsung, SK hynix, and Micron, but does not disclose a verified supplier-by-supplier order book. The relevant business question is which qualified products ship, at what capacity and price—not which company appears most often in a headline.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Our interpretation for data-center buyers:&lt;/strong&gt; a smaller supported CPU-memory configuration can force trade-offs between how many systems can be deployed and how much working data each can retain. Whether that hurts a workload depends on its actual memory footprint, concurrency, software placement, and service target. It is not possible to infer a universal tokens-per-second penalty from capacity alone.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Counter-cases matter:&lt;/strong&gt; allocation could improve; customers could choose other configurations; deployment timing could slip; or workload demand could weaken. Any of those could change the result. HBM packaging, CPU-attached LPDRAM, networking, power, and cooling also have different constraints. Our related English analysis, &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/09/beyond-hbm-where-ai-data-center.html&quot;&gt;where AI data-center spending goes beyond HBM&lt;/a&gt;, explains why a rack is not a single memory purchase.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;This is an industry-reading framework, not a recommendation to buy or sell a stock. No supplier revenue, profit, market share, target price, or stock reaction is forecast here.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;summary&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;6. The practical conclusion&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;width: 38%; padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Headline term&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;What to verify&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Capacity cut&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Per module, CPU, or entire system? Which configuration and date?&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Order cut&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Physical modules or memory bits? Confirm the actual order evidence.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Demand outlook&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;System shipments, populated memory, prices, and delivery period.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Bottom line:&lt;/strong&gt; identify the memory tier and the denominator before drawing a demand conclusion. The next useful evidence would be a dated configuration change, confirmed shipment quantities, or supplier delivery guidance—not another multiplication of unrelated maximum specifications.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. What this analysis did—and did not—test&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The scenario arithmetic and percentages were calculated locally. No Vera or Rubin hardware was tested. No customer order database, paid market report, or confidential company information was used. Specifications are vendor-stated maxima, not observed fleet configurations. The analysis uses no stock-price data and makes no assertion about an October 16 trading-session reaction.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Sources and dates&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://investors.micron.com/news/press-release/2025/Micron-Delivers-Industrys-Highest-Capacity-SOCAMM2-for-Low-Power-DRAM-in-the-AI-Data-Center-10-22-2025/default.aspx&quot;&gt;Micron, October 22, 2025: SOCAMM2 introduction&lt;/a&gt;—module definition, LPDDR5X, and serviceability.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/vera-cpu/&quot;&gt;NVIDIA: Vera CPU&lt;/a&gt;—CPU-side memory and architecture; live page checked October 17, 2026.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20260610-13090.html&quot;&gt;TrendForce, June 10, 2026: reported configuration adjustment&lt;/a&gt;—researcher’s findings, not a NVIDIA order filing.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.trendforce.com/research/download/RP260924KP&quot;&gt;TrendForce, September 24, 2026: public bulletin summary&lt;/a&gt;—paid full report not accessed.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://micron.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/micron-high-volume-production-hbm4-designed-nvidia-vera-rubin&quot;&gt;Micron, March 16, 2026: production and platform-capability statement&lt;/a&gt;—retain its original date and scope.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/vera-rubin-nvl72/&quot;&gt;NVIDIA: Vera Rubin NVL72 specifications&lt;/a&gt;—live configuration table checked October 17, 2026.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original diagrams and analysis by Deoks. Document review: October 17, 2026 KST. Search-volume and future-traffic claims are not made.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-486aeeae27753a1f2ddb5176 --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/8561703571675568925/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/socamm2-explained-what-veras-reported.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/8561703571675568925'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/8561703571675568925'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/socamm2-explained-what-veras-reported.html' title='SOCAMM2 Explained: What Vera’s Reported Memory Cut Really Means'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-8579967010271376131</id><published>2026-10-16T19:06:06.057+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:31:59.797+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="C#"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Inference Latency"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="LLM Streaming"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Server-Sent Events"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(EN)"/><title type='text'>Measure LLM Streaming TTFT and E2EL in C#: A Beginner’s Hands-On Guide</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;Start a monotonic timer just before sending the request, record the first non-empty generated-text event, and keep the last-text timestamp separate from the completion signal. This guide shows the distinction in a runnable C# streaming lab.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-study&quot; style=&quot;font: 18px / 1.7 Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: anywhere; width: 100%; margin: 0px; border: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 20px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;What was actually tested?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;C# code over real loopback HTTP, using a simulated SSE generator. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;No actual LLM was called.&lt;/strong&gt; No model, provider, GPU, token count or paid inference performance was measured.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Environment checked:&lt;/strong&gt; 2026-10-16 · Windows build 10.0.26200 x64 · .NET SDK 10.0.400 · .NET runtime 10.0.11. Other operating systems and .NET versions were not executed for this article.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;definitions&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1. Definitions first: what will we measure?&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Token:&lt;/strong&gt; a model’s processing unit. It is not necessarily a word, character, HTTP chunk or SSE event.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TTFT — Time to First Token:&lt;/strong&gt; wait from a defined request start to the first generated output token at the measurement point. This text client uses the first non-empty generated-text event as a &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;proxy&lt;/strong&gt;, not a token-generation timestamp.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;E2EL — End-to-End Latency:&lt;/strong&gt; total latency for a request. In our successful-text result, &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;e2elLastTextMs&lt;/code&gt; ends at the last non-empty text event. An incomplete request has no successful E2EL result.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Application-completion latency:&lt;/strong&gt; wait to a documented success signal. Our &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;completionMs&lt;/code&gt; ends at the simulator’s &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;[DONE]&lt;/code&gt; event. Do not silently compare it with last-token benchmark latency.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SSE — Server-Sent Events:&lt;/strong&gt; UTF-8 text events sent over HTTP. A blank line finishes an event; multiple &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;data:&lt;/code&gt; lines are joined with newlines.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Delta / metadata / chunk:&lt;/strong&gt; a delta is an incremental text update; metadata describes the response; a transport chunk is a delivery unit. None is guaranteed to equal one token.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 20px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Contents&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#timeline&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. Follow one request on the timeline&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#run&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. Run the C# example locally&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#results&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;4. Read the actual execution results&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#failures&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;5. Check failures before trusting a number&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#real-llm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;6. Adapt the measurement to a real LLM&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#summary&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;7. Quick comparison and next checks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#appendix&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix: full runnable Program.cs and sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;timeline&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2. Follow one request on the timeline&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;The server can send headers immediately and still make you wait for text. Timing headers would miss that wait. The first metadata frame can also arrive before any generated text.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure id=&quot;timing-diagram&quot; style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Figure 1 · One measured local request&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 0px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;REAL C# EXECUTION · SIMULATED GENERATOR · NOT AN LLM BENCHMARK&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); padding: 13px; margin: 10px 0px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;0.000 ms · Start request&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Start the monotonic clock immediately before GetAsync.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); padding: 13px; margin: 10px 0px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;30.131 ms · HTTP headers&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Connection ready. Metadata and an empty delta are not generated text.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); padding: 13px; margin: 10px 0px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;382.680 ms · First non-empty text&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;“Hello” arrives. This is our client-side TTFT proxy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); padding: 13px; margin: 10px 0px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;627.875 ms · Last text event&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Final text is received. Successful last-text E2EL ends here.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); padding: 13px; margin: 10px 0px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;734.832 ms · [DONE] event&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Application completion is observed later. It is a different endpoint.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 14px; border-radius: 8px; font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TTFT proxy = first text − start&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Last-text E2EL = last text − start&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Completion latency = done event − start&lt;/div&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original Deoks diagram using the first recorded local run on 2026-10-16. The server contains deliberate delays. The event order is shown vertically for mobile readability; distances are not a time scale.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;The last text and the final success signal can arrive at different times. NVIDIA’s GenAI-Perf discussion explicitly excludes a trailing done/empty response from its end-to-end token latency. Our output therefore exposes &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;both endpoints&lt;/strong&gt;, rather than calling every stop time the same E2EL. &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/llm-benchmarking-fundamental-concepts/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;See NVIDIA’s explanation of metric boundaries.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure id=&quot;boundary-diagram&quot; style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Figure 2 · What does this client actually measure?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); padding: 13px; margin: 10px 0px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CLIENT · timer starts&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;HTTP request → response headers → SSE event parsing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); padding: 13px; margin: 10px 0px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;THIS LAB · loopback simulator&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Artificial delays → JSON text events → [DONE]. Real local HTTP; no model, GPU or paid API.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); padding: 13px; margin: 10px 0px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CLIENT · observations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;First text, last text, successful completion and failure status.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: 2px dashed rgb(75, 85, 99); padding: 14px; margin-top: 20px; line-height: 1.7; font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;REAL LLM SERVICE · NOT RUN&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Network / gateway → queue → prefill → decode → streamed output.&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;A client timer alone cannot separate these internal stages. Server instrumentation is needed for that attribution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 12px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Original conceptual boundary diagram. No server-stage duration, model speed or GPU performance was measured in this lab.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;run&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;3. Run the C# example locally&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Purpose:&lt;/strong&gt; learn the measurement code without buying inference credits or configuring credentials. The mock emits &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;{&quot;delta&quot;:&quot;…&quot;}&lt;/code&gt; events and a final &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;[DONE]&lt;/code&gt;. This is a deliberately narrow teaching protocol, not a provider-compatible LLM client.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Install a .NET 10 SDK if it is not already available. Confirm the SDK with &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;dotnet --version&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Create a console project using the commands below.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Replace the generated &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Program.cs&lt;/code&gt; with the complete program in the Appendix. There are no third-party package dependencies.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Run &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;normal&lt;/code&gt;, then try the failure scenarios. Each run starts and stops its own loopback server; it is not left running in the background.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;pre id=&quot;run-commands&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 15px / 1.65 Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; padding: 14px; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 20px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;dotnet --version
dotnet new console -n StreamingTimingLab -f net10.0
# Replace StreamingTimingLab/Program.cs with the full code below.
dotnet run --project StreamingTimingLab -c Release -- normal&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;The key client setting:&lt;/strong&gt; use &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;ResponseHeadersRead&lt;/code&gt; so the HTTP operation returns before the entire body has been buffered. Pass an overall cancellation token into body reads as well: the usual HttpClient timeout does not automatically cover the later body-reading phase in this mode. &lt;a href=&quot;https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.net.http.httpcompletionoption?view=net-10.0&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Microsoft documents this timeout boundary.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 15px / 1.65 Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; padding: 14px; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 20px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;// Excerpt only. The Appendix contains the complete runnable program.
using var response = await http.GetAsync(
    url, HttpCompletionOption.ResponseHeadersRead, cancel.Token);

// After parsing a non-empty text delta:
result.FirstTextMs ??= receivedAt;
result.LastTextMs = receivedAt;

// On the simulator&#39;s successful [DONE] event:
result.CompletionMs = NowMs();
result.Status = &quot;completed&quot;;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Why Stopwatch?&lt;/strong&gt; It measures elapsed time using the platform’s timer rather than subtracting two wall-clock display times. UTC is recorded separately for the audit trail. &lt;a href=&quot;https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.diagnostics.stopwatch?view=net-10.0&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Microsoft Stopwatch reference.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;results&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;4. Read the actual execution results&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;These are real C# executions of an artificial streaming workload.&lt;/strong&gt; The mock deliberately waits 350 ms before its first text, adds later delays, splits a UTF-8 character across writes, and sends completion after the final text. Runtime, scheduling, local transport and parser overhead explain why the observations are not exactly the requested delays.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;max-width: 100%; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; width: 100%; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 435px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Run&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;TTFT proxy (ms)&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Last-text E2EL (ms)&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;382.680&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;627.875&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;387.058&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;630.852&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;390.237&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;635.672&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;In run 1, headers were observed at &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;30.131 ms&lt;/strong&gt;, the first text at &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;382.680 ms&lt;/strong&gt;, the final text at &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;627.875 ms&lt;/strong&gt;, and completion at &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;734.832 ms&lt;/strong&gt;. The trailing completion interval was &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;106.957 ms&lt;/strong&gt;. It is observable overhead in this mock, not evidence about a real model.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;One recorded stdout object from the final compiled program:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre id=&quot;sample-output&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 15px / 1.65 Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; padding: 14px; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 20px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;{
  &quot;measurementMode&quot;: &quot;local_mock_no_llm&quot;,
  &quot;actualLlmMeasured&quot;: false,
  &quot;scenario&quot;: &quot;normal&quot;,
  &quot;startedAtUtc&quot;: &quot;2026-10-16T02:33:18.4012743+00:00&quot;,
  &quot;status&quot;: &quot;completed&quot;,
  &quot;headersMs&quot;: 30.131,
  &quot;firstTextMs&quot;: 382.68,
  &quot;lastTextMs&quot;: 627.875,
  &quot;e2elLastTextMs&quot;: 627.875,
  &quot;completionMs&quot;: 734.832,
  &quot;textEvents&quot;: 3,
  &quot;text&quot;: &quot;Hello, 世界!&quot;
}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;All three runs assembled &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Hello, 世界!&lt;/code&gt; from &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;three text events&lt;/strong&gt;. That is an event count, not a measured token count. Each observation came from a fresh program invocation, without a warm-up phase. Three samples are useful for checking the example—not for a reliable p95, a provider ranking, or a GPU-capacity claim.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;failures&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;5. Check failures before trusting a number&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;The local behavior suite passed &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;8 of 8 tests&lt;/strong&gt;. Failure scenarios intentionally return process exit code &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/code&gt;; their successful E2EL field remains &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;null&lt;/code&gt;, not zero.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 15px / 1.65 Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; padding: 14px; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 20px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;dotnet run --project StreamingTimingLab -c Release -- empty
dotnet run --project StreamingTimingLab -c Release -- eof
dotnet run --project StreamingTimingLab -c Release -- timeout
dotnet run --project StreamingTimingLab -c Release -- error
dotnet run --project StreamingTimingLab -c Release -- malformed
dotnet run --project StreamingTimingLab -c Release -- http-error
dotnet run --project StreamingTimingLab -c Release -- unterminated&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;normal:&lt;/strong&gt; metadata and an empty delta do not start TTFT; multiline data and split UTF-8 preserve the output.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;empty:&lt;/strong&gt; a valid completion with no generated text has &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;firstTextMs = null&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;e2elLastTextMs = null&lt;/code&gt;, but a measured completion time.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;eof:&lt;/strong&gt; partial text followed by a closed connection is &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;incomplete&lt;/code&gt;. A partial first-text time may still exist; successful E2EL does not.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;timeout:&lt;/strong&gt; the client enforces a 250 ms deadline while the mock stalls the body. No first text or successful completion is reported.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;error / malformed / http-error:&lt;/strong&gt; a stream error, invalid JSON or HTTP 503 is recorded as failure—not a fast successful response.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;unterminated:&lt;/strong&gt; a done line without the following blank line is not a complete SSE event. The client must not silently claim success.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;This sample limits event and accumulated text size. It does not implement automatic retries, reconnection, tool-call aggregation, provider-specific event types, or production load generation. A malformed schema outside its narrow protocol may require additional validation before reuse.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;real-llm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;6. What changes when you measure a real LLM?&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 20px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Actual LLM measurement status: NOT RUN.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;No approved target endpoint, model or inference budget was used for this draft. Provider, model, prompt length, output-token count, GPU, server-stage durations, real ITL and real-model E2EL are unmeasured.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Adapt the request and parser.&lt;/strong&gt; A real service may require POST, different payloads, approved authentication and a different completion convention. Do not point this custom GET/delta demo at an arbitrary API and call it compatible.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Choose the timestamp contract before testing.&lt;/strong&gt; Define request start, which event carries generated text, what successful completion means, and whether UI rendering or tool execution is in scope.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Fix comparable conditions.&lt;/strong&gt; Record model/version, prompt and output-token lengths, reasoning settings, concurrency, request rate, cache state, region and failures. Keep client and server measurements separate.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Use server instrumentation for attribution.&lt;/strong&gt; A slow first-text event alone cannot tell you whether network, queueing or prefill caused the delay.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Report token metrics only with valid token accounting.&lt;/strong&gt; Multiple tokens can arrive in one text event. Event gaps do not establish token-by-token ITL; this program does not calculate TPOT, TPS or token-level ITL.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;For serving-side context, &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/design/metrics/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;vLLM documents distinct request and streaming-output metrics&lt;/a&gt;. Check the exact deployed version and collector definitions before comparing them with this client. No vLLM server was run here.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;For the infrastructure question behind latency changes, read &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/09/prefix-caching-saves-ai-computebut-it.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;why prefix caching saves compute without removing the memory trade-off&lt;/a&gt;. That related English analysis is not a benchmark result from this lab.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;summary&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;7. Quick comparison: do not mix these clocks&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;headersMs:&lt;/strong&gt; headers observed by the client; not the first generated token and not a directly instrumented first-byte timestamp.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;firstTextMs:&lt;/strong&gt; request-to-first non-empty text event; a clearly labelled client TTFT proxy.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;lastTextMs:&lt;/strong&gt; last text seen so far, even if the request later fails.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;e2elLastTextMs:&lt;/strong&gt; the last-text latency exposed only after successful completion; null for failed or empty-text responses.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;completionMs:&lt;/strong&gt; latency to this protocol’s success signal; may be later than the final text.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Next check:&lt;/strong&gt; first reproduce the normal and failure cases locally. Only then adapt one approved real service and collect enough comparable requests. Keep failures in the report; do not replace missing measurements with zero.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Appendix. Full runnable Program.cs&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Copy the entire program into the .NET 10 console project. The first half measures the stream; the second half is the deliberately delayed local simulator. The sample makes no external network request.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;details style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 20px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7;&quot;&gt;&lt;summary style=&quot;cursor: pointer; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-size: 18px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Expand the complete C# program&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/summary&gt;&lt;pre id=&quot;full-code&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font: 15px / 1.65 Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; padding: 14px; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 20px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Text;
using System.Text.Json;

// Local teaching simulator only: no model, API key, GPU or external request.
string scenario = args.Length == 0 ? &quot;normal&quot; : args[0];
string[] allowed = [&quot;normal&quot;, &quot;empty&quot;, &quot;eof&quot;, &quot;timeout&quot;,
    &quot;error&quot;, &quot;malformed&quot;, &quot;http-error&quot;, &quot;unterminated&quot;];
if (!allowed.Contains(scenario))
    throw new ArgumentException(&quot;Unknown scenario: &quot; + scenario);

var listener = new TcpListener(IPAddress.Loopback, 0);
listener.Start();
int port = ((IPEndPoint)listener.LocalEndpoint).Port;
Task server = ServeMockAsync(listener, scenario);
Measurement result;
try
{
    // The short deadline deliberately tests a stalled body in timeout mode.
    TimeSpan deadline = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(scenario == &quot;timeout&quot; ? 250 : 5000);
    result = await MeasureAsync(new Uri($&quot;http://127.0.0.1:{port}/stream&quot;), deadline);
}
finally
{
    listener.Stop();
    await server;
}
Console.WriteLine(JsonSerializer.Serialize(new
{
    measurementMode = &quot;local_mock_no_llm&quot;,
    actualLlmMeasured = false,
    scenario,
    startedAtUtc = result.StartedAtUtc,
    status = result.Status,
    headersMs = result.HeadersMs,
    firstTextMs = result.FirstTextMs, // Client TTFT proxy, not a token timestamp.
    lastTextMs = result.LastTextMs,
    e2elLastTextMs = result.Status == &quot;completed&quot; ? result.LastTextMs : null,
    completionMs = result.CompletionMs, // Application completion; includes the done trailer.
    textEvents = result.TextEvents, // Event count, NEVER token count.
    text = result.Text
}));
Environment.ExitCode = result.Status == &quot;completed&quot; ? 0 : 2;

static async Task&amp;lt;Measurement&amp;gt; MeasureAsync(Uri url, TimeSpan deadline)
{
    var result = new Measurement { StartedAtUtc = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow };
    using var cancel = new CancellationTokenSource(deadline);
    using var http = new HttpClient(new SocketsHttpHandler { UseProxy = false });
    var clock = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    double NowMs() =&amp;gt; Math.Round(clock.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds, 3);
    try
    {
        using var response = await http.GetAsync(
            url, HttpCompletionOption.ResponseHeadersRead, cancel.Token);
        result.HeadersMs = NowMs();
        if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
        {
            result.Status = &quot;http_error&quot;;
            return result;
        }
        if (response.Content.Headers.ContentType?.MediaType != &quot;text/event-stream&quot;)
        {
            result.Status = &quot;invalid_content_type&quot;;
            return result;
        }
        await using var body = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(cancel.Token);
        // StreamReader preserves UTF-8 characters split across transport reads.
        using var reader = new StreamReader(body, Encoding.UTF8);
        var data = new StringBuilder();
        var output = new StringBuilder();
        while (await reader.ReadLineAsync(cancel.Token) is { } line)
        {
            if (line.Length != 0)
            {
                // Comments, event names and other fields are not generated text.
                if (line.StartsWith(&quot;data:&quot;) || line == &quot;data&quot;)
                {
                    string value = line == &quot;data&quot; ? &quot;&quot; : line[5..];
                    if (value.StartsWith(&#39; &#39;)) value = value[1..];
                    data.Append(value).Append(&#39;\n&#39;);
                    if (data.Length &amp;gt; 1_048_576) throw new IOException(&quot;Event too large.&quot;);
                }
                continue;
            }
            // A blank line dispatches one SSE event, not one model token.
            if (data.Length == 0) continue;
            string payload = data.ToString(0, data.Length - 1);
            data.Clear();
            if (payload.Length == 0) continue;
            if (payload == &quot;[DONE]&quot;) // A convention in THIS simulator, not the SSE standard.
            {
                result.CompletionMs = NowMs();
                result.Status = &quot;completed&quot;;
                break;
            }
            using JsonDocument json = JsonDocument.Parse(payload);
            if (json.RootElement.TryGetProperty(&quot;error&quot;, out _))
            {
                result.Status = &quot;stream_error&quot;;
                break;
            }
            if (json.RootElement.TryGetProperty(&quot;delta&quot;, out var delta)
                &amp;amp;&amp;amp; delta.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.String)
            {
                string text = delta.GetString()!;
                if (text.Length == 0) continue;
                double receivedAt = NowMs();
                result.FirstTextMs ??= receivedAt;
                result.LastTextMs = receivedAt;
                result.TextEvents++;
                output.Append(text);
                if (output.Length &amp;gt; 1_048_576) throw new IOException(&quot;Output too large.&quot;);
                result.Text = output.ToString();
            }
        }
        // EOF is not proof of successful application completion.
        return result;
    }
    catch (OperationCanceledException) { result.Status = &quot;timeout&quot;; }
    catch (JsonException) { result.Status = &quot;invalid_json&quot;; }
    catch (HttpRequestException) { result.Status = &quot;network_error&quot;; }
    catch (IOException) { result.Status = &quot;network_error&quot;; }
    return result;
}

static async Task ServeMockAsync(TcpListener listener, string scenario)
{
    try
    {
        using TcpClient peer = await listener.AcceptTcpClientAsync();
        await using NetworkStream stream = peer.GetStream();
        using var request = new StreamReader(stream, Encoding.UTF8, leaveOpen: true);
        while (await request.ReadLineAsync() is { Length: &amp;gt; 0 }) { }
        async Task Send(string text)
        {
            await stream.WriteAsync(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(text));
            await stream.FlushAsync();
        }
        if (scenario == &quot;http-error&quot;)
        {
            await Send(&quot;HTTP/1.1 503 Unavailable\r\nContent-Length: 0\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n&quot;);
            return;
        }
        await Send(&quot;HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/event-stream\r\nCache-Control: no-cache\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n&quot;);
        await Send(&quot;: heartbeat\n\ndata: {\&quot;role\&quot;:\&quot;assistant\&quot;}\n\ndata: {\&quot;delta\&quot;:\&quot;\&quot;}\n\n&quot;);
        if (scenario == &quot;timeout&quot;) { await Task.Delay(1000); return; }
        if (scenario == &quot;empty&quot;)
        {
            await Task.Delay(100);
            await Send(&quot;data: [DONE]\n\n&quot;);
            return;
        }
        await Task.Delay(350);
        if (scenario == &quot;malformed&quot;) { await Send(&quot;data: {broken-json}\n\n&quot;); return; }
        if (scenario == &quot;error&quot;) { await Send(&quot;data: {\&quot;error\&quot;:\&quot;simulated\&quot;}\n\n&quot;); return; }
        // Valid multi-line SSE data: the joined JSON contains a newline.
        await Send(&quot;data: {\&quot;delta\&quot;:\ndata: \&quot;Hello\&quot;}\n\n&quot;);
        if (scenario == &quot;eof&quot;) return;
        await Task.Delay(100);
        await Send(&quot;data: {\&quot;delta\&quot;:\&quot;, \&quot;}\n\n&quot;);
        await Task.Delay(100);
        byte[] tail = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(&quot;data: {\&quot;delta\&quot;:\&quot;世界!\&quot;}\n\n&quot;);
        int split = Array.IndexOf(tail, (byte)0xE4) + 1;
        await stream.WriteAsync(tail.AsMemory(0, split));
        await stream.FlushAsync();
        await Task.Delay(20);
        await stream.WriteAsync(tail.AsMemory(split));
        await stream.FlushAsync();
        await Task.Delay(100);
        if (scenario == &quot;unterminated&quot;)
        {
            await Send(&quot;data: [DONE]\n&quot;); // No blank line: not a complete SSE event.
            return;
        }
        await Send(&quot;data: [DONE]\n\n&quot;);
        await Task.Delay(150); // Connection closes later; client need not wait for it.
    }
    catch (IOException) { /* Client may cancel/dispose the local connection. */ }
    catch (SocketException) { /* Local listener can be stopped during cleanup. */ }
}
sealed class Measurement
{
    public DateTimeOffset StartedAtUtc { get; init; }
    public string Status { get; set; } = &quot;incomplete&quot;;
    public double? HeadersMs { get; set; }
    public double? FirstTextMs { get; set; }
    public double? LastTextMs { get; set; }
    public double? CompletionMs { get; set; }
    public int TextEvents { get; set; }
    public string Text { get; set; } = &quot;&quot;;
}
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/details&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;sources&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Primary sources and verification&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 24px; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/llm-benchmarking-fundamental-concepts/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA: LLM Inference Benchmarking—metric boundaries and trailing completion signals&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.net.http.httpcompletionoption?view=net-10.0&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Microsoft: HttpCompletionOption and body-read timeout scope&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.diagnostics.stopwatch?view=net-10.0&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Microsoft: Stopwatch elapsed-time measurement&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/server-sent-events.html#event-stream-interpretation&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;WHATWG HTML Standard: UTF-8 and SSE event interpretation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/design/metrics/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;vLLM: metric design and request/streaming measurement distinctions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Documentation checked 2026-10-16. Code and original diagrams by Deoks. Local execution, not real-model benchmarking; no third-party figures were copied.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-13f31208b038597999767a09 --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/8579967010271376131/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/measure-llm-streaming-ttft-and-e2el-in.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/8579967010271376131'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/8579967010271376131'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/measure-llm-streaming-ttft-and-e2el-in.html' title='Measure LLM Streaming TTFT and E2EL in C#: A Beginner’s Hands-On Guide'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-3071046232879741369</id><published>2026-10-16T08:36:39.973+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:32:05.717+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="마이크론"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="메모리주"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="미국 증시"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="샌디스크"/><title type='text'>메모리주, 마이크론 반등·샌디스크 약세…AI주 불안은 끝났을까</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;어젯밤 메모리주는 장중 급락을 상당 부분 되돌렸지만, 추세 회복을 확인한 것은 아닙니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 마이크론은 반등했고 샌디스크는 소폭 하락으로 마쳤습니다. 반면 최근 여러 거래일의 손실은 남아 있어, 하루 반등과 메모리 업황에 대한 신뢰 회복을 구분해야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;기준은 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;미국 2026년 10월 15일 16:00 EDT 정규장 마감&lt;/strong&gt;, 한국시간으로는 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10월 16일 05:00&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 장전 기사·장중 저가·시간외 가격을 종가와 섞지 않았으며, 한국 10월 16일 장중 시세는 반영하지 않았습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;1. 메모리주, 장중 공포와 마감 결과는 달랐다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;마이크론(MU)은 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;931.24달러, 전일 대비 +1.87%&lt;/strong&gt;로 마감했습니다. 샌디스크(SNDK)는 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1,394.83달러, −0.61%&lt;/strong&gt;였습니다. 두 종목이 나란히 큰 폭으로 하락 마감했다는 설명은 그날의 최종 결과와 맞지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 18px 0px 24px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;메모리주&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;10/15 저가 → 종가&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;마이크론 MU&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;858.00 → 931.24달러&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;샌디스크 SNDK&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1,276.00 → 1,394.83달러&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/mu/history/&quot;&gt;MU 일별 가격&lt;/a&gt;와 &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/sndk/history/&quot;&gt;SNDK 일별 가격&lt;/a&gt; 기준입니다. 저가는 하루 중 한때의 거래 가격이지, 그 가격에 누구나 매수할 수 있었다는 뜻은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;최근 흐름까지 보면 이야기가 달라집니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10월 8일 종가에서 15일 종가까지 5거래일의 주가 변화는 MU 약 −10.10%, SNDK 약 −13.34%&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 배당을 포함한 총수익률이 아니라 종가끼리 계산한 가격 변화입니다. 마이크론의 하루 상승만 보고 최근 조정을 모두 회복했다고 읽기는 어렵습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;2. 좋은 실적과 불안한 주가는 함께 나타날 수 있다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;마이크론은 &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://investors.micron.com/news/press-release/2026/Micron-Technology-Inc--Reports-Record-Fiscal-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2026-Results/default.aspx&quot;&gt;9월 30일 공식 실적 발표&lt;/a&gt;에서 회계연도 2026년 4분기 매출 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;542억 2,900만 달러&lt;/strong&gt;를 보고했습니다. 다음 회계분기인 FY2027 1분기 매출 전망은 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;615억 달러 ±15억 달러&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 이미 발표한 실적과 앞으로의 회사 전망은 서로 다른 성격의 숫자입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;이 자료는 당장 메모리 수요가 모두 사라졌다는 주장과는 거리가 있습니다. 그렇다고 현재의 높은 수익성이 오래 지속된다는 보장도 아닙니다. 주가는 최근 실적뿐 아니라 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;앞으로의 판매가격, 공급 확대, 고객 주문, 그 이익에 적용할 평가 수준&lt;/strong&gt;까지 미리 반영하려고 움직입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;이 때문에 이번 메모리주 전망에서는 ‘AI가 계속 성장하나’보다 질문을 더 나눌 필요가 있습니다. AI 수요가 늘더라도 경쟁과 공급 증가로 가격이 약해지면 업체 이익이 덜 늘 수 있고, 사업이 좋아도 시장이 높은 주가를 정당화할 때 요구하는 기준은 더 엄격해질 수 있습니다. 이는 가능한 경로에 대한 해석이지, 그날 매도의 단일 원인을 입증한 설명은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;HBM·범용 DRAM·NAND를 같은 상품으로 보면 안 된다&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-left: 25px; margin: 0px 0px 22px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;HBM&lt;/strong&gt;: AI 연산 등에 필요한 높은 대역폭을 제공하는 메모리입니다. 고객 채택과 제품 경쟁력을 봐야 합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;DRAM&lt;/strong&gt;: 서버·PC 등에서 사용하는 작업용 메모리입니다. 제품군과 수급 조건에 따라 가격 흐름이 다를 수 있습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;NAND&lt;/strong&gt;: 데이터를 저장하는 플래시 메모리입니다. SSD 등 저장장치 수요와 공급을 따로 봐야 합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;마이크론은 DRAM·NAND 제품을 모두 다루며 &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.micron.com/products/memory/hbm&quot;&gt;HBM 사업&lt;/a&gt;도 갖고 있습니다. &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://investor.sandisk.com/&quot;&gt;샌디스크의 공식 사업 설명&lt;/a&gt;은 NAND 플래시를 중심에 둡니다. DRAM 경쟁 우려를 샌디스크의 NAND 사업 악화와 곧바로 같은 사건으로 놓으면 설명이 거칠어집니다. 반대로 서로 다른 제품이라는 이유만으로 공통의 투자심리·AI 지출 부담에서 완전히 분리된다고 보기도 어렵습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;3. AI·테크주와 전체 미국 증시의 온도도 달랐다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 18px 0px 24px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;종목·지수&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;정규장 등락률&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;마이크론 MU&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;+1.87%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;샌디스크 SNDK&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;−0.61%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;엔비디아 NVDA&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;−1.84%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;나스닥 종합&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;+0.08%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;S&amp;amp;P 500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;+0.33%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;다우 산업평균&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;+1.08%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;주식은 &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/nvda/history/&quot;&gt;Stock Analysis의 일별 정규장 자료&lt;/a&gt;, 지수 등락률은 &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.eoption.com/market-review-october-15-2026/&quot;&gt;eOption에 실린 Hammerstone 마감 브리핑&lt;/a&gt;을 사용했습니다. 모두 미국 10월 15일의 전일 종가 대비 변화입니다. 나스닥 종합과 나스닥100·이를 추종하는 ETF는 같은 지표가 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;마감 결과는 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;전체 시장의 반등과 AI 하드웨어 일부의 약세가 공존한 장&lt;/strong&gt;에 가깝습니다. 같은 브리핑은 반도체 부문의 연속 약세와 헬스케어·필수소비재 등 방어 업종의 상대적인 강세를 함께 전했습니다. 지수가 플러스라는 이유만으로 AI주와 메모리주 전체의 불안이 해소됐다고 볼 수는 없습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;배경에는 물가와 자금조달 부담도 있습니다. &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cpi_10142026.htm&quot;&gt;10월 14일 발표된 미국 9월 CPI&lt;/a&gt;는 전년 동월 대비 3.7%, 식품·에너지를 제외한 근원은 2.6% 상승했습니다. 물가 지표가 곧바로 다음 금리 결정을 확정하는 것은 아니지만, 미래 투자가 큰 기업을 평가할 때 금리와 자금 비용을 계속 확인해야 하는 이유입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;4. Reddit에서 보인 낙관·불안·피로감&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;아래는 미국 10월 14~15일 관련 공개 스레드에서 확인한 개별 의견의 요약입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 통계적으로 뽑은 표본도, 투자자 전체의 여론조사도 아닙니다. 게시판 이용자는 해당 종목 보유자에 치우칠 수 있고, 장중 댓글은 최종 종가를 반영하지 않을 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-left: 25px; margin: 0px 0px 22px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;실적과 AI 수요를 믿는 시각&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/MU_Stock/comments/1x6du3m/5_days_over_20_is_this_a_correction/&quot;&gt;r/MU_Stock의 조정 논의&lt;/a&gt;에서는 큰 변동에도 실적과 전망의 가치를 믿는 의견이 보였습니다. 동시에 AI 투자 수익성에 대한 걱정과 반복되는 하락에 지쳤다는 반응도 있었습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;제품 구분과 업황 순환을 놓고 나뉜 시각&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/SNDK_Stock/comments/1x5b2yc/sandisk_is_up_50x_since_april_2025_it_just_fell/&quot;&gt;r/SNDK_Stock의 DRAM·NAND 논의&lt;/a&gt;에서는 다른 메모리 제품의 악재가 과도하게 번졌다는 해석과, 결국 공급 경쟁·가격 순환을 경계해야 한다는 반론이 함께 나왔습니다. 댓글의 경쟁사 생산·계약 관련 주장은 이 글의 확인된 사실로 채택하지 않았습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;빠른 반등을 기대하면서도 상대적 약세에 답답해하는 반응&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.reddit.com/r/SNDK_Stock/comments/1x6u6zq/red_day_buy_is_best_thing/&quot;&gt;같은 날의 장중 반등 논의&lt;/a&gt;에는 AI 거래가 끝난 것은 아니라는 의견과 다른 종목보다 회복이 더디다는 불만이 함께 있었습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;제가 이 의견들에서 읽은 핵심은 낙관론의 소멸보다는 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;‘수요는 믿지만, 주가와 이익의 변동을 얼마나 감당할 수 있나’라는 갈등&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 다만 이것도 제한된 스레드를 읽은 해석이며, 긍정·부정 의견의 비율을 계산한 결과는 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;5. 메모리주 전망, 세 가지 경로를 나눠 보자&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;① 반등이 이어지는 경우&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;다음 거래일에도 장중 회복이 유지되고, 메모리주뿐 아니라 반도체·AI 관련 종목의 참여 범위가 넓어지는지 봅니다. 이때도 기술적 반등과 주문·가격 전망의 개선은 별도로 확인해야 합니다. 하루 플러스는 공급·수요 문제가 해결됐다는 증거가 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;② 지수는 버티고 메모리주는 흔들리는 경우&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;전체 지수가 안정돼도 메모리 업체의 가격 전망과 공급 경쟁에 대한 의심이 남으면 업종별 차별화가 이어질 수 있습니다. 이 경로에서는 시장 지수보다 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;업체별 판매가격·출하·이익 전망&lt;/strong&gt;이 더 중요한 확인 자료가 됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;③ 실적 전망까지 약해지는 경우&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;고객 주문 지연, 공급 확대에 따른 가격 압박, 회사의 전망 하향이 실제 공시와 실적에서 확인된다면 단순한 심리 조정이라는 해석을 다시 검토해야 합니다. 반대로 기존 전망을 지키고 현금 창출이 이어진다면 불안론을 반박할 근거도 쌓입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;다음 확인 일정 중 하나는 &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://investor.sandisk.com/news-releases/news-release-details/sandisk-report-first-quarter-fiscal-year-2027-results-october-29&quot;&gt;샌디스크의 10월 29일 FY2027 1분기 실적 발표&lt;/a&gt;입니다. 이는 미국 현지 발표일이며, 현재 실적이 이미 발표됐다는 의미는 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;국내 메모리주에는 어떻게 연결해서 볼까&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;미국 메모리주가 반등했다고 삼성전자·SK하이닉스도 같은 비율로 움직인다고 예상할 수는 없습니다. 국내 종목은 각자의 제품 구성, 고객 채택, 환율과 수급을 따로 확인해야 합니다. 특히 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;HBM 경쟁력과 범용 DRAM·NAND 업황을 한 숫자로 합치지 않는 것&lt;/strong&gt;이 중요합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;사업 실적을 더 자세히 읽으려면 &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/542.html&quot;&gt;마이크론 실적과 메모리 호황의 지속성을 다룬 글&lt;/a&gt;을, 국내 시장 충격의 배경은 &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/757.html&quot;&gt;코스피 급락과 조건부 증시 전망&lt;/a&gt;을 함께 참고할 수 있습니다. 이번 글은 그 이후 확정된 미국 정규장 결과와 투자자 의견을 추가로 다룹니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;정리 · 반등은 확인했고, 추세 회복은 더 봐야 한다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;메모리주 분위기는 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;장중 공포에서 일부 안정을 되찾았지만, 업황과 주가 평가를 둘러싼 논쟁은 남은 상태&lt;/strong&gt;로 읽는 편이 맞습니다. 마이크론 반등, 샌디스크의 남은 약세, AI주와 전체 지수의 차이를 따로 봐야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;확인 순서는 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;가격 회복의 지속성 → 메모리 가격·주문·이익 전망 → AI 고객의 투자·자금 여건&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 위 시나리오는 확률·목표가나 매매 시점 추천이 아니라 이후 자료를 해석하기 위한 조건입니다. 이 글은 매수·매도 추천이 아닌 산업·기업을 읽기 위한 정보입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 700; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;Appendix · 계산과 출처 기준&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;당일 등락률은 정규장 전일 종가 대비, 최근 5거래일 변화는 10월 8일 종가와 15일 종가로 계산했습니다. MU: 1,035.84 → 931.24달러, SNDK: 1,609.46 → 1,394.83달러입니다. 산식은 (종료 종가 ÷ 시작 종가 − 1) × 100이며, Node로 계산했습니다. 배당 재투자 수익률은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;가격 자료의 정규장·시간외를 구분했고, 서로 다른 공급자의 장중 가격·전일 대비 값이 충돌할 때는 위에 연결한 일별 종가 자료를 기준으로 통일했습니다. SNS 의견은 기업 공시나 가격 데이터의 대체 근거로 쓰지 않았습니다. 자료 확인일: 2026년 10월 16일 KST.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-left: 25px; margin: 0px 0px 22px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://investors.micron.com/news/press-release/2026/Micron-Technology-Inc--Reports-Record-Fiscal-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2026-Results/default.aspx&quot;&gt;Micron 공식 FY2026 4분기·연간 실적과 FY2027 1분기 전망&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.micron.com/products/memory/hbm&quot;&gt;Micron 공식 HBM 제품 설명&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://investor.sandisk.com/&quot;&gt;Sandisk 공식 사업 설명·발표 일정&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/mu/history/&quot;&gt;MU&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/sndk/history/&quot;&gt;SNDK&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/nvda/history/&quot;&gt;NVDA 일별 가격 자료&lt;/a&gt; — 제공처 표기: S&amp;amp;P Global Market Intelligence&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.eoption.com/market-review-october-15-2026/&quot;&gt;eOption 게재 Hammerstone 10월 15일 마감 브리핑&lt;/a&gt; — 지수 등락률·시장 해설&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cpi_10142026.htm&quot;&gt;미국 BLS 9월 CPI 공식 발표&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-62a1e07a19d704a698841296 --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/3071046232879741369/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/3071046232879741369'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/3071046232879741369'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai.html' title='메모리주, 마이크론 반등·샌디스크 약세…AI주 불안은 끝났을까'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-6098630392847135137</id><published>2026-10-16T06:39:32.890+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:32:10.965+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Charles Schwab"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Earnings Analysis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trading Revenue"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="US Financials"/><title type='text'>찰스슈왑(SCHW) 실적, 거래 44% 늘어도 수익은 왜 16%만 늘었나</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;찰스슈왑의 거래 수익이 거래 건수만큼 늘지 않은 이유는 거래당 평균 수익이 낮아졌기 때문입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 2026년 3분기 실적은 ‘얼마나 많이 거래했나’와 ‘한 건에서 얼마나 벌었나’를 나눠 봐야 이해하기 쉽습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;미국 금융주 실적을 읽을 때 거래량 증가율을 곧바로 매출 증가율로 옮겨 적으면 판단이 어긋납니다. 이번 글은 10월 15일 발표된 찰스슈왑(NYSE: SCHW)의 자료로 그 차이를 짚습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. 먼저 구분할 세 가지 숫자&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;DATs(Daily Average Trades)&lt;/strong&gt;: 고객의 하루 평균 거래 건수입니다. 거래 금액과는 다릅니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Revenue Per Trade&lt;/strong&gt;: 회사가 집계한 거래 수익을 총 거래 건수로 나눈 평균입니다. 모든 고객에게 똑같이 청구되는 수수료가 아닙니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Trading Revenue&lt;/strong&gt;: 분기 동안 회사가 인식한 거래 관련 수익입니다. 전체 순수익(Net Revenues)의 일부입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;회사의 실적표에서 하루 평균 거래는 전년 동기보다 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;44% 증가&lt;/strong&gt;했지만, 거래당 수익은 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2.11달러에서 1.69달러로 약 20% 하락&lt;/strong&gt;했습니다. 거래 수익은 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;9억 9,500만 달러에서 11억 5,800만 달러로 약 16% 증가&lt;/strong&gt;했습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://content.schwab.com/web/retail/public/about-schwab/schwab_q3_2026_earnings_release.pdf&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;공식 3분기 실적표 4쪽&lt;/a&gt;에 실린 수치입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. ‘건수 × 거래당 수익’으로 계산하면&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;회사가 제시한 정의를 뒤집으면 다음 관계가 됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;분기 거래 수익 = 하루 평균 거래 건수 × 회사 집계 거래일 수 × 거래당 평균 수익&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;공시된 반올림 수치로 전년 대비 배수를 계산하면 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.440 × (64 ÷ 63.5) × (1.69 ÷ 2.11) ≈ 1.163&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 약 16% 증가라는 결과와 맞아떨어집니다. 반올림 때문에 실적표의 정확한 증가율과 소수점 차이는 납니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이를 ‘수수료를 일괄 인하해서 수익이 덜 늘었다’고 단정하면 안 됩니다. 평균은 거래 구성에 따라 달라질 수도 있기 때문입니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;이 계산은 성장률의 관계를 설명할 뿐, 거래당 수익 하락의 원인을 따로 입증하지는 않습니다.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;예를 들어 수익이 적게 발생하는 거래의 비중이 커지면 전체 거래 건수는 빠르게 늘어도 평균 수익은 낮아질 수 있습니다. 이는 평균값을 이해하기 위한 일반적인 예시이며, 이번 분기의 상품별 기여도를 재현한 분석은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. 슈왑은 거래 수익만으로 움직이는 회사가 아닙니다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://content.schwab.com/web/retail/public/about-schwab/schwab_fall_business_update_101526.pdf&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;같은 날 공개한 Fall Business Update 20쪽&lt;/a&gt;은 전체 순수익이 전년 동기 대비 17% 늘었다고 설명합니다. 순이자수익과 자산관리·관리 수수료도 각각 14% 증가했습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;회사는 순이자수익 증가를 대출 잔액과 롱·쇼트 전략의 성장으로, 자산관리 수수료 증가를 주식시장과 운용 서비스 순유입으로 설명했습니다. 이는 회사의 설명이며, 같은 요인이 다음 분기에도 같은 강도로 이어진다는 뜻은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;따라서 거래 건수 하나만으로 전체 실적을 예측하기 어렵습니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;고객이 자금을 맡기고, 어떤 서비스를 이용하며, 그 활동이 어떤 수익으로 이어지는지&lt;/strong&gt;를 함께 봐야 합니다. 거래 지표는 활발한 이용을 보여 주지만 전체 사업의 성적표를 대신하지는 못합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;고객자금 유입도 마찬가지입니다. 발표 자료가 강조한 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;분기 핵심 순유입 약 1,900억 달러&lt;/strong&gt;는 회사 매출이 아닙니다. 회사는 일회성 대규모 흐름 등을 제외한 지표로 정의합니다. 고객이 맡긴 돈과 회사가 벌어들인 돈은 분리해서 읽어야 합니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://content.schwab.com/web/retail/public/about-schwab/schwab_fall_business_update_101526.pdf&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;정의와 추이는 발표 자료 12쪽&lt;/a&gt;에서 확인할 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;4. 다음 실적에서 확인할 조건&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;활동의 지속성&lt;/strong&gt;: 거래가 일시적으로 몰린 것인지, 이후에도 이용이 이어지는지 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;수익 전환&lt;/strong&gt;: 거래당 수익이 더 낮아지는지, 거래 증가가 이를 상쇄하는지 따로 봅니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;사업의 균형&lt;/strong&gt;: 거래 부문의 둔화를 이자·자산관리 부문이 보완하는지 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;제 해석으로는 활동과 수익 전환이 함께 개선되는 쪽이 더 탄탄한 신호입니다. 반대로 고객 활동은 늘어도 평균 수익이 계속 낮아지거나 다른 부문이 약해지면, 거래량만으로는 이익 성장을 낙관하기 어렵습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;시장 변동성이 커지면 거래가 활발해질 수 있지만, 고객자산 가치나 투자 심리는 약해질 수도 있습니다. 금리 변화도 자산 수익률과 조달 비용에 서로 다른 속도로 작용합니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;‘변동성 확대 = 슈왑 실적 개선’이라는 한 줄 공식은 피하는 편이 좋습니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 이 문단은 조건부 해석이지 회사 전망이나 주가 예측이 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;요약: 큰 증가율보다 분모를 확인하세요&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이번 질문의 답은 단순합니다. 거래 건수가 늘어도 한 건당 평균 수익이 낮아지면 거래 수익은 그보다 덜 늘어납니다. 다음 확인 항목은 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;거래 건수·거래당 수익·다른 수익 부문이 함께 좋아지는가&lt;/strong&gt;입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;은행 실적에서 이자수익 증가와 최종 이익을 구분하는 방법은 &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/bac.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;뱅크오브아메리카 실적: 이자이익이 늘어도 순익은 줄 수 있는 이유&lt;/a&gt;와 함께 읽어 보세요. 서로 다른 금융사의 성장률을 한 숫자로 비교하지 않는 데 도움이 됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix · 기준과 출처&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;기준: 미국 현지 2026년 10월 15일 공개 자료, 2026년 3분기(9월 30일 종료)와 전년 동기 비교입니다. 회사 보고서의 거래일 수를 그대로 사용했습니다. 숫자 관계는 Node로 계산했으며, 거래 실행이나 실적 설명회 청취를 했다는 의미는 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이 글은 사업 지표 해설입니다. SCHW의 정규장·시간외 주가나 시장 예상치 대비 실적을 인용하지 않았으며, 목표가·매수·매도 의견을 제시하지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://content.schwab.com/web/retail/public/about-schwab/schwab_q3_2026_earnings_release.pdf&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Charles Schwab: 2026년 3분기 실적 발표 — 4쪽 거래 지표·산식&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://content.schwab.com/web/retail/public/about-schwab/schwab_fall_business_update_101526.pdf&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Charles Schwab: 2026년 가을 사업 설명 자료 — 12쪽 순유입 정의, 20쪽 수익 부문&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-c48bef9f94a43cc4c0f7716d --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/6098630392847135137/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/schw-44-16.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/6098630392847135137'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/6098630392847135137'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/schw-44-16.html' title='찰스슈왑(SCHW) 실적, 거래 44% 늘어도 수익은 왜 16%만 늘었나'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-3051821036883308417</id><published>2026-10-16T01:20:11.880+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:32:14.995+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI 수익성"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="미국 CPI"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="증시 전망"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="코스피 급락"/><title type='text'>코스피 7.57% 급락, 하락 배경과 증시 전망을 가를 세 가지 조건</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;코스피 급락을 미국 물가나 AI 악재 하나로 설명하기는 어렵습니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 10월 15일 국내 증시에서는 큰 폭의 하락과 거래 중단이 확인됐고, 시장에서는 미국 물가 상승과 AI 투자 수익성 우려가 함께 거론됐습니다. 앞으로의 증시 전망은 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;금리 부담, 기업이 실제로 버는 돈, 상승·하락 종목의 분포&lt;/strong&gt;가 함께 개선되는지로 나눠 보는 편이 낫습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;기준: &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2026년 10월 16일 01:15 KST 자료 확인&lt;/strong&gt; · 국내 지수는 10월 15일 15:30 KST 정규장 종가입니다. 이 시각 미국은 10월 15일 정규장이 아직 진행 중이므로, 미국의 그날 종가나 한국 10월 16일 장 결과를 미리 반영하지 않았습니다. 이 글은 시장 이해를 위한 해설이며 투자 권유나 매매 시점 추천이 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;크게 떨어졌다는 사실과 앞으로도 계속 떨어진다는 전망은 다른 말입니다. 먼저 확정된 숫자를 보고, 그다음 원인에 대한 해석과 조건부 전망을 분리해 보겠습니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;핵심 요약&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 22px; padding-left: 26px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10월 15일 코스피는 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;5,554.22, 전일 대비 −7.57%&lt;/strong&gt;, 코스닥은 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;760.82, −7.65%&lt;/strong&gt;로 마감했습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;미국 9월 CPI는 전년 대비 3.7% 올랐지만, 근원 CPI는 2.6%였습니다. 휘발유가 월간 전체 물가 상승의 절반 이상을 설명해, 물가의 구성도 봐야 합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;AI 공급망의 실적 성장과 AI 서비스 기업의 투자금 회수 문제는 다릅니다. TSMC 실적은 산업 전체의 수요가 사라졌다고 단정하기 어렵게 하는 반대 근거입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;하루 반등, 서킷브레이커 해제, 낮아진 주가만으로 바닥을 확인할 수는 없습니다. 전망은 아래 세 가지 조건을 함께 점검하는 방식으로 다룹니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;국내 마감·거래 중단: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0102_202610151730292495&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;YTN 마감 보도&lt;/a&gt; · 지수 소수점 수치 교차 확인: &lt;a href=&quot;https://ir.gsifn.io/oci/ir4_stock.html?company=&amp;amp;gu=&amp;amp;koreng=1&amp;amp;nation=&amp;amp;pg=1&amp;amp;sw=&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;OCI홀딩스 IR 시세 화면&lt;/a&gt;. 물가와 기업 실적의 원자료는 해당 절에 연결했습니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;목차와 먼저 알아둘 용어&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 22px; padding-left: 28px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#close&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;얼마나 하락했나: 종가와 서킷브레이커&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#inflation&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;미국 CPI와 금리는 왜 증시에 부담이 되나&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ai-profit&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;반도체주 하락은 AI 수요 붕괴를 뜻할까&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#outlook&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;반등·횡보·추가 하락의 세 가지 조건&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#checklist&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;다음 장에서 무엇을 확인할까&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 22px; padding-left: 26px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CPI:&lt;/strong&gt; 소비자가 구입하는 상품·서비스 가격의 변화를 나타내는 소비자물가지수입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;근원 CPI:&lt;/strong&gt; 식품과 에너지를 제외한 CPI입니다. 일시적인 가격 충격과 다른 품목의 흐름을 구분할 때 참고합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;할인율:&lt;/strong&gt; 미래에 받을 돈을 오늘의 가치로 환산할 때 쓰는 비율입니다. 높아질수록 다른 조건이 같다면 현재가치는 낮아집니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;현금흐름:&lt;/strong&gt; 기업으로 실제 현금이 들어오고 나가는 흐름입니다. 매출 증가와 투자비를 낸 뒤 남는 현금은 다릅니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;서킷브레이커:&lt;/strong&gt; 시장이 급변할 때 거래를 일시 중단하는 제도입니다. 반등을 보장하는 장치는 아닙니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;close&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1. 코스피·코스닥은 얼마나 하락했나?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; max-width: none; table-layout: fixed; margin: 20px 0px 24px; box-sizing: border-box; min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;caption style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(51, 65, 85); text-align: left; margin: 0px 0px 12px; caption-side: top; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2026년 10월 15일 한국 정규장 마감 · 전일 종가 대비&lt;/caption&gt;
&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); text-align: left; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;지수&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); text-align: left; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;종가 · 변화&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); text-align: left; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;코스피&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;5,554.22&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;−454.59포인트 / −7.57%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); text-align: left; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;코스닥&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;760.82&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;−63.06포인트 / −7.65%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;같은 눈금으로 보면:&lt;/strong&gt; 코스피 −7.57%, 코스닥 −7.65%로 낙폭 차이는 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;0.08%포인트&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 두 지수의 포인트 하락 폭이 아니라 전일 종가 대비 하락률을 비교한 자체 차트입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; max-width: 100%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=1rEqtMd6XgaCpARgqkNPNw3csYZK5JMQh&amp;amp;sz=w1600&quot; alt=&quot;2026년 10월 15일 전일 종가 대비 코스피 −7.57%, 코스닥 −7.65%를 −10%부터 0%까지 같은 눈금으로 비교한 막대 차트&quot; loading=&quot;eager&quot; decoding=&quot;async&quot; width=&quot;1707&quot; height=&quot;1840&quot; style=&quot;display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 213, 225); border-radius: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; object-fit: contain;&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 14px 0px 8px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;하락률 비교: 코스피 −7.57%, 코스닥 −7.65%. 코스닥의 낙폭이 0.08%포인트 더 큽니다. 정규장 종가 기준.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(51, 65, 85); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Deoks 자체 제작. 수치 출처·기준 시각은 아래 링크에 명시. 기사·기업 이미지 복제 없음.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;차트 자료: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0102_202610151730292495&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;YTN 국내 증시 마감 보도&lt;/a&gt;와 &lt;a href=&quot;https://ir.gsifn.io/oci/ir4_stock.html?company=&amp;amp;gu=&amp;amp;koreng=1&amp;amp;nation=&amp;amp;pg=1&amp;amp;sw=&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;OCI홀딩스 IR 시세 화면&lt;/a&gt;에서 교차 확인한 2026년 10월 15일 15:30 KST 종가 기준입니다. 두 수치는 소수 둘째 자리 반올림 값입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;두 시장 모두 장중 서킷브레이커가 발동됐습니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;장중의 거래 중단 조건과 마감 하락률은 다릅니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 거래가 멈췄다가 재개된 뒤 낙폭이 달라질 수 있으므로, 종가 하락률이 8%보다 작다는 이유로 거래 중단 보도가 틀렸다고 볼 수는 없습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0102_202610151730292495&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;당일 거래 중단·마감 보도&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;하락과 회복의 퍼센트도 대칭이 아닙니다. 설명을 위해 100이 7.57% 내려 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;92.43&lt;/strong&gt;이 됐다고 가정하면, 다시 100으로 돌아가려면 약 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;8.19%&lt;/strong&gt; 올라야 합니다. 실제 지수의 목표가가 아니라 &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(23, 37, 84); background-color: rgb(239, 246, 255); white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;(100 ÷ 92.43 − 1) × 100&lt;/code&gt;이라는 산술 예시입니다. 큰 하락 다음 날 올랐다는 것과 이전 수준을 회복했다는 것을 구분하는 데 쓰입니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;inflation&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2. 미국 CPI와 금리는 왜 증시에 부담이 되나?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;확인된 사실:&lt;/strong&gt; 미국 노동통계국(BLS)이 10월 14일 발표한 9월 전체 CPI는 전월 대비 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;0.6%&lt;/strong&gt;, 전년 대비 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;3.7%&lt;/strong&gt; 상승했습니다. 식품·에너지를 뺀 근원 CPI는 각각 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;0.3%, 2.6%&lt;/strong&gt;였습니다. 전월 대비는 계절조정, 전년 대비는 비조정 수치입니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cpi_10142026.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;BLS 9월 CPI 원자료&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;특히 휘발유 가격이 전월보다 9.1% 올라 월간 전체 CPI 상승의 절반 이상을 설명했습니다. 따라서 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;전체 물가가 다시 높아졌다는 점&lt;/strong&gt;과 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;모든 품목의 물가가 같은 속도로 뛰었다는 주장&lt;/strong&gt;을 섞으면 안 됩니다. 근원 물가가 상대적으로 낮다고 부담이 사라지는 것도 아니지만, 에너지 충격의 지속 여부에 따라 이후 해석은 달라질 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;해석:&lt;/strong&gt; 물가가 높으면 시장은 높은 금리가 더 오래 이어질 가능성을 따집니다. 금리가 기업의 자금 조달 비용과 주식 가치 평가에 부담을 줄 수 있다는 경로입니다. 다만 이 글에서는 시장 예상 CPI나 금리 선물 확률을 검증하지 않았으므로, ‘예상을 얼마나 웃돌았고 그것이 하락의 몇 %를 설명했다’고 계산하지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;연준의 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;9월 16일 실제 결정&lt;/strong&gt;은 정책금리 목표 범위를 0.25%포인트 올려 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;3.75~4.00%&lt;/strong&gt;로 조정한 것입니다. 이는 한 달 전의 정책 배경이지 10월 15일에 새로 나온 결정이 아닙니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;추가 금리 인상은 확정 사실로 쓰지 않습니다.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20260916a.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;9월 FOMC 성명&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;쉬운 예를 들어 보겠습니다. 5년 뒤 받을 100을 할인율 8%로 환산하면 현재가치는 약 68.06, 9%이면 약 64.99입니다. 받을 돈이 같아도 가치가 약 4.50% 낮아집니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;고정 현금 한 번만 가정한 교육용 계산&lt;/strong&gt;이며, 정책금리가 1%포인트 오르면 모든 주가가 4.50% 떨어진다는 뜻은 아닙니다. 실제 기업에는 성장률·위험·여러 해의 현금흐름이 함께 작용합니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;ai-profit&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;3. 반도체주 하락은 AI 수요 붕괴를 뜻할까?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;보도된 시장 설명:&lt;/strong&gt; 연합뉴스는 이번 하락 배경으로 AI 투자 수익성 논란과 미국 물가 부담 등을 제시했습니다. 이는 시장을 설명하는 보도이지, 각 요인의 기여도를 분해한 실험 결과는 아닙니다. 미확인 사기업 매출 수치나 채무불이행 소문으로 금융위기를 확정하지 않겠습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20261015084452008&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;연합뉴스의 배경 분석&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;반대 근거도 있습니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TSMC가 10월 15일 발표한 3분기 실적&lt;/strong&gt;에서 매출은 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1조4,942억4,000만 대만달러로 전년 대비 50.9%&lt;/strong&gt;, 순이익은 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;7,630억6,000만 대만달러로 68.7%&lt;/strong&gt; 늘었습니다. 같은 매출을 미국 달러로 표시하면 467억2,000만 달러, 전년 대비 41.2% 증가입니다. 통화가 달라지면 환율 영향으로 증가율도 달라집니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://pr.tsmc.com/english/news/3346&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TSMC 3분기 공식 실적&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;이 글의 해석:&lt;/strong&gt; 이 숫자는 ‘반도체 공급망의 매출이 이미 모두 무너졌다’는 주장과는 맞지 않습니다. 그렇다고 TSMC 한 회사의 좋은 실적이 모든 AI 기업의 수익성이나 한국 반도체주의 적정 가치를 증명하지도 않습니다. 칩을 파는 기업의 매출과, 칩을 사서 서비스를 운영하는 기업이 투자금을 회수하는 속도는 서로 다른 문제이기 때문입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;그래서 삼성전자·SK하이닉스 같은 메모리 기업은 주가만 보지 말고 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;공식 실적의 제품별 수익성, 공급 계획, 고객 수요 설명&lt;/strong&gt;을 확인해야 합니다. 서비스 기업은 매출 성장뿐 아니라 설비 투자 후 현금 부담도 봐야 합니다. 사업 연결을 더 살펴보려면 &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/muse-wonderfull.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;메타 Muse 모델과 매출·추론 비용·메모리 산업을 나눠 본 글&lt;/a&gt;을 함께 참고할 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;이번 글은 업종별 시가총액 비중과 지수 하락 기여도를 직접 산출하지 않았습니다. 따라서 ‘반도체 두 종목이 지수 하락의 대부분을 만들었다’거나, 외국인 매도만으로 모든 하락을 설명하는 수치는 제시하지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;outlook&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;4. 증시 전망: 반등·횡보·추가 하락을 가를 조건&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;아래는 앞으로 수 거래일~다음 주요 실적·물가 발표를 읽기 위한 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;조건부 관찰 틀&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 가격 목표나 시나리오별 확률이 아니며, 현재 모든 조건을 측정해 어느 하나로 판정한 것도 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; max-width: 100%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=1sc47a_eFb1F4xA-4Xbfph89ZCWNpaBHl&amp;amp;sz=w1600&quot; alt=&quot;금리 부담·실적과 현금·종목 분포를 기준으로 반등 지속, 변동성 속 횡보, 추가 하락의 조건과 반대 증거를 병렬로 나눈 개념도&quot; loading=&quot;eager&quot; decoding=&quot;async&quot; width=&quot;1707&quot; height=&quot;3813&quot; style=&quot;display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 213, 225); border-radius: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; object-fit: contain;&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 14px 0px 8px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;조건부 전망 도식: 세 갈래는 시간 순서·목표가·발생 확률이 아닙니다. 관찰 조건과 판단을 약하게 만드는 반대 증거를 나눴습니다.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(51, 65, 85); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Deoks 자체 제작 개념도. 관측된 시장 예측값이나 투자 추천이 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;위 도식의 세 갈래는 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;시간 순서나 발생 확률이 아닙니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 금리 부담·기업 실적과 현금·종목 분포의 조합에 따라 확인할 조건을 나눈 자체 개념도입니다. ‘반대’는 각 시나리오 판단을 약하게 만드는 증거를 뜻합니다. 세부 확인 방법은 바로 아래 본문에 이어집니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;① 반등이 이어지는 경우&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;확인 조건:&lt;/strong&gt; 금리 부담이 진정되고, 기업 실적·현금 전망이 유지되며, 일부 대형주를 넘어 상승 종목이 늘어나는지 확인합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;반대 증거:&lt;/strong&gt; 지수만 오르고 다수 종목은 하락하거나, 회사의 실적 전망이 계속 낮아지면 이 판단은 약해집니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;② 높은 변동성 속에 횡보하는 경우&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;확인 조건:&lt;/strong&gt; 좋은 실적과 물가·금리 부담이 엇갈리고, 업종별 방향이 갈리는 경우입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;반대 증거:&lt;/strong&gt; 개선 또는 악화가 여러 업종과 실적에 같은 방향으로 이어지면 횡보 판단은 약해집니다. 횡보가 곧 안전하다는 뜻은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; margin: 32px 0px 14px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;③ 추가 하락하는 경우&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;확인 조건:&lt;/strong&gt; 자금 조달 부담과 이익 전망 악화가 함께 나타나고, 하락이 더 많은 종목·업종으로 번지는지 확인합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;반대 증거:&lt;/strong&gt; 공식 실적·현금 전망이 개선되고 상승 종목의 증가가 이어지면 추가 하락 판단은 약해집니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;여기서 종목의 분포란 &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;같은 시장의 같은 거래일 종가 기준 상승·하락 종목 수&lt;/strong&gt;를 말합니다. 장중 숫자와 종가를 섞거나, 코스피와 코스닥을 임의로 합쳐 비교하지 않습니다. 하루의 강한 반등만으로 추세 전환을 확정하지 않는 이유도 여기에 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;금리가 내려가도 경기·기업 실적이 더 나빠지면 주식에 좋은 신호가 아닐 수 있습니다. 반대로 금리가 높아도 기업 이익이 예상보다 강하면 하락 논리가 약해질 수 있습니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;지표 하나의 방향보다 서로 다른 지표가 같은 이야기를 하는지&lt;/strong&gt;가 중요합니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;checklist&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;5. 다음 장에서 무엇을 확인하면 좋을까?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 22px; padding-left: 28px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;장과 시각:&lt;/strong&gt; 먼저 미국 10월 15일의 확정 종가와 한국 10월 16일의 실제 장을 구분합니다. 지금 읽는 글은 한국 10월 15일 마감 분석입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;물가와 금리:&lt;/strong&gt; 전체 CPI뿐 아니라 근원·에너지 구성을 보고, 새로운 연준 발표가 실제로 있었는지 확인합니다. CPI와 연준의 물가 목표 판단에 쓰이는 PCE 물가지수도 같은 지표로 취급하지 않습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/economy_14419.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;연준의 물가 지표 설명&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;기업의 돈:&lt;/strong&gt; 공시·IR에서 실적과 다음 분기 설명, 투자비와 현금흐름을 함께 확인합니다. 좋은 매출 뉴스만으로 높은 투자비가 회수됐다고 판단하지 않습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;반등의 범위:&lt;/strong&gt; 지수 상승과 함께 같은 시장의 상승 종목 수가 늘어나는지 봅니다. 거래 중단 해제 자체는 바닥 확인 신호가 아닙니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;기업별 공시는 &lt;a href=&quot;https://dart.fss.or.kr/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;금융감독원 DART&lt;/a&gt;, 국내 지수·종목 분포는 &lt;a href=&quot;https://data.krx.co.kr/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KRX 정보데이터시스템&lt;/a&gt;, 미국 정책 결정은 &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomccalendars.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;연준 FOMC 발표 목록&lt;/a&gt;에서 확인할 수 있습니다. 이 링크들은 다음 확인 경로이며, 이 글이 해당 지표의 최신 값까지 모두 수집했다는 뜻은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(17, 24, 39); font-weight: 700; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;정리하면:&lt;/strong&gt; 급락은 이미 일어난 가격 변화이고, 전망은 아직 확인해야 할 조건입니다. ‘얼마나 떨어졌나’ 다음에는 ‘금리 부담이 풀리는가, 기업이 돈을 버는가, 회복이 여러 종목으로 넓어지는가’를 차례로 확인해 보세요.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: 700; margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding: 12px 0px 0px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Appendix · 계산과 자료의 한계&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;등락률은 &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(23, 37, 84); background-color: rgb(239, 246, 255); white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;(당일 종가 ÷ 전일 종가 − 1) × 100&lt;/code&gt;으로 검산했습니다. 코스피 전일 종가는 6,008.81, 코스닥은 823.88이며, 소수 둘째 자리 반올림 값이 각각 −7.57%, −7.65%입니다. 할인 예시는 &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(23, 37, 84); background-color: rgb(239, 246, 255); white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;100 ÷ (1 + 할인율)^5&lt;/code&gt;로 계산했습니다. 거래나 투자 성과를 시험한 결과가 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;국내 종가는 IR 시세 화면과 언론 마감 보도로 교차 확인했습니다. 01:15 KST 확인 시점에 KRX 원자료를 직접 추출하지 못했으므로 거래소 원장을 직접 대조했다고 주장하지 않습니다. 외국인 순매매의 확정 집계, 업종별 하락 기여도, 현재 신용 스프레드는 이 글에서 검증하지 않았습니다. 세 가지 전망은 이 미확인 값이 이미 악화됐다는 주장이 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin: 0px 0px 22px; padding-left: 26px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0102_202610151730292495&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;YTN: 10월 15일 국내 증시 마감·거래 중단&lt;/a&gt; — 2026-10-15 17:30 KST 보도.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ir.gsifn.io/oci/ir4_stock.html?company=&amp;amp;gu=&amp;amp;koreng=1&amp;amp;nation=&amp;amp;pg=1&amp;amp;sw=&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;OCI홀딩스 IR 현재가의 시장 지수&lt;/a&gt; — 화면 표시 기준 2026-10-15 15:30 KST. 기업 IR에 표시된 시세이며 KRX 직접 원자료는 아닙니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cpi_10142026.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;BLS: September 2026 CPI&lt;/a&gt; — 2026-10-14 08:30 EDT 발표.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20260916a.htm&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Federal Reserve: 9월 16일 FOMC 성명&lt;/a&gt; — 실제 정책 결정과 미래 전망을 구분하기 위한 원자료.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://pr.tsmc.com/english/news/3346&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TSMC: 2026년 3분기 실적&lt;/a&gt; — 2026-10-15 발표, 9월 30일 종료 분기. 대만달러와 미국 달러 기준을 구분했습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(31, 41, 55); margin: 0px 0px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20261015084452008&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;연합뉴스: 급락 배경 분석&lt;/a&gt; — 2026-10-15 17:24 KST 보도. 시장 설명의 출처로 한정하며 보도 문장·사진을 복제하지 않았습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-e130e2fac9073519634d31e6 --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/3051821036883308417/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/757.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/3051821036883308417'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/3051821036883308417'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/757.html' title='코스피 7.57% 급락, 하락 배경과 증시 전망을 가를 세 가지 조건'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-5882041223789787048</id><published>2026-10-15T07:39:58.966+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:32:20.454+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bank of America"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Earnings Analysis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Regulatory Risk"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="US Banks"/><title type='text'>뱅크오브아메리카(BAC), 이자이익 늘었는데 순익은 왜 줄었나</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;뱅크오브아메리카(BAC)의 2026년 3분기는 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;이자이익이 늘어도 순이익은 줄 수 있다는 사례&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 규제 합의 비용 12억 달러와 다른 비용 증가가 함께 반영됐습니다. 합의 비용을 뺀 조정 순이익도 전년보다 약 2.4% 낮아, 이를 모두 일회성 비용 탓으로 돌리면 설명이 부족합니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;보고 EPS는 0.91달러, 회사가 제시한 조정 EPS는 1.08달러입니다. 두 숫자 중 좋은 것만 고르기보다, 비용을 얼마나 뺐는지와 무엇이 남았는지를 함께 보겠습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.bankofamerica.com/regulatory-and-other-filings/select-sec-filings/content/0000070858-26-000481/bac-20261014.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;실적 공시&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.bankofamerica.com/regulatory-and-other-filings/select-sec-filings/content/0000070858-26-000481/bac09302026ex991.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;회사의 조정 내역&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;기준: 2026-10-15 KST · 대상: NYSE 상장 Bank of America Corporation(BAC)의 2026년 3분기, 9월 30일 종료 분기. 미국장 기준 거래일은 뉴욕 현지 10월 14일입니다. 실적 발표는 10월 14일 06:45 미국 동부시간(EDT), 한국시간 같은 날 19:45였습니다. 주가·등락률은 이 글에서 인용하지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;핵심 요약&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;영업의 한 축은 성장:&lt;/strong&gt; GAAP 순이자이익은 164.49억 달러로 전년보다 약 8% 늘었습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;보고 이익은 감소:&lt;/strong&gt; GAAP 순이익은 69.33억 달러로 전년의 83.32억 달러보다 약 16.8% 낮았습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;조정 후에도 남는 부담:&lt;/strong&gt; 12억 달러 비용을 제외한 순이익은 81.33억 달러로 계산됩니다. 전년 보고 순이익에는 여전히 못 미칩니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;금액은 회사 공시의 백만 달러 단위를 억 달러로 바꿨고, 증감률은 원자료로 계산했습니다. 조정 값은 비GAAP이며 보고 실적의 대체물이 아닙니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.bankofamerica.com/regulatory-and-other-filings/select-sec-filings/content/0000070858-26-000481/bac09302026ex991.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;분기 실적표·비GAAP 조정표&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. 이자이익보다 비용이 더 빨리 늘었다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; max-width: none; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;항목&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;3분기 결과 · 전년 대비&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;매출&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;299.58억 달러 · +3.2%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;순이자이익&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;164.49억 달러 · +8.0%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;비이자비용&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;197.22억 달러 · +13.8%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;순이익&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;69.33억 달러 · −16.8%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;모두 GAAP, 단위는 미 달러이며 같은 분기의 전년 대비입니다. 매출은 이자비용 차감 후 매출입니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.bankofamerica.com/regulatory-and-other-filings/select-sec-filings/content/0000070858-26-000481/bac09302026ex991.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Selected Financial Data&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;은행은 이자를 더 벌었다고 그 금액이 전부 이익으로 남지는 않습니다. 회사는 대출·예금 잔액 증가와 고정금리 자산의 금리 재조정 등이 순이자이익을 도왔다고 설명합니다. 하지만 비용도 늘었습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.bankofamerica.com/regulatory-and-other-filings/select-sec-filings/content/0000070858-26-000481/bac09302026ex992.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;회사의 수익·비용 설명&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;직접 계산:&lt;/strong&gt; 비이자비용 증가분은 23.85억 달러입니다. 여기서 규제 합의 비용 12억 달러를 제외해도 약 11.85억 달러가 남습니다. 조정 비이자비용은 전년보다 약 6.8% 높습니다. 따라서 “벌금만 없었으면 비용 문제가 전부 사라졌다”는 해석은 맞지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. 12억 달러는 무엇이며, 왜 더해서 세면 안 될까?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;OCC는 10월 13일 Bank of America, N.A.의 은행비밀법·자금세탁방지 준수 문제에 대해 7.5억 달러의 민사 제재금을 발표했습니다. 같은 발표에서 FinCEN의 12억 달러 제재금은 OCC 제재금을 공제한다고 설명합니다. 두 발표 금액을 단순히 더해 19.5억 달러라고 쓰면 중복 계산입니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-occ-2026-89.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;OCC 공식 발표&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;회사는 이 규제 합의와 관련해 3분기에 세금 공제되지 않는 비용 12억 달러를 계상했고, EPS 영향은 0.17달러라고 밝혔습니다. 이는 해당 분기에 반영한 회계 비용이지, 이 자료만으로 현금 지급일을 확정할 수 있다는 뜻은 아닙니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.bankofamerica.com/regulatory-and-other-filings/select-sec-filings/content/0000070858-26-000481/bac09302026ex991.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;실적자료 Endnote B&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;해석:&lt;/strong&gt; 특정 합의 비용을 조정해 영업을 살펴볼 수는 있습니다. 그러나 규제기관이 개선을 요구했다는 사실까지 없어지는 것은 아닙니다. 앞으로 필요한 통제·준법 개선과 그 비용은 별도로 확인해야 합니다. 이번 분기의 12억 달러가 반복되지 않는다고 모든 관련 부담도 끝났다고 단정하지 않겠습니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. 조정 EPS는 늘어도 총이익은 줄 수 있다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; max-width: none; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;읽는 순서&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;같은 분기에서 보는 숫자&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;보고 실적&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;순이익 69.33억 달러 · EPS 0.91달러&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;회사 조정&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;규제 합의 비용 12억 달러를 제외 · 조정 EPS 1.08달러&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;남는 차이&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;조정 순이익 81.33억 달러 · 전년 보고 순이익보다 약 2.4% 낮음&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;조정 순이익의 계산은 69.33 + 12 = 81.33억 달러입니다. 회사의 요약 자료에서는 반올림해 81억 달러로 표시합니다. 조정 EPS는 회사가 제시한 1.08달러이며, 조정 항목과 비교 기준을 숨기지 않고 함께 읽어야 합니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.bankofamerica.com/regulatory-and-other-filings/select-sec-filings/content/0000070858-26-000481/bac09302026ex991.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;회사의 보고·조정 실적 연결표&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;EPS는 보통주에 귀속되는 이익을 희석 가중평균 주식수로 나눈 값입니다. 전체 순이익과 동일한 지표는 아닙니다. 이번 분기의 희석 가중평균 주식수는 전년보다 약 5.3% 줄었습니다. 분모가 달라지면 전체 이익 감소와 조정 주당이익 증가가 동시에 나타날 수 있습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.bankofamerica.com/regulatory-and-other-filings/select-sec-filings/content/0000070858-26-000481/bac09302026ex991.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;보통주 귀속 이익·희석 주식수&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;관련해서 &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/jpjpm-eps.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;JP모건 실적에서 ‘순익 증가’와 ‘예상 하회’를 나눠 읽는 법&lt;/a&gt;도 참고할 수 있습니다. 그 글은 시장 예상과 실제 EPS의 차이, 이번 글은 보고·조정 이익과 남는 비용의 차이를 다룹니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;앞으로 확인할 것은 비용과 규제 개선이다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;영업의 지속성:&lt;/strong&gt; 이자이익 증가가 다음 분기에도 이어지는지, 예금 조달비용이나 금리 변화가 이를 얼마나 상쇄하는지 봅니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;잔여 비용:&lt;/strong&gt; 규제 합의 비용을 제외한 비용 증가가 매출 성장 안으로 들어오는지 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;반대 요인:&lt;/strong&gt; 준법 개선 부담, 비이자 수익·신용비용 변화가 영업의 성장 효과를 약화시킬 수 있습니다. 규모와 시점은 후속 공시가 필요합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;좋은 EPS 하나만으로 사업 전체가 좋아졌다고 결론내리기보다는, 보고 이익 → 조정 내역 → 여전히 남는 비용 순서로 읽는 게 유용합니다. 이 글은 기업 실적을 이해하기 위한 정보이며 매수·매도 추천이나 주가 방향의 예측이 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. 숫자를 읽을 때의 기준&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;NII(순이자이익):&lt;/strong&gt; 이자수익에서 이자비용을 뺀 값입니다. 비이자비용까지 뺀 최종 순이익은 아닙니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;GAAP와 비GAAP:&lt;/strong&gt; 보고 회계 실적과 회사가 특정 항목을 제외한 조정 수치를 구분합니다. 조정 실적은 제외한 항목을 함께 확인해야 합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;단위:&lt;/strong&gt; 원표의 $MM는 백만 달러입니다. 1 billion 달러는 10억 달러이며, EPS 단위는 달러/주입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;계산 기준:&lt;/strong&gt; 증감률은 (당기 ÷ 전년 동기 − 1) × 100입니다. 반올림한 요약 수치로 계산한 결과와 차이가 날 수 있습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1차 출처와 확인일&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;자료 확인: 2026-10-15 KST. 규제 발표는 10월 13일, 분기 실적 발표는 10월 14일 미국 현지 기준입니다. 이 글은 공개 원자료의 해설이며 컨퍼런스콜을 직접 청취했다거나 금융 거래를 실행했다는 주장이 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://newsroom.bankofamerica.com/content/newsroom/press-releases/2026/10/bank-of-america-reports-third-quarter-2026-financial-results.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Bank of America 실적 발표 시각·상장 정보&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.bankofamerica.com/regulatory-and-other-filings/select-sec-filings/content/0000070858-26-000481/bac-20261014.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2026-10-14 Form 8-K&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.bankofamerica.com/regulatory-and-other-filings/select-sec-filings/content/0000070858-26-000481/bac09302026ex991.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3Q26 실적 보도자료·원표·조정 내역&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.bankofamerica.com/regulatory-and-other-filings/select-sec-filings/content/0000070858-26-000481/bac09302026ex992.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3Q26 투자자 발표자료&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-occ-2026-89.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;OCC 2026-89, 2026-10-13 규제 조치&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nyse.com/trade/hours-calendars&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NYSE 공식 휴장일·정규장 시간&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-caa3ee181c0cd52ed06facbf --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/5882041223789787048/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/bac.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/5882041223789787048'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/5882041223789787048'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/bac.html' title='뱅크오브아메리카(BAC), 이자이익 늘었는데 순익은 왜 줄었나'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-7577506317688789518</id><published>2026-10-14T13:41:11.187+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:32:25.904+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI 에이전트"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI 인프라"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Meta Platforms"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Muse Wonder"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><title type='text'>메타 Muse Wonder·Full, 모델 차이와 주가·메모리 산업 영향</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;Meta의 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Muse Wonder·Full&lt;/strong&gt;은 긴 작업을 수행하는 AI 에이전트용 모델입니다. 장기 코딩에는 강점이 있지만, Meta 주가와 메모리 산업의 영향은 실제 사용량·매출·작업당 비용에 달려 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; padding: 0px; border-radius: 0px 0px 12px 12px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; width: 100%; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;기준일: 2026-10-14 KST · 발표일: 2026-10-12 · 공식 명칭은 ‘Wonder Full’이며 ‘Wonderful’이라는 별도 모델이 아닙니다. 이 글의 비교는 공개 자료 분석이며 직접 실행한 모델 테스트가 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; margin: 22px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 25px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;목차 — 먼저 정의, 그다음 차이와 영향&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;font-size: 18px; padding-left: 22px; margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#muse-models&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Wonder와 Full: 무엇이 공개됐나&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#muse-memory-focus&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Active Memory·Active Focus: 무엇에 쓰나&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#muse-comparison&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;다른 모델과의 차이: 잘하는 일과 평가 조건&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#muse-meta-stock&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Meta 주가: 매출 기회와 비용 부담&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#muse-infrastructure&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;AI·메모리·데이터센터 산업의 변화&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#muse-watchpoints&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;요약과 앞으로 확인할 지표&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 25px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;핵심 용어의 한 줄 정의&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;AI 에이전트:&lt;/strong&gt; 목표를 받고 도구를 사용해 여러 단계의 일을 수행하는 시스템입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Active Memory:&lt;/strong&gt; Meta가 부르는, 대화를 넘어 중요한 사용자 정보를 기억하고 필요한 때 찾아 쓰는 능력입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Active Focus:&lt;/strong&gt; Meta가 부르는, 장애물이나 새 조건을 만나도 목표를 향해 작업을 이어가는 능력입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;컨텍스트 윈도:&lt;/strong&gt; 모델이 한 번의 추론에서 다룰 수 있는 입력·대화 문맥의 범위입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;HBM:&lt;/strong&gt; AI 가속기 등에서 쓰는 고대역폭 메모리입니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KV 캐시&lt;/strong&gt;는 토큰 생성 때 이전 문맥 계산을 재사용하는 데이터이며, 둘은 기능과 장치를 가리키는 서로 다른 말입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CapEx:&lt;/strong&gt; 서버·설비 등에 쓰는 자본적 지출입니다. 지출 시점의 현금 부담과 이후 감가상각 비용을 함께 봅니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;muse-models&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. Wonder와 Full, 무엇이 공개됐나&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Wonder는 API와 Muse Code로 제공되는 모델이고, Full은 Muse Code에서 제공되는 더 높은 성능 지향의 모델입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; Meta의 발표는 Full을 일반 API로도 사용할 수 있다고 설명하지 않습니다. 모델 이름, 이를 쓰는 코딩 제품, 개인 에이전트 서비스를 구분하면 혼동이 줄어듭니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://research.meta.ai/blog/muse-wonder&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 18px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;caption style=&quot;text-align: left; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-size: 18px; padding: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2026-10-14 확인한 제공 경로&lt;/caption&gt;
&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); width: 38%; padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;구분&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;확인된 위치·역할&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Muse Wonder&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Meta Model API·Muse Code. 외부 서비스에 연결하는 API 경로가 있습니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Muse Wonder Full&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Muse Code의 해당 구독 플랜. 이용 가능한 플랜·지역·한도는 실제 서비스에서 확인해야 합니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Muse Spark 1.3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;기존 모델 계열. Meta는 Wonder 계열의 더 강한 기반 모델과 비교합니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Muse / Muse Code&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;각각 개인 에이전트 서비스 / 코딩 제품입니다. 모델 자체와 같은 말이 아닙니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Full이 항상 더 경제적이라는 뜻은 아닙니다. 어려운 일을 더 적은 재시도로 끝낸다면 유리할 수 있지만, 쉬운 일에서는 추가 비용·시간이 불필요할 수 있습니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;구독료와 API의 토큰 단가는 서로 다른 과금 단위&lt;/strong&gt;라 그대로 나란히 놓고 싼 모델을 결정하면 안 됩니다. 공개 개발자 안내도 Wonder의 API 경로와 Full의 구독 경로를 구분합니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.meta.ai/models/muse-wonder&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;muse-memory-focus&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. Active Memory와 Active Focus는 무엇에 쓰나&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Active Memory는 맥락을 이어 쓰는 능력, Active Focus는 일을 이어 끝내는 능력입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 예를 들어 지난 대화의 프로젝트 조건을 다시 찾아 쓰는 일과, 오류를 고친 뒤 테스트 결과까지 확인하는 일은 다른 문제입니다. Meta는 이 두 능력을 개인·업무 에이전트의 핵심으로 내세웠습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://research.meta.ai/blog/muse-wonder&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div role=&quot;img&quot; aria-label=&quot;에이전트가 목표를 받고 필요한 과거 정보를 찾은 다음 도구로 작업하고 결과를 확인하는 네 단계 설명도&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1 1 180px; min-width: 0px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; padding: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;① 목표 받기&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;새 요구와 성공 조건을 파악&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1 1 180px; min-width: 0px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; padding: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;② 필요한 기억 찾기&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;이전 조건 중 관련 정보 사용&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1 1 180px; min-width: 0px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; padding: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;③ 도구로 작업하기&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;코드·문서·앱에서 단계 수행&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1 1 180px; min-width: 0px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; padding: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;④ 결과 확인하기&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;실패를 고치고 중요한 행동은 승인 확인&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-size: 15px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); padding-top: 10px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;직접 구성한 개념도입니다. 기능을 이해하기 위한 흐름이며 Meta 내부 구현도나 실제 실행 화면이 아닙니다.&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이 이름들이 다른 회사에는 없는 독점적인 기능 종류라는 뜻은 아닙니다. 모델 비교에서 중요한 것은 기억·도구 사용이라는 간판보다, &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;조건을 얼마나 정확하게 유지하고 실제 일을 얼마나 끝내는지&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 모델이 좋은 답을 내더라도 검색·파일·권한·검증 도구를 연결한 전체 시스템이 실패하면 작업은 끝나지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;특히 Active Memory를 ‘HBM을 더 넣어 구현한 기억’으로 읽으면 안 됩니다. 사용자 정보를 저장·검색하는 서비스 기능과, 현재 추론의 중간 데이터를 빠르게 읽는 KV 캐시·GPU 메모리는 다른 층입니다. 이번 발표만으로 Meta의 기억 저장 방식이나 모델별 HBM 용량을 계산할 수는 없습니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;muse-comparison&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. 다른 모델보다 잘하는 일은 무엇인가&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;공개표에서는 긴 코드 수정 과제에 강점이 있지만, 터미널 작업과 일반 지능 지수의 순서는 다릅니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 아래는 Meta가 공개한 평가표의 일부입니다. DeepSWE는 긴 소프트웨어 수정 과제의 1회 시도 성공률(pass@1), Terminal-Bench는 터미널 환경의 과제 정확도이며 두 열 모두 높은 값이 좋습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.meta.ai/models/muse-wonder&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 18px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 435px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;caption style=&quot;text-align: left; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-size: 18px; padding: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;코드 수정: DeepSWE 1.1 · 터미널 작업: Terminal-Bench 4.0-AA · Meta 공개표의 max 추론 설정 · 단위: %&lt;/caption&gt;
&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); width: 46%; padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;모델&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); width: 27%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;코드&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;수정&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); width: 27%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;터미널&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;작업&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Muse Wonder Full&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;79.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;57.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Muse Wonder&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;78.8&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;52.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Claude Fable 5.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;67.4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;52.0&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;GPT-6 Astra&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;74.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;59.1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Claude Opus 5.5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;74.2&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;59.6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;같은 표의 Artificial Analysis 지수는 Full 56, Wonder 52, Claude Opus 5.5 58입니다. 따라서 ‘모든 모델을 이겼다’는 결론은 맞지 않습니다. DeepSWE에서 Full과 Wonder의 차이도 0.2%포인트라, 그 항목 하나만 보고 Full을 고를 근거는 약합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); padding: 12px 14px; margin: 18px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;평가 조건을 함께 보세요.&lt;/strong&gt; 모델 카드는 외부 평가와 제공사 보고 결과가 섞여 있고, 일부 비교는 도구·실행 환경을 완전히 같게 통제한 실험이 아니라고 설명합니다. 이 표는 동일 하드웨어의 응답 속도·API 비용·한국어 정확도를 비교하지 않습니다. 실제 선택은 자신의 과제로 확인해야 합니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://research.meta.ai/static/muse-wonder-model-card&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;muse-meta-stock&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;4. Meta 주가에는 어떤 경로로 영향을 줄까&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;긍정적인 경로는 사용과 수익의 확대, 부담 요인은 이를 서비스하는 비용과 투자 회수입니다.&lt;/strong&gt; Meta Platforms(Nasdaq: META)가 모델 경쟁력을 높였다는 소식은 성장 기대를 바꿀 수 있습니다. 하지만 새 모델의 점수가 오늘의 매출이나 주가 상승률로 곧바로 변환되지는 않습니다. 다음은 발표로 확정된 결과가 아니라 앞으로 확인할 시나리오입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;상방 시나리오:&lt;/strong&gt; 코딩·업무 고객이 반복 사용하고 유료 전환한다면 API·구독 사업 기회가 커질 수 있습니다. 기존 광고·기업 도구에도 실제 생산성 향상이 연결되는지 봐야 합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;중립 시나리오:&lt;/strong&gt; 좋은 벤치마크가 나와도 이용자의 작업에 맞지 않거나 가격·전환 비용이 높으면, 도입은 느리고 실적 기여는 제한적일 수 있습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;부담 시나리오:&lt;/strong&gt; 긴 추론과 재시도가 늘어 수익보다 추론비·설비 감가·운영비가 빠르게 증가하면 현금흐름에 부담을 줄 수 있습니다. 개인정보 사고나 실행 오류도 도입을 늦출 수 있습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;비용의 기준점도 중요합니다. Meta의 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;7월 29일 발표&lt;/strong&gt;에서 2026년 CapEx 전망은 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1,300억~1,450억 달러&lt;/strong&gt;, 2분기 CapEx는 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;310억8천만 달러&lt;/strong&gt;였습니다. 이는 금융리스 원금 지급을 포함한 회사 전체 전망·실적이며, 10월 Muse 발표로 새로 추가된 예산이 아닙니다. 발표 뒤 이 전망과 수익성 지표가 어떻게 바뀌는지를 확인해야 합니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.atmeta.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2026/Meta-Reports-Second-Quarter-2026-Results/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;확인한 공개 자료만으로 Muse Wonder의 매출·수익성을 분리해 산출할 수는 없습니다. Meta의 기업용 배포 경로는 앞서 쓴 &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/09/ai.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;메타 기업용 AI 플랫폼과 고객 도입의 관전 포인트&lt;/a&gt;와 이어 읽으면 이해하기 쉽습니다. 이 글은 매수·매도 추천이 아니라 산업과 기업을 읽기 위한 정보입니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;muse-infrastructure&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;5. AI·메모리·데이터센터 산업에는 무엇이 달라지나&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;긴 작업을 수행하는 서비스가 실제로 늘면 추론·문맥 저장·전력 인프라에 새로운 부담이 생길 수 있습니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 다만 수요의 크기는 ‘모델이 똑똑해졌다’보다 사용자 수, 작업 길이, 동시 실행 수, 성공률에 달려 있습니다. 더 적은 재시도로 일을 끝내는 개선은 작업당 자원 사용을 줄일 수도 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 18px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;caption style=&quot;text-align: left; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-size: 18px; padding: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;산업별 가능한 경로와 확인 항목 — 전망이며 수주·매출 확정이 아닙니다&lt;/caption&gt;
&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;background: rgb(238, 241, 244); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); width: 30%; padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;영역&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;가능한 변화 / 확인할 것&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;
&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;AI 서비스·가속기&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;반복 실행·도구 호출 증가가 추론 수요를 키울 수 있습니다. 이용량·재시도·성공 작업당 비용을 확인합니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;HBM·DRAM·SSD&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;긴 문맥과 동시 사용자가 메모리·저장 계층에 부담을 줄 수 있습니다. 실제 구성·캐시 적중·이동 비용을 확인합니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;데이터센터&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: rgb(34, 34, 34); padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;전력·냉각·네트워크가 함께 필요합니다. 계약 용량과 실제 통전·가동률·투자 집행을 구분합니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;메모리 수요를 HBM 하나로만 보면 놓치는 것이 있습니다.&lt;/strong&gt; NVIDIA의 Dynamo 설명은 사용 중인 KV 캐시와 대기 중인 캐시를 구분해 GPU 밖의 CPU RAM·SSD·네트워크 저장소로 옮기는 방법을 소개합니다. 이런 계층화는 메모리의 구성과 재계산 비용을 바꿉니다. 이것은 일반적인 추론 설계의 사례이며 Muse가 Dynamo를 쓴다는 증거는 아닙니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/how-to-reduce-kv-cache-bottlenecks-with-nvidia-dynamo/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Meta는 Wonder 계열을 기가와트급 Prometheus에서 학습했다고 밝혔습니다. 이전 인프라 설명도 패키징·열 관리·전력 공급·메모리 분리·광 네트워크를 함께 과제로 들었습니다. 전력 용량은 GPU 개수나 메모리 업체의 매출 금액과 같지 않습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://research.meta.ai/blog/muse-wonder&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://engineering.fb.com/2025/09/29/data-infrastructure/metas-infrastructure-evolution-and-the-advent-of-ai/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;공식적으로 확인된 공급망 사례는 AMD와 Meta의 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;최대 6GW, 다년·다세대 GPU 협력&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 2월 발표는 첫 1GW 배치를 지원할 출하를 2026년 하반기로 계획했습니다. 이는 이미 공개된 인프라 계약이지, Muse 발표 당일의 새 발주나 Wonder 학습용 GPU를 특정하는 자료가 아닙니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://newsroom.amd.com/news/amd-and-meta-announce-expanded-strategic-partnersh/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;국내 메모리 업계의 영향도 실제 고객 계약·제품 구성·가격·출하에서 확인해야 합니다. 발표만으로 특정 업체의 수혜를 확정하지 않습니다. 계층화의 기본 원리는 &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/09/kv-hbm.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;KV 캐시 재사용과 HBM 수요를 구분하는 글&lt;/a&gt;에서 더 살펴볼 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;muse-watchpoints&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 25px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;6. 요약, 좋은 모델이 좋은 사업이 되려면&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;padding-left: 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;모델:&lt;/strong&gt; Wonder는 API·코딩 제품, Full은 해당 코딩 구독 경로로 구분합니다. 장기 코딩의 강점과 과제별 약점을 함께 봅니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;서비스:&lt;/strong&gt; 장기 기억·집중이라는 설명보다 실제 작업 성공률, 중요한 행동의 승인, 반복 사용을 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Meta 주가:&lt;/strong&gt; 유료 도입·매출·작업당 비용·CapEx 회수라는 연결이 확인되는지가 중요합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;메모리·데이터센터:&lt;/strong&gt; 실제 처리량·캐시 구성·전력 가동을 봅니다. 발표와 공급사 실적 사이에는 여러 확인 단계가 있습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border-left: 4px solid rgb(23, 86, 169); padding: 12px 14px; margin: 18px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 1em; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;가상 계산 예시:&lt;/strong&gt; 100개 작업에 총 100달러가 들고 80개가 정해진 품질로 끝났다면 성공 작업당 비용은 100 ÷ 80 = 1.25달러입니다. 토큰 단가만 낮은 모델보다 실패·재시도를 줄이는 모델이 더 경제적일 수 있습니다. 이 숫자는 설명용이며 Muse의 실제 비용·성공률이 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;속도도 첫 응답까지의 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TTFT&lt;/strong&gt;, 토큰 사이의 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;ITL&lt;/strong&gt;, 전체 완료 시간인 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;E2EL&lt;/strong&gt;을 구분해야 합니다. 여기에 품질·지연 조건을 만족한 유효 처리량인 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;goodput&lt;/strong&gt;과 성공 작업당 비용을 함께 보면 에이전트를 더 현실적으로 비교할 수 있습니다. 용어는 &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/llm-ttfttpotitl.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;LLM 추론 성능 지표 학습 글&lt;/a&gt;에서 이어 읽을 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 25px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. 공개 사양과 해석의 한계&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;모델 카드의 입력은 텍스트·이미지·영상·오디오, 출력은 텍스트이며 추론 컨텍스트 길이는 100만 토큰입니다. 실제 서비스의 플랜·요청 제한과 모든 언어의 성능을 보장하는 숫자는 아닙니다. 긴 문맥 지원만으로 모델의 파라미터 수나 실제 HBM 사용량도 알 수 없습니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://research.meta.ai/static/muse-wonder-model-card&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;비교표는 공개된 시점의 평가 결과입니다. 모델·도구·추론 설정이 달라지면 결과도 달라질 수 있습니다. 이 글에는 직접 써봤다는 경험담, 실측 속도, 당일 주가의 원인 추정, 공개되지 않은 공급사·매출 추정치를 넣지 않았습니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 25px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); padding-top: 12px; margin: 32px 0px 14px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;출처&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;font-size: 18px; padding-left: 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://research.meta.ai/blog/muse-wonder&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Meta AI Research, Muse Wonder 공식 발표&lt;/a&gt; — 2026-10-12.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dev.meta.ai/models/muse-wonder&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Meta 개발자 페이지, 모델·제공 경로·평가표&lt;/a&gt; — 2026-10-14 확인.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://research.meta.ai/static/muse-wonder-model-card&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Muse Wonder Model Card&lt;/a&gt; — 사양·평가 방법·한계.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.atmeta.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2026/Meta-Reports-Second-Quarter-2026-Results/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Meta 2026년 2분기 실적·CapEx 전망&lt;/a&gt; — 2026-07-29.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/how-to-reduce-kv-cache-bottlenecks-with-nvidia-dynamo/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA, KV 캐시 계층화·오프로딩 설명&lt;/a&gt; — 2025-09-18. Muse 구현을 확인하는 자료는 아닙니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://engineering.fb.com/2025/09/29/data-infrastructure/metas-infrastructure-evolution-and-the-advent-of-ai/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Engineering at Meta, AI 인프라 과제&lt;/a&gt; — 2025-09-29.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://newsroom.amd.com/news/amd-and-meta-announce-expanded-strategic-partnersh/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;AMD·Meta GPU 협력 발표&lt;/a&gt; — 2026-02-24.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18px; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;보도 확인: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.axios.com/2026/10/12/meta-new-ai-models-anthropic-openai&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Axios의 출시 기사&lt;/a&gt;. 기술·수치 주장은 위 공식 자료에서 별도로 확인했습니다. 기사·공식 자료의 그림은 복제하지 않았습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-b10bb8cdceeffd861ce582cb --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/7577506317688789518/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/muse-wonderfull.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/7577506317688789518'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/7577506317688789518'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/muse-wonderfull.html' title='메타 Muse Wonder·Full, 모델 차이와 주가·메모리 산업 영향'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-457888917089344332</id><published>2026-10-14T13:23:11.051+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:32:30.482+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bank Earnings"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Earnings Analysis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="JPMorgan"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="US Stocks"/><title type='text'>JP모건(JPM) 실적, 순익 증가에도 EPS가 예상 밑돈 이유</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;JP모건은 2026년 3분기 순이익이 전년보다 6% 늘었지만, 주당순이익(EPS)은 시장 예상에 못 미쳤습니다. 회사가 공개한 6억5,800만 달러의 순투자증권 손실이 보고 EPS를 0.18달러 낮췄고, 채권 매매 부문의 매출도 전년보다 줄었습니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;그렇다고 은행의 핵심 영업 전체가 약해졌다고 단정하기는 어렵습니다. 순이자이익과 전체 매출은 증가했고, 주식시장 관련 거래와 투자은행 수수료도 성장했습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이번 실적은 ‘순익 증가’와 ‘예상 하회’가 동시에 나온 이유를 나눠 보는 게 중요합니다. 한 번의 EPS 숫자보다 금리·예금·트레이딩·비용이 각각 어디서 움직였는지 살펴보겠습니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;핵심 요약&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;3분기 순이익은 153억 달러로 전년 대비 6% 증가했고, 순매출은 509억 달러로 8% 늘었습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;희석 EPS는 5.57달러였습니다. AP가 보도한 시장 예상치 5.93달러에는 못 미쳤지만, 전년 동기의 5.07달러보다는 높았습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;회사는 6억5,800만 달러의 순투자증권 손실이 EPS를 0.18달러 낮췄다고 밝혔습니다. 이 항목을 제외한 회사의 비GAAP 조정 EPS는 5.75달러로, AP가 인용한 예상치와는 여전히 차이가 있습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;순이자이익과 주식시장 부문은 강했지만, 고정수익(채권) 시장 매출은 전년 대비 4% 감소했습니다. 따라서 실적을 한 가지 원인만으로 설명하면 중요한 차이를 놓칠 수 있습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. 실적은 늘었는데 왜 ‘예상 하회’가 나왔을까?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;JP모건체이스의 2026년 3분기 순이익은 153억 달러, 희석 EPS는 5.57달러였습니다. 전년 동기와 비교하면 순이익은 6%, EPS는 10% 증가했습니다. 하지만 AP가 10월 13일 보도에서 인용한 월가 EPS 예상치 5.93달러와 비교하면 실제 EPS는 0.36달러 낮았습니다. 예상치는 집계 기관과 시점에 따라 달라질 수 있으므로, 여기서는 AP 보도에 인용된 수치로 한정합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;회사는 기업 부문에 반영된 6억5,800만 달러의 순투자증권 손실이 분기 EPS를 0.18달러 낮췄다고 설명했습니다. 회사가 제시한 이 손실 제외 EPS는 5.75달러입니다. 조정 수치도 보고 EPS와 구분해서 봐야 하고, 이 항목 하나만으로 시장 예상과의 차이가 전부 설명되는 것은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. 어떤 사업이 받쳐주고, 어떤 사업이 약했나?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;전체 순매출은 509억 달러로 전년 대비 8% 늘었습니다. 순이자이익은 271억 달러로 13% 증가했습니다. 회사는 시장 관련 수익을 제외한 순이자이익도 247억 달러로 6% 늘었다고 밝혔고, 예금·카드·도매대출 잔액 증가가 기여했다고 설명했습니다. 다만 금리 하락 효과는 일부 부담으로 작용했습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; max-width: none; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;지표&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;3분기 결과&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;
  &lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;순이익&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;153억 달러, 전년 대비 +6%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;순매출&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;509억 달러, 전년 대비 +8%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;순이자이익&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;271억 달러, 전년 대비 +13%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;희석 EPS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;5.57달러, 전년 동기 5.07달러&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;고정수익(채권) 시장 매출&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;54억 달러, 전년 대비 -4%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;주식시장 매출&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;50억 달러, 전년 대비 +49%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;투자은행 수수료는 30억 달러로 전년 대비 14% 증가했지만 전분기보다는 8% 감소했습니다. 시장 부문 안에서도 고정수익 매출은 4% 줄고 주식시장 매출은 49% 늘어 방향이 달랐습니다. AP는 채권 트레이딩 활동 둔화를 짚었고, 회사 자료는 원자재·금리·신용·공공금융 부문의 낮은 매출이 통화·신흥시장 부문의 증가로 일부 상쇄됐다고 설명합니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. 다음 분기에는 무엇을 확인하면 좋을까?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;순이자이익의 구성:&lt;/strong&gt; 예금과 카드 잔액이 늘어나는 효과가 금리 하락에 따른 마진 압박을 얼마나 상쇄하는지 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;채권·주식 거래의 균형:&lt;/strong&gt; 이번에는 주식시장 매출 증가가 고정수익 부문의 감소를 보완했습니다. 시장 변동성이 바뀌면 이 조합도 달라질 수 있습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;비용과 신용손실:&lt;/strong&gt; 회사 전체 비이자비용은 273억 달러로 전년 대비 12% 늘었습니다. 카드 연체·대손 비용과 함께 보면 이익의 지속성을 더 잘 판단할 수 있습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;조정 수치와 보고 수치:&lt;/strong&gt; 증권 손익을 제외한 비GAAP 수치는 참고 자료이지, GAAP 기준 보고 실적을 대체하지 않습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;미국 기업 실적이 좋아도 주가가 자동으로 오르는 것은 아닙니다. 실적 발표와 주가 반응을 함께 읽는 방법은 &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2025/05/blog-post_26.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;애플·아마존 실적 발표 뒤 기술주가 하락했던 사례&lt;/a&gt;와 비교해 볼 수 있습니다. 업종마다 매출 구조와 민감한 지표가 다르다는 점은 함께 기억해야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이 글은 매수·매도 추천이 아니라 기업 실적과 은행 산업을 이해하기 위한 정보입니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. 순이자이익과 EPS&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;순이자이익(NII)&lt;/strong&gt;은 대출·증권 등에서 얻는 이자수익에서 예금·차입 등에 지급한 이자비용을 뺀 값입니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;EPS&lt;/strong&gt;는 순이익 중 보통주에 귀속되는 몫을 주식 수로 나눈 주당 수치입니다. 회사의 조정 EPS는 특정 항목을 제외한 비GAAP 지표이므로, 보고 EPS와 나란히 보고 조정 근거도 확인해야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;출처&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/19617/000162828026065582/a3q26erfexhibit991narrative.htm&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;JPMorgan Chase, 2026년 3분기 실적 발표 자료(SEC 제출, 2026-10-13)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jpmorganchase.com/content/dam/jpmc/jpmorgan-chase-and-co/investor-relations/documents/quarterly-earnings/2026/3rd-quarter/6c1f8114-1be4-4174-8292-f75bbb59bc21.pdf&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;JPMorgan Chase, 3Q26 Earnings Release (공식 IR PDF)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://apnews.com/article/jpmorgan-citi-goldman-wells-banks-earnings-bonds-f3e3daf4ebed0e99a744aa7bac5e86ee&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Associated Press, Big banks post strong Q3 profits, but warn higher rates and inflation could bite (2026-10-13)&lt;/a&gt; — 시장 예상치와 채권 트레이딩 관련 보도&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.nyse.com/trade/hours-calendars&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NYSE Holidays &amp;amp; Trading Hours — 거래일 확인&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-aec78abdedac5a1ae786ade8 --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/457888917089344332/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/jpjpm-eps.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/457888917089344332'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/457888917089344332'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/jpjpm-eps.html' title='JP모건(JPM) 실적, 순익 증가에도 EPS가 예상 밑돈 이유'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-5518844860669507607</id><published>2026-10-12T17:51:57.000+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:32:34.513+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI 인프라"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="LLM 추론"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="성능 벤치마크"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="토큰 지연"/><title type='text'>LLM 추론 성능 지표 이해하기, TTFT·TPOT·ITL부터 처리량까지</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 2px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); margin-bottom: 12px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;DEOKS · TECH LEARNING&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 1px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin-bottom: 18px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;LLM PERFORMANCE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;LLM이 빠르다는 말은 첫 반응, 답을 이어 쓰는 속도, 전체 처리량 중 무엇을 재는지에 따라 달라집니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 이 글에서는 TTFT·TPOT·ITL과 처리량을 정의부터 예시·계산 방법까지 차례로 살펴봅니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;llm-study&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-radius: 0px 0px 8px 8px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;첫 글자는 빨리 나오는데 답변 중간에 멈추는 챗봇을 떠올려보세요. “첫 반응은 빠르다”와 “끝까지 매끄럽게 읽힌다”는 서로 다른 평가입니다. 여기에 여러 사람을 동시에 처리하는 서버의 능력까지 구분하면 성능표가 훨씬 명확해집니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;다루는 범위는 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;LLM 추론 서비스의 응답 속도와 처리 능력&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 추론 문제의 정답률은 별도 평가해야 합니다. 모든 그림·GIF의 수치는 교육용 가정이며 특정 모델·GPU의 실측 결과가 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-toc&quot; role=&quot;navigation&quot; aria-label=&quot;목차&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 6px; padding: 18px 16px; margin: 28px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;contents&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding: 12px 0px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); box-sizing: border-box; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이번 글의 목차와 용어&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#definitions&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;핵심 용어 정의 한눈에 보기&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#basics&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1. 기본 준비 — Token · Tokenizer · ISL · OSL · Prefill · Decode · KV Cache&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#ttft&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2. TTFT — 첫 반응까지의 기다림&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#tpot&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;3. TPOT — 첫 토큰 이후의 평균 속도&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#itl&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;4. ITL · Chunk · ICL — 스트리밍의 끊김&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#e2e&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;5. Latency(E2E) — 답변 완료까지의 시간&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#throughput&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;6. Throughput · TPS · RPS — 전체 처리 능력&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#load&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;7. Concurrency · Request Rate · Batching — 부하 조건&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#quality&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;8. P50 · P95 · P99 · SLO · Goodput — 느린 경험과 목표&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#measurement&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;9. 그래서 어떻게 재고 계산하나요?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#summary&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10. 요약 — 어떤 지표를 먼저 볼까?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#appendix&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Appendix. 캐싱 · 입력 분할 · 양자화 · 추측 디코딩&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#sources&quot; style=&quot;display: flex; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; text-decoration: none; padding: 7px 0px; min-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;공식 출처와 자료 사용 안내&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;flex-shrink: 0; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;→&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;definitions&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;핵심 용어 정의 한눈에 보기&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 18px; width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 16px 0px 24px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;colgroup style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;col style=&quot;width: 42%; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;col style=&quot;width: 58%; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/colgroup&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;용어&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;먼저 기억할 정의&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TTFT&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;요청부터 첫 내용 토큰을 받을 때까지의 시간.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TPOT&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;첫 토큰 이후, 출력 토큰당 걸리는 평균 시간.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;ITL&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;이어지는 출력 사이의 간격. 제품에 따라 평균 간격을 뜻하기도 합니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Latency / E2E&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;요청부터 답변 완료까지 걸리는 전체 시간.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Throughput&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;일정 시간에 처리한 양. 전체 토큰/요청 처리량과 개별 속도를 구분합니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TPS / RPS&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;초당 토큰 수 / 이 글에서 초당 완료한 요청 수.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;핵심은 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;기다림, 이어 쓰는 시간, 전체 처리량을 따로 보는 것&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 보조 용어는 아래의 해당 절에서 정의부터 설명합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;basics&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. 기본 준비 — 토큰과 생성 단계&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 22px; padding-left: 25px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Token:&lt;/strong&gt; 모델이 처리하는 텍스트 조각입니다. 한 글자나 한 단어와 항상 같지는 않습니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Tokenizer:&lt;/strong&gt; 텍스트를 토큰으로 나누고 숫자 ID로 바꾸는 도구입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;ISL(Input Sequence Length):&lt;/strong&gt; 모델에 들어간 입력 토큰 수입니다. 질문·시스템 지시·대화 기록·추가 문서 등이 포함될 수 있습니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;OSL(Output Sequence Length):&lt;/strong&gt; 모델이 생성한 출력 토큰 수입니다. 생각 과정 토큰의 포함 여부는 도구에서 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;목적은 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;비교하는 작업의 크기를 맞추는 것&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 한국어 한 글자 = 한 토큰으로 계산하지 마세요. 같은 문장도 모델·토크나이저·언어에 따라 토큰 수가 달라질 수 있으므로 “50 tok/s”가 항상 같은 분량의 한국어 답변을 뜻하지는 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 22px; padding-left: 25px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Prefill:&lt;/strong&gt; 입력을 처리하고 생성에 필요한 상태를 준비하는 단계입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Decode:&lt;/strong&gt; 앞선 문맥을 이용해 다음 토큰을 이어 생성하는 단계입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KV Cache:&lt;/strong&gt; 이전 토큰의 Key/Value 상태를 메모리에 보관해 다시 활용하는 장치입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;figure style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=1F-byFrP2aBFHkQPZtJAUvRlm0Nt43otr&amp;amp;sz=w417&quot; alt=&quot;요청 전송, 대기와 Prefill, 0.80초 첫 토큰, Decode, 1.40초 마지막 토큰을 구분한 LLM 응답 단계 도식&quot; width=&quot;417&quot; style=&quot;display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; box-sizing: border-box; object-fit: contain;&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;첫 반응과 완료 시점 구분. Deoks 자체 제작·가상 사례이며 단계 길이는 시간에 비례하지 않습니다.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;입력이 길면 준비할 일이 많아질 수 있고, 답변을 이어 쓰는 동안에는 메모리·스케줄링 등 다른 조건도 중요해집니다. 다만 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;첫 토큰 전의 시간 전체가 Prefill은 아닙니다.&lt;/strong&gt; 대기열과 전송도 섞일 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;ttft&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. TTFT(Time To First Token) — 첫 반응&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 22px; padding-left: 25px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;정의:&lt;/strong&gt; 요청 전송부터 첫 비어 있지 않은 내용 토큰을 받을 때까지의 시간입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;의미·목적:&lt;/strong&gt; 사용자가 답변의 시작을 기다리는 경험을 평가합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;단위·읽는 법:&lt;/strong&gt; 초(s) 또는 밀리초(ms). 같은 조건에서 작을수록 첫 반응이 빠릅니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;예를 들어 요청을 0초에 보내고 첫 토큰을 0.80초에 받았다면 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TTFT는 800ms&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 1초는 1,000ms입니다. 연결 헤더나 빈 스트리밍 메시지가 온 순간을 첫 답변으로 세면 안 됩니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 18px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(23, 86, 169); border-image: initial; border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;언제 쓰나요?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;전송 버튼을 눌렀는데 답이 늦게 시작된다면 TTFT와 큐 대기·ISL·캐시 상태를 확인합니다. 클라이언트 기준 TTFT에는 입력 처리·첫 출력 준비·전송 등이 포함될 수 있으므로 GPU 계산 시간과 동일시하지 않습니다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;tpot&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. TPOT(Time Per Output Token) — 평균 생성 간격&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 22px; padding-left: 25px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;정의:&lt;/strong&gt; 첫 토큰 이후 출력 토큰당 걸리는 평균 시간입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;의미·목적:&lt;/strong&gt; 답변이 시작된 뒤 평균적으로 얼마나 빨리 이어지는지 비교합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;단위·읽는 법:&lt;/strong&gt; ms/token. 같은 조건에서 작을수록 평균적으로 빠릅니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;첫 토큰은 0.80초, 마지막 토큰은 1.40초에 왔고 전체 출력은 5토큰이었다고 해봅시다. 첫 토큰 뒤에는 4개 간격이 있으므로 1을 뺍니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 18px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TPOT = (E2E − TTFT) ÷ (출력 토큰 수 − 1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;= (1.40 − 0.80) ÷ (5 − 1)&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;= &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;150ms/token&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;쓰임새:&lt;/strong&gt; 같은 모델·부하·출력 조건에서 생성 속도를 비교할 때 봅니다. 평균 TPOT가 같아도 중간에 한 번 오래 멈출 수 있으므로 ITL도 함께 봐야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 18px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(23, 86, 169); border-image: initial; border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;계산 조건&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;위 식은 첫 응답에 토큰 하나가 오고, 마지막 내용 토큰 수신을 완료로 잡은 예제입니다. 출력이 1개 이하이면 이 식은 정의되지 않습니다. 첫 청크에 여러 토큰이 있거나 완료 끝점이 다르면 측정 도구의 식을 확인합니다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;itl&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;4. ITL · Chunk · ICL — 스트리밍의 끊김&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 22px; padding-left: 25px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;정의:&lt;/strong&gt; ITL(Inter-Token Latency)은 이어지는 출력 사이의 간격입니다. 이 글에서는 개별 간격으로 설명합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;의미·목적:&lt;/strong&gt; 평균 속도에 숨은 멈춤과 간격의 흔들림을 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;단위·읽는 법:&lt;/strong&gt; ms. 평균뿐 아니라 긴 간격과 분포를 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;간격이 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;100 · 300 · 100 · 100ms&lt;/strong&gt;이면 평균은 150ms지만 두 번째 간격에서는 300ms를 기다립니다. 네 간격이 모두 150ms인 경우와 평균은 같아도 읽는 느낌은 달라질 수 있어요.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=1amyL-EIz2mb5Fmb5c90z822KYE4OAtpS&amp;amp;sz=w417&quot; alt=&quot;모든 간격이 150ms인 A와 100·300·100·100ms인 B의 TPOT는 모두 150ms지만 B의 끊김이 더 크다는 막대 차트&quot; width=&quot;417&quot; style=&quot;display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; box-sizing: border-box; object-fit: contain;&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;평균 TPOT가 같아도 개별 간격은 다릅니다. Deoks 자체 제작·가상 수치.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;쓰임새:&lt;/strong&gt; 첫 반응은 빠른데 답변 중간이 끊긴다면 ITL 분포와 스케줄링·전송 조건을 확인합니다. 이것만으로 원인이 확정되는 것은 아닙니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 22px; padding-left: 25px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Chunk:&lt;/strong&gt; 스트리밍에서 함께 전달하는 묶음입니다. 토큰 여러 개가 한 청크에 들어갈 수 있습니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;ICL(Inter-Chunk Latency):&lt;/strong&gt; 이어지는 청크 사이의 수신 간격입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 18px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(23, 86, 169); border-image: initial; border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;주의: ITL이라는 이름도 도구마다 다릅니다&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA NIM/AIPerf는 평균 ITL을 TPOT와 같은 뜻으로 설명하기도 합니다. vLLM의 출력 이벤트 간격과 요청별 TPOT는 집계 방식이 다를 수 있습니다. 토큰/청크, 개별 간격/요청 평균, 가중치를 먼저 확인해야 합니다. 수신 간격은 서버의 순수 한 토큰 계산 시간과도 다릅니다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;e2e&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;5. Latency(E2E) — 총 응답 시간&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 22px; padding-left: 25px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;정의:&lt;/strong&gt; E2E 또는 E2EL(End-to-End Latency)은 요청부터 답변 완료까지의 시간입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;의미·목적:&lt;/strong&gt; 완성된 답변을 언제 사용할 수 있는지 평가합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;단위·읽는 법:&lt;/strong&gt; 초(s) 또는 ms. 같은 작업·출력 길이에서 비교합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;앞의 가정에서는 마지막 토큰이 1.40초에 도착하므로 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;E2E는 1.40초&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. 첫 반응이 빠르더라도 답변이 길거나 생성이 느리면 완료까지 오래 걸릴 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 18px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;E2E = TTFT + TPOT × (출력 토큰 수 − 1)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;= 0.80 + 0.15 × 4 = &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.40초&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;앞의 토큰당 1회 전달·마지막 토큰 완료 조건에서의 계산입니다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;쓰임새:&lt;/strong&gt; 요약·보고서·코드 생성처럼 전체 결과가 필요한 작업에 유용합니다. 스트리밍에서도 E2E를 잴 수 있습니다. 도구가 마지막 내용 토큰, 종료 신호, 클라이언트 대기 중 어디까지 포함하는지는 확인하세요.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;throughput&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;6. Throughput · TPS · RPS — 처리 능력&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 22px; padding-left: 25px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;정의:&lt;/strong&gt; Throughput은 일정 시간 동안 처리한 양입니다. 여기서는 서버 전체 출력 토큰 처리량을 중심으로 봅니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;의미·목적:&lt;/strong&gt; 많은 요청을 처리하는 서비스의 용량과 효율을 평가합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;단위·읽는 법:&lt;/strong&gt; 출력 토큰 처리량은 tok/s, 요청 처리량은 req/s. 같은 조건에서 비교합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 22px; padding-left: 25px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TPS(Tokens Per Second):&lt;/strong&gt; 초당 토큰 수입니다. 요청 하나의 속도인지 서버 전체의 처리량인지 표시해야 합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;RPS(Requests Per Second):&lt;/strong&gt; 이 글에서는 초당 완료한 요청 수입니다. 들어오는 요청의 속도와 구분합니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;한 사람이 받는 속도와 서버 전체의 처리량은 같은 숫자가 아닙니다. 아래는 동시 요청 수가 늘면서 전체 처리량은 증가하지만, 요청 하나의 몫은 줄어들 수 있다는 가상 차트입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;figure style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=1yHrBGNlTiwwHQU5Vtr3tJp57TGcPOonM&amp;amp;sz=w417&quot; alt=&quot;동시 요청 1·4·16개에서 전체 처리량 50·160·320 tok/s와 한 요청당 50·40·20 tok/s를 같은 축으로 비교한 가상 차트&quot; width=&quot;417&quot; style=&quot;display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; box-sizing: border-box; object-fit: contain;&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;전체 처리량 증가와 개별 요청 속도 저하가 함께 나타날 수 있습니다. Deoks 자체 제작·특정 제품 측정 결과 아님.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;쓰임새:&lt;/strong&gt; 서버 용량을 판단할 때는 전체 처리량을, 사용자 경험에는 요청별 TTFT·TPOT를 함께 봅니다. 입력+출력 토큰 처리량을 출력 전용 처리량과 섞지 않으며, 요청마다 답변 길이가 달라 RPS와 TPS도 서로 대체하지 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 18px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(23, 86, 169); border-image: initial; border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TPOT와 Throughput의 차이&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TPOT는 요청 하나의 평균 생성 간격, 전체 Throughput은 서버가 처리한 양입니다. 같은 부하에서 지연 목표를 지키면서 처리량이 얼마인지 확인해야 합니다. 큰 배치가 항상 더 빠른 사용자 경험이나 항상 더 나쁜 지연을 뜻하는 것은 아닙니다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;load&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;7. 부하 조건 — Concurrency · Request Rate · Batching&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 22px; padding-left: 25px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Concurrency:&lt;/strong&gt; 동시에 진행 중인 요청 수입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Request Rate:&lt;/strong&gt; 초당 새로 들어오는 요청 수입니다. 완료한 RPS와는 다릅니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Batching:&lt;/strong&gt; 여러 요청을 묶어 처리하는 방식입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Continuous Batching:&lt;/strong&gt; 완료된 요청을 빼고 새 요청을 넣으며 처리 묶음을 계속 갱신하는 방식입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;목적·쓰임새:&lt;/strong&gt; 성능표가 어느 부하에서 나온 값인지 설명합니다. 동시에 10개가 진행 중인 상황과 초당 10개가 새로 들어오는 상황은 다릅니다. 도착률이 완료 능력을 계속 넘으면 대기열이 늘 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;배칭은 하드웨어 활용도를 높일 수 있지만 지연과 처리량의 균형은 묶음 크기·스케줄링·모델에 따라 달라집니다. 배칭 설정을 바꿀 때 요청별 TTFT·TPOT와 전체 처리량을 함께 비교하세요.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;quality&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;8. 느린 경험과 목표 — P50 · P95 · P99 · SLO · Goodput&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 22px; padding-left: 25px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;P50:&lt;/strong&gt; 중앙값입니다. 측정값의 약 절반이 이 값 이하입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;P95 / P99:&lt;/strong&gt; 측정값의 약 95% / 99%가 이 값 이하인 경계입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SLO(Service Level Objective):&lt;/strong&gt; 서비스가 지키려는 목표입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Goodput:&lt;/strong&gt; 정한 SLO를 충족한 요청의 유효 처리량입니다.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;목적·쓰임새:&lt;/strong&gt; 평균에 가려진 느린 사용자 경험과 목표를 지킨 처리량을 확인합니다. P95 TTFT가 2초라면 측정한 요청의 약 95%가 2초 이내에 첫 토큰을 받았다는 의미입니다. 작은 표본의 P99는 불안정할 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 18px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Goodput 가상 예제&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10초 동안 100개 요청 완료 → 전체 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10 req/s&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;정한 목표를 모두 지킨 요청은 60개 → Goodput &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;6 req/s&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;목표 만족률은 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;60%&lt;/strong&gt;이며 Goodput과 단위가 다릅니다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SLO는 예를 들어 “TTFT 1초 이하 그리고 TPOT 100ms 이하”처럼 정할 수 있지만 모든 서비스에 맞는 권장값은 아닙니다. 요청별 평균 TPOT와 개별 ITL은 다른 분포이므로 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;P95 TPOT가 낮다고 모든 출력 간격이 짧다고 단정하지 않습니다.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;measurement&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;9. 그래서 어떻게 재고 계산하나요?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;9.1 요청 시각과 내용 도착 시각을 같은 시계로 기록하기&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;클라이언트에서 요청 전송 시각, 첫 내용 도착 시각, 이후 내용 도착 시각, 완료 시각을 기록합니다. 시간 간격은 단조 증가 시계를 사용하는 방식이 적합합니다. 빈 메시지는 첫 답변으로 세지 않고, 청크마다 몇 토큰이 들어왔는지도 구분해야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 18px; width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 16px 0px 24px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;colgroup style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;col style=&quot;width: 48%; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;col style=&quot;width: 52%; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/colgroup&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;이벤트&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;요청 이후 도착 시각&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;요청 전송&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;0.00초&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;T1: 첫 토큰&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;0.80초&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;T2&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;0.90초&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;T3&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.20초&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;T4&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.30초&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;T5: 마지막 토큰&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.40초&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figure style=&quot;margin: 24px 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=1X0xsjGviHRPO0bzdq91PqrnfJzIl6pOg&amp;amp;sz=w417&quot; alt=&quot;가상 요청에서 첫 토큰이 0.80초에 오고 마지막 토큰이 1.40초에 오는 과정, 가운데 300ms 간격을 보여주는 29프레임 GIF&quot; width=&quot;417&quot; style=&quot;display: block; width: 100%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; box-sizing: border-box; object-fit: contain;&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); margin-top: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;토큰당 한 번 전송하는 개념 애니메이션. Deoks 자체 제작·실측 아님·가상 시간을 2배 느리게 재생.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;이 가정은 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;한 번에 토큰 하나씩 전달&lt;/strong&gt;합니다. GIF는 가상 시간을 2배 느리게 보여줍니다. 실제 스트리밍 청크를 토큰 하나라고 간주하면 ITL과 TPOT가 잘못 계산될 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;9.2 가상 시각으로 계산하는 Python 예제&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;아래 코드는 이미 주어진 가상 시각의 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;산술만 계산&lt;/strong&gt;합니다. 실제 모델이나 API를 호출하는 벤치마크 코드가 아닙니다. 이 계산 코드는 실행해 결과를 확인했습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;deoks-code&quot; style=&quot;max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 6px; overflow: hidden; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); margin: 20px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); padding: 10px 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;PYTHON · 가상 시각 계산&lt;/div&gt;&lt;pre style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; overflow-x: auto; padding: 14px; margin: 20px 0px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219);&quot;&gt;&lt;code style=&quot;font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size-adjust: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-language-override: inherit; color: inherit; white-space: inherit; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;request_sent = &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(161, 50, 24); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;0.0&lt;/span&gt;
token_arrivals = [&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(161, 50, 24); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;0.80&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(161, 50, 24); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;0.90&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(161, 50, 24); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.20&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(161, 50, 24); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.30&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(161, 50, 24); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1.40&lt;/span&gt;]

ttft = token_arrivals[&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(161, 50, 24); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;] - request_sent
itl = [b - a &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(117, 59, 155); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; a, b &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(117, 59, 155); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;zip&lt;/span&gt;(token_arrivals, token_arrivals[&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(161, 50, 24); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;:])]
e2e = token_arrivals[-&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(161, 50, 24); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;] - request_sent
tpot = (e2e - ttft) / (&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;len&lt;/span&gt;(token_arrivals) - &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(161, 50, 24); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;)

&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;(f&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&quot;TTFT: {ttft * 1000:.0f} ms&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&quot;ITL:&quot;&lt;/span&gt;, [&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;round&lt;/span&gt;(x * &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(161, 50, 24); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;1000&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(117, 59, 155); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; x &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(117, 59, 155); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; itl], &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&quot;ms&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;(f&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&quot;TPOT: {tpot * 1000:.0f} ms/token&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)
&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;(f&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(49, 91, 28); font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&quot;E2E: {e2e:.2f} s&quot;&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 18px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;실행 결과(가상 시각 계산)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TTFT: 800ms&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;ITL: 100 · 300 · 100 · 100ms&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TPOT: 150ms/token&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;E2E: 1.40s&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;같은 요청의 속도도 분모에 따라 다릅니다. 첫 토큰 이후만 계산하면 4 ÷ 0.60 ≈ &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;6.67 tok/s&lt;/strong&gt;, 첫 대기까지 포함하면 5 ÷ 1.40 ≈ &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;3.57 tok/s&lt;/strong&gt;입니다. “사용자당 속도”라는 이름만 보지 말고 계산 범위를 확인하세요.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 18px 0px; padding: 16px; background: rgb(245, 246, 248); border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(209, 213, 219) rgb(23, 86, 169); border-image: initial; border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;실제 벤치마크에서 맞출 조건&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;모델·버전·토크나이저·언어·ISL·OSL, 하드웨어·정밀도·엔진·캐시, 동시 요청·도착률, 클라이언트/서버 시계와 완료 끝점, 평균/백분위·표본 수·워밍업, 오류·답변 품질·비용을 함께 기록합니다. 실제 GPU/API 성능 테스트는 이 글에서 실행하지 않았습니다.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;summary&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;10. 요약 — 어떤 지표를 먼저 볼까?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 18px; width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 16px 0px 24px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;colgroup style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;col style=&quot;width: 44%; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;col style=&quot;width: 56%; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/colgroup&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;질문&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;먼저 볼 지표&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;첫 답변이 왜 늦을까?&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TTFT → 큐 대기·입력 길이·캐시&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;답변 중간이 왜 끊길까?&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;ITL/ICL 분포 → 스케줄링·전송&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;평균적으로 얼마나 빨리 이어 쓰나?&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;TPOT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;완성된 결과를 언제 받나?&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;E2E와 출력 길이&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;서버가 얼마나 처리하나?&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;같은 부하의 전체 Throughput·RPS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;느린 경험과 목표를 놓치지 않았나?&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;P95/P99·SLO·Goodput·오류&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;이 표는 원인을 확정하는 진단표가 아니라 다음 확인 항목을 고르는 안내입니다. &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;하나의 속도 숫자보다 같은 조건의 지연·처리량·목표 달성을 함께 보는 것이 중요합니다.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KV Cache와 메모리의 관계를 더 알고 싶다면 기존 한국어 산업 글 &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/09/kv-hbm.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;KV 캐시 재사용, HBM은 덜 필요할까&lt;/a&gt;를 함께 읽어보세요. 이 성능 지표를 특정 기업의 매출이나 주가 전망으로 바로 바꾸지는 않습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;appendix&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. 다음 단계에서 알아둘 최적화 용어&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-size: 18px; width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 16px 0px 24px; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;colgroup style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;col style=&quot;width: 35%; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;col style=&quot;width: 65%; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/colgroup&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;용어&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;정의와 확인할 점&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/thead&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Prefix Caching&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;공통 입력 접두부의 계산 결과를 재사용합니다. 캐시가 있는 측정과 없는 측정을 구분합니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Chunked Prefill&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;긴 입력 처리를 나눠 스케줄링합니다. TTFT·생성 간격·처리량의 균형을 확인합니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Quantization&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;양자화. 낮은 정밀도로 표현해 메모리·계산 비용을 바꿉니다. 답변 품질과 지원 환경도 확인합니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Speculative Decoding&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: 400; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;추측 디코딩. 후보 토큰을 제안하고 검증해 생성 속도를 높이는 기법입니다. 여러 토큰이 함께 전달될 수 있어 청크/토큰 구분이 중요합니다.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr style=&quot;border: 0px; height: 1px; background: rgb(209, 213, 219); margin: 38px 0px 22px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;sources&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 600; margin: 32px 0px 14px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;공식 출처와 자료 사용 안내&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 12px 0px 22px; padding-left: 25px; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/tokenizer_summary&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Hugging Face — Tokenization algorithms&lt;/a&gt;: 토큰·토크나이저&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/mastering-llm-techniques-inference-optimization/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA — Inference Optimization&lt;/a&gt;: Prefill·Decode·KV Cache·배칭&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.nvidia.com/nim/benchmarking/llm/metrics&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA NIM — Benchmarking Metrics&lt;/a&gt;: TTFT·E2E·평균 ITL·TPS·RPS&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/design/metrics/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;vLLM — Metrics&lt;/a&gt;: 이벤트 간격·TPOT·집계 방식&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.nvidia.com/aiperf/reference/ai-perf-metrics-reference&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA AIPerf — Metrics Reference&lt;/a&gt;: 청크·ICL·사용자당 처리 속도&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/projects/spyre/en/latest/user_guide/performance.html&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;vLLM SenDNN — Benchmarking and Performance&lt;/a&gt;: 성능 비교 조건&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;margin: 8px 0px; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://vllm-project.github.io/guidellm/stable/reference/guidellm/schemas/benchmark/goodput/&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;GuideLLM — GoodputSLO&lt;/a&gt;: 서비스 목표 충족 기준&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;구성 참고: &lt;a href=&quot;https://jaylenhan.tistory.com/entry/AILLM-LLM-속도-파헤쳐보기-TTFT-TPOT-Throughput-개념&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(23, 86, 169); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;AI의 정석의 LLM 속도 개념 글&lt;/a&gt;. 용어별 정의·의미에서 예시·측정·요약으로 이어지는 조직 방식을 참고했으며 문장·그림·코드는 복제하지 않았습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); word-break: keep-all; overflow-wrap: anywhere; margin: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;기준일: 2026-10-12.&lt;/strong&gt; 도표·GIF는 Deoks 자체 제작이며 가상 수치입니다. Python 시각 계산만 실행했고 실제 GPU/API 벤치마크는 실행하지 않았습니다. 실제 비교에는 도구의 버전과 측정 정의를 확인하세요.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-702219ee7f72fbd653d363cb --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/5518844860669507607/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/llm-ttfttpotitl.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/5518844860669507607'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/5518844860669507607'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/llm-ttfttpotitl.html' title='LLM 추론 성능 지표 이해하기, TTFT·TPOT·ITL부터 처리량까지'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-796762649939109752</id><published>2026-10-10T15:04:41.033+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:32:39.032+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI infrastructure"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI revenue"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Annualized revenue"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="OpenAI"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(EN)"/><title type='text'>OpenAI Revenue Concerns: What $50B vs. $70B Really Means</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;OpenAI’s reported $50 billion and $70 billion figures do not describe the same thing. The first was a reported annualized revenue pace at the end of September; the second was a reported outlook for the annualized pace at year-end.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Inter&#39;,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&#39;Segoe UI&#39;,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.7;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Neither is audited full-year revenue, and neither settles the questions that matter for financial durability: recognized revenue, margin, cash collection, and the cost of supplying compute.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;That distinction also helps with the stock-market story. Premarket sentiment improved after the later outlook report, but the October 9 regular-session closes were mixed: Nvidia ended lower while Microsoft, Oracle, and CoreWeave ended higher.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Latest Tech(EN):&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/amazons-1b-data-center-community-plan.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Amazon’s $1B Data-Center Community Plan: The New Constraint Is Permission to Build&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;한국어 버전:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai-500700.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;한국어 분석 읽기: 오픈AI 매출 우려 완화, 500억·700억 달러는 같은 숫자가 아니다&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Key Takeaways&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Reuters reported, citing an unnamed source, that OpenAI’s September annualized revenue was close to $50 billion. OpenAI did not respond to Reuters’ request for comment. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.marketscreener.com/news/openai-s-september-annualized-revenue-nears-50-billion-less-than-previously-indicated-source-says-ce785ddfdf8bff23&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Bloomberg later reported, citing unnamed people, that OpenAI expected to reach or exceed a $70 billion annualized pace by year-end, with enterprise growth as a driver. OpenAI declined to comment. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/openai-expects-70-billion-annualized-014338719.html/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;A run rate extrapolates a recent sales pace. It is not automatically recognized annual revenue, operating profit, free cash flow, or customer cash collection.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;At the October 9 U.S. regular-session close, NVDA was down 0.52%; MSFT, CRWV, and ORCL were up. A single “AI stocks surged” headline would not describe these four closes accurately. &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/nvda/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 3]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/msft/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 4]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/crwv/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 5]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/orcl/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Why $50B and $70B are not a contradiction by themselves&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The two reported figures use different reference points. Reuters described a September-end annualized pace near $50 billion. Bloomberg described an expected year-end annualized pace of $70 billion or more. A current pace and a future expectation cannot be read as two versions of the same completed-year income statement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; max-width: none; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 435px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Figure&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;What it describes&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;What it does not establish&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/thead&gt;
  &lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;About $50B&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Reported annualized pace at the end of September&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Audited 2026 revenue, profit, or cash flow&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$70B or more&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Reported year-end annualized-pace outlook&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Already-recognized revenue&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$2B per month&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;OpenAI’s company-issued March 31 revenue reference&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Confirmation of either later report&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Reuters said an earlier roughly $70 billion figure was tied to efforts to compare OpenAI’s presentation with Anthropic’s. The report also noted that annualized revenue can be a misleading measure when a recent month is multiplied by twelve. The available reporting does not provide a public reconciliation for every category of partner-mediated sales. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.marketscreener.com/news/openai-s-september-annualized-revenue-nears-50-billion-less-than-previously-indicated-source-says-ce785ddfdf8bff23&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Annualized revenue is not automatically ARR&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;For a simple example, a company with $1 billion of revenue in one month has a $12 billion annualized pace if that month is multiplied by twelve. It may not have earned $12 billion over the prior twelve months, and future monthly sales may not match the extrapolation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;“Annual recurring revenue” also needs a definition. It is not automatically the same measure as an annualized revenue run rate, especially where subscription revenue sits next to usage-based API spending and partner channels. Before comparing companies, ask which sales are included, which period is extrapolated, and whether a partner sale is presented on a gross or net basis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;There is a separate dated reference from OpenAI itself: on March 31, the company said it was generating $2 billion in monthly revenue and that enterprise customers accounted for more than 40% of revenue. That reference should not be converted into confirmation of a later anonymous-source report. &lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/accelerating-the-next-phase-ai/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Premarket mood was not the closing result&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Morning commentary described improved sentiment around the updated outlook. The regular-session close tells a narrower, later-in-the-day story. The Nasdaq Composite rose 0.64% and the S&amp;amp;P 500 rose 0.59%, while the four AI-linked stocks below did not move in one direction. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.streetinsider.com/Market%2BCheck/Wall%2BSt%2Bheaded%2Bfor%2Bweekly%2Bgains%2Bas%2Bearnings%2Bseason%2Bnears/27168892.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; max-width: none; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 725px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Company&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Ticker&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;October 9 close&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Raw close-to-close change&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Public connection to OpenAI&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/thead&gt;
  &lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Nvidia&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;NASDAQ: NVDA&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$229.28&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;-0.52%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Infrastructure and strategic-investment relationship described by OpenAI&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Microsoft&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;NASDAQ: MSFT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$535.07&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;+2.38%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Major shareholder and primary cloud partner&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;CoreWeave&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;NASDAQ: CRWV&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$82.08&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;+0.61%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Included in OpenAI’s infrastructure network&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Oracle&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;NYSE: ORCL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$141.40&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;+4.21%&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;(raw close $135.69 → $141.40)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;OpenAI named among contracted OCI customers&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The table uses U.S. regular-session raw closing prices, excluding after-hours moves and dividends. Oracle’s data page shows a 4.59% daily change because it uses a $135.19 adjusted prior close rather than the $135.69 raw prior close. This article uses 4.21% only for an apples-to-apples raw-price comparison; it does not call either series a total return or infer a single cause for the difference. &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/orcl/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Broader market variables were also active: Reuters cited the upcoming earnings season, inflation data, yields, and oil-related geopolitical headlines. This is an event-adjacent price comparison, not a controlled estimate of the OpenAI reports’ effect on any stock. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.streetinsider.com/Market%2BCheck/Wall%2BSt%2Bheaded%2Bfor%2Bweekly%2Bgains%2Bas%2Bearnings%2Bseason%2Bnears/27168892.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Public-company exposure is not the same as OpenAI ownership&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;The revenue reports concern OpenAI, a private company in the reports, while the listed companies above have different commercial or ownership relationships. Owning their shares is not the same as owning an OpenAI stake.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Nvidia:&lt;/strong&gt; OpenAI says Nvidia is foundational to its training fleet and most of its inference stack. &lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/accelerating-the-next-phase-ai/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Microsoft:&lt;/strong&gt; OpenAI says Microsoft remains a major shareholder and primary cloud partner; the amended model and product-IP license is non-exclusive. &lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/next-phase-of-microsoft-partnership/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Oracle:&lt;/strong&gt; Oracle’s financing-plan release names OpenAI among large OCI customers whose contracted demand it is preparing to serve. &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.oracle.com/investor-news/news-details/2026/Oracle-announces-Equity-and-Debt-Financing-Plan-for-Calendar-Year-2026/default.aspx&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;CoreWeave:&lt;/strong&gt; OpenAI lists CoreWeave in its infrastructure strategy. &lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/accelerating-the-next-phase-ai/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Those links have different sensitivities to customer concentration, data-center delivery, funding costs, other clients, and non-OpenAI businesses. A headline about an OpenAI run rate does not answer how much revenue or cash each company will recognize.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Three questions that matter more than the headline&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Which metric is being quoted?&lt;/strong&gt; Bookings, remaining performance obligations, contracts, recognized revenue, and cash collection are not interchangeable.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Which period is being compared?&lt;/strong&gt; A September pace and a year-end outlook should not be treated as competing completed-year results.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;What does the business retain after compute?&lt;/strong&gt; Revenue growth alone does not answer compute cost, capital investment, margin, or free-cash-flow questions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Oracle’s own September earnings release is a useful reminder of the distinction: it reported $19.3 billion of first-quarter revenue and negative free cash flow while investing heavily in cloud capacity. That does not describe OpenAI’s finances; it simply illustrates why a capacity-and-revenue headline is not a full cash-flow analysis. &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.oracle.com/files/content_files/1q27-pressrelease-September_FINAL.pdf&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[Source 11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. What would be stronger evidence?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Stronger evidence would include a comparable year-end run rate, clearer definitions for the reported measure, durable enterprise usage, recognized revenue, gross margin, compute spending, and cash collection. Supplier contracts also need to become delivered capacity and paid usage. A run-rate update can narrow one immediate concern without resolving all of those questions.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Sources and date basis&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;U.S. share prices use the October 9, 2026 regular-session close. The research cutoff is October 10, 2026. This is factual news analysis, not investment advice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.marketscreener.com/news/openai-s-september-annualized-revenue-nears-50-billion-less-than-previously-indicated-source-says-ce785ddfdf8bff23&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Reuters report mirror — reported September annualized revenue and measurement context&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/openai-expects-70-billion-annualized-014338719.html/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Bloomberg syndication — reported $70B-plus year-end annualized outlook&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/nvda/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Nvidia daily raw-price history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/msft/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Microsoft daily raw-price history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/crwv/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;CoreWeave daily raw-price history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/orcl/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Oracle raw and adjusted-price history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/accelerating-the-next-phase-ai/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;OpenAI — March company update on revenue and infrastructure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.streetinsider.com/Market%2BCheck/Wall%2BSt%2Bheaded%2Bfor%2Bweekly%2Bgains%2Bas%2Bearnings%2Bseason%2Bnears/27168892.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Reuters market wrap mirror — index close and concurrent market backdrop&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/next-phase-of-microsoft-partnership/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;OpenAI — updated Microsoft partnership&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.oracle.com/investor-news/news-details/2026/Oracle-announces-Equity-and-Debt-Financing-Plan-for-Calendar-Year-2026/default.aspx&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Oracle — contracted OCI demand and customers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.oracle.com/files/content_files/1q27-pressrelease-September_FINAL.pdf&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Inter, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Oracle Q1 FY27 release — revenue, capital spending, and free cash flow&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-3540a486dea1c5a47d4d3bc7 --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/796762649939109752/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/openai-revenue-concerns-what-50b-vs-70b.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/796762649939109752'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/796762649939109752'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/openai-revenue-concerns-what-50b-vs-70b.html' title='OpenAI Revenue Concerns: What $50B vs. $70B Really Means'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-376461676664846719</id><published>2026-10-10T15:04:01.144+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:32:43.595+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI 수익성"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI 인프라"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="OpenAI"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="연환산 매출"/><title type='text'>오픈AI 매출 우려 완화, 500억·700억 달러는 같은 숫자가 아니다</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;처음엔 오픈AI 매출 숫자가 700억 달러에서 500억 달러로 줄었다는 이야기처럼 보였다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;하지만 500억 달러는 9월 말의 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;연환산 매출 속도&lt;/strong&gt; 보도이고, 700억 달러 이상은 연말에 도달할 수 있다는 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;전망&lt;/strong&gt; 보도다. 어느 쪽도 2026년 확정 매출이나 이익이 아니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;그래서 이번 뉴스는 AI 수요가 사라졌는지보다, 서로 다른 매출 산식과 시간대를 한 숫자로 섞어 읽었는지를 먼저 봐야 할 것 같다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;미국 증시도 한 방향으로 움직이지 않았다. 10월 9일 정규장 종가 기준 엔비디아는 내렸고, 마이크로소프트·오라클·코어위브는 올랐다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;최근 Tech(KR) 글:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai-pc-kv-cache.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;AI 대화가 길면 내 PC 메모리도 늘까? 브라우저와 KV Cache&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;관련 한글 주식·산업 분석:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/09/ai.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;메타, 기업용 AI 플랫폼 발표…고객은 움직일까&lt;/a&gt; — AI 서비스의 고객 수요와 사업 연결을 확인하는 관점&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;English version:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/openai-revenue-concerns-what-50b-vs-70b.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Read the independent English analysis: OpenAI Revenue Concerns: What $50B vs. $70B Really Means&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;핵심 요약&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;로이터는 익명 관계자를 인용해 오픈AI의 9월 연환산 매출이 약 500억 달러였다고 보도했다. 회사는 논평 요청에 응답하지 않았다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.marketscreener.com/news/openai-s-september-annualized-revenue-nears-50-billion-less-than-previously-indicated-source-says-ce785ddfdf8bff23&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;블룸버그는 익명 관계자를 인용해 오픈AI가 연말 연환산 매출 700억 달러 이상을 예상한다고 보도했다. 이는 전망이지 확정 실적이 아니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/openai-expects-70-billion-annualized-014338719.html/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;연환산 매출은 짧은 기간의 매출 속도를 1년으로 환산한 값이다. 실제 12개월 매출 합계, 이익, 현금흐름과 같은 말이 아니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10월 9일 미국 정규장에서는 NVDA가 -0.52%였지만 MSFT·ORCL·CRWV는 각각 올랐다. 한 뉴스가 모든 AI 관련주를 같은 방향으로 움직였다고 볼 수 없다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/nvda/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 3]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/msft/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 4]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/crwv/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 5]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/orcl/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;숫자 두 개를 먼저 분리해 보기&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;아래 표는 실적 표가 아니다. 같은 회사의 성장을 말하는 듯해도, 기준 시점과 성격이 다른 보도 수치를 분리해 읽기 위한 정보 카드다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; max-width: none; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 435px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;수치&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;무엇을 뜻하나&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;확인 상태&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/thead&gt;
  &lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;약 500억 달러&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;2026년 9월 말 기준으로 보도된 연환산 매출 속도&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;익명 관계자 인용 보도, 회사 논평 없음&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;700억 달러 이상&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;2026년 말까지의 연환산 매출 전망&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;익명 관계자 인용 보도, 확정 매출 아님&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;월 20억 달러&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;2026년 3월 31일 OpenAI가 공식 발표한 당시 월 매출&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;회사 공식 발표&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;여기서 가장 조심할 부분은 ‘연환산’이다. 예를 들어 한 달 매출을 12배로 환산하는 방식이라면, 계절성·사용량 변화·계약 갱신·할인·파트너 판매 인식이 남은 12개월에 그대로 이어진다고 보장하지 않는다. 로이터도 이 지표가 빠르게 성장하는 비상장 기업에서 널리 쓰이지만 오해를 부를 수 있다고 설명했다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.marketscreener.com/news/openai-s-september-annualized-revenue-nears-50-billion-less-than-previously-indicated-source-says-ce785ddfdf8bff23&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;매출 우려가 완화됐다는 말의 범위&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;우려가 완화됐다고 볼 수 있는 부분은 있다. 9월 말 속도가 약 500억 달러였다는 보도 뒤에, 연말 700억 달러 이상을 기대한다는 후속 보도가 나왔기 때문이다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;다만 이 두 줄만으로 “200억 달러의 실매출이 사라졌다가 회복됐다”고 쓰면 틀린다. 로이터 보도는 이전의 약 700억 달러 수치가 앤트로픽과의 비교를 맞추려는 과정과 연결됐다고 전했고, 오픈AI는 클라우드 파트너를 통한 판매를 앤트로픽과 다르게 포함한다고 설명했다. 정확한 화해표가 공개된 것은 아니므로, 보도 숫자만으로 항목별 차이를 계산할 수는 없다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.marketscreener.com/news/openai-s-september-annualized-revenue-nears-50-billion-less-than-previously-indicated-source-says-ce785ddfdf8bff23&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;OpenAI의 3월 공식 발표는 당시 월 매출 20억 달러와 기업용 사업 비중 40% 초과를 제시했다. 이 숫자는 날짜와 발표 주체가 분명한 기준점이다. 반면 9월 말 500억 달러와 연말 700억 달러 이상은 회사가 재무제표로 발표한 확정치가 아니라 익명 취재원 보도라는 차이를 남긴다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/accelerating-the-next-phase-ai/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;AI 관련주 반응, 장전 분위기와 종가는 달랐다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;10월 9일은 지수 자체도 올랐다. 로이터의 장 마감 보도에 따르면 S&amp;amp;P 500은 0.59%, 나스닥 종합은 0.64% 상승했다. 같은 기사도 AI 모멘텀 종목이 전반적으로 강했다고 표현했을 뿐, 오픈AI 관련 보도 하나가 유일한 원인이라고 말하지는 않았다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.streetinsider.com/Market%2BCheck/Wall%2BSt%2Bheaded%2Bfor%2Bweekly%2Bgains%2Bas%2Bearnings%2Bseason%2Bnears/27168892.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;기준:&lt;/strong&gt; 아래는 미국 현지 2026년 10월 9일 정규장 원시 종가와 전일 원시 종가를 비교한 가격 변화다. 배당을 포함한 총수익률이 아니며, 뉴스의 인과효과를 측정한 결과도 아니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; max-width: none; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 580px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;회사·티커&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;10월 9일 종가&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;전일 대비&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;확인할 연결고리&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/thead&gt;
  &lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA (NASDAQ: NVDA)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$229.28&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;-0.52%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;OpenAI는 엔비디아를 학습·추론 인프라의 기반으로 설명&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$535.07&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;+2.38%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;OpenAI의 주요 주주이자 1차 클라우드 파트너&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;CoreWeave (NASDAQ: CRWV)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$82.08&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;+0.61%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;OpenAI가 열거한 클라우드 인프라 포트폴리오 중 하나&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Oracle (NYSE: ORCL)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$141.40&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;+4.21%&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;(원시 종가 $135.69→$141.40)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Oracle은 OpenAI를 OCI 대형 고객 중 하나로 언급&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;ORCL은 데이터 제공 화면의 조정 기준 일간 변화율이 4.59%로 보일 수 있다. 이 글은 종가 135.69달러와 141.40달러를 직접 비교한 4.21%를 사용했다. 배당·조정 기준 수익률과 원시 종가 수익률을 같은 그래프나 문장에 섞지 않기 위해서다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/orcl/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;티커가 있다고 오픈AI 지분을 뜻하지는 않는다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이번 보도에서 말하는 OpenAI의 수치는 상장사 실적 공시가 아니라 비상장 기업에 관한 취재 보도다. 따라서 NVDA·MSFT·ORCL·CRWV를 보유하는 일은 OpenAI 지분을 직접 보유하는 것과 다르다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;공개 자료에서 확인되는 연결도 서로 다르다. OpenAI는 엔비디아가 자사 학습 플릿과 대부분의 추론 스택의 기반이라고 설명했다. 마이크로소프트는 주요 주주이자 1차 클라우드 파트너지만, 2026년 개정 계약에서는 모델·제품 IP 라이선스가 비독점으로 바뀌었다. 오라클은 OpenAI를 OCI 수요 확대의 고객 중 하나로 열거했고, CoreWeave 역시 OpenAI의 클라우드 전략에 포함된다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/accelerating-the-next-phase-ai/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 7]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/next-phase-of-microsoft-partnership/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 9]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.oracle.com/investor-news/news-details/2026/Oracle-announces-Equity-and-Debt-Financing-Plan-for-Calendar-Year-2026/default.aspx&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;하지만 공급·클라우드·투자 관계가 있다는 사실과 특정 분기의 매출·마진·현금흐름이 늘었다는 사실은 다르다. 고객의 실제 사용량, 계약 개시, 데이터센터 가동, 자금조달 비용, 다른 대형 고객의 수요가 각 회사의 실적과 주가에 함께 작용한다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;놓치기 쉬운 건 매출이 아니라 산식과 비용이다&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;뉴스에서 가장 놓치기 쉬운 부분은 숫자의 크기보다 경계선이다. 파트너를 거친 판매를 총액으로 볼지, 플랫폼 회사의 몫으로 순액 인식할지는 서로 다른 숫자를 만들 수 있다. 그것만으로 회계 오류나 허위 매출을 뜻하지는 않지만, 비교 전에는 산식을 먼저 확인해야 한다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;또 하나는 비용이다. 연환산 매출 속도가 커져도 모델 학습·추론을 위한 컴퓨팅 비용, 데이터센터 투자, 자금조달, 고객 획득비를 빼고 남는 이익과 현금흐름은 별도 질문이다. 이번 보도는 수요 급감 해석을 약하게 만들 수는 있어도, 수익성까지 확정해 주지는 않는다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;다음에 확인할 숫자&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;연말 700억 달러 이상 전망이 어떤 산식과 범위로 제시되는지&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;기업용 성장에서 계약·사용량·현금 회수가 어떻게 이어지는지&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;연환산 매출이 아닌 확정 매출, 비용, 이익·현금흐름 자료가 공개되는지&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;클라우드·GPU·데이터센터 파트너의 계약 가동과 실제 매출 인식이 뒤따르는지&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. 연환산 매출은 어디까지 답해주나&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;연환산 매출은 빠르게 커지는 서비스의 최근 매출 속도를 가늠하는 보조 지표다. 성장의 방향을 읽는 데는 쓸 수 있지만, 감사된 연간 매출·영업이익·잉여현금흐름을 대신하지는 않는다. 특히 사용량 과금과 파트너 판매가 섞인 AI 서비스에서는 계산 범위와 비교 기준이 숫자만큼 중요하다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;출처·기준일&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;미국 주가 기준일은 2026년 10월 9일 정규장 종가, 작성 기준일은 2026년 10월 10일 KST다. 이 글은 특정 종목의 매수·매도 권유가 아니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.marketscreener.com/news/openai-s-september-annualized-revenue-nears-50-billion-less-than-previously-indicated-source-says-ce785ddfdf8bff23&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Reuters 보도 전문 미러 — 9월 약 500억 달러 연환산 매출, 비교 산식과 회사 논평 부재&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/openai-expects-70-billion-annualized-014338719.html/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Bloomberg 보도 신디케이션 — 연말 700억 달러 이상 연환산 매출 전망&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/nvda/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;NVIDIA 일별 원시 종가 데이터&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/msft/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Microsoft 일별 원시 종가 데이터&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/crwv/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;CoreWeave 일별 원시 종가 데이터&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/orcl/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Oracle 일별 원시·조정 종가 데이터&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/accelerating-the-next-phase-ai/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;OpenAI, 2026년 3월 31일 공식 발표 — 당시 월 매출·기업용 비중·인프라 전략&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.streetinsider.com/Market%2BCheck/Wall%2BSt%2Bheaded%2Bfor%2Bweekly%2Bgains%2Bas%2Bearnings%2Bseason%2Bnears/27168892.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Reuters 장 마감 보도 미러 — S&amp;amp;P 500·나스닥 종합 변동과 복수 시장 요인&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://openai.com/index/next-phase-of-microsoft-partnership/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;OpenAI, Microsoft와의 개정 파트너십 공식 발표&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://investor.oracle.com/investor-news/news-details/2026/Oracle-announces-Equity-and-Debt-Financing-Plan-for-Calendar-Year-2026/default.aspx&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Oracle, 2026년 OCI 자금조달 계획 공식 발표&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-bd60a0ecc35279f637c5a8af --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/376461676664846719/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai-500700.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/376461676664846719'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/376461676664846719'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai-500700.html' title='오픈AI 매출 우려 완화, 500억·700억 달러는 같은 숫자가 아니다'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-2662829447018599079</id><published>2026-10-10T15:01:42.970+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:32:48.096+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="800MHz Spectrum"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="SpaceX"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Starlink Mobile"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="미국 통신산업"/><title type='text'>스페이스X 스타링크 모바일, 800MHz 인수 계약과 통신주 급락을 읽는 법</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;스페이스X의 스타링크 모바일 계획은 아직 미국 이동통신 서비스를 시작했다는 뜻이 아니다. 핵심은 전국 800MHz 대역의 최대 14MHz 페어드 주파수를 사들이기로 한 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;계약&lt;/strong&gt;이며, 거래 종결에는 FCC 승인과 통상적인 조건이 남아 있다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;그래도 시장은 이 계약을 잠재적 경쟁의 신호로 읽었다. 미국 현지 10월 9일 정규장 원시 종가 기준으로 SPCX는 1.25% 올랐고, TMUS는 13.27% 내렸다. AT&amp;amp;T와 Verizon도 원시 종가 기준으로는 각각 10.82%, 10.14% 낮아졌다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;여기서 중요한 것은 ‘800MHz’와 ‘14MHz’를 섞지 않는 것, 그리고 통신주의 원시 종가 변화와 배당 조정 수치를 한 표에 섞지 않는 것이다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;최근 Tech(KR) 글:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai-pc-kv-cache.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;AI 대화가 길면 내 PC 메모리도 늘까? 브라우저와 KV Cache&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;관련 한글 주식·산업 분석:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/09/703-ai.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;세미파이브 703억원 AI칩 수주, 확정금액은 얼마일까&lt;/a&gt; — 계약 금액을 확정 실적과 구분해 읽는 기준&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;핵심 요약&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SpaceX와 Grain Management는 800MHz 대역에서 최대 14MHz 페어드 주파수 포트폴리오를 넘기는 definitive agreement를 발표했다. 거래는 아직 FCC 승인과 종결 조건을 기다린다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/grain-management-announces-definitive-agreement-to-sell-nationwide-800-mhz-spectrum-portfolio-to-spacex-302902974.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SpaceX는 이 저대역 주파수를 위성-휴대전화와 지상망을 결합한 Starlink Mobile 계획에 쓰겠다고 설명했다. 이는 회사의 계획 설명이지, 이미 검증된 전국 실내 서비스 결과가 아니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spacex.com/updates/starship-moon-announcement&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SpaceX는 2026년 6월부터 NASDAQ에서 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SPCX&lt;/strong&gt;로 거래되고 있다. EchoStar의 현 티커는 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;ECHO&lt;/strong&gt;다. 오래된 ‘비상장 SpaceX’ 또는 ‘SATS’ 표기는 이 사건에 맞지 않는다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://ir.spacex.com/updates/releases-details/2026/Space-Exploration-Technologies-Corp--Announces-Closing-of-Initial-Public-Offering-Including-Full-Exercise-of-Underwriters-Option-to-Purchase-Additional-Shares-2026-RgoR-Y1Vwh/default.aspx&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 3]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://ir.echostar.com/news-releases/news-release-details/echostar-changing-stocker-ticker-sats-echo-marking-companys-next&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;10월 9일 통신주의 큰 하락은 그날의 원시 종가 변화다. 계약 하나가 향후 가입자·이익 감소를 확정했다는 뜻은 아니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;지금 확정된 것과 아직 아닌 것&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;뉴스를 읽을 때는 주파수의 매매 계약, 서비스 기술, 실제 상용화 단계를 분리해야 한다. 지금 공개된 것은 첫 단계와 계획의 범위다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; max-width: none; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 435px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;구분&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;공개된 내용&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;아직 확인할 일&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/thead&gt;
  &lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;거래&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Grain의 전국 800MHz 포트폴리오를 SpaceX가 인수하기로 한 definitive agreement&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;FCC 승인 및 통상적인 종결 조건 충족&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;주파수&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;800MHz 대역 안의 최대 14MHz 페어드 주파수&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;상용망 구성, 서비스 지역, 단말·요금제&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;네트워크&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;위성-휴대전화와 지상망을 결합하겠다는 회사 계획&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;실내 품질, 커버리지, 용량의 실측 결과&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;800MHz&lt;/strong&gt;는 주파수가 놓인 대역이고, &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;14MHz&lt;/strong&gt;는 이번 포트폴리오에서 언급된 최대 페어드 대역폭이다. “800MHz 폭을 샀다”는 표현은 정확하지 않다. SpaceX는 새 저대역이 벽 같은 장애물을 통과하는 커버리지 층을 보완하고, 2GHz 중대역은 용량을 맡는다는 구상을 제시했다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spacex.com/updates/starship-moon-announcement&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;주파수는 어떤 경로로 이동했나&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이 자산을 SpaceX가 곧바로 기존 이동통신사에서 산 것은 아니다. T-Mobile은 8월 11일 Grain에 800MHz 포트폴리오를 넘기고 현금 29억 달러와 Grain의 600MHz 라이선스를 받았다고 발표했다. 이어 10월 8일 Grain은 SpaceX와의 후속 계약을 공시했다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; max-width: none; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 435px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;시점&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;단계&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;무엇을 읽어야 하나&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/thead&gt;
  &lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;2026년 8월 11일&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;T-Mobile → Grain, 거래 완료&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;현금 29억 달러 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;및&lt;/strong&gt; 600MHz 라이선스의 교환&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;2026년 10월 8일&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Grain → SpaceX, definitive agreement&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;FCC 승인과 그 밖의 종결 조건이 남음&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;향후&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;종결·구축·서비스&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;계약 가격보다 실제 네트워크 투자와 사용 품질이 중요&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;따라서 과거의 29억 달러를 Grain이 이 자산을 산 ‘전부의 가격’으로 놓거나, 언론이 보도한 후속 거래 가격을 확정 공시 가격처럼 쓰면 안 된다. 전자는 현금과 600MHz 교환이 함께 있었고, 후자는 양사가 이번 발표에서 가격을 공개하지 않았다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.t-mobile.com/news/business/t-mobile-completes-sale-of-800-mhz-spectrum-portfolio-to-grain-management&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 5]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/grain-management-announces-definitive-agreement-to-sell-nationwide-800-mhz-spectrum-portfolio-to-spacex-302902974.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;통신주 급락: 원시 종가로만 비교하기&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;아래는 미국 현지 2026년 10월 8일과 9일의 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;원시 정규장 종가&lt;/strong&gt;를 직접 비교한 표다. 배당을 더하지 않았고, 시간외·장전 등락률도 넣지 않았다. 변화율은 ‘10월 9일 원시 종가 ÷ 10월 8일 원시 종가 - 1’로 계산했다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;table-scroll&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0;background:#ffffff&quot;&gt;&lt;table style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; max-width: none; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); min-width: 580px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;thead style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;회사·티커&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;10월 8일 → 9일 원시 종가&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;단순 가격 변화&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(238, 241, 244); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;관찰 범위&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/thead&gt;
  &lt;tbody style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;SpaceX (NASDAQ: SPCX)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$160.57 → $162.57&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;+1.25%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;상장 SpaceX 전체에 대한 가격&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;T-Mobile US (NASDAQ: TMUS)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$171.31 → $148.58&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;-13.27%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;기존 800MHz 보유·매각 이력&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;AT&amp;amp;T (NYSE: T)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$24.87 → $22.18&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;-10.82%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;미국 이동통신 사업자&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;Verizon (NYSE: VZ)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;$46.35 → $41.65&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;-10.14%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid rgb(203, 209, 216); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: anywhere; vertical-align: top;&quot;&gt;미국 이동통신 사업자&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;원시 종가 기준으로 T와 VZ의 하락률은 각 데이터 화면에 보이는 일간 Change와 다르다. 그 화면은 전일의 &lt;em style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;조정 종가&lt;/em&gt;를 각각 $24.59, $45.64로 보여주며, 그 기준의 변화는 -9.81%, -8.75%다. 원시 종가와 조정 종가를 한 그래프에 섞으면 변화율이 달라진다. 어느 하나를 배당 포함 총수익률이라고 부르지 않고, 표마다 기준을 붙이는 편이 안전하다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/t/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 6]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/vz/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;로이터의 장 마감 보도도 T-Mobile·AT&amp;amp;T·Verizon이 8.8%~13.3% 하락했다고 전하면서 SpaceX 거래를 미국 무선 시장의 경쟁 변수로 다뤘다. 그러나 같은 날 금리, 유가, 실적 시즌 같은 다른 시장 변수가 함께 있었다. 이 표는 사건 주변의 가격 관찰이지 계약의 순수 효과를 계산한 결과가 아니다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.streetinsider.com/Market%2BCheck/Wall%2BSt%2Bheaded%2Bfor%2Bweekly%2Bgains%2Bas%2Bearnings%2Bseason%2Bnears/27168892.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;FCC 관련 문구는 어디까지 읽어야 하나&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;SpaceX는 같은 발표에서 FCC가 Starlink Mobile Gen2 신청을 승인해 2GHz용으로 최적화된 위성 1만5,000기를 발사할 수 있게 됐다고 밝혔다. 이 글의 직접 검토 범위에서는 그 2026년 설명과 일치하는 FCC 명령문을 독립적으로 찾지 못했다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;따라서 이 수치는 “SpaceX가 발표에서 말한 허가 규모”로만 쓴다. 위성 1만5,000기가 이미 운용 중이라는 뜻도 아니고, 800MHz 인수 계약이 곧바로 종결됐다는 뜻도 아니다. 서비스 일정과 실제 네트워크 조건은 후속 규제 문서와 회사의 상용화 발표에서 다시 확인해야 한다. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spacex.com/updates/starship-moon-announcement&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;[출처 2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;관련주를 볼 때 사업 연결을 나누기&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;SPCX를 사는 것은 Starlink Mobile 전용 사업만 보유하는 일이 아니다. SpaceX 전체 사업에 대한 노출이다. TMUS는 과거 해당 800MHz 포트폴리오를 Grain에 넘긴 사업자이며, T와 VZ는 이번 뉴스에서 잠재 경쟁 우려의 대상이 된 기존 통신사다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이 관계만으로 향후 매출이나 가입자 이탈을 확정할 수는 없다. 다음에 확인할 수치는 거래 종결 여부, 지상망 투자 규모, 실제 요금제와 단말 지원, 실내·도심 품질, 기존 통신사의 가입자·ARPU·네트워크 투자 변화다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. 다음 뉴스에서 체크할 네 가지&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Grain-to-SpaceX 거래의 FCC 승인과 실제 종결 공지&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;서비스 지역·요금제·단말 호환성에 관한 구체적인 회사 자료&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;저대역·중대역·지상망이 실제로 어떤 품질을 내는지에 대한 측정 결과&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;기존 통신사의 다음 실적에서 보이는 가입자, 가격, 설비투자 변화&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;출처·기준일&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;시장 수치는 2026년 10월 9일 미국 정규장 마감 기준이며, 작성 기준일은 2026년 10월 10일 KST다. 이 글은 사실·산업 분석이며 특정 증권의 매수·매도 권유가 아니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/grain-management-announces-definitive-agreement-to-sell-nationwide-800-mhz-spectrum-portfolio-to-spacex-302902974.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Grain Management — definitive agreement, 종결 조건과 800MHz 포트폴리오&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.spacex.com/updates/starship-moon-announcement&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;SpaceX — Starlink Mobile 계획, 800MHz와 14MHz 페어드 스펙트럼 설명&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ir.spacex.com/updates/releases-details/2026/Space-Exploration-Technologies-Corp--Announces-Closing-of-Initial-Public-Offering-Including-Full-Exercise-of-Underwriters-Option-to-Purchase-Additional-Shares-2026-RgoR-Y1Vwh/default.aspx&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;SpaceX IR — SPCX 거래 시작과 IPO 종결&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ir.echostar.com/news-releases/news-release-details/echostar-changing-stocker-ticker-sats-echo-marking-companys-next&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;EchoStar — SATS에서 ECHO로의 티커 변경&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.t-mobile.com/news/business/t-mobile-completes-sale-of-800-mhz-spectrum-portfolio-to-grain-management&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;T-Mobile — 800MHz 포트폴리오의 현금·600MHz 교환 거래&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/spcx/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;SPCX&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/tmus/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;TMUS&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/t/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href=&quot;https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/vz/history/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;VZ&lt;/a&gt; — 원시·조정 종가 표&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.streetinsider.com/Market%2BCheck/Wall%2BSt%2Bheaded%2Bfor%2Bweekly%2Bgains%2Bas%2Bearnings%2Bseason%2Bnears/27168892.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Reuters 장 마감 보도 미러 — 통신주 하락과 복수의 시장 변수&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-9ed12a761ab534885e1daa9a --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/2662829447018599079/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/x-800mhz.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/2662829447018599079'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/2662829447018599079'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/x-800mhz.html' title='스페이스X 스타링크 모바일, 800MHz 인수 계약과 통신주 급락을 읽는 법'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-5839534681912467279</id><published>2026-10-09T19:18:16.634+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:32:51.565+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AI 추론"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="KV Cache"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="로컬 LLM"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="브라우저 메모리"/><title type='text'>AI 대화가 길면 내 PC 메모리도 늘까? 브라우저와 KV Cache</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;짧은 답:&lt;/strong&gt; 보통은 아니다. 클라우드 AI에서 대화가 길어질 때의 KV Cache는 모델을 실행하는 서버 쪽 상태이고, 내 브라우저 탭이 쓰는 메모리는 대화 화면·DOM·JavaScript·첨부물처럼 다른 층의 비용이다. 다만 내 PC에서 로컬 LLM을 돌린다면, 그때는 문맥 길이가 GPU 메모리나 시스템 메모리와 직접 만난다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;탭이 무거워졌다고 해서 서버에서 쓰는 모델 메모리까지 내 PC로 내려온 것은 아니다. 반대로 대화가 길어도 브라우저 탭 메모리만 보고 서비스의 추론 자원 상태를 알 수는 없다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;특정 AI 서비스의 내부 구현은 공개 문서 없이 단정할 수 없다. 여기서는 브라우저에서 보이는 현상과 모델이 실행되는 곳의 상태를 나눠 보려 한다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이전 Tech(KR) 글: &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/svn-url.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;SVN 웹 접속이 안 될 때, URL·인증·권한을 나눠 확인하는 순서&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;핵심 요약&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;클라우드 AI:&lt;/strong&gt; 대화 문맥을 계산하는 모델은 보통 서비스 제공자의 실행 환경에 있다. 그 환경의 KV Cache와 브라우저 탭의 메모리는 같은 숫자가 아니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;브라우저:&lt;/strong&gt; 대화 목록·렌더링된 답변·이미지·JavaScript 객체는 탭의 메모리에 영향을 줄 수 있다. Chrome도 OS 메모리와 JavaScript Memory를 구분해 관찰하도록 안내한다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;로컬 LLM:&lt;/strong&gt; 모델을 내 PC에서 실제로 실행할 때에는 문맥 길이와 생성 상태가 GPU 메모리 또는 시스템 메모리 사용량에 직접 영향을 줄 수 있다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;안전한 판단:&lt;/strong&gt; 한 화면의 메모리 수치만으로 원인을 결론내지 말고, 먼저 “브라우저 탭인가, 로컬 모델 프로세스인가, 서비스 서버인가”를 나눈다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;figure style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 24px 0px; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=1RD6UhTaa1efLe9ecbXvavyDMlaOUGcSB&amp;amp;sz=w1600&quot; alt=&quot;브라우저 탭의 DOM과 JavaScript 메모리, 그리고 클라우드 또는 로컬 모델 실행 환경의 KV Cache를 두 갈래로 비교한 자체 도식&quot; loading=&quot;lazy&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; height: auto; object-fit: contain;&quot;&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;자체 제작 도식. 브라우저 탭 메모리와 모델 실행 측 KV Cache는 같은 지표가 아니다. 특정 서비스의 내부 구현을 나타내지 않는다.&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;KV Cache는 ‘대화창 저장 공간’이 아니다&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;언어 모델은 다음 토큰을 만들 때 앞 문맥을 참조한다. 이때 이미 만든 내부 표현 중 key와 value를 보관해 다음 계산에서 다시 쓰는 것이 KV Cache다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/features/automatic_prefix_caching/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;vLLM의 공식 Automatic Prefix Caching 문서&lt;/a&gt;는 같은 앞부분을 공유하는 새 요청이 기존 KV Cache를 재사용해 그 부분의 계산을 건너뛸 수 있다고 설명한다. 즉, KV Cache는 채팅 화면의 문장을 단순 복사해 두는 브라우저 기능이 아니라 모델 추론 엔진이 다루는 실행 상태다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;그래서 긴 대화가 서비스 쪽 추론 비용이나 상태 관리와 무관하다고 말할 수는 없다. 다만 그 비용이 정확히 어느 장비의 어떤 메모리에 얼마나 남는지는 모델, 문맥 정책, 동시 요청, 제품 구현에 따라 달라진다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;탭 메모리는 무엇을 가리키나&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;브라우저에서 보는 메모리는 페이지가 화면을 만들고 동작하는 데 쓰는 자원이다. 대화가 길어지면 렌더링된 메시지, DOM node, JavaScript 객체, 이미지와 확장 기능 등이 함께 영향을 줄 수 있다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.chrome.com/docs/devtools/memory-problems&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Chrome DevTools 공식 안내&lt;/a&gt;도 Chrome Task Manager의 Memory footprint와 JavaScript Memory를 다른 지표로 설명한다. 전자는 운영체제 메모리 관점이고, 후자는 페이지의 도달 가능한 JavaScript 객체와 관련된 수치다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;따라서 웹 AI 탭의 메모리가 늘었다면, 먼저 그것을 &lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;브라우저 페이지의 관찰값&lt;/strong&gt;으로 읽는 편이 안전하다. 그 값 하나로 서버의 모델 KV Cache가 늘었다거나, 반대로 서버가 메모리를 쓰지 않는다고 판단할 수는 없다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;같은 ‘긴 대화’도 세 갈래로 나뉜다&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;1. 웹으로 쓰는 클라우드 AI&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;내 PC에서는 주로 브라우저가 대화 UI를 처리한다. 모델 추론은 서비스 사업자의 인프라에서 이뤄지는 것이 일반적이므로, 모델 상태를 내 탭의 메모리 숫자와 일대일로 연결하면 안 된다. 서비스가 어느 시점까지의 대화를 모델에 넣고, 무엇을 요약하거나 버리는지는 공개되지 않았다면 알 수 없다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;2. 로컬 앱 또는 로컬 LLM&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;모델이 내 장비에서 실행된다면 이야기가 달라진다. 활성 문맥과 생성 상태는 그 실행 프로세스가 쓰는 GPU 메모리나 시스템 메모리에 놓인다. 이 경우에는 대화가 길어질수록 모델 프로세스 자원과 문맥 길이를 함께 보는 것이 맞다. 단, 모델 구조와 설정에 따라 증가 양상은 다르므로 특정 수치를 일반화하면 안 된다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;3. 브라우저 안에서 로컬 추론을 돌리는 경우&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;브라우저가 UI만 맡는지, 브라우저의 WebGPU 같은 경로로 실제 모델도 실행하는지에 따라 관찰 대상이 달라진다. 같은 브라우저 창이라도 탭 메모리만으로 GPU 사용량과 모델의 내부 상태를 완전히 설명할 수 없다는 뜻이다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;서비스 쪽에서도 ‘무한히 쌓인다’고 볼 수 없는 이유&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;긴 대화가 항상 처음부터 끝까지 동일한 상태로 남는 것은 아니다. 각 서비스는 지원하는 문맥 길이, 요청의 수명, 캐시 정책, 요약·절단 방식에 따라 다른 선택을 할 수 있다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;vLLM의 &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/configuration/optimization/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;최적화 문서&lt;/a&gt;는 KV Cache 공간이 동시 요청을 담기에 부족하면 요청을 preempt하고 다시 계산할 수 있음을 설명한다. 이것은 한 추론 시스템의 구현 예시다. 특정 클라우드 서비스가 같은 정책을 쓴다는 증거는 아니지만, KV Cache가 모델을 실제 실행하는 쪽에서 용량과 동시성의 제약을 받는다는 점은 잘 보여준다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;느려졌을 때, 먼저 어디를 볼까&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;웹 AI가 느리거나 탭이 무겁다:&lt;/strong&gt; 브라우저 탭 문제와 서비스 응답 지연을 먼저 분리한다. 탭의 메모리 수치가 오른 사실은 페이지의 UI·스크립트 쪽 단서이지, 서버 KV Cache의 측정값은 아니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;로컬 LLM이 느리거나 메모리 부족이 난다:&lt;/strong&gt; 실행 중인 모델 프로세스의 GPU/시스템 메모리, 선택한 모델, 문맥 길이, 동시 요청 설정을 함께 확인한다. 설정을 무작정 키우기보다 현재 실행기 문서의 메모리 한계와 오류 메시지를 먼저 읽는 편이 안전하다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;서버를 운영한다:&lt;/strong&gt; KV Cache 용량, 동시 요청 수, 지연 시간은 같이 봐야 한다. 캐시를 크게 잡으면 동시성에 영향을 줄 수 있고, 부족하면 재계산과 지연이 생길 수 있다. 단일 지표만 늘려 해결됐다고 단정하지 않는다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Appendix. 이 구분이 왜 필요한가&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;“대화가 길어졌다”는 한 문장 안에는 서로 다른 세 문제가 들어갈 수 있다. 브라우저 페이지의 렌더링, 로컬 장비의 모델 실행, 클라우드 서비스의 추론 자원이다. 관찰 위치를 먼저 나누면 불필요하게 브라우저를 탓하거나, 반대로 서버의 문맥 정책을 탭 메모리 수치로 추정하는 일을 줄일 수 있다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이 글은 특정 서비스의 내부 구조를 공개 정보 없이 추정하지 않는다. 모델을 로컬에서 실행하지 않는 한, 사용자가 보는 탭 메모리만으로 서비스의 KV Cache 사용량을 확인할 수 없다는 점이 핵심이다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;출처와 확인일&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;자료 확인일은 2026년 10월 9일이다. 아래 문서는 각각의 구현·브라우저 진단 방법을 설명하며, 특정 상용 AI 서비스의 내부 구성을 뜻하지 않는다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/features/automatic_prefix_caching/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;vLLM — Automatic Prefix Caching&lt;/a&gt; — 지속 갱신 공식 문서, 2026-10-09 확인.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/configuration/optimization/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;vLLM — Optimization and Tuning&lt;/a&gt; — 지속 갱신 공식 문서, 2026-10-09 확인.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://developer.chrome.com/docs/devtools/memory-problems&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Chrome DevTools — Fix memory problems&lt;/a&gt; — Google 공식 문서, 2026-10-09 확인.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-46bcbe3c81182e41367014f6 --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/feeds/5839534681912467279/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai-pc-kv-cache.html#comment-form' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/5839534681912467279'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1489667478956864892/posts/default/5839534681912467279'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/ai-pc-kv-cache.html' title='AI 대화가 길면 내 PC 메모리도 늘까? 브라우저와 KV Cache'/><author><name>DeoKs</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03552973890680738100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1489667478956864892.post-1519066762629028283</id><published>2026-10-07T19:09:28.000+09:00</published><updated>2026-10-19T22:32:56.548+09:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ApacheHTTPD"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="SVN"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tech(KR)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="권한관리"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="웹접속진단"/><title type='text'>SVN 웹 접속이 안 될 때, URL·인증·권한을 나눠 확인하는 순서</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-bottom:0;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SVN 접속이 막히면 아래 증상부터 고르세요.&lt;/strong&gt; 설정을 바꾸기 전에 URL → 인증 → 경로 권한 순서로 확인합니다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div data-deoks-presentation=&quot;light-content&quot; style=&quot;--deoks-expand:clamp(0px,calc((100vw - 1024px) / 4),33px);width:calc(100% + var(--deoks-expand) + var(--deoks-expand));max-width:none;margin:0 calc(0px - var(--deoks-expand));padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box;background:#ffffff;color:#222222;font-family:&#39;Pretendard&#39;,&#39;Apple SD Gothic Neo&#39;,&#39;Malgun Gothic&#39;,system-ui,sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding-top:0;&quot;&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;#svn-connect&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;접속 안 됨&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href=&quot;#svn-401&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;인증 반복·401&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href=&quot;#svn-403&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;권한·403&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href=&quot;#svn-404&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;주소·404&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;30초 빠른 진단: 다음 행동 하나만 고르기&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li id=&quot;svn-connect&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;접속 자체가 안 됨&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;확인: 정확한 저장소 URL과 오류 문구.&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;다음: &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;svn info https://svn.example.com/svn/team-repo&lt;/code&gt;로 읽기 전용 조회.&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;주의: 예시 URL을 실제 주소로 바꾸고, 비밀번호는 명령에 넣지 않습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li id=&quot;svn-401&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;인증 창 반복·401&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;확인: 요청 URL이 사용하는 인증 영역.&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;다음: 관리자에게 계정·인증 제공자·&lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Require valid-user&lt;/code&gt; 설정 확인 요청.&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;주의: 확인 없이 인증 요구를 끄지 않습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li id=&quot;svn-403&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;로그인했는데 403&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;확인: 접근이 막힌 저장소와 하위 경로.&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;다음: 관리자에게 해당 사용자·그룹의 authz 읽기 규칙 대조 요청.&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;주의: 전체 익명 접근이나 전체 쓰기 권한을 열지 않습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li id=&quot;svn-404&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;404&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;확인: &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Location&lt;/code&gt; 접두어와 저장소 이름.&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;다음: 관리자에게 확인받은 URL로 &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;svn ls https://svn.example.com/svn/team-repo&lt;/code&gt; 조회.&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;주의: 저장소를 새로 만들기 전에 URL 매핑부터 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;두 명령은 공식 문서에서 확인한 조회 예시입니다. 이 글을 준비하며 실제 서버·저장소에 실행하거나 설정을 바꾸지는 않았습니다.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;이전 Tech(KR) 글: &lt;a href=&quot;https://deokss.blogspot.com/2026/10/virtualbox-guest-additions-vmsvga.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;VirtualBox 화면 크기 자동 조절 안 될 때, Guest Additions부터 VMSVGA까지&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;figure style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 24px 0px; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;img src=&quot;https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=1WE9SGV_uVV8aK3os6UFJcczu4wy8hXd6&amp;amp;sz=w1600&quot; alt=&quot;SVN 웹 접속 문제를 URL 매핑, 인증, 경로 권한 순으로 분리해 확인하는 자체 제작 흐름도&quot; width=&quot;417&quot; loading=&quot;lazy&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; height: auto; object-fit: contain;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;figcaption style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(75, 85, 99); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;도식: 자체 제작 · URL 매핑 → 인증 → 경로 권한 순서로 원인을 분리하는 확인 흐름&lt;/figcaption&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;상세: URL·인증·권한이 다른 이유&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;웹 화면 ≠ SVN 접속 확인:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;mod_dav_svn&lt;/code&gt;은 HTTP 위의 WebDAV/DeltaV 요청을 처리합니다. 브라우저에서 페이지가 열려도 클라이언트의 저장소·경로 접근까지 확인된 것은 아닙니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;주소 매핑:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Location&lt;/code&gt;은 URL 접두어, &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;DAV svn&lt;/code&gt;은 SVN 연결입니다. &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SVNPath&lt;/code&gt;는 저장소 하나, &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;SVNParentPath&lt;/code&gt;는 상위 디렉터리 아래 여러 저장소를 연결합니다. 실제 URL·Location·설정값·저장소 이름을 대조하세요. &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;/svn/team-repo/trunk&lt;/code&gt;에서 접두어·저장소 이름·내부 경로는 서로 다릅니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;신원과 접근 권한:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Require valid-user&lt;/code&gt;는 인증된 사용자를 요구합니다. &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;mod_authz_svn&lt;/code&gt;과 &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;AuthzSVNAccessFile&lt;/code&gt;은 사용자·그룹별 경로 접근을 판단하므로, 로그인 성공이 모든 폴더의 읽기·쓰기 허용을 뜻하지 않습니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;예외와 설정 변경 전 확인&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;301:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;DocumentRoot&lt;/code&gt;와 SVN &lt;code style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Cascadia Code&amp;quot;, monospace; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.65; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;Location&lt;/code&gt;의 URL 공간이 겹치는 구성도 확인 대상입니다. 401·403·404·301은 원인을 확정하는 증거가 아니라 확인을 시작할 신호입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;인증 창이 없어도 정책은 있습니다:&lt;/strong&gt; 익명 읽기·인증된 쓰기 또는 특정 하위 경로만 인증하는 혼합 정책이 가능합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;변경은 한 번에 하나:&lt;/strong&gt; URL·발생 시각·오류 문구를 기록하고 관리자와 오류 로그를 확인하세요. 현재 설정 백업과 변경 승인을 거친 뒤 같은 조회로 다시 확인합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;적용 범위는 Apache HTTP(S) 기반 SVN입니다. 현재 Apache·Subversion 버전, 인증 제공자, 프록시와 조직의 접근 정책에 따라 구성이 달라지므로 오래된 설치 명령을 그대로 복사하지 마세요.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 1.45; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin: 32px 0px 14px; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(209, 213, 219); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;출처 및 업데이트&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2026-10-07 확인: &lt;a href=&quot;https://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.8/svn.serverconfig.httpd.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Version Control with Subversion — Apache HTTP Server configuration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2026-10-07 확인: &lt;a href=&quot;https://subversion.apache.org/quick-start&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Apache Subversion Quick Start&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;2026-10-07 확인: &lt;a href=&quot;https://subversion.apache.org/faq&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;Apache Subversion FAQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;조회 명령 확인: &lt;a href=&quot;https://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.8/svn.ref.svn.c.info.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;svn info&lt;/a&gt; · &lt;a href=&quot;https://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.8/svn.ref.svn.c.list.html&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Pretendard, &amp;quot;Apple SD Gothic Neo&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Malgun Gothic&amp;quot;, system-ui, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.8; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(23, 86, 169); overflow-wrap: anywhere;&quot;&gt;svn list (ls)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;!-- blog-team-publish-id: publish-3a62727444d8aabd160c4d0b --&gt;
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