Development of Agricultural Resources and Forestry Industry

Litsea Plant site

2011-06-04T09:27:00.004+07:00

a scientific name below to expand it in the PLANTS Classification Report.
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Magnoliidae
Order : Laurales
Family : Lauraceae – Laurel family
Genus : Litsea Lam. – litsea
Species : Litsea aestivalis (L.) Fernald – pondspice

To know more about litsea plants, and oil litsea, visit the website below:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/v5350e/V5350e09.htm
http://www.cherylsherbs.com/Essential%20Oil%20Profiles/litsea_cubeba.htm
http://radenbeletz.blogdetik.com/manfaat-tanaman-adem-ati-litsea-glutinosa/
http://www.tradisional.tk/2011/03/adem-ati-litsea-glutinosa-lour-cd.html
http://www.suite101.com/content/litsea-essential-oil-a124526
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litsea_cubeba
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litsea
http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Chanderbali_et_alAMBG2001.pdf
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:WaenzIBOCAQJ:www.umsl.edu/~renners/Chanderbali_et_alAMBG2001.pdf+Lisea.sp+WOOD+Lauraceae&cd=16&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&source=www.google.co.id
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:po7MMJyQitgJ:biostor.org/reference/62041.text+Lisea.sp+WOOD+Lauraceae&cd=14&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&source=www.google.co.id
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:mL45Uc8q4yUJ:www.mekonginfo.org/mrc_en/doclib.nsf/0/DA12400B261CE9F047256D4B002C6C70/%24FILE/031-Used-IT.htm+Lisea.sp+WOOD+Lauraceae&cd=13&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id&source=www.google.co.id
http://books.google.co.id/books?id=hQL-2sdxgDAC&pg=PA513&lpg=PA513&dq=Lisea.sp++WOOD+Lauraceae&source=bl&ots=nYtTmmAXmO&sig=awxdEbeLtBt6U3WR-45uzoiCh54&hl=id&ei=HpHpTbjuIJGUvAPVv_ThDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://www.monkeyforestubud.com/forest2.html
http://www.lovegayo.com/1697/grupel-akan-punah-dari-gayo.html
http://www.newdirectionsaromatics.com/litsea-cubeba-essential-oil-p-291.html
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LIAE
http://digilib.its.ac.id/ITS-Undergraduate-1401100033/3132
http://serdiuk.wen.ru/wallpaper/grupel/index2.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Litsea-calicaris-natural-range.png
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Litsea_calicaris
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mangeao2267leaves.jpg
http://allysino.en.made-in-china.com/product-group/MqVQIuOxYAhg/Frangrance-Oil-catalog-1.html

Protected Plant Species in Georgia
Scientific Name : Allium speculae - Common Name : Flatrock Onion
Scientific Name : Alnus maritima ssp. georgiensis - Common Name : Georgia Alder
Scientific Name : Amorpha georgiana - Common Name : Georgia Indigo Bush
Scientific Name : Amphianthus pusillus - Common Name : Pool Sprite
Scientific Name : Arabis georgiana - Common Name : Georgia Rockcress
Scientific Name : Arnoglossum diversifolium - Common Name : Variable-leaf Indian-plantain
Scientific Name : Asclepias purpurascens - Common Name : Purple Milkweed
Scientific Name : Asplenium heteroresiliens - Common Name : Marl Spleenwort
Scientific Name : Astragalus michauxii - Common Name : Sandhill Milk-vetch
Scientific Name : Aureolaria patula - Common Name : Spreading Yellow Foxglove
Scientific Name : Balduina atropurpurea - Common Name : Purple Honeycomb Head
Scientific Name : Baptisia arachnifera - Common Name : Hairy Rattleweed
Scientific Name : Berberis canadensis - Common Name : American Barberry
Scientific Name : Brickellia cordifolia - Common Name : Heartleaf Brickellia
Scientific Name : Calamagrostis porteri - Common Name : Porter's Reed-grass
Scientific Name : Calamintha ashei - Common Name : Ohoopee Wild Basil
Scientific Name : Carex baltzellii - Common Name : Baltzell's Sedge
Scientific Name : Carex biltmoreana - Common Name : Granite Dome Sedge
Scientific Name : Carex dasycarpa - Common Name : Velvet Sedge
Scientific Name : Carex misera - Common Name : Wretched Sedge
Scientific Name : Carex radfordii - Common Name : Radford's Sedge
Scientific Name : Carya myristiciformis - Common Name : Nutmeg Hickory
Scientific Name : Ceratiola ericoides - Common Name : Sandhill Rosemary
Scientific Name : Chamaecyparis thyoides - Common Name : Atlantic White-cedar
Scientific Name : Chelone cuthbertii - Common Name : Cuthbert's Turtlehead
Scientific Name : Clematis fremontii - Common Name : Fremont's Leatherflower
Scientific Name : Clematis socialis - Common Name : Alabama Leatherflower
Scientific Name : Convallaria majuscula - Common Name : American Lily-of-the-valley
Scientific Name : Coreopsis integrifolia - Common Name : Floodplain Tickseed
Scientific Name : Coreopsis latifolia - Common Name : Broadleaf Tickseed
Scientific Name : Crataegus triflora - Common Name : Three-flowered Hawthorn
Scientific Name : Croomia pauciflora - Common Name : Croomia
Scientific Name : Cuscuta harperi - Common Name : Harper's Dodder
Scientific Name : Cymophyllus fraserianus - Common Name : Fraser's Sedge
Scientific Name : Cypripedium acaule - Common Name : Pink Ladyslipper
Scientific Name : Cypripedium kentuckiense - Common Name : Kentucky Ladyslipper
Scientific Name : Cypripedium parviflorum - Common Name : Yellow Ladyslipper
Scientific Name : Desmodium ochroleucum - Common Name : Cream-flowered Tick-trefoil
Scientific Name : Dicerandra radfordiana - Common Name : Radford's Mint
Scientific Name : Dichanthelium hirstii - Common Name : Hirst's Witch Grass
Scientific Name : Draba aprica - Common Name : Sun-loving Draba
Scientific Name : Echinacea laevigata - Common Name : Smooth Purple Coneflower
Scientific Name : Elliottia racemosa - Common Name : Georgia Plume
Scientific Name : Epidendrum conopseum - Common Name : Greenfly Orchid
Scientific Name : Eriocaulon koernickianum - Common Name : Dwarf Hatpins
Scientific Name : Evolvulus sericeus - Common Name : Silky Morning-glory
Scientific Name : Fimbristylis perpusilla - Common Name : Harper's Fimbry
Scientific Name : Forestiera godfreyi - Common Name : Godfrey's Wild Privet
Scientific Name : Forestiera segregata - Common Name : Florida Wild Privet
Scientific Name : Fothergilla gardenii - Common Name : Dwarf Witch-alder
Scientific Name : Fothergilla major - Common Name : Mountain Witch-alder
Scientific Name : Gentianopsis crinita - Common Name : Fringed Gentian
Scientific Name : Gymnoderma lineare - Common Name : Rock Gnome Lichen
Scientific Name : Habenaria quinqueseta - Common Name : Michaux's Spider Orchid
Scientific Name : Hartwrightia floridana - Common Name : Hartwrightia
Scientific Name : Helianthus verticillatus - Common Name : Whorled Sunflower
Scientific Name : Helonias bullata - Common Name : Swamp Pink
Scientific Name : Hydrastis canadensis - Common Name : Goldenseal
Scientific Name : Hymenocallis coronaria - Common Name : Shoals Spiderlily
Scientific Name : Illicium floridanum - Common Name : Florida Anise
Scientific Name : Isoetes melanospora - Common Name : Black-spored Quillwort
Scientific Name : Isoetes tegetiformans - Common Name : Mat-forming Quillwort
Scientific Name : Isotria medeoloides - Common Name : Small Whorled Pogonia
Scientific Name : Jamesianthus alabamensis - Common Name : Alabama Warbonnet
Scientific Name : Jeffersonia diphylla - Common Name : Twinleaf
Scientific Name : Kalmia carolina - Common Name : Carolina Bog Laurel
Scientific Name : Leavenworthia exigua var. exigua - Common Name : Least Gladecress
Scientific Name : Leiophyllum buxifolium - Common Name : Sand-myrtle
Scientific Name : Leitneria floridana - Common Name : Corkwood
Scientific Name : Lilium michiganense - Common Name : Michigan Lily
Scientific Name : Lilium philadelphicum - Common Name : Wood Lily
Scientific Name : Lindera melissifolia - Common Name : Pond Spicebush
Scientific Name : Litsea aestivalis - Common Name : Pond Spice
Scientific Name : Lotus helleri - Common Name : Carolina Trefoil
Scientific Name : Lysimachia fraseri - Common Name : Fraser's Loosestrife
Scientific Name : Lythrum curtissii - Common Name : Curtiss' Loosestrife
Scientific Name : Macbridea caroliniana - Common Name : Carolina Bogmint
Scientific Name : Macranthera flammea - Common Name : Hummingbird Flower
Scientific Name : Marshallia mohrii - Common Name : Coosa Barbara Buttons
Scientific Name : Marshallia ramosa - Common Name : Pineland Barbara Buttons
Scientific Name : Matelea alabamensis - Common Name : Alabama Milkvine
Scientific Name : Matelea pubiflora - Common Name : Trailing Milkvine
Scientific Name : Megaceros aenigmaticus - Common Name : Bighorn Hornwort
Scientific Name : Monotropsis odorata - Common Name : Sweet Pinesap
Scientific Name : Morella inodora - Common Name : Odorless Bayberry
Scientific Name : Myriophyllum laxum - Common Name : Lax Water-milfoil
Scientific Name : Najas filifolia - Common Name : Narrowleaf Naiad
Scientific Name : Nestronia umbellula - Common Name : Indian Olive
Scientific Name : Neviusia alabamensis - Common Name : Alabama Snow-wreath
Scientific Name : Oxypolis canbyi - Common Name : Canby Dropwort
Scientific Name : Pachysandra procumbens - Common Name : Allegheny-spurge
Scientific Name : Packera millefolia - Common Name : Blue Ridge Golden Ragwort
Scientific Name : Paronychia virginica - Common Name : Yellow Nailwort
Scientific Name : Pedicularis lanceolata - Common Name : Swamp Lousewort
Scientific Name : Pediomelum piedmontanum - Common Name : Dixie Mountain Breadroot
Scientific Name : Penstemon dissectus - Common Name : Cutleaf Beardtongue
Scientific Name : Pinguicula primuliflora - Common Name : Clearwater Butterwort
Scientific Name : Pityopsis pinifolia - Common Name : Sandhill Golden-aster
Scientific Name : Platanthera integrilabia - Common Name : Monkeyface Orchid
Scientific Name : Prenanthes barbata - Common Name : Barbed Rattlesnake Root
Scientific Name : Pteroglossaspis ecristata - Common Name : Crestless Plume Orchid
Scientific Name : Ptilimnium nodosum - Common Name : Harperella
Scientific Name : Quercus oglethorpensis - Common Name : Oglethorpe Oak
Scientific Name : Rhododendron prunifolium - Common Name : Plumleaf Azalea
Scientific Name : Rhus michauxii - Common Name : Dwarf Sumac
Scientific Name : Rhynchospora solitaria - Common Name : Solitary Beakrush
Scientific Name : Rudbeckia auriculata - Common Name : Swamp Black-eyed Susan
Scientific Name : Rudbeckia heliopsidis - Common Name : Little River Black-eyed Susan
Scientific Name : Sabatia capitata - Common Name : Cumberland Rose Gentian
Scientific Name : Sageretia minutiflora - Common Name : Climbing Buckthorn
Scientific Name : Sagittaria secundifolia - Common Name : Kral's Water-plantain
Scientific Name : Salix floridana - Common Name : Florida Willow
Scientific Name : Sanguisorba canadensis - Common Name : Canada Burnet
Scientific Name : Sapindus marginatus - Common Name : Soapberry
Scientific Name : Sarracenia flava - Common Name : Yellow Flytrap
Scientific Name : Sarracenia leucophylla - Common Name : Whitetop Pitcherplant
Scientific Name : Sarracenia minor - Common Name : Hooded Pitcherplant
Scientific Name : Sarracenia oreophila - Common Name : Green Pitcherplant
Scientific Name : Sarracenia psittacina - Common Name : Parrot Pitcherplant
Scientific Name : Sarracenia purpurea - Common Name : Purple Pitcherplant
Scientific Name : Sarracenia rubra - Common Name : Sweet Pitcherplant
Scientific Name : Schisandra glabra - Common Name : Bay Star-vine
Scientific Name : Schwalbea americana - Common Name : Chaffseed
Scientific Name : Scutellaria montana - Common Name : Large-flowered Skullcap
Scientific Name : Scutellaria ocmulgee - Common Name : Ocmulgee Skullcap
Scientific Name : Sedum nevii - Common Name : Nevius Stonecrop
Scientific Name : Sedum pusillum - Common Name : Granite Stonecrop
Scientific Name : Shortia galacifolia - Common Name : Oconee Bells
Scientific Name : Sibbaldiopsis tridentata - Common Name : Mountain Cinquefoil
Scientific Name : Sideroxylon macrocarpum - Common Name : Ohoopee Bumelia
Scientific Name : Sideroxylon thornei - Common Name : Swamp Buckthorn
Scientific Name : Silene ovata - Common Name : Ovate Catchfly
Scientific Name : Silene polypetala - Common Name : Fringed Campion
Scientific Name : Silene regia - Common Name : Royal Catchfly
Scientific Name : Solidago simulans - Common Name : Cliffside Goldenrod
Scientific Name : Spiraea virginiana - Common Name : Virginia Spirea
Scientific Name : Spiranthes magnicamporum - Common Name : Great Plains Ladies-tresses
Scientific Name : Stewartia malacodendron - Common Name : Silky Camellia
Scientific Name : Streptopus lanceolatus var. lanceolatus - Common Name : Rosy Twisted Stalk
Scientific Name : Stylisma pickeringii var. pickeringii - Common Name : Pickering's Morning-glory
Scientific Name : Symphyotrichum georgianum - Common Name : Georgia Aster
Scientific Name : Thalictrum cooleyi - Common Name : Cooley Meadowrue
Scientific Name : Thalictrum debile - Common Name : Trailing Meadowrue
Scientific Name : Thaspium pinnatifidum - Common Name : Glade Meadowparsnip
Scientific Name : Torreya taxifolia - Common Name : Florida Torreya
Scientific Name : Trientalis borealis - Common Name : Starflower
Scientific Name : Trillium persistens - Common Name : Persistent Trillium
Scientific Name : Trillium pusillum - Common Name : Dwarf Trillium
Scientific Name : Trillium reliquum - Common Name : Relict Trillium
Scientific Name : Tsuga caroliniana - Common Name : Carolina Hemlock
Scientific Name : Veratrum woodii - Common Name : Ozark Bunchflower
Scientific Name : Viburnum bracteatum - Common Name : Limerock Arrow-wood
Scientific Name : Waldsteinia lobata - Common Name : Barren Strawberry
Scientific Name : Xerophyllum asphodeloides - Common Name : Eastern Turkeybeard
Scientific Name : Xyris tennesseensis - Common Name : Tennessee Yellow-eyed Grass

Green World, Evaluated Urge Concept

2011-06-03T03:23:00.001+07:00

Indonesian Forum for Environment urged the governor of Aceh, Irwanto Yosep, Green World reevaluate the concept that has been executed.

"We think up to now the implementation of the concept of Green World has not been effective. In fact, the concept of the Green Aceh is already running two years," said Executive Director of WALHI Aceh, TM Zulfikar, in Banda Aceh on Monday.

He said, three concepts can be saved in Green World, which is a redesign, reforestation and deforestation. But in the journey, the three concepts that have not run optimally.

He said the concept of rearranging (redesign) of restructuring the management and exploitation of forest areas. Ironically, until now, until now the concept was not clear because it still happened exploitation of forest areas.

"Indeed, this concept is supported policy or a moratorium on logging moratorium issued by the government of Aceh. But, this policy also does not run optimally, still happened logging, both legal and illegal," he said.

So is the concept of reforestation, which rearrange the damaged forests, not to function properly. In fact, forest damage was becoming worse, causing catastrophic flooding for the community.

TM Zulkfikar added, which overcomes the concept of forest deforestation is also not effective. Still happened clearing forest areas for plantation grounds.

According to him, yet effective concept of Green World is because the process is slow in the field. This is also due to weak law enforcement related to illegal logging.

"All these concepts must be reviewed, so the concept of Green World run effectively. Moreover, forest areas in Aceh began to enter the era of carbon trading," he explained.

Draft Sustainability Concepts and Agricultural Development

2011-06-03T03:18:00.003+07:00

Draft Sustainability Concepts for Agricultural Development
The public will have the opportunity to help refine the Sustainability Concepts at the Sustainable City Public Workshop, to be hosted by the City of South Lake Tahoe on September 10th at the South Lake Tahoe Middle School, 6-9 pm.

1. GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
Create comprehensive “green” infrastructure strategies to address sustainability objectives in the supply and management of energy, solid waste and materials, water and waste water.

Alternative Energy Resources

Develop a comprehensive strategy to reduce GHG emissions and climate impacts.
Increase energy efficiency, reduce emissions and support local, clean and renewable energy sources
Shift away from reliance on non-renewable sources
Incorporate climate change into general plans

Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling

Increase economic efficiency and performance by reducing the consumption of non-renewable resources
Promote reduction, re-use and recycling
Divert solid waste from the landfill including household, commercial, construction and site/forest clearing waste
Implement recycled content and green procurement policies

Water and Waste Water Reduction

Use water more efficiently in our homes, businesses and landscapes, and manage runoff that maintain natural hydrological regimes
Develop an innovative water and waste waste management strategy that considers water supply and treatment systems
Reduce demand for potable water through water recycling and reuse of treated water

2. LAKE CLARITY AND WATERSHED RESTORATION
Respond to the clarity challenge. Improve stormwater management with green streets and innovative best practices. Move toward area-wide planning and design and work to accelerate urban water quality improvements and environmental threshold implementation.

Incorporate new functional open spaces in redeveloped areas to serve as both public amenities and to provide opportunities for urban water quality improvements
Develop a coordinated stormwater management system to minimize runoff, improve area-wide stormwater retention and reuse
Improve stormwater quality management with use of swales and natural treatment systems and integration of runoff into functional design elements and public art
Utilize green streets to manage stormwater, reduce flows, improve water quality and enhance watershed health
Explore impervious materials for parking areas and test on some street sections

3. COMPLETE COMMUNITY
Develop a complete community that offers its residents the opportunity to work, live, play, shop and learn within a convenient walking or transit distance. Reduce energy, water use and vehicle miles traveled with efficient land use planning.
a. Strengthened neighborhoods
b. Pedestrian-oriented mixed-use centers
c. Enhanced gateways and places

Implement Smart Growth principles to create walkable, mixed-use centers, compact neighborhoods, and enhanced gateways and places
Promote infill and reinvestment to increase density within walking distance of transit stops
Protect key riparian areas and natural features
Commercial uses in community plan areas should complement each other not compete
Improve connections and access to a wide range of recreational opportunities, which will improve the quality of life of residents and visitors

4. ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY TRANSPORTATION
Reduce dependence on the automobile by providing increased mobility options. Encourage pedestrian/transit-oriented redevelopment to reduce emissions and vehicle miles traveled.

Improve connections between all neighborhoods and communities with sidewalk and multi-use trail network enhancements
Design “complete streets” that are safe for pedestrians with multiple mobility options in mind
Create regular/dependable waterborne transit for residents and visitors
Improve transit efficiency, service and convenience to encourage use
Incorporate parking management strategies that strive to create park-once environments, including parking maximums, shared-use parking for mixed-use projects and onstreetparking

5. VIBRANT LOCAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY
Sustainability recognizes the need for both local and regional economic prosperity and resilience to maintain the health of the community. It encourages self-reliance, entrepreneurial activity and the generation of wealth to occur in a manner that does not undermine the ability of individuals and communities to meet their basic needs.

Provide economic opportunities for investment, businesses and employment that will support an economically diverse and prosperous year-round community
Ensure infrastructure, community facilities and the health of the Lake and forest are improved with new investment and economic growth
Create live/work and work/live opportunities with flexible buildings and mixed-use zoning that allows local businesses to grow and evolve over time
Encourage the adoption of green business practices and other systems that enhance both the environmental and economic performance of businesses in the community
Become a leader in green building implementation and new emerging technologies for mountain communities

6. DIVERSE HOUSING
Strive to maintain a permanent year-round population that supports community services and economic vitality.

Offer a wide range of diverse housing opportunities, both ownership and rental, for all income levels
Integrate green and sustainable construction into all new housing units, neighborhoods and mixed-use centers.

7. FOREST HEALTH AND RECREATION
The City of South Lake Tahoe is blessed with its natural Surroundings, access to wilderness and the Lake. Trail facility upgrades are improving access and the opportunity to recreate.

Connect surrounding forests to urban open spaces, parks, natural areas and SEZs to encourage biodiversity and healthy habitat
Design into the 56-acre project a central gathering place with passive and active recreational opportunities
Maximize the use of native plants in landscaping
Create management zones that help to minimize use of irrigation and pesticides
Incorporate recycled gray water and roof water as a “purple pipe” system for irrigation where appropriate

8. COMMUNITY FACILITIES & EDUCATION
Provide community facilities that support a healthy lifestyle for both residents and visitors. Create a public education, awareness and capacity building program as an important component of the plan.

Create a vibrant social community that promotes safety and encourages residents to meet
Develop a strategy to provide amenities and facilities that supports quality of life for all ages groups
As the City is currently spread out, locate facilities within proximity to public transit and surrounding neighborhoods
Identify action items for residents and businesses that improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact

9. HEALTHY FOOD SYSTEM
Climate and elevation make local food production a challenge. Work toward a vibrant and sustainable regional food system that connects fresh, healthy and local food (100 to 150 miles) to residents, grocers, casinos and restaurants. Encourage the development of markets and restaurants within convenient distances of all residents to reduce driving, increase local economic activity, and increase quality of life.

Look at a regional food network as an economic development tool to build health and wealth
Provide assistance to connect food establishments with consumers and producers
Encourage locally owned and ecologically sound storage and distribution infrastructure
Design a permanent year-round public market in the City to serve as a community gathering place
Encourage gardening in neighborhoods with good soils, access to water and sunlight
Encourage organic food supply

10. GREEN BUILDINGS
New buildings are long-term investments and should feature quality design/materials, flexible design to deal with changing demands and be built green. Develop a green building strategy to encourage redevelopment, compact neighborhoods, mixed-use centers and address: energy efficiency; solar design; indoor air quality; green roofs; water efficient fixtures; etc.

Incorporate energy efficiency in city buildings and facilities
Provide clear incentives for green buildings and consider phasing in the green rating system or LEED certification
Establish a green demonstration program for a variety of building types including single family, commercial industrial, townhouses, apartments, and mixed-use projects

The Ministry of Agriculture

2011-06-03T03:16:00.001+07:00

Secretariat of the Ministry of Agriculture
Inspectorate of the Ministry of Agriculture
Food Crops
Horticulture
Animal Husbandry and Animal Health
Plantation
Research and Development
Food Security
Agricultural Infrastructure
Agricultural Quarantine
Processing and Marketing of
Extension and Agricultural Human Resources Development
Executive Information Agriculture
Agricultural Data Information
Agricultural Laws
Agriculture Database
Information Technology Data
Library and Publications
Licensing Agriculture and forestry
e-Farmers
Agricultural extension officer
Department and the Ministry of Agriculture
Technical Services Unit
International Organizations
Agricultural Education Institutions
Agricultural Associations
Experts and Agricultural Researcher
--

the City of South Lake Tahoe City Council unanimously adopted the following Six Next Steps towards Sustainability, which were also identified by the Green Cities Committee/Interim Sustainability Working Group:

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE--ENERGY REDUCTION:
Reduce Green House Gas Emissions (GHG) and the City's Carbon Footprint by
reducing energy use in City facilities 15% by 2012. The City will complete an energy
audit and develop an action plan that will accomplish this goal.

GREEN BUILDING:
Commit to establishing a new green building program and standards for City projects. including requirements to meet or exceed the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED rating or use the Build It Green scoring system.

ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY TRANSIT:
Move toward clean transit, including compressed natural gas (CNG) buses
and alternative fuels in the bus fleet. The City also will create an incentive program to
encourage City employees to use alternative modes of transportation to get to work
including public transit, carpool or bicycle.

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE-WASTE REDUCTION & RECYCLING:
Develop a recycling action plan to achieve a 55% diversion rate by 2011. By requiring recycling containers in all city buildings the City will lead by example; Recycle and
conserve.

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE--WASTE REDUCTION & RECYCLING/ENERGY REDUCTION:
Investigate and discuss with the business community by June 2009 and return to City Council with a program designed to reduce the use of plastic bags and Styrofoam in the City of South Lake Tahoe.

SUSTAINABILITY PUBLIC WORKSHOP:
Host an additional public workshop to review the Draft Sustainability Vision and explore opportunities for partnering, collaboration and innovation.

Agency of Extension and Agricultural Human Resources Development

2011-06-03T03:13:00.001+07:00

Vision: The development of agricultural human resources professional, creative, innovative, and global perspective in order to improve food self-sufficiency, value added, exports, and welfare of farmers.

Mission:
Develop a reliable agricultural extension system;
Develop a system of management training, leadership, entrepreneurship, and a reliable technical agribusiness;
Developing a reliable system of agricultural education;
Develop a system of empowerment of farmers, farmer institutions, and competitive farming;
Develop administration and management system that is transparent and accountable.

Duties:
Carry out health education and human resource development of agriculture in accordance with laws - laws.

Function:
Preparation of technical policies, plans and counseling programs, education and training, standardization and certification of agricultural human resources in accordance with laws - laws;
Implementation of outreach, education and training, standardization and certification of agricultural human resources in accordance with laws - laws;
Monitoring, evaluating and reporting the implementation of counseling, education and training, standardization and certification of agricultural human resources in accordance with laws - laws.
Extension Administrative Development Agency and Human Resources Development of Agriculture.

Central Unit :
Agency Secretariat of Information and Human Resources Development;
Centre for Education, Professional Standards and Certification of Agriculture;
Agricultural Training Centre;
Agricultural Extension Centre.

Management and Leadership Training Center for Agriculture (PPMKP):
Management and Leadership Training Center for Agriculture (PPMKP) Ciawi-Jabar;

College of Agricultural Extension (STPP):
College of Agricultural Extension (STPP), Medan - North Sumatra;
College of Agricultural Extension (STPP), Bogor - West Java;
College of Agricultural Extension (STPP), Magelang - Central Java;
College of Agricultural Extension (STPP), Department of Agricultural Extension - Yogyakarta;
College of Agricultural Extension (STPP), Malang - East Java;
College of Agricultural Extension (STPP), Gowa - Sulselel;
College of Agricultural Extension (STPP) Manokwari - West Papua.

Center for Agricultural Training (BBPP):
Training Center for Animal Health (BBPKH) Cinagara - Jabar;
Center for Agricultural Training (BBPP) Lembang - West Java;
Center for Agricultural Training (BBPP) Ketindan - East Java;
Central Animal Husbandry Training (BBPP) Stone - East Java;
Central Animal Husbandry Training (BBPP) Kupang - NTT;
Center for Agricultural Training (BBPP) Binuang - South Kalimantan;
Center for Agricultural Training (BBPP) Batangkaluku - South.

Agricultural Training Institute (BPP):
Agricultural Training Institute (BPP) in Jambi;
Agricultural Training Institute (BPP), Lampung.

School of Agricultural Development (SPP):
School of Agricultural Development (SPP) State Sembawa - South Sumatra;
School of Agricultural Development (SPP) Kupang - NTT;
School of Agricultural Development (SPP) Banjarbaru - South Kalimantan.

Increasing Rice Production

2011-06-03T03:10:00.002+07:00

It has been proven that the rice production of superior verietas produced by the Agency for Agricultural Research is high, both in terms of both quantity and range of time of harvest. However, some types of high yielding varieties also have disadvantages, including the easy collapse of the rice and the number of puppies a lot, causing loss of paddy during harvest and threshing high. This will cause the rice crop production at the community level will be reduced. To overcome this necessary post-harvest handling of rice is right so that the results obtained more leverage.

Agricultural Research Agency through the Center for Post-Harvest Research and Development of Agriculture (BB Post-Harvest) developed the "Method of Suppressing Rice Loss Results." The process is done in applying these methods is Losing The Rice farmers should strive to understand and be able to perform post-harvest handling activities are good, how are farmers to know the stages of post-harvest with determining the age of the rice harvest. So farmers are also expected to know what products of agricultural technology that can reduce crop yield losses. Some of the technologies that can reduce yield losses of rice are Determination of Harvest Technology (visual observations and theoretical observations), Harvesting Technology (pedal tool "thresher", thresher means "power thresher"), Stacking and collected Rice (using plastic sheeting), threshers Technology (time between cuts to threshing, the use of a threshing machine), Drying Technology (drying by sunlight, using a dryer), Storage Technology (it is stored, the old pennyimpanannya), Milling Technology (tool grinders, milling process), Loss of Quality / Impairment of Quality (threshing delays, congestion rice for too long, delay in drying, storage conditions are not eligible), Loss Nutrition (Error in handling of fresh and handling during storage). In addition, the relevant parties (farmers, farm workers, farmer groups, entrepreneurs, local government) are also expected to determine the steps in applying technology post-harvest loss of suppression, such as increased capacity and skills of farmers, technology appropriate to their location , the formation and empowerment groups, field management, training and development of human resources, institutional development.

If all done properly and correctly, then the expected production of paddy and rice received by farmers especially in the future will be increased from the previous results

Prevention and Control Rod Brown planthopper and Agricultural Development

2011-06-03T03:05:00.003+07:00

The attack stems brown planthopper in rice occurs in all phases of growth (beginning in the nursery until just before harvest), to suck the liquid from the plant tissue. This resulted in plant leaves turn yellow and the plants dry out quickly (like fire).

Brown planthopper control rods can be done through:

1. VUB planting resistant brown plant hopper, apply the row legowo, balanced fertilization based on the results of PUTS and LCC, and spray crops with insecticides. Nursery sprayed with such entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium, Verticillium with a dose of 5-10 cc / l intervals of one week.

2. Field observations carried out 3-7 days once on the base of the stem. When in the area found the population> 3 animals per family, crops sprayed with insecticide contacts interval 2 times 3 times a week for spraying.

3. If after three times a contact insecticide spraying, the population decreased <3 animals per clump, plants sprayed with a systemic insecticide until the planting of rice brown plant hopper was not found. Spraying of insecticides directed at the base of the stem, performed at 7-10 am or 3-5 hours sote, avoid spraying when it rains. Observations continue to be done 3-7 days once.

4. When a lot of rain, spraying insecticide plus adhesive. Do the same control on rice plants in a radius of 100-200 m

World Youth Declaration on Climate Change

2011-06-03T03:01:00.001+07:00

World Youth Declaration on Climate Change Followed by 28 Country, Visit the island of Komodo and orangutans in Central Kalimantan

Youth from 28 countries in the world of youth meeting the world or the World Assembly of Youth to declare a change of climate or of the International Climate Change Youth Forum at the Jakarta Convention Center (JCC) took place from February 21 to 28 last. The youth delegates of which came from Brunei Darussalam, Italy, the Kingdom of Tonga, Republic of Marshall Islands (RMI) as well as envoys KNPI and other local youth organizations.
DPP Chairman KNPI Syamsul Tribuana explain the purpose of a main declaration of youth the world to inspire all people think about the future of the earth. Because climate change is increasingly felt at the moment and very urgent. So the climate change declaration should be held to preserve the future of the earth and the ecosystem. When events take place a number of state officials attended including the Minister of Fisheries and Marine Fadel Muhammad, the Minister of Forestry Zulkifli Hasan, Coordinating Minister and Deputy Supreme Laksono Menpora.
"During this very rarely held an international youth congress. If there is any international youth congress held but did not always end with a declaration. Especially declarations about climate change. Therefore, with this momentum into new breakthroughs for the rise of youth awareness of sustainability and saving the earth in the future, "said Syamsul.
World youth meeting was followed by visiting a number of endangered species conservation center and the island including the wonders of the world. The visit was divided into three groups in three countries anta-ranya visit Tanjung Putting National Park (TNTP) in West Kotawaringin regency in Central Kalimantan (Central Kalimantan). Area is the Camp Leakey is the center of captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and the Cape of Good Hope or so-called Tanjung Balai Memories is the location TNTP provided specifically for tree planting.
"In addition, Komodo National Park in East Nusa Tenggara visited nine countries and Marine Park in South Sulawesi, visited 10 countries of the world youth congress participants. After the declaration of youth participants visit upon the invitation of the Chairman of the House of Representatives in the capitol Marzuki Ali Senayan and Monday, February 28 nights continued closure by Menkokesra Agung Laksono and Deputy Menpora, "he added.

Declaration on Climate Change Realistic and Agricultural Development

2011-06-03T02:59:00.001+07:00

The APEC leaders summit in Sydney that contain only an aspirational goal the reduction of greenhouse emissions without binding targets assessed Australian Prime Minister John Howard as''a realistic and workable outcome. "

The defense was conveyed in a press conference after the summit the leaders of the 15th Forum Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in Sydney, Sunday.

Howard said, is not realistic to impose the will, because each member of APEC economies have different conditions and understand their respective positions. However, the 15 th APEC Summit which was attended by leaders of the United States and China as two major emitters in the world, is very important. Unilateral approach''will not be able to walk,''he said.

Howard said he would push forward the achievement of the 15th APEC Summit in Sydney on climate change that when he attended a meeting of countries of the US-sponsored advanced economy late September 2007 and the UN conference on climate change in Bali in December 2007. But he cautioned that the road is still long to reach the global settings pascatahun 2012.

In a press conference, Howard also was asked about the purpose trilateralnya security dialogue with President George W Bush and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on the sidelines of the 15th APEC Summit Sydney, particularly in relation to China. He said the dialogue himself with President Bush and Prime Minister Abe was a natural thing and''not directed to anyone.''

Associated with climate change issues, the APEC leaders in a declaration promising to fully support Indonesia as the 13th President of the Conference of States Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Conference of Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change / UNFCCC) in Bali , 2 to 14 December 2007.

In the Sydney Declaration on climate change, energy security and clean development, APEC leaders also committed to build at least 20 million hectares of forests of various types in 2020 became an important part of APEC's action agenda.

Prime Minister Howard said the Sydney Declaration will also be a new international consensus in dealing with the problem of global warming.

In the Sydney Declaration, the APEC leaders said, as part of the parties involved in the UNFCCC, they agreed to work "actively and constructively" toward achieving a post-2012 arrangements.

"We agree to work to achieve a common understanding about the goals of global emissions reductions that` aspirational 'long-term to make way for the achievement of post-2012 international arrangement, "said the APEC leaders in a declaration.

They also appreciate the efforts of Japan and Canada in proposing long-term global goal, and welcome the initiative of the United States (U.S.) facilitated the meeting the members of the major economies to reach agreement on "a detailed contribution" to the post-2012 global arrangement under the framework UNFCCC.

APEC leaders also promised to support the initiative of UN Secretary General to create a high-level activity on climate change.

They also agreed to work together, both at the bilateral, regional, and global levels to support the realization of a clean development by making "the UN climate process" appropriate multilateral forum for international negotiations on climate change.

In that declaration, the leaders of the established cooperation forum in 1989 that was reaffirmed their commitment to joint the entire international community to encourage the achievement of a global solution to the problem of climate change.

Without prejudice to other fora, the APEC leaders in the declaration also includes the APEC action agenda that emphasizes the importance of improving energy efficiency through efforts to achieve APEC region aspirational''goals''to reduce energy intensity until at least 25 in 2030.

So seeks to achieve the aspirational goals of APEC to increase forest areas in the region until at least 20 million hectares of forests of various types in 2020. If this goal is achieved, the forest area that will''save about 1.4 billion tons of carbon''or equal to about 11 percent of global emissions per year.

APEC leaders also decided the establishment of Asia-Pacific Network for Energy Technology (APNet) to strengthen cooperation in energy research, especially on fossil energy resources and which can be renewed.

It was decided also the establishment of Asia-Pacific Network for Forest Management and Rehabilitation to enhance capacity building and strengthen information exchange in the forestry sector, as well as continuing efforts to trade in goods and environmental services, air transport, the use of low-carbon energy, energy security, the protection of biological resources and marine, policy analysis capabilities, and a mutually beneficial approach.

The summit leaders economic cooperation forum consists of Indonesia, Australia, U.S., Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore , Thailand, and Vietnam that incorporate climate change issues as a major agenda, besides the issue of the Doha Round negotiations.

APEC leaders summit that ended the 15 th in Sydney had pledged to work together break the ice process of negotiating the Doha Round World Trade Organization (WTO). In the declaration, the leaders that the economy will also strengthen regional economic cooperation and assess the Asia-Pacific free trade areafor the "Climate Justice Issue" or the Issue of Climate Change Justice still needs to be addressed and criticized by the entire international community, especially the Acehnese people who will bear the obligation and the mandate of the world community to tackle climate change, a way to preserve and protect their forests due to climate change deal in Nusa Dua Bali, while the U.S. and Australia continue to waste and produce gas emissi carbon emissions from industry in large numbers - from here if we demand a proper justice to the developed countries, those who do and Aceh, which should be responsible.

Carbon Trading, Myths Developed Countries and Agricultural Development

2011-06-03T02:55:00.001+07:00

Declaration on climate change signed by the Governor of the Government of Aceh, West Papua and Papua in Nusa Dua Bali on April 27, 2007, a sign of the commencement of the third attachment to the province for her commitment to maintaining forest cover remaining. The provinces also agreed to implement the RED program (reduction of greenhouse gas emission from deforestration), a program reduction of greenhouse gas emissions due to deforestation for It supports sustainable development programs.

The agreement was later followed up on Governing Aceh by imposing temporary moratorium for all types of forest logging, steps being taken are: first, Reviewing the current status of the forest (including forest cover, concessions, and sustainable production capacity), second, Restructure re-development of forestry and forest management strategies (including forest zoning, a policy framework and institutional framework), third, Adopt return policy on prevention of forest destruction mechanism that is more assertive and effective.

Implementation of temporary logging moratorium will be supported by international funding mechanism through carbon trading or a compensation fund of funds provided to the Governing of Aceh internationally for having to maintain and preserve the remaining forest cover, this is done because the situation is closely related to climate change that swept the global world result from melting of mountain ice at the north pole and south pole that is triggered by the rising temperature of the earth's surface due emissi gas emissions (CO2) industrial countries are so large, while the forest cover is expected to absorb carbon gases emissi industrial waste, the more days due terdeforestrasi an increasingly rampant illegal logging.

Carbon Trade is a Myth

The occurrence of global climate change is a factor driving the birth of a carbon trading mechanism or carbon trade mechanism (CTM) to reduce the temperature of the earth that has been disbursed dikutub Ice mountain north and south, so that forest protection mechanisms built a country of third countries that still have forest cover, of course environmental services performed and provided by the countries that still have tropical forests should be compensated or paid for, although then, as suspected by many, carbon trade mechanism, no more than a myth laundering sin developed countries.

Carbon Trade or carbon trading is nothing more than a myth that developed by developed countries. According to the Carbon Trade Watch (CTW), which is part of Amsterdam-based Transnational Institute, says that "Carbon offsetting is nothing more than a modern form of Indulgences - the sin taxing system, invented by the Catholic Church in the late Middle Ages (WRM, issues 117 April 2007). Carbon Trade no more than a mechanism for the sin of Western countries that have been polluting the air with CO2, then when the carbon trade mechanism popularized, he was nothing more than an imperialist or colonial mechanisms that force developing countries to protect their forests, on the other hand the policy This would open space for the Multi-National Cooperation (MNC) without being bound by the rules of the mechanism of carbon, for example, the United States and Australia, which refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon disposal.

Third countries including Indonesia, should begin to be wary if the carbon trading mechanism included in the World Trade Orgaisation (WTO) as well as TRIPs, the concern about loss of community rights in accessing natural resources and forests will become a reality. Habits developed countries often make a double standard policy (double standard), protect the environmental damage in his country but leave the environmental damage in another country. For example, Australia and the United States who support the program Carbon Trade Mechanism (CTM), but to protect those who dispose of carbon gas in his country and rejected the Kyoto Protocol on cutting carbon emissi exhaust.

Between Myth and Reality

Myth Carbon Trade Mechanism of course can not be equated with the agenda Moratorium pembalakkan Aceh forest, although this Moratorium agenda emerged due to the influence and urging agreements Climate change and Carbon Trade in Nusa Dua Bali, paradigm Moratorium should still be placed and based on high aceh forest deforestation and settlement Re-balancing the forestry sector with industrial production capacity upstream and downstream, so the presence or absence of compensation funds from Developed Countries Trade Carbon - Moratorium pembalakkan forests must still be conducted by the Government of Aceh, because the ultimate goal of the moratorium is for the welfare of 4.2 million people of Aceh who 36 percent are under the poverty line.

Meanwhile, for the "Climate Justice Issue" or the Issue of Climate Change Justice still needs to be addressed and criticized by the entire international community, especially the Acehnese people who will bear the obligation and the mandate of the world community to tackle climate change, a way to preserve and protect their forests due to climate change deal in Nusa Dua Bali, while the U.S. and Australia continue to waste and produce gas emissi carbon emissions from industry in large numbers - from here if we demand a proper justice to the developed countries, those who do and Aceh, which should be responsible.

Environmental Impact of Mining Industry and Agricultural Development

2011-06-03T02:52:00.002+07:00

ACTORS mining business, government and economic observers are very keen in framing and wrapping mining investment, mining both mineral and oil and gas. Starting from the pack of interest income, employment, accelerate economic growth, to wrap reduce poverty. "Framming" is so perfect, but true that the mining industry will bring prosperity to the people?.

There's a mockery that often leveled by the pro mining when responding to critical attitude which refuses the presence of the mining industry in the area, something like this, "If you do not agree with mine, just go back to stone age. Also no longer need to use the tools that use a mineral base. " This banter they do as a philosophy of suicide, for their inability to explain the relationship between mining and the prosperity of the people who never actually positively correlated.

Aceh would soon enter the phase of the regime or the regime of industrial mineral mining dredging industry, replacing the regime of hydrocarbons in North Aceh who had failed to answer the meaning of prosperity for the people of Aceh, while the oil and gas field Arun over the years to support the Indonesian national budget in order era new.

The signs will be the emergence of regimes minerals, especially gold mining industry and coal in Aceh have been visible to the eye. In the Department of Forestry has ten mining companies queuing up, waiting for permission over the functions of forests for mining exploration activities. In Kabupaten Nagan Raya, PT Surya Kencana has stepped nails a step further, exploring gold and coal, not to mention in Central Aceh and the east coast of Aceh.

The mining industry is an industry that is not sustainable because it depends on the non-renewable resource. If the then pro-mining group is so confident that the mineral mining industry in Aceh will bring prosperity. What about the environmental impact that will inherit the mining industry, especially after the operation?. There would be more impoverished communities around the mining area.

Environmental management in mining operations should include the whole phase of the mining activities, ranging from the exploration phase, production phase, until the post-closure. Learning from the record closing of mining operations conducted by PT Barisan Tropical Mining (owned Laverton Gold Australia) in South Sumatra, PT Indo Moro Kencana (owned Aurora Gold Australia), PT Newmont Minahasa Raya (Newmont-owned United States), PT Kelian Equatorial Mining (owned by Rio Tinto's UK-Australia). Aceh should have been preparing ourselves and much to learn from the cases of mining in other parts of Indonesia.

The phenomenon that occurs in the mining industry in Indonesia, the mining company would have immunity to not obey the rules of the environment and can freely perform without fear of sanction pollution. Another behavior is the practice of dumping mining wastes in ways primitive, dumping tailings directly into rivers, lakes, and seas.

Heritage Mining Industry

The mining industry in the post-surgery will leave a legacy that has many potential dangers in the long run, among others; Hole mines (Pit), acid mine water (Acid Mine Drainage), and tailings.

Hole Mine. Most of the mineral mining in Indonesia is done by open. When finished operating, the company left giant holes in the former mining area. The holes that potentially cause long-term environmental impacts, mainly related to the quality and quantity of water.

Mine pit water containing various heavy metals that can seep into the groundwater system and can contaminate the ground water around. Potential hazards due to seepage into the ground water is often not monitored due to weak monitoring systems such mining companies. On the island of Bangka and Belitung many encountered in holes dug tin mines (vault) that contains water is acidic and very dangerous.

Acid Mine Water. Acid mine water containing heavy metals has the potential to cause environmental impacts in the long term. When the acid mine water has been formed it will be very difficult to stop because of the nature of the reactions that occur in rocks. For example, the mining of lead in the era of the Roman empire was still producing acid mine water 2000 years later.

Acid mine water newly formed many years later so that mining companies do not make long-term monitoring can either assume that the waste rock does not cause acid mine water. Acid mine water has the potential to contaminate surface water and groundwater. Once the contaminated water would be difficult to take action handling.

Tailings. Tailings produced from mining operations in very large quantities. Approximately 97 percent of the ore processed by the ore processing plant ends up as tailings. Tailings containing heavy metals in a fairly alarming levels, such as copper, lead or lead, mercury, zinc, and arsenic. When entering into the living body of heavy metals will accumulate in the tissues of the body and can cause harmful health effects.

Unfortunately, there is no rule in Indonesia that requires mining companies to mine closure process correctly and responsibly. Contract mining work only requires mining companies to do reclamation, in the minds of many players in this industry is greening or planting of trees alone. Far from the truth.

The Government of Aceh could not hurt to learn from the cases and the portrait of mining in other areas in the face of invasion dredging industry regime that has entered into Aceh. Mining investment should not necessarily be seen from the economic dimension by ignoring the environmental issues that are long term and latent. Learning from the many cases the presence of mining in poor areas, only an illusion of prosperity for the people, plus a long-term legacy of environmental pollution named.

Origin of Climate Change and Development of Agricultural

2011-06-03T02:47:00.001+07:00

ALL events on earth have origins, not least the occurrence of climate change on earth. The origin or cause and effect of climate change can simply be done by tracing the stages until the occurrence of such changes.

The first stage begins with the increasing amount of greenhouse gases in our skies, green house gases which include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide and other gases. Greenhouse gases are gases that exist in the atmosphere that cause the greenhouse effect. These gases actually appear naturally in the environment, but can also arise due to human activities.

Water vapor is a greenhouse gas that arises naturally and is responsible for most of the greenhouse effect, which is the event where the Earth's surface absorbs some heat and reflect back the rest. The amount of water vapor change regionally, and human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations except at local scales.

Without realizing it, human activity triggers an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide released into the air. For example, when humans burn fossil fuels, solid waste, used wood to heat buildings, moving vehicles, and generate electricity. In fact, the number of trees which absorb carbon dioxide decreases due to encroachment of forest for timber and taken to the expansion of agricultural land.

Although the oceans and other natural processes to reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but it quickly loses its ability to human activity.

Just for example, in 1750 there are 281 carbon dioxide molecules in one million molecules of air or about 281 ppm. The number then rose to 383 parts per million in January 2007, an increase of 36 percent.

Gas triggers another greenhouse effect is methane. He was able to capture 20 times more heat than carbon dioxide. Methane is released during production and transportation of coal, natural gas, and petroleum.

Methane is also produced from the decay of organic waste in landfills (landfill), it can even remove it by certain animals, like cows. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the mid-1700s, the amount of methane in the atmosphere has increased by one-half times.

Nitrogen oxides produced from burning fossil fuels and by agricultural land. Nitrogen oxides can capture 300 times more heat than carbon dioxide. The concentration of this gas has increased 16 percent when compared to the period before the start of industrialization.

Other greenhouse gases generated from various manufacturing processes. Mixtures were flourinasi dihasilan from aluminum smelting. Hydrofluorocarbons (HCFC-22) formed during the manufacture of various products, including foam for insulation, furniture (furniture), and seating in the vehicle.

Refrigerator in some developing countries still use chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) as a cooling medium, capable of retaining heat than the atmosphere also reduces the ozone layer (the layer that protects Earth from ultraviolet radiation.) During the 20th century, these gases have been accumulating in the atmosphere, but since 1995, to follow the rules set forth in the Montreal Protocol on substances depleting the Ozone Layer, the concentration of these gases start getting a little released into the air.

In 2000 the scientists identified a new material which increased significantly in the atmosphere. Such materials are trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluorida. Gas is still relatively rare because the producing sources unidentified. But the scientists found the amount of gas is increasing very fast. The danger, is able to capture the hot gas is much greater than the greenhouse gases that have been known previously.

Global Warming

Greenhouse gases that accumulate in the air to the onset of climate change. Slowly, this gas will be a trigger factor, what we know as global warming. This event is influenced by the increase in atmospheric temperature or temperature, alut, and the earth's land.

The process of global warming can be explained in a simple, ie, the heat absorbed some rest and reflect back to earth. Some of this heat wave infrared radiation containing long into outer space. However, some heat remains trapped in Earth's atmosphere due to accumulated amount of greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane.

These gases absorb and reflect back the radiation waves emitted by the earth, the result will be stored heat in the earth's surface. This happens repeatedly and result in annual average temperature of the earth continues to rise. If the concentration of these gases continue to rise in the atmosphere, the more heat is reflected to the earth.

Actually, this greenhouse effect is needed by living things on earth. Without the greenhouse effect, the planet will be very cold to minus 18 degrees Celsius until the ice would cover the entire surface of the earth. However, karen amount of greenhouse gases emissions in the atmosphere has been excessive, then there was global warming.

So far the issue of climate change and its impact based on the report scientists who are members of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) or the intergovernmental panel on climate change.

This panel was established in 1988 by United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The goal is to evaluate the risks of climate change due to human activities, by examining all aspects of technical and scientific literature based.

One of the important conclusions of the panel is the change in rapidly changing climate due to human activity, have occurred since the mid-20th century. IPCC Report 2001, for example, states that the earth's air temperature has risen 0.6 degrees Celsius since 1861. They also predict an increase Earth's average temperature increased from 1.1 to 6.4 degrees Celsius until 2100.

Source Emission of Global Warming

Institutions that care about the issue of climate change called the United States, China, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, and India is the world's largest greenhouse gas producer in the world. Each contributed 6005, 5017, 3014, 2316, 1745, and 1577 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e). Sources of these emissions come from energy sector, agriculture, forestry, and waste.

The energy sector is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases MtCO2e 12,628, followed by 4479 MtCO2e forestry sector, the agricultural sector MtCO2e 2912, and from garbage at 635 MtCO2e. The total greenhouse gas produced four sectors reached 20,654 donated MtCO2e country.

Meanwhile, the forestry sector was ranked second contributor to greenhouse gas emissions by 4479 MtCO2e. Emissions resulting from deforestation and land conversion. Contributor to these emissions come from countries that have ample forest cover, namely Indonesia and Brazil. Each MtCO2e 2563 and 1372.

China dominated the agricultural sector emissions, by 1171 MtCO2e followed by Brazil and India. Meanwhile, greenhouse gas emissions come from waste largely dominated by the United States, China, and India.

In early 1896, the scientists make a hypothesis or provisional estimates that burning fossil fuels will change the composition of the atmosphere and to increase global average temperatures. This hypothesis was proven in 1957 when researchers working on global research program of the International Geophysical Year, took samples of the atmosphere from the top of Mauna Loa mountain in Hawaii.

The measurement results show an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. After that, the composition of the atmosphere continues to be measured carefully. The data collected indicate that indeed an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Initially, scientists could only guess the global climate warms up, but they are not able to provide appropriate evidence. Temperatures continue to vary from time to time and location. They came to observe the climate for years to obtain clear data.

Until the late 1980s, observations show this warming trend, but statistical data is still not reliable. Weather station at the beginning, is located close to urban areas so that the temperature measurement will be influenced by the heat emitted by buildings and vehicles and also heat stored by the building and road materials.

Since 1957, the data obtained from a reliable weather station (located far from urban areas), and from satellites. These data provide a more accurate measurement, especially at 70 percent of the planet's surface covered with oceans.

Data that more accurately shows that the warming trend the earth's surface actually occurs. In the late 20th century, during the last hundred years the warmest conditions occurred after 1980. The three hottest years occurred after 1990, and the warmest conditions occurred after 1998.

The IPCC predicts gas concentrations in the atmosphere has not increased since 2100. However, they warn climate continues to warm stay during certain periods due to emissions that have been released previously.

Carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for a hundred years or more before nature can absorb it again. If greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase, experts predict, karbondioksioda concentration in the atmosphere can be increased up to three times at the beginning of the century 22.

As a result, there will be dramatic climate change. Although the actual events of this climate change has occurred several times throughout Earth's history. Humans will face this problem with the risk of a very large population, and this incident will be more horrible.

Agricultural Research Competition Senior High School

2011-06-02T01:51:00.008+07:00

THEME: "Dating with Agriculture"

PURPOSE

Increase knowledge of accounting knowledge to students
High school student
Cultivate talent for the continuation of education
from high school to the choice of majoring in agricultural school
Establish networking among high school

MATERIALS

Agricultural Service Company
Agricultural Trading Company