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Difference Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Wed, 20 Jan 2010 17:43:00 +0000

Difference Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Organic compounds are extracted from living organism(plants,animals etc) and inorganic compounds are extracted from non living things(rocks,in laboratory etc).These days organic compounds can be artificially created by human beings, and moreover organic compounds have been found in outer space where there are no living beings.But this the difference which is very basic,in terms of chemistry their are lot of differences between Organic and inorganic compounds,lets discuss about them in detail.

Organic Compounds:-

Substance whose molecules contain one or more (often many more) carbon atoms covalent bonded with another element or radical(including hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, the halogens as well as phosphorus, silicon and sulfur).

A few exceptions are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, carbides, and thyocyanates, which are considered inorganic.

Examples of organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

Inorganic Compounds:-

Any compound not containing carbon

atoms.

Any compound that containing carbon atoms ionically bound to other atoms.(carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, carbides, and thyocyanates).

Inorganic compound have salt forming capacity while organic compound do not form salts.

Organic compound have the molecules which contain carbon and hydrogen. Inorganic compound come mainly from mineral sources of non biological origin.

examples:- NaCl,H2,H2SO4 etc.

Difference Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds(Organic vs Inorganic Compounds):-

1. Organic compounds are extracted from living beings while inorganic compounds are created either due to natural processes or in the laboratory.

2. Inorganic compounds can make salt(as they are ionic), while organic does not due to their covalency.

3. Organic compounds contain carbon, while inorganic compound contain metal and other element.

4. Organic compounds have carbon-hydrogen bonds, while inorganic do not have these bond.

5. Inorganic compounds contain metal atoms, whereas organic compounds do not.

6. Organic compounds are biological and inorganic are mineral in nature.

7. Organic compound are covalent in nature whereas organic compound are both ionic and covalent in nature.

8.Organic compound can form long and complex chain of molecules(hence form polymers) whereas inorganic compound does not have this capacity.

9. Organic compound are source of energy for human life(as food) whereas inorganic compound act as catalyst.

10.Organic compound are used as main source of energy in modern world(as petroleum oil) whereas inorganic compound does not.

Difference between Ionic and Molecular compound

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Wed, 20 Jan 2010 16:03:00 +0000

Difference between Ionic and Molecular Compound

Ionic and molecular compound are the two main variety of compound .Every thing in this world is either classified as ionic or molecular compound.The difference between ionic and molecular compound lies in the nature of bonding between the elements of the compounds.

Ionic Compound:-

Ionic compound are the compounds having the Ionic bond between its elements.

First we need to understand Ions to understand the Ionic bond.

Ion:-

An ion is an atom or molecule where the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.

Ionic Bond:-

An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that involves a metal and a non-metal ion (or polyatomic ions ) through electrostatic attraction. In short, it is a bond formed by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

The metal donates one or more electrons, forming a positively charged ion( or cation) with a stable electron configuration(completing its octate). These electrons then enter the non metal, causing it to form a negatively charged ion (or anion) which also has a stable electron configuration(completing its octate).The electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions causes them to come together and form a bond.

Na + Cl → (Na+ ) +( Cl−) → NaCl

Molecular compound:-

Molecular Compound are also know as Covalent compound because they have covalent bond between its element.

Covalent Bond:-

Covalent bonds are the chemical bond in which pair of electrons are shared between the atoms and other covalent bond to fulfil its octate partially.

In the molecule H2, the hydrogen atoms share the two electrons via covalent bonding. Covalency is greatest between atoms of similar electro-negativities.

covalent bonding does not necessarily require the two atoms be of the same elements, only that they be of comparable electro-negativity.

Only covalent bond will be formed between atoms of same element.

Difference between Ionic and Molecular compound(Ionic and molecular compound):-

1)Ionic compound has Ionic bond between its elements whereas molecular compound has covalent bond between its element.

2)Ionic compound are good conductor of electricity in liquid or aqueous state whereas molecular are not.

3) ionic compounds are formed between metals and non-metals whereas Molecular compounds are formed between two non-metals.

4)Ionic compounds are always solid and crystalline in appearance whereas molecular compounds can be in any physical state – solid, liquid, or gas.

5)Ionic compound are found in lesser number then molecular compound.

6)Ionic compound formed when overall energy change for the reaction is favourable – when the bonded atoms have a lower energy than the free ones whereas the strength of covalent bond(of molecular compound) depends on the angular relation between atoms in polyatomic molecules.

Difference between Reflection and Refraction

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Tue, 19 Jan 2010 16:33:00 +0000

Difference between Reflection and Refraction

Reflection and refraction are the phenomenon of waves in which wave changes its direction due to a change in its speed. For simplicity here we discuss difference between reflection and refraction for light rays only.

Reflection:-

When a ray of light falls on any surface, a part of the light is sent back to the same medium. This phenomenon where the incident light falling on a surface is sent back to the same medium is known as reflection.

Reflection of light follow laws of reflection.

Laws of reflection:-

1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the reflection surface at the point of the incidence lie in the same plane.

2. The angle which the incident ray makes with the normal is equal to the angle which the reflected ray makes to the same normal.

3. Light paths are reversible.

Refraction:-

Refraction occurs when light waves travel from a medium with a given refractive index to a medium with another at an angle. At the boundary between the media, the wave's phase velocity is altered, usually causing a change in direction. Its wavelength increases or decreases but its frequency remains constant.

Refraction of light follow Snell's Law.

Snell’s Law:-

Refraction is described by Snell's law, which states that the angle of incidenceθ1 is related to the angle of refraction θ2 by

Reflection and reflection are wonderful phenomenon which plays important role in our day to day life.

We can see our self into a mirror due to reflection of light. Reflection of light causes images turn left to right. Reflection is also used in solar furnaces where concave mirror is used to focus all the light ray into one point to rise the temperature. Moreover, reflection is also used in headlight of vehicles to focus the light and lighten the road at night.

Refraction play most important role as we can see through eye due to refraction by the lenses of our eyes. All the telescope are working on the principle of refraction. Spectacles are also based on refraction. Wherever the lenses are used(either convex or concave) refraction is there in action.

We should heard of Mirage in desert , which is also due to the refraction of light by the air which has different density as moving upward from the heated surface and hence have different refractive index.

Difference between Reflection and Refraction(Reflection vs Refraction)

1)Reflection is caused due to sending back of the light from different medium where as refraction is caused due to bending of light while travelling from one medium to another medium having difference in refractive index.

2)The angle of incidence and angle of reflection are the same in the case of reflection. These angles are not the same in refraction.

3)Mirrors(straight,concave or convex) are used in reflection whereas lenses(concave,convex or straight) are used in reflection.

4)Total internal reflection(eg. fish eye view) is the phenomenon which is the part of refraction.

Difference between Espresso and Latte

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Tue, 22 Dec 2009 18:38:00 +0000

Difference between Espresso and Latte

Espresso is the variation of coffee which is used all over the world and one of the basic form of coffee.Latte is prepared by adding more thing in espresso.Wondering about then?Lets discuss about them in detail.

Espresso:-

Café espresso, or just espresso is a concentrated coffee beverage brewed by forcing hot water under pressure through finely ground coffee.

Espresso has become increasingly popular in recent. In Northern Europe, specialty coffee chains have emerged, selling various sorts of espresso from street corners and high streets.

he first espresso machines were introduced at the beginning of the 20th Century, with the first patent being filed by Luigi Bezzera of Milan, Italy, in 1901.Presently,with popularity of home machines, espresso gains interest in very fast pace. Today, a wide range of home espresso equipment can be found in kitchen and appliance stores.

Espresso is used as the base of other drinks like mochas, macchiato, lattes and cappuccino.

Latte:-

Café latte is prepared by adding Espresso, a lot of milk and small dollop of milk foam (or froth).

The main difference between Espresso and Latte is the addition of milk and froth.

History of latte:-

Latte is invented by a Italian barista in the bay area in California named Lino Meiorin, he made truly Italian cappuccinos which were found by the local market as being too strong. So, Meiorin made adjustments making a cappuccino with larger portions of milk to lessen its strength. He called the drink café latte knowing that he only added more latte (milk) on the drink. The customers seemed to like it and soon it picked up and spread all across the world.

Espresso has more caffeine per unit volume of most beverages, compared on the basis of usual serving sizes, a 30 mL (1 fluid ounce) shot of espresso has about half the caffeine of a standard 180 mL (6 fluid ounce) cup of drip brewed coffee, which varies from 80 to 130 mg

In some places latte may be served in a glass instead of a cup. But, according to tradition, a espresso can be served in some kind of a porcelain cup that has greater heat-retention properties.

Difference between Espresso and Latte (Espresso vs Latte):-

1) Espresso is the base of many coffee variations whereas latte is one of the variations.

2) Espresso has only steamed water which is passed through finely grounded coffee beans whereas latte has espresso added with milk and froth (foamed milk).

Difference between Espresso and Cappuccino

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Tue, 22 Dec 2009 18:23:00 +0000

Difference between Espresso and Cappuccino

Espresso is the most often available coffee.Espresso is one of the purest form of coffee,which is strong and very aromatic.Cappuccino is also one of the important item menu in cafes around the world.Lets discuss difference between espresso and cappuccino and find out more about them and their popularity.

Espresso:-

Caffè espresso, or just espresso is a concentrated coffee beverage brewed by forcing hot water under pressure through finely ground coffee.

Espresso is consumed in Italy and most parts of Europe. Superior coffee blends like Arabica and some times darker roasted beans are also used to make espresso to get stronger flavour. The brewing technique makes the espresso special. To prepare espresso, an espresso machine is needed.

The first espresso machines were introduced at the beginning of the 20th Century, with the first patent being filed by Luigi Bezzera of Milan, Italy, in 1901.Presently,with popularity of home machines, espresso gains interest in very fast pace. Today, a wide range of home espresso equipment can be found in kitchen and appliance stores.

Espresso is used as the base of other drinks like mochas, macchiato, lattes and cappuccino.

Cappuccino:-

Cappuccino is prepared by adding Espresso coffee, milk and lot of froth (milk Foam).

The main difference between Espresso and Cappuccino is the addition of milk and froth.

Espresso has only steamed water, which is passed through finely grounded coffee whereas Cappuccino has espresso with milk and froth.

A cappuccino must be served in some kind of a porcelain cup that has greater heat-retention properties. The foam on top of the cappuccino is supposed to act as an insulator and keep your cup of coffee hot for very long..

Different kinds of cappuccino:-

Cappuccino chiaro:-

It is also known as wet cappuccino and has more milk than the regular cappuccino.

Cappuccino scuro :-

It is also known as dry cappuccino and has less milk than the regular cup.

Difference between Espresso and Cappuccino (Espresso vs Cappuccino):-

1) Espresso is the base of many coffee variations whereas cappuccino is one of the variations.

2) Espresso has only steamed water which is passed through finely grounded coffee beans whereas cappuccino has espresso added with milk and froth (foamed milk).

Difference between Cappuccino and Latte

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Mon, 21 Dec 2009 16:16:00 +0000

Difference between Cappuccino and Latte

Cappuccino and latte are the most frequently available variation of coffee in each café around the world. Cappuccino is the cheapest form of coffee.The difference between cappuccino and latte should be known by every coffee lover as they are different form of coffee and having different taste due to its ingredient.Lets explore them in detail.

Espresso:-

Espresso is a concentrated coffee drink that is prepared by forcing pressurized hot liquid (water) into finely grounded coffee beans.

Espresso is the base for Cappuccino and Latte.

Cappuccino:-

Cappuccino is prepared by adding Espresso coffee, milk and lot of froth (milk Foam.)

Latte:-

café latte is prepared by adding Espresso, a lot of milk and small dollop of milk foam (or froth).

The main difference between Cappuccino and Latte is the amount of milk and froth. Latte has large quantity of milk whereas Cappuccino have large amount of Froth. Preparation of both can also be differ over the geography.

History of latte:-

In some places latte may be served in a glass instead of a cup. But, according to tradition, a cappuccino must be served in some kind of a porcelain cup that has greater heat-retention properties. The foam on top of the cappuccino is supposed to act as an insulator and keep your cup of coffee hot for very long.

Different kind of Cappuccino:-Cappuccino chiaro:-

It is also known as wet cappuccino and has more milk than the regular cappuccino.

Cappuccino scuro :-

It is also known as dry cappuccino and has less milk than the regular cup.

Difference between Cappuccino and Mocha(Cappuccino vs Mocha):-

1)Cappuccino has a lot of froth(Milk foam) whereas mocha has a lot of milk.

2)Cappuccino is suppose to be serve in a porcelain cup whereas Mocha will be served in a glass.

Difference between Latte and Mocha

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Mon, 21 Dec 2009 15:49:00 +0000

Difference between Latte and Mocha

Coffee is one of the most consumed and traded commodity in the world. Coffee is available in many variations for consumption. Among them latte and mocha are the most confusing to differentiate between. Let’s talk about them to clear our understanding about the coffee and give more clarity to our taste buds.

Firstly,to understand latte and mocha we need to know about Espresso coffee.

Espresso:-

Espresso is a concentrated coffee drink that is prepared by forcing pressurized hot liquid (water) into finely grounded coffee beans.

Espresso is the base for latte and mocha.

Latte:-

Café Latte is prepared by adding Espresso, a lot of milk and small dollop of milk foam (or froth).

Mocha:-

Café Mocha is prepared by adding Espresso, chocolate syrup (or powder),milk and whipped cream.

Some prepare café mocha using powdered cocoa while others mainly use chocolate syrups. More so, the chocolate used can either be a pure dark chocolate or a pure white chocolate. The result would be a dark café mocha mix and a white mocha variation respectively. They just differ due to the kind of chocolate used.

Mocha has whipped cream in normal preparation but milk foam is also used in general.

History of Latte:-

Difference between Latte and Mocha (Latte vs Mocha):-

1) Latte uses large amount of milk whereas mocha has normal quantity of milk.

2) Mocha has chocolate syrup (or powder) in its preparation but latte does not use chocolate.

3) Latte uses froth (milk foam) whereas mocha usually use whipped cream.

Difference between Windows 7 Upgrade Version and Full Version

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Mon, 14 Dec 2009 17:35:00 +0000

Difference between Windows 7 Upgrade Version and Full Version

Windows 7 is the latest and the most buzzing operating system by Microsoft Corporation. This release comes with two options Windows 7 upgrade version and Windows 7 Full version. Getting to know the difference between Windows 7 upgrade version and Windows 7 Full version will save money and effort . Let check out about these mindboggling releases of Windows 7.

Windows 7 Full version:-

Windows 7 Full version is a regular release of the Windows 7 home basic ,home premium ,professional and ultimate. This release can be used by anyone and have no prerequisite of having Windows XP or Windows Vista already installed un the system.

Windows 7 upgrade Version:-

This version of release is introduced by Microsoft to the people already using valid and active copy of Windows XP and Windows Vista. This upgrade cost about 2/3 of the original cost of the full version.

Windows 7 upgrade version is saving equipment for the customers who are loyal to Microsoft and using their OS for long time.

After installing both versions are identical and no one to worry about any difference between their functionality. Both contain the same software packages and functionalities without any type of limitation for the cheaper upgrade version.

The small portion of code in the upgrade version checks the presence of a previous Windows installation.

Upgrade version can be a problem or annoyance to those who often reinstall their operating system or even to ordinary users who experience computer troubles.

Reinstalling the upgrade would also need to reinstall your older version of Windows and have it activated before you can install Windows 7. This adds an extra step to process of installation.

Prices of Windows 7 upgrade and Windows 7 full version:-

Windows 7 upgrade version

1) Windows 7 home premium - $119.99

2) Windows 7 professional - $199.99

3) Windows 7 ultimate - $219.99

Windows 7 full version

1) Windows 7 home premium - $199.99

2) Windows 7 professional - $299.99

3) Windows 7 ultimate - $319.99

Difference between Windows 7 Upgrade Version and Full Version(windows 7 upgrade vs. full version):-

1. The Windows 7 upgrade version is 2/3 of the price of the Windows 7 full version.

2. The Windows 7 upgrade version requires older version to be installed and verified while the Windows 7 full version does not.

3. Upgrade always requires installing older version first and the installing windows 7 while Windows 7 Full version is an independent installation.

Difference between Peanut butter and butter

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 17:25:00 +0000

Difference between Peanut butter and butter

Peanut butter and butter are two food spreads which have been used worldwide every morning in households for breakfast. Difference between peanut butter and butter are explained in their history, taste, nutritious value and effects on health. Let’s explore them in detail.

Peanut butter:-

Peanut butter is a food paste made from ground dry roasted peanuts, which is sold as either "crunchy" or "smooth" variety. Peanut butter contains hydrogenated vegetable oil to stabilize it, salt to prevent spoilage, and dextrose and other sweeteners to enhance taste.

Peanut butter marketed as Natural, or Organic, might only contain peanuts and salt.

Butter:-

Butter is a dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk. Butter is normally produced from the milk of cow. But butter is also made from milk of other mammals like goats, sheep, buffalo and yaks. It is generally used as a spread and a condiment, as well as in cooking applications such as baking, sauce making, and frying.

Butter consists of butterfat, water and milk proteins.

History:-

Peanut butter can be traced to Marcellus Gilmore Edson, who had got a patent in 1884 for the “fluid or semi-fluid state” of the roasted peanuts when it was milled between heated surfaces.

Butter has been in use for centuries. Romans, Greeks, Indians and Arabs have been using butter for very long centuries. Most references to butter in ancient Near Eastern texts should more correctly be translated as ghee.

In India, ghee has been a symbol of purity and an offering to the gods. Since India's prehistory, ghee has been both a staple food and used for ceremonial purposes .

The tale of the child Krishna stealing butter remains a popular children's story in India today.

Peanut butter is solid in room temperature. Butter remains solid when refrigerated but spreads at room temperature and melts at 32 to 35 degree Celsius.

Variant:-

Peanut butter comes in two form smooth and crunchy.

Butter comes in following form:

1) Cultured butter.

2) Sweet cream butter

3) Raw cream butter.

4) Spreadable butters

5) Whipped butter

Nutrition:-

Difference between peanutbutter and butter can be seen here very clearly,as both are very different in nutritious value.Butter comes with energy of 720 kcal, it is just 590 kcal in peanut butter.

Butter has higher fat content when compared to peanut butter.Butter contain 81 gm of fat per 100 gm whereas Butter contain only 50 gm of fat per 100 gm.

Comparing the protein level, butter comes with just one gm of protein while peanut butter has 25 gm of protein content.

Difference between Peanut butter and butter(Peanut butter vs butter):-

1) Peanut Butter is made from roasted butter whereas butter is made from milk.

2) Peanut Butter is solid in room temperature whereas butter spreads at room temperature.

3) Peanut Butter has a less of calories(590 Kcal) and fat(50 gm) as compare to butter which has cal(720 Kcal) and fat (81gm).

4) Peanut butter has good amount of protein(25 gm) as compared to butter(1 gm).

5) Peanut butter is mainly used a spread whereas butter is also used as alternative to oil in cooking.

Difference between college and university

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Sat, 05 Dec 2009 11:07:00 +0000

Difference between college and university lies in the governance and functioning,college and university both are related to education but their function and role are different.Lets discuss about them in detail.

College:-
The institution which teaches many courses and subjects to students. These are the institution which are responsible of education to their fellow(student).They regulate all the important task to regulate all the educational activities.

University:-
University are the regulatory which can look after the colleges which are under the University as well as plan for the course offering and all other regulating activity. University offer degrees to the student who are in the affiliated colleges.

The difference between a college and a university is that generally a college offers set of degrees in one specific area whereas a university has a collection of colleges.
For instance when someone goes to a university he/she will graduate from one of their colleges such as Business College or Engineering College. Most of the time, universities are well known and they are larger than colleges.

The difference between both college and university varies a little throughout the world.

In India-A university can grant degrees, whereas colleges can only grant certificates or diplomas, not degree. Universities are considered to be more prestigious and more expensive. They offer higher courses after Bachelor’s Degree like Master’s Degrees, Doctorate Degree, and Post Doctorate Degree. Colleges are small and more focused to students. Colleges are affiliated to a University.
There is one more term in India is Deemed University. These are the colleges which can by them self act as University and they can offer different courses and provide degree.
Important thing is every university should be affiliated by UGC.(University Grants Commission).
UGC got the status of statutory body of the Indian Government through an act of Parliament in November 1956. The UGC since then has been coordinating, determining and maintaining standards of university education and teaching in the country
In USA, universities are larger and have many colleges within them.

In UK- a university can provides degree, colleges usually depends on a fully-fledged university validating its degrees. Sometimes colleges do not even provide degree level education at all.
Mostly, community colleges are very different from universities they cannot offer a 4 year degree such as B.A. or B.Sc. They can offer trade and technical certifications and training.

Australia- universities and colleges in Australia are similar to India. Universities offer degrees, but Colleges only offer Diplomas and Certificates

Difference between a college and a university (College vs university):-
1)University are big educational bodies where as colleges are institutions.
2)Universities offer many degree and courses , where as colleges offer courses of the university which they are affiliated.
3)University takes care of courses and offering , colleges takes care of educational activities.

Difference between WMV and MPG

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Thu, 03 Dec 2009 16:50:00 +0000

Difference between WMV and MPG

WMV and MPG are the file format for multimedia (video and audio) content. Encoding and compression method; and usage creates the difference between WMV and MPG. Let’s find out more about these files which enable us to enjoy songs and movies on our computers, laptops and handheld devices.

WMV:-

WMV (Windows Media Video) is a compressed video file format for several proprietary codec developed by Microsoft. The original codec, known as WMV, was originally designed for Internet streaming applications, as a competitor to Real Video. WMV 9 has gained adoption for physical-delivery formats such as HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc.

MPG:-

MPG is short form of MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group),the group that develop this format. MPEG is a standard for lossy compression of video and audio. It is designed to compress VHS-quality raw digital video and CD audio down to 1.5 Mbit/s (26:1 and 6:1 compression ratios respectively) without excessive quality loss, making Video CDs, digital cable/satellite TV and digital audio broadcasting (DAB) possible.

MPG is the older standard than WMV evolved a lot over the years. The latest version is MPEG4 it is used in mobile devices it uses the MP4 extension to differentiate itself. MPG is commonly used when the video is encoded in the older MPEG1 or MPEG2 standard.

WMV is also based on the MPEG4 standard and aims to duplicate and improve its functionality for users of Microsoft software and hardware. Therefore, comparing the quality of MPEG1 to WMV with the same file size, the quality of WMV would be a lot better due to the compression algorithms.

Mpg is used in a lot more device than WMV. WMV is copyright of Microsoft it goes smooth with Microsoft software and hardware, but not has not been as successful with other products.It is the only supported format for Silverlight, another Microsoft product. WMV is also the default format for hardware devices from Microsoft. This includes the Zune, a music player from Microsoft, the very famous Xbox, and even on PDAs and Smartphones that run the Windows Mobile operating system.

Difference between WMV and MPG(WMV vs MPG):-

1. WMV is a proprietary format developed by Microsoft. MPG is an industry standard (develop those file format).

2. WMV is newer format whereas MPG is much older.

3. WMV is much better when compared to MPG but not when compared to MP4.

4. WMV support Microsoft software and hardware well whereas MPG has a much wider range of devices that it can be played.

Difference between comet and asteroid

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Thu, 03 Dec 2009 16:32:00 +0000

Difference between comet and asteroid

Comets and asteroids are the near earth object having orbit of rotation. Difference between comet and asteroid lies in their origin, composition and behaviour. Lets’ discuss these outer space bodies which always creates too much excitement in us.

Comet:-

Comets are small, frozen mass of dust and gas revolving in an orbit around the Sun. As comets comes near the sun some of the ice present in comets vaporizes and form a visible coma around its solid body and sometimes a long tail of ions that points away from the Sun.

Asteroid:-

Asteroids are rocks found orbiting the sun, generally found between the planets of Mars and Jupiter and also in the Kuiper belt. They have very little or no ices around them that can be released by the heat of the sun and glow. So they are detected only by the sun light that they reflect from their relatively dark surfaces.

Asteroids are made up of metals and rocky material .They are formed about 4.5 billion years ago .They are formed close to the sun so do not have ice.

Comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material. They are also formed about 4.5 billion years ago. Comets formed farther from the Sun where ices would not melt.

Since asteroids have much closer orbits (they are mostly concentrated on the asteroids belt where they orbit the sun between the planets Mars and Jupiter), they are easily known and recognized to exist in millions. Comets, on the other hand, are very far making very hard to know and study them. As of 2008, there are only 3,572 known comets. It is believed that comets originated from a hypothesized belt of orbiting material called the ‘Oort Cloud’.

There are some more term which are always confuses with asteroids and comets. Below definitions will help to understand asteroids and comets well.

Meteoroid:

A small particle from an asteroids or comets orbiting he Sun.

Meteor:

A meteoroid that is observed as it burns up in the Earth's atmosphere - a shooting star.

Meteorite:

A meteoroid that survives its passage through the Earth's atmosphere and impacts the Earth's surface.

Difference between comet and asteroid (comet vs asteroid):-

1. Comets have larger orbit whereas asteroids have smaller orbit.

2. Comets are made up of ice, dust and rocky material whereas asteroids are made up metals and rocky material.

3. Comets are icy cold as they are far from sun whereas asteroids are warmer due to near sun.

4. Comets form a coma and tail when near the sun while asteroids do not.

5. Comets are far so there is less number of comets discovered whereas asteroids are well known.

6. Comets are hypothesized to be concentrated in an orbiting belt very far away from the sun whereas asteroids are mostly found in the asteroids belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Difference between salt and iodized salt

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Thu, 03 Dec 2009 16:13:00 +0000

Difference between salt and iodized salt

Salt is one of the most important mineral for human life.The question will arise that what is iodized salt? Difference between salt and iodized salt; lies in the composition, dietary importance and benefits. Let’s explore more about these differences.

Salt:

Salt(also called as table salt) is compound consist of sodium and chlorine(NaCl) its scientific name is sodium chloride. Salt is one of the basic taste in day to day food. Salt is also an important preservative.

Iodised(Iodized) salt:-

Iodised salt (also spelled iodized salt) is table salt mixed with a minute amount of various iodine-containing salts. The ingestion of iodide prevents iodine deficiency.

Salt is a crystalline solid, white, pale pink or light gray in color. For consumption salt can be obtain from sea water (by mining sea beds or by evaporating sea water) or from rock deposits. Edible rock salts may be slightly greyish in color because of some other mineral content.

Salt can be used as refined or unrefined. Unrefined salt is commonly used for industrial purposes, but it can also used for cooking but unrefined salt is a bit bitter than the refined ones. Refined salt is considered more pure since other minerals are removed.

Birth (History) of Iodised (Iodized) salt:-

During the world war one, the government of the United States recognized that many young men, especially from the Midwest, were found and declared to be unfit for duty due to iodine deficiency. United States was alarmed by this development that prompts it to start a campaign and movement to have an increased dietary intake of iodine. By that time, salt were effectively added with iodine, hoping to make men healthier since salt is a basic ingredient in all types of cooking.

Soon, other countries followed suit because it clearly seemed beneficial and effective prevention move against health conditions caused by the lack of iodine in the system.

The most important iodine deficient areas in the world include the Himalayas(India) and the Andes.

Iodine deficiency affects 2 billion people and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation and goitre. According to public health experts, iodisation of salt may be the world's simplest and most cost-effective measure available to improve health, only costing USD$0.05(2.5 Rs) per person per year. At the World Summit for Children in 1990, a goal was set to eliminate iodine deficiency by 2000. At that time, 25% of households consumed iodised salt, a proportion that increased to 66% by 2006.

In the United States and Canada, one part of iodide is added to 10,000 parts of salt. In other countries, the ratio is one to 100,000. Iodination of water has been successfully used in some areas with adequate water supply and control of the iodination process. Iodination of irrigation water has been successfully used in China.

Difference between Salt and Iodized salt(salt vs iodized salt):-

1. Salt generally comes from the sea or rock deposits whereas iodized salt is a processed form of sea salt that is fortified with iodine.

2. Salt can be either refined or unrefined based on need whereas iodized salt is refined salt.

3. Other salts are also used for commercial and industrial purposes while iodized salt is primarily for cooking as iodine is added for dietary purposes only.

4.Salt contain only sodium chloride all other mineral are removed whereas ,iodized contain sodium chloride and salts(minerals containing iodine) of iodine.

Difference between Nintendo DS and Nintendo DSi

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Wed, 02 Dec 2009 16:58:00 +0000

Difference between Nintendo DS and Nintendo DSi

Nintendo is one of the most successful gaming console till date.It had release Nintendo DS in 2004 and Nintendo DSi in 2008 -2009 .The difference between Nintendo DS and Nintendo DSi is the first question come into mind of all the Nintendo lovers.Lets find out about them.

Nintendo DS:-

The Nintendo DS is a dual-screen handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was released in 2004 in Canada, the United States, and Japan.The Nintendo DS also features a built-in microphone and supports wireless IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) standards , allowing players to interact with each other.

Nintendo DSi:-

The Nintendo DSi is the third iteration of the Nintendo DS handheld gaming console, following the Nintendo DS Lite. As a seventh-generation console, the DSi primarily shares the handheld gaming market with Sony's PlayStation Portable .The handheld has launched between 2008 and 2009.

The Nintendo DSi has a similar appearance and retains most of the features included in the previous DS iterations.

Nintendo Dsi has many added functionalities. First and for most the the visual is changed, The DSi has a matte surface to prevent fingerprints from showing up. It has TFT-LCD screens at 3.25 inches, instead of the previous 3 inches, it is also capable of displaying 260,000 colors.

Nintendo Dsi comes with two cameras; one on the internal hinge pointed towards the user and the other in the outer shell. Which is cool for the user with a matching software application that will let you take pictures as well as edit them and send. The facial blending application which can accommodate the editing of facial images, you can now edit your friend’s image into a Johnny Bravo pic or something funnier by the touch of a button.

It is also equipped with card slot which is very handy and it enhance the storage capacity.

the two gadgets will be almost similar in size save for the slimness of the DSi and its lighter weight as it weighs an insignificant 4 grams less from the 218 grams weight of the DS lite.

Difference between Nintendo DS and Nintendo DSi(Nintendo Ds vs Nintendo DSi):-

1) Nintendo DSi has larger TFT-screen (3.25 inches),as compared to 3 inches in Nintendo DS.

2) Nintendo DSi capable of displaying 260,000 colors.

3) Nintendo DSi Comes with two digital camera wheras Nintendo DS has no camera.

4) Nintendo DSi Comes with an SD card slot which increase the ctorage capacity whereas Nintendo DS has no card slot.

5) Nintendo DSi is lighter in weight at 214 grams as compared to the DS which weighs 218 grams.

6) Nintendo DSi has a matte surface to prevent fingerprints from showing up.

Difference between Photoshop and Photoshop elements

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Wed, 02 Dec 2009 16:44:00 +0000

Difference between Photoshop and Photoshop elements

Adobe released Photoshop which is one of the best imaging tool in the market.Photoshop also release Photoshop element which brings the debate about there functionality.Lets’ find the difference between Photoshop and Photoshop element.

Photoshop:-

Adobe Photoshop, or simply Photoshop, is a graphics editing program developed and published by Adobe Systems. It is the current market leader for commercial bitmap and image manipulation software .

Photoshop elements:-

Originally introduced alongside Photoshop version 7,Adobe Photoshop Elements is the consumer version of the Adobe Photoshop , targeted at hobbyist group of users and hence sold at a fraction (roughly 1/6th) of the cost of the professional product.

It contains most of the features of the professional version but with fewer and simpler options. The program allows users to create, edit, organize and share images, all from the same product.

Releases of Photoshop:

0.63(first release).1.0,2.0,2.5(first windows release),3.0,4.0,5.0,5.5,6.0,7.0.1,CS(8.0),CS2(9.0),CS3 and CS3 extended(10.0), CS4 and CS4 extended(11.0).

Photoshop was first released for Macintosh only and windows release starts from Photoshop 2.5.Now releases are termed as CS(creative suite).In the series they were named as CS1,CS2,CS3,Cs4.

Release of Photoshop elements:
Photoshop elements 1.0, 2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0.

Photoshop Elements is geared towards everyday people who do not really need or understand the advanced features of Photoshop, Adobe included some features that make it easier for the general public to use on their everyday photos. Tools like automatic red-eye removal and the cookie cutter takes out the complexity of image editing and simply gets the job that the user wants done.

Another great thing that user loves about Photoshop is the great number of plug-ins that can be downloaded and used with it to improve or automate its features. Photoshop Elements is also capable of using these plug-ins. Some users take advantage of this fact by employing plug-ins that replicate the features that are not available in Photoshop elements

Difference between Photoshop and Photoshop elements(Photoshop vs Photoshop elements):

1)Photoshop elements is the scale down release of Photoshop.

2)Photoshop elements is 1/6 th of the price of Photoshop professional.

3) Photoshop elements has some tools that are not available in Photoshop like cookie cutter tool and automatic red eye removal.

4)Difference lies in scaled down functionality of Photoshop elements .Below are the some of the functionality which are missing in Photoshop elements:

Missing feature	purpose
Color Balance	color adjustment
Curves	tonal and color corrections
Channels palette	color adjustment
CMYK colors	pre-print image processing
Transform selection	selections
Quick masks	selections
Layer groups	manipulation, design
Some Layer Style functions	manipulation, design
Layer masks	retouching, manipulation
Smart objects	non-destructive transformations
Smart filters	non-destructive filtering
Pen tools	design
Vector masks	design
Paths	design
Actions palette	automating work
Some Web components	web graphics

Difference between Income Tax and TDS?

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 18:08:00 +0000

Tax vs TDS
Every country and state has their own expenditure on defense, development, construction, salaries of government employees and other plans which are important for growth of nation and states. For this country impose tax on the individual, firms, corporate house, import and export etc.

Income Tax
Income is the tax imposed on the individual ,a firm or a corporate house when income of the individual or the business entity exceeds a particular basic limit exempted by income tax law of the country.
Income tax is calculated on the basis of annual income of the concerned individual or business enterprise.

TDS(Tax deduction at source)

Case 1:
However, although income tax is calculated on annual income basis, the tax is deducted at source periodically over the accounting year for which income tax is payable. In case of salary payable to an employee, the employer has the duty to deduct income tax from the salary every month.
Case 2:
In case of distribution of prizes of lottery and gambling, a certain percentage of such winning is deducted at source from the amount payable to such winner. There are scores of other individuals whose income is taxed at source by the person making payment to such individuals.
It might possible salaried person does not have annual salary some which fall under the tax and he does not pay TDS, but if he has some other source of income and summation of salary and other income exceed exemption limit then he has to pay income tax at the end of year, however he need not to give any TDS.

Difference between income tax and TDS (income tax and TDS):-

1. While Income tax is calculated on the annual income and is a definite amount, the TDS is a sort of tax deducted periodically in anticipation of a deemed annual income, the sum total of such periodic deduction is supposed to be equal or near equal to the actual income tax calculated at the end of the accounting year.
2. Whereas Income tax is a person’s total annual tax liability, the TDS represents a fraction of his total annual tax liability.
3. A person may not have to pay tax at source, but may have to pay income tax at the end of the year in certain cases. For example, if an individual has income from salary as well as income from house property. Tax may not be deducted from his income from salary if it is below taxable limit. But if his total income, including the income from house property, exceeds the exemption limit, he will have to pay tax on his annual taxable income in one lump sum at the end of the year.
4. Similarly, an individual may not have taxable income, but still may have to pay TDS. One case in example is income from dividends or income from bank interests. Such dividend or interest income is taxed at source. But on yearly basis he may not have taxable income. So he is eligible to get income tax refund after submitting annual return and claiming refund of such TDS amount.

Difference between ASP and ASP.NET

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 17:14:00 +0000

Difference between ASP and ASP.NET

Difference between ASP and ASP.net lies in the way they are implement in the backend, ASP.net comes up after removing the drawback of ASP.There is more to lern about them.Lets discuss the differences.

Introduction of ASP and ASP.net
ASP
ASP or Active Server Pages is the Microsoft’s first ever server-side scripting language used for generating dynamic and interactive pages. Initially, Microsoft added it as an add-on to the IIS (Internet Information Services) for Windows NT 4.0 but after its success, Microsoft included it as a free component of Windows Server after the release of Microsoft Windows 2000 Server.

Different Versions of ASP
Microsoft has released various versions of ASP. Following are the versions of ASP released by ASP.
ASP Version 1: it was distributed with the Microsoft IIS 3.0 (December 1996)
ASP Version 2: it was distributed with the Microsoft IIS 4.0 (September 1997)
ASP Version 3: it was distributed with the Microsoft IIS 5.0 (November 2000)
ASP.NET
ASP.NET is a web application framework developed and marketed by Microsoft to allow programmers to build dynamic web sites, web applications and web services. It was first released in January 2002 with version 1.0 of the .NET Framework, and is the successor to Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP) technology. ASP.NET is built on the Common Language Runtime (CLR), allowing programmers to write ASP.NET code using any supported .NET language.
It was initially evolve as XSP renamed as ASP+ and finally in mid 200o with evolution of .NET it is finally named as ASP.NET
ASP.NET is the next generation ASP, but it's not an upgraded version of ASP.
ASP.NET is an entirely new technology for server-side scripting. It was written from the ground up and is not backward compatible with classic ASP.
Different version of ASP.NET
1)ASP.NET 1.1
2)ASP.NET 2.0
3)ASP.NET 3.0
4)ASP.NET 3.5
5)ASP.NET 4.0(release soon in 2010)

Architecture of ASP.NET

Difference between ASP and ASP.NET(ASP vs ASP.NET):-

ASP is interpreted, ASP.NET is compiled
Since ASP uses VB script, there is no compilation. All ASP pages are interpreted when the page is executed.
ASP.NET uses modern .NET languages like C#, VB.NET etc. They can be compiled to efficient Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). When you compile an ASP.NET application, the server side code is compiled to assemblies. These assemblies are loaded at run time which makes the ASP.NET pages perform better than classic ASP.
A binary executable is compiled upon the first request to the page. This image is stored in an in-memory cache on the web server.

ADO and ADO.NET
Classic ASP uses a technology called ADO to connect and work with databases. ASP.NET uses the ADO.NET technology (which is the next generation of ADO)

The Framework provides a very clean separation of code from content.
With ASP because the HTML is generated as the page is interpreted your page logic must be embedded into the page at the location where you want the HTML generated by this logic to be output. With ASP.NET no HTML is generated until all of the code in your page has finished executing. The entire task of HTML generation is done in the page s rendering step which uses the properties for all of us who consider script writing and HTML generation a poor substitute to sitting down and writing real code.

Event driven programming
Event driven programming was not available with classic ASP. You cannot drag and drop a button and write a 'on click' event handler with ASP.
ASP.NET works pretty much like Visual Basic program. We can write event handlers for several events like button click event, text changed event etc.
However, there is big difference between the way event handling works in regular Visual basic and ASP.NET. In ASP.NET, a page is loaded in the client browser. And the server may be in another location (may be in another country). When you click on the button in an ASP.NET page, the 'click event' handler has to be executed on the server, not on the client.
As a user of the web page, you will not even know what happened in the background. All you can see is, when you clicked the button, it executed the button click event handler in the server side and you got the result. However, you may notice a delay because the page has to be submitted to the server to execute the event handler.

ASP.NET Framework maintains state .
asp and .aspx pages cannot share the same session state. To maintain session state between .asp and .aspx pages, it is necessary to use an alternative to the built-in session object of either architecture

Language Differences
VBScript is no longer used with ASP.NET. ASP.NET uses another .NET language VB.NET. Jscript, although still supported, has undergone a lot of revision in order to be compliant with ASP.NET.

ASP.NET provides a consistent event model.
With ASP script is executed on the page in a top-down manner. Although it s possible to put your script within functions that you call from the page body there is no event model that fires at specific points in the lifecycle of your page. With ASP.NET this event model has been added. Most importantly there is an event fired whenever your page. With ASP.NET this event your page begins to load. This is very much like the from_Load event in VB. The page load event can be trapped in a script tag or from your code behind the page. This gives you a consistent model for setting up your output.

Compatibility
ASP.NET is not fully compatible with earlier versions of ASP, so most of the old ASP code will need some changes to run under ASP.NET.
To overcome this problem, ASP.NET uses a new file extension ".aspx". This will make ASP.NET applications able to run side by side with standard ASP applications on the same server.
Pros and cons of ASP
Pros

No client-side constraints .
Dynamically edit, change or add any content of a Web page .
Access any data or databases and return the results to a browser .
Provide security since ASP code can not be viewed from the browser .
ASP programming minimizes the network traffic .

Cons

ASP is only available for Windows (NT and 95).
Not completely browser independent.
Limited number of objects are available.
Session state is cookie dependent.

Difference between web server and application server ?

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 17:08:00 +0000

Difference between Web server and application server

Difference between web server and application server lies in the function they perform to fullfill user request.Both have some similarity and difference.Lets find out the difference between them.

The main difference between web server and application server is that ,web server ,serves HTTP request where as Application server is interface(business logic/business layer) between Front End( presentation layer/GUI) and Back End (Database/ERP) by using any number of protocols.

Now we can see them in more details and compare web servers and application servers in light of more facts:-

Web Server
1) A Web server handles the HTTP protocol. When the Web server receives an HTTP request, it responds with an HTTP response, such as sending back an HTML page.
2) According to the HTTP protocol, the client should send a Request to the server in a special format and Based on the Request, the server will send back a Response, which again is in a special format.
3)Web server can return only static pages but it may delegate the dynamic response generation to some other program JSP,ASP,servlets ,server-side JavaScript and other server side technologies.
4) When web server delegates the work it doesn't provide any functionality beyond simply providing an environment in which the server-side program can execute and pass back the generated responses.
5) Web server may not itself support transactions or database connection pooling, it may employ various strategies for fault tolerance and scalability such as load balancing, caching, and clustering.
6) Application server also uses web server for displaying responses in client’s browser in another way web server is subset of application server.
7) Web servers are technology designed to create and deploy Web site, serving up content more so than applications.Web servers are more about the interface than the back-end logic

Application server

1) An application server is a server program in a computer in a distributed network that provides the business logic for an application program. The application server is frequently viewed as part of a three-tier application, consisting of a graphical user interface (GUI) server, an application (business logic) server, and a database and transaction server
2) Legacy application(main frames) databases and transaction management applications are part of the back end or third tier. The application server is the middleman between browser-based front-ends and back-end databases and legacy systems.
3) The application server combines or works with a Web (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) server and is called a Web application server.
4) The Web server provides several different ways to forward a request to an application server and to forward back a modified or new Web page to the user.
5) To reduce the complexity in the middle tier, enterprise programmers build their applications on top of systems called Application Servers.Application Servers provide the system services to address the non-functional requirements like scalability, performance etc and reduces the complexity of the middle tier by Resource Pooling and Multithreading
6)To support high-end needs, an application server has to have built-in redundancy, monitors for high-availability, high-performance distributed application services and support for complex database access.
7)examples- Java Application servers(weblogic,JBoss,JRun etc),Microsoft server(.NET Platform),Zend Server(PHP application) etc

Difference between DBMS and RDBMS

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 17:06:00 +0000

We need to save data for Business use,this data should be stored in organized and safe way,so user can use it at his/her convenience.
To store data we have different repositories which are called as DBMS and depend on organization of data we can classify these into hierarchical, network, relational, object and so on.
database having relational organization is known as RDBMS,we will further probe into this.

DBMS-Database Management System
RDBMS-Relational Database Management System.

DBMS-
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database in a computer platform or of an organization and its end users.A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database.
Example-
Perl, Python,IMS.

RDBMS-
A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a Database Management System (DBMS) that is based on the relational model .
RDBMS is a DBMS in which data is stored in the form of tables and the relationship among the data is also stored in the form of tables.
Here in below example,Teacher table(containing teachers name) is related with student table(containing student name) by the relation that Student can teach by Teacher.
Here Student and teacher are table and Teaches by is the relation between them.

This database is introduced by E. F. Codd. Most popular commercial and open source databases currently in use are based on the relational model.
Example-
Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle,Access, DB2 (both the Z series and the UDB product).

Difference between DBMS and RDBMS-

Main difference between the DBMS and RDBMS is we can establish the relation between the tables in RDBMS.in case of DBMS we cannot establish relation between tables.

Another difference between dbms and rdbms is that RDBMS follows relational data model where as dbms can follow even network, hierarchical or other data model.

The relational model is based on set theory ,its accuracy and usefulness have a basis in mathematics.

In RDBMS, if we open the Database, the whole tables can be accessable, where in DBMS, we need to open each and every table whenever we want to use.

RDBMS allows the data to be queried based on any column in any table not need to create an index or keys in order to query data.So, relational data is easier to query than hierarchical, CODASYL, or some other model.

Q.What is cushion account ?

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 16:58:00 +0000

What is cushion account?

A. It is an account a person sets aside which has no demands of monthly expenses on it, and is used as an emergency or luxury fund. A few business people set aside cushion fund to help their business grow, and for stability. The word ’cushion’ is used as it gives a certain level of comfort to the person.

Source – Sunday Times

Difference between UVA and UVB rays

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Mon, 30 Nov 2009 15:55:00 +0000

UVA vs UVB

UVA and UVB are the UV (Ultra Violet rays) having very harmful effect in human body.Difference between UVA and UVB rays, their characteristic and effect are the essential thing we should know,as these rays causes cancers in about more than a million persons around the world and more than 250,000 Americans each year.

UV(Ultra Violet) rays:-

UV radiation is part of the light(electromagnetic spectrum) that reaches the earth from the sun. It has wavelengths shorter than visible light, making it invisible to the naked eye. These wavelengths are classified as UVA, UVB, or UVC.

UVA Rays :-

UVA having longest wavelength among the three UV rays at 320–400 nanometres (nm, or billionths of a meter). UVA is further divided into two wave ranges, UVA I, which measures 340-400 nanometres (nm, or billionths of a meter), and UVA II which extends from 320–400 nanometres.

They are present with relatively equal intensity during all daylight hours throughout the year, and can penetrate clouds and glass.

UVB Rays:-

UVB wavelength ranges from 290 to 320 nm. UVB rays do not significantly penetrate glass.

With even shorter rays, most UVC is absorbed by the ozone layer and does not reach the earth.

Effect on human skin:-

UVA, which penetrates the skin more deeply than UVB, has long been known to play a major part in skin aging and wrinkling (photo aging), but until recently scientists believed it did not cause significant damage in areas of the epidermis (outermost skin layer) where most skin cancers occur.

UVA is the dominant tanning ray, and we now know that tanning, whether outdoors or in a salon, causes cumulative damage over time. A tan results from injury to the skin’s DNA; the skin darkens in an imperfect attempt to prevent further DNA damage. These imperfections, or mutations, can lead to skin cancer.

UVB, the chief cause of skin reddening and sunburn, tends to damage the skin’s more superficial epidermal layers. It plays a key role in the development of skin cancer and a contributory role in tanning and photo aging. Its intensity varies by season, location, and time of day.

The most significant amount of UVB hits the U.S. between 10 AM and 4 PM from April to October. However, UVB rays can burn and damage skin year-round, especially at high altitudes and on reflective surfaces such as snow or ice, which bounce back up to 80 percent of the rays so that they hit the skin twice. UVB rays do not significantly penetrate glass.

Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and UV Radiation

sunscreen’s efficacy has been measured by its sun protection factor, or SPF. SPF is not an amount of protection per se. Rather, it indicates how long it will take for UVB rays to redden skin when using a sunscreen, compared to how long skin would take to redden without the product.someone using a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 will take 15 times longer to redden than without the sunscreen.

An SPF 15 sunscreen screens 93 percent of the sun’s UVB rays; SPF 30 protects against 97 percent; and SPF 50, 98 percent.

To make sure you’re getting effective UVA as well as UVB coverage, look for a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher, plus some combination of the following UVA-screening ingredients: stabilized a avobenzone , ecamsule ( Mexoryl™), oxybenzone, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide.

The phrases multi spectrum, broad spectrum or UVA/UVB protection on sunscreen labels, all indicate that some UVA protection is provided along with UVB.

Prevention Guidelines for protection :-

1)Seek the shade, especially between 10 AM and 4 PM.

2)Do not burn.

3)Avoid tanning and UV tanning booths.

4)Cover up with clothing, including a broad-brimmed hat and UV-blocking sunglasses.

5)Use a sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher every day.

6)Apply 1 ounce (2 tablespoons) of sunscreen to your entire body 30 minutes before going outside. Reapply every two hours, or immediately after swimming or excessive sweating.

7)Keep newborns out of the sun. Sunscreens should be used on babies over the age of six months.

Difference between UVA and UVB rays(UVA vs UVB) :-

1. UVA has a longer wavelength than UVB .

2. UVA has more penetrating power and penetrates glass while UVB does not penetrate glass.

3. UVA radiation penetrates the skin up to the dermis layer while UVB only reaches the epidermis.

4. UV radiation are harmful, UVB poses a higher risk factor than UVA because it causes direct DNA damage.

Reference:

http://www.skincancer.org/Understanding-UVA-and-UVB

Difference between handycam and camcorder

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Sat, 28 Nov 2009 12:54:00 +0000

Handycam vs camcorder

Handycam and camcorder are the devices which are used in recording live motion video.Then what is the difference between handcamy and camcorder?

Camcorder:-

Word camcorder is derived from two words camera and recorder. A camcorder (camera recorder) is a portable electronic recording device capable of recording live-motion video and audio for later playback. Camcorders have three major components - a lens that gathers and focuses light, an imager that converts light into an electrical signal and a recorder that converts electrical signals into digital video and encodes them for storage.

Handycam:-

Handycam is also a camcorder.It as a condensed term for a handy camera. the electronic manufacturing giant, Sony, created a handy video recording device, named HANDYCAM, in 1985. It was the smallest camcorder at that time which uses the Video8 (8mm) format which eventually developed to Hi-8.

The first camcorders recorded in one of two analog formats, VHS and Betamax formats. Recordings were stored on video tape cassettes and replayed with a video tape cassette recorder (VCR) hooked up to a monitor, typically a TV set. As technology improved, other formats such as S-VHS, 8mm, Hi-8, and digital video (DV) and high definition video (HDV) became available.

Nowadays, camcorders records in digital format. The images that new camcorders record are stored digitally and it won’t lose quality or resolution when copied or reproduced as it was in analog datacapturing.

Video tapes or films are no longer used; video information can also be transferred in different digital storage devices like memory cards, CDs, DVDs, and hard drive of computers.

In essence, the Sony brand Handycam is a small handheld camcorder. As time went by, small camcorders were customarily called handycams as the moniker stuck as a label for small camcorders. The smaller it gets, the more handycam it becomes.

Sony still continues to manufacture Handycam brands that ultimately evolved to digital formats. Due to the pioneering and popularity of the Sony brand, even other manufacturing companies that make handheld camcorders are often referred by many people as handycams.

Difference between handycam and camcorder(handycam vs camcorder):-

1. Camcorders are shortened term for camera recorders; a device that captures video and audio. Handycam is a trade name of a camcorder by Sony. It is a shortened term for handy camera.

2. Camcorders is the correct term for camera recorder whereas handycam is the moniker stuck label for them

Difference between virus and spyware

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Sat, 28 Nov 2009 11:56:00 +0000

Virus vs spyware

Virus and spyware are the malicious programs or applications which infect computers around the world.Difference between virus and spyware lies in the difference of their behaviour.

Virus:-

Virus (or more preciously computer virus) are the malicious code which intentionally will enter into computers for destroying the system, files, and any programs that resides in the computers. The virus will attach itself to files or boot sectors in order to replicate itself.The user is unaware of the problem and spreads the virus to others.

Spyware:-

Spyware are also the malicious code which that covertly gathers user information through the user's Internet connection without his or her knowledge, usually for advertising purposes.the spyware monitors user activity on the Internet and transmits that information in the background to someone else.

computer viruses was created either as experiments or as practical jokes of computer geeks.but now days its a big business of wrong people.With the evolution of Internet, virus spread more rapidly.Viruses comes in many form like worms and Trojans and are spread to promote businesses by redirecting web pages, pop-up advertisements etc.There are many anti-virus program available in the market which prevent and cure viruses form computer.

Virus consume all the resource in terms of memory(RAM) and processor; they eventually makes the system crash.Virus sticks to boot program and replicate itself to infect all the files of the system as well as can also spread over the network.They can also through thumb drive,external carrier which can attach to a system through USB or any other medium.

Spyware steals information from the user and send back to the spyware's home base via the user's Internet connection who will either use it for advertising/marketing purposes or sell the information to another party. Spyware have the ability to monitor keystrokes, scan files on the hard drive, snoop other applications, such as chat programs or word processors, install other spyware programs, read cookies, change the default home page on the Web browser etc.

Difference between virus and spyware(virus vs spyware):-

1. Virus have the sole purpose of destroying the resource of a computer whereas spyware sole purpose is only of stealing information from the user.

2. Viruses consume system resource only where as spyware can also consume bandwidth of the Internet connection and can upload and download without user permission.

3.Virus was discovered long time back whereas spyware born with Internet evolution.

4.Viruses can destruct your software and some time hardware also,whereas spyware steal your information and does not impact in your software and hardware.

Difference between EBITDA and cash flow

sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Sat, 28 Nov 2009 09:57:00 +0000

Difference between EBITDA and cash flow

EBITDA and cash flow are the two measures for evaluating a companies financial performance.These terms are quite close to each other ,and at the same time hugely different when place in balance sheet of company.

EBITDA:-

EBITDA stands for Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization.it is a measure of a company's cash flow before certain deductions. It gives us idea about how much money a company is making before taxes, depreciation and amortization have been deducted.

EBITDA=Revenue – Expenses(excluding interest taxes,depreciation and amortization)

Cash Flow:-

The amount of cash generated and used by a company in a given period. It is calculated by adding noncash charges (such as depreciation) to net income after taxes. Cash flow can be attributed to a specific project, or to a business as a whole.

EBITDA gives the investor an idea of how much money the company has made before its deductions. It is especially useful for a new company who has just started business and has not yet been hit with taxes, payments to creditors,etc,whereas cash flow takes into account the all expenses and working capital while assessing the company’s financial position.

EBITDA gives good picture of newly established company only,the statement of a business's cash flows is often used by analysts to gauge financial performance. Companies with ample cash on hand are able to invest the cash back into the business in order to generate more cash and profit.

Difference between EBITDA and Cash Flow (EBITDA vs Cash Flow):-

1.EBITDA is measure of operating income before the deduction of Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortisation.Cash flow is related to a broad measure of cash generated by any company or firm.

2.EBITDA cannot take working capital into account whereas Cash flow takes working capital as well while assessing the company’s financial position.

3. While cash flows can detect signs of poor financial management, EBITDA will not detect such warning signs.

4.EBDITA is good measure for newly establish company whereas cash flow is good measure of established company .

5. Cash flow is better than EBITDA in determining the overall health of a company or a firm.

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sheelu8606@yahoo.co.in (Satya Sheel) — Sat, 28 Nov 2009 06:26:00 +0000

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