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Breaking News..!!!!!!!!!: Matokeo Ya Mtihani Kidato Cha Nne -2015 Yametoka....Yatazame Hapa

2016-02-18T22:35:00.001-08:00

BOFYA HAPA KUYATIZAMA....!!!

Baraza la mitihani Tanzania limetangaza matokeo ya mtihani wa kidato cha nne wa mwaka 2015 yanayoonesha kiwango cha ufaulu kushuka kwa asilimia 0.80.
Akitangaza matokeo hayo, Katibu Mtendaji wa Baraza hilo Dkt Charles Msonde amesema kuwa jumla watahiniwa 272,947 sawa na 67.53% ya watahiniwa wote waliofanya mtihani wa kidato cha nne 2015 wamefaulu tofauti na mwaka 2014 ambapo ufaulu ulikuwa 68.33%.

Msonde amesema kwa upande wa watahiniwa wa shule, waliofaulu ni 240,996 sawa na asilimia 67.91 ya waliofanya mtihani, wasichana wakiwa 11,125 (64.84) na wavulana wakiwa 124,871 (71.09).

Amesema kwa upande wa watahiniwa wa shule, ufaulu umeshuka kwa asilimia 1.85 ikilinganishwa na mwaka 2014.

Aidha kwa upande wa watahiniwa wa kujitegemea, Dkt Msonde amesema watahiniwa 31,951 sawa na asilimia 64.80 wamefaulu ikilinganishwa na watahiniwa 29,162 (61.12) waliofaulu mwaka 2014.

Kwa upade wa ubora wa ufaulu kwa kuangalia madaraja waliyopata watahiniwa wa shule, Msonde amesema waliopata daraja la kwanza ni 9,816 sawa na asilimia 2.77, daraja la pili ni 31,986 sawa na asilimia 9.01, daraja la tatu ni 48,127 sawa na asilimia 13.56.

Aidha waliopata daraja la nne ni 240,996 sawa na asilimia 67.91 na waliopata daraja la sifuri (waliofeli) ni 113,489 sawa na asilimia 32.09.

Watahiniwa waliopata ufaulu mzuri wa kati ya daraja la kwanza hadi la tatu ni 94,941 sawa na asilimia 24.73 wavulana wakiwa 56,603 sawa na 29.99 na wasichana 38,338 sawa na asilimia 19.63.

Amesema kwa upande wa ufaulu wa masomo kwa watahiniwa wa shule, ufaulu wa juu kabisa ni wa somo la Kiswahili ambapo asilimia 77.63 wamefaulu huku ufaulu wa chini kabisa ukiwa ni wa somo la Basic Mathematics ambapo asilimia 16.76 wamefaulu.

Matokeo hayo yamepangwa katika mfumo wa madaraja (Division) badala ya ule wa wasatani wa alama (GPA) kama ambavyo iliagizwa na Waziri wa Elimu, Sayansi, Teknolojia na Ufundi hivi karibuni.

BOFYA HAPA UYAONE LIVE....!!!

NJIA ZINAZOHAMASISHA MTU AWE NA UWEZO MKUBWA KIAKILI

2015-06-25T11:13:00.000-07:00

Yapo mambo ambayo ubongo wa binadamu unatakiwa kuyafanya kwa ufanisi ili mtu aonekane kuwa ana akili.Mambo hayo ni kama vile kuwa na uwezo wa kujifunza na kuelewa kwa haraka, kutunza kumbukumbu na kuwa na uwezo wa kutumia tena taarifa zilizotunzwa katikaubongo ili kuzichanganua kulingana na hali halisi ya mazingira yanayomkabili.Tunaweza kuutazama ubongo kama ilivyo kompyuta ilivyo na mfumo tata wa kuchakata taarifa ambayo utendaji wake hutegemea uwezo wa mtumiaji.Hivyo ndivyo pia ilivyo akili ya binadamu. Akili hutegemea maumbile ya vitu vilivyomo ndani ya ubongo na mazingira ya nje,” anasema Dk Mohana Ali katika makala yake ya ‘The Biological-Environmental Hypothesis of Human Intelligence’ iliyochapishwa Julai, 2014 katika mtandao wa www.dana.orgKatika ubongo kuna nyaya zinazosafirisha taarifa kutoka seli moja kwenda seli nyingine ya ubongo. Nyaya hizi zimefunikwa na utando wa mafuta mafuta unaojulikana kama myelin.Myelin kama ilivyo kwa vifuniko vya plastiki vinavyofunika waya wa umeme, huzuia mkondo wa taarifa katika seli za ubongo zisivuje na kwa maana hiyo huziwezesha kusafiri kwa haraka katika sehemu mbalimbali za ubongo.Ubongo wenye myelin yenye ubora wa haliya juu husaidia mtu kuwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kiakili.Yapo mambo ambayo yanasaidia ubongo kuwa na afya nzuri na yanasaidia myelin kuwa katika hali nzuri. Ubongo unahitaji lishe bora na kuchangamshwa ili uweze kufanya kazi vizuri na kuwa na uwezo wa kiakili. Kwa maana hiyo akili zinalelewa na kukuzwa.Wataalamu wa afya wanasema kuwa lishe yenye kiasi cha kutosha cha wanga na sukari ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kuupatia ubongo nguvu.Ulaji wa samaki pia husaidia ubongo kupata mafuta mafuta ambayo ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kukuza uwezo wa kiakili.Kucheza, kufanya mazoezi na kuvuta hewasafi ya kutosha pia ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kuchangamsha akili na kuongeza uwezo wa ubongo kufanya kazi zake kwa ufanisi.“Akili yako inahitaji mazoezi pia. Kama utaacha kujizoeza na kutumia uwezo wa akili na ujuzi wa kutatua matatizo, uwezo wa kufikiri na utambuzi wa mambo, utategemea vipi akili yako kuwa nyingi?” anauliza mtaalamu wa tiba ya tabia katika mji wa Florida nchini Marekani, Andrea Kuszewski.

Kadiri ubongo wa mtoto unavyochochewa kwa vichocheo na vichangamshi salama, ndivyo chembe nyingi zaidi za neva zinavyoanza kufanya kazi na kuunganishwa.Ubongo wa mtoto hauchochewi na kukuzwa kupitia kufundishwa mambo, hesabu au lugha pekee. Wanasayansi wanasema kwamba ubongo wa mtoto unahitaji kuchochewa pia kihisia kwa upendo.Tafiti nyingi za kisayansi zinaonyesha kwamba ubongo wa mtoto wadogo hauwezi kustawi vizuri iwapo hawakumbatiwi, hawaguswi, hawachochewi kihisia na wale wasioshirikikatika kucheza.Dk Samwel Shita wa gazeti hili, anasema kwamba kucheza kunachangia kukuza uwezo wa akili.“Miongoni mwa faida za kiafya za kucheza kwa watoto ni kupata afya bora ya ubongo,kujijengea ujuzi, kukuza ufahamu…kumjengea uwezo wa ufanyaji uamuzi na kukuza kipaji,” anasema Dk Shita.Mtaalamu wa masuala ya saikolojia ya watoto wa hapa nchini, Denis Munga aliwahi kukaririwa akizungumzia watoto wanaocheza na kuonyesha utundu mwingikuwa ni wenye akili nyingi.Munga anaongeza kusema: “Ili kufahamu kama akili za mtoto zinafanya kazi vizuri, mzazi anatakiwa achunguze kama mtoto ana tabia ya kushughulishwa na vitu vilivyo karibu yake.”Mwanasaikolojia na daktari bingwa wa watoto na upasuaji wa ubongo, Benjamin Carson wa Marekani anasema: “Hakuna mtu mwenye akili ndogo. Ikiwa una ubongo wa kawaida na wenye afya njema, wewe ni mtu mwenye uwezo mzuri kiakili.”Dk Carson anachukua mfano wa yeye mwenyewe akisema: “Mimi nilikuwa mwanafunzi mwenye uwezo mdogo sana wa kiakili darasani. Nilikuwa mwanafunzi wa mwisho darasani kiasi kwamba wanafunzi wenzangu na walimu wangu walikuwa wananiita zoba. Jambo lililonifanya kuchukia sana na kuwa mtu mwenye vurugu.”Anaendelea kusimulia kuwa mama yake kuona hivyo aliamua kumsaidia kwa kumtia moyo kwa upendo na upole na kumpangia ratiba maalumu ya kujisomea kila siku.Anasema baada ya muda alianza kufanya vizuri darasani. Mwaka mmoja baadaye alishika namba ya kwanza darasani. “Ni katika kipindi hicho ndipo nilipotambua sikuwa mbumbumbu,” anasema.Mwaka 1987, Dk Carson aliushangaza ulimwengu kwa kuweka historia ya kipekee katika fani ya tiba ya upasuaji kutokana na kufanikisha upasuaji wa pacha walioungana vichwa ambao ulichukua saa 22.
Thomas Alva Edison, mgunduzi wa balbu za umeme aliwahi kusema kuwa akili nyingi kwa kiasi kikubwa ni matokeo ya kufanya bidii katika kufikiri na kufanya kazi ili mambo mazuri uliyokusudia yatokee.Edison aliyasema hayo baada ya kushindwa mara nyingi katika majaribio yaugunduzi wake lakini hakukata tamaa na hatimaye alifanikiwa.Katika kipindi cha utoto wake, walimu wake walimuona kama mtoto mwenye uwezo mdogo wa kiakili lakini hilo halikumkatisha tamaa.Naye, Walter Isaacson, mwandishi aliyeandika habari za maisha ya watu wenye akili nyingi kama Steve Jobs mgunduzi wa iPod, Albert Einstein na Benjamin Franklin anasema watu hawa wote walikuwa na tabia zinazofanana kama vile kuwa na tamaa na malengo ya kufanya vitu tofauti na kuwa na maono au ndoto walizotaka zitimie.Isaacson anaongeza kusema kuwa watu hao pia walijua namna ya kutumia akili za watu wengine ili kufanya mambo yatokee.Waliamini kuwa akili nyingi ni uwezo wa kutumia akili za watu wengine ili kupanua uwezo wa kufikiri na kubuni.Walitoa pia changamoto kwa fikra za wengine lakini waliamini kuwa ubongo wao una uwezo wa kutatua changamoto zao na binadamu wengine.Dr Alfred Barrious mtaalamu bingwa wa saikolojia ambaye pia ni mwandishi wa kitabu cha Towards Greater Freedom and Happiness cha mwaka 1978, anasema “ watu wengi hufanya makosa kufikiri kuwa watu wenye akili nyingi wamerithi uwezo wote wa kiakili ila ukweli ni kwamba wamewezeshwa pia na mazingira yao kuwa na akili”Naye Luciano M na wenzake katika utafiti wao wa mwaka 2004 uliochapishwa katikajarida la ‘Behavior Genetics’ toleo la 34, anabainisha kuwa uwezo wa akili kufanya kazi haraka na kubuni mambo unatokana na urithi wa vinasaba pamoja na kukuzwa na mazingira.Ripoti ya Chama cha Wataalamu wa Saikolojia nchini Marekani kilitoa ripoti yake Agosti 1995, kikisema kwamba watu hutofautiana katika uwezo wa kuelewa mambo, kujifunza kutokana na uzoefu.Kikaeleza kuwa hali hiyo huenda sawia na mazingira, kufikiri na kukabili vikwazo vya mawazo. Ripoti hiyo iliongeza kusema kuwa uwezo wa mtu wa kiakili unaweza kutofautiana na mwingine kutokana na matukio pamoja na vigezo mbalimbali.Katika utafiti mmoja uliofanywa na Lewis Terman mwaka 1921 nchini Marekani kwa ajili ya kubaini watoto wenye akili nyingi, wanafunzi wawili, Wiliam Shockly (mgunduzi wa transistor) na Luis Walter Alvarez walionekana kuwa hawakuwa na uwezo mkubwa kiakili lakini katika utu uzima wao walifanya vizuri sana katika somo la fizikia kiasi cha kutunukiwa tuzo ya Nobel.

Kati ya wanafunzi waliofanya vizuri sana katika utafiti huo, asilimia 30 ya wavulana na asilimia 33 ya wasichana walipokuwa watu wazima hawakuonyesha ubunifu wala uwezo mkubwa wa kiakili na wenginehawakumaliza masomo yao.Katika kitabu chake kiitwacho ‘Frames of Mind’, mwanasaikolojia Howard Gardner anasema kuwa kuna aina tisa za akili.Anasema kwamba aina hizi zinaweza kujitokeza wakati wa utoto au ukubwani. Baadhi ya aina za akili ni pamoja na akili yakujua hesabu, akili ya muziki, akili ya ujuzi wa lugha, akili ya michezo, ujuzi wa uandishi na akili za uvumbuzi wa kisayansi.Akili nyingine ni za maadili na akili za kujuajinsi ya kuhusiana na watu vizuri.Zacc Dukowitz katika makala yake inayoelezea jinsi ya kumsaidia kila mwanafunzi kufungulia uwezo wake wa kiakili anasema “Watoto wenye uwezo mdogo kiakili wanaweza kukuza uwezo wao kama watawezeshwa kubadili mtazamo unaowafanya wafikiri kuwa hawana akili.“Wakisaidiwa kujiona kuwa wana akili, uwezo wao utapanuka na ubongo wao utafanya kazi taratibu lakini kwa hakika kuelekea ufanisi ” anasema Zacc.Anaongeza kusema kuwa ili mtu amsaidie mtoto awe na akili ni lazima mwenyewe akubali kubadili fikra na mtazamo wake dhidi ya mwanawe kwanza.Unatakiwa kuacha kusisitiza mtoto kukupatia majibu sahihi bali akupatie mchakato sahihi wa kupata majibu yake.“Ni vyema kuthamini makosa kama sehemu ya mchakato wa kujifunza na hatimaye kuweza,” naongeza Zacc Dukowitz.Mmoja wa watu wenye uzoefu katika elimunchini, Mtemi Zombwe anasema: “Wanaofanikiwa zaidi ni wale wanaoshindwa mara nyingi.”Katika makala yake iliyochapwa kwenye gazeti hili Agosti 12, mwaka huu kuhusu ‘Shahada bila kujituma ni sawa na umaskini’ anahoji: “Utashindwaje kama hujajaribu mara nyingi?”Anasema lengo la akili katika maisha siyo kuwakoga au kuwafurahisha wengine kwa kujibu vizuri mitihani bali ni kutuwezesha kukabiliana na changamoto za maisha na kutatua matatizo.

Shule ni sehemu ya maandalizi katika kukuza uwezo wa akili na kumuandaa mtu kujiamini katika fani yake ambayo ataona inamfaa katika maisha yake na kwa jamii nzima.

The 25 most difficult questions you'll be asked on a job interview Being prepared is half the battle.

2015-01-05T00:02:00.001-08:00

The 25 most difficult questions you'll be asked on a job interview

Being prepared is half the battle.

If you are one of those executive types unhappy at your present post and embarking on a New Year's resolution to find a new one, here's a helping hand. The job interview is considered to be the most critical aspect of every expedition that brings you face-to- face with the future boss. One must prepare for it with the same tenacity and quickness as one does for a fencing tournament or a chess match.

This article has been excerpted from "PARTING COMPANY: How to Survive the Loss of a Job and Find Another Successfully" by William J. Morin and James C. Cabrera. Copyright by Drake Beam Morin, inc. Published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Morin is chairman and Cabrera is president of New York-based Drake Beam Morin, nation's major outplacement firm, which has opened offices in Philadelphia.

1. Tell me about yourself.

Since this is often the opening question in an interview, be extra careful that you don't run off at the mouth. Keep your answer to a minute or two at most. Cover four topics: early years, education, work history, and recent career experience. Emphasize this last subject. Remember that this is likely to be a warm-up question. Don't waste your best points on it.
2. What do you know about our organization?

You should be able to discuss products or services, revenues, reputation, image, goals, problems, management style, people, history and philosophy. But don't act as if you know everything about the place. Let your answer show that you have taken the time to do some research, but don't overwhelm the interviewer, and make it clear that you wish to learn more.

You might start your answer in this manner: "In my job search, I've investigated a number of companies.

Yours is one of the few that interests me, for these reasons..."

Give your answer a positive tone. Don't say, "Well, everyone tells me that you're in all sorts of trouble, and that's why I'm here", even if that is why you're there.
3. Why do you want to work for us?

The deadliest answer you can give is "Because I like people." What else would you like-animals?

Here, and throughout the interview, a good answer comes from having done your homework so that you can speak in terms of the company's needs. You might say that your research has shown that the company is doing things you would like to be involved with, and that it's doing them in ways that greatly interest you. For example, if the organization is known for strong management, your answer should mention that fact and show that you would like to be a part of that team. If the company places a great deal of emphasis on research and development, emphasize the fact that you want to create new things and that you know this is a place in which such activity is encouraged. If the organization stresses financial controls, your answer should mention a reverence for numbers.

If you feel that you have to concoct an answer to this question - if, for example, the company stresses research, and you feel that you should mention it even though it really doesn't interest you- then you probably should not be taking that interview, because you probably shouldn't be considering a job with that organization.

Your homework should include learning enough about the company to avoid approaching places where you wouldn't be able -or wouldn't want- to function. Since most of us are poor liars, it's difficult to con anyone in an interview. But even if you should succeed at it, your prize is a job you don't really want.
4. What can you do for us that someone else can't?

Here you have every right, and perhaps an obligation, to toot your own horn and be a bit egotistical. Talk about your record of getting things done, and mention specifics from your resume or list of career accomplishments. Say that your skills and interests, combined with this history of getting results, make you valuable. Mention your ability to set priorities, identify problems, and use your experience and energy to solve them.
5. What do you find most attractive about this position? What seems least attractive about it?

List three or four attractive factors of the job, and mention a single, minor, unattractive item.
6. Why should we hire you?

Create your answer by thinking in terms of your ability, your experience, and your energy. (See question 4.)
7. What do you look for in a job?

Keep your answer oriented to opportunities at this organization. Talk about your desire to perform and be recognized for your contributions. Make your answer oriented toward opportunity rather than personal security.
8. Please give me your defintion of [the position for which you are being interviewed].

Keep your answer brief and taskoriented. Think in in terms of responsibilities and accountability. Make sure that you really do understand what the position involves before you attempt an answer. If you are not certain. ask the interviewer; he or she may answer the question for you.
9. How long would it take you to make a meaningful contribution to our firm?

Be realistic. Say that, while you would expect to meet pressing demands and pull your own weight from the first day, it might take six months to a year before you could expect to know the organization and its needs well enough to make a major contribution.
10. How long would you stay with us?

Say that you are interested in a career with the organization, but admit that you would have to continue to feel challenged to remain with any organization. Think in terms of, "As long as we both feel achievement-oriented."
11. Your resume suggests that you may be over-qualified or too experienced for this position. What's Your opinion?

Emphasize your interest in establishing a long-term association with the organization, and say that you assume that if you perform well in his job, new opportunities will open up for you. Mention that a strong company needs a strong staff. Observe that experienced executives are always at a premium. Suggest that since you are so well qualified, the employer will get a fast return on his investment. Say that a growing, energetic company can never have too much talent.
12. What is your management style?

You should know enough about the company's style to know that your management style will complement it. Possible styles include: task oriented (I'll enjoy problem-solving identifying what's wrong, choosing a solution and implementing it"), results-oriented ("Every management decision I make is determined by how it will affect the bottom line"), or even paternalistic ("I'm committed to taking care of my subordinates and pointing them in the right direction").

A participative style is currently quite popular: an open-door method of managing in which you get things done by motivating people and delegating responsibility.

As you consider this question, think about whether your style will let you work hatppily and effectively within the organization.
13. Are you a good manager? Can you give me some examples? Do you feel that you have top managerial potential?

Keep your answer achievement and ask-oriented. Rely on examples from your career to buttress your argument. Stress your experience and your energy.
14. What do you look for when You hire people?

Think in terms of skills. initiative, and the adaptability to be able to work comfortably and effectively with others. Mention that you like to hire people who appear capable of moving up in the organization.
15. Have you ever had to fire people? What were the reasons, and how did you handle the situation?

Admit that the situation was not easy, but say that it worked out well, both for the company and, you think, for the individual. Show that, like anyone else, you don't enjoy unpleasant tasks but that you can resolve them efficiently and -in the case of firing someone- humanely.
16. What do you think is the most difficult thing about being a manager or executive?

Mention planning, execution, and cost-control. The most difficult task is to motivate and manage employees to get something planned and completed on time and within the budget.
17. What important trends do you see in our industry?

Be prepared with two or three trends that illustrate how well you understand your industry. You might consider technological challenges or opportunities, economic conditions, or even regulatory demands as you collect your thoughts about the direction in which your business is heading.
18. Why are you leaving (did you leave) your present (last) job?

Be brief, to the point, and as honest as you can without hurting yourself. Refer back to the planning phase of your job search. where you considered this topic as you set your reference statements. If you were laid off in an across-the-board cutback, say so; otherwise, indicate that the move was your decision, the result of your action. Do not mention personality conflicts.

The interviewer may spend some time probing you on this issue, particularly if it is clear that you were terminated. The "We agreed to disagree" approach may be useful. Remember hat your references are likely to be checked, so don't concoct a story for an interview.
19. How do you feel about leaving all your benefits to find a new job?

Mention that you are concerned, naturally, but not panicked. You are willing to accept some risk to find the right job for yourself. Don't suggest that security might interest you more than getting the job done successfully.
20. In your current (last) position, what features do (did) you like the most? The least?

Be careful and be positive. Describe more features that you liked than disliked. Don't cite personality problems. If you make your last job sound terrible, an interviewer may wonder why you remained there until now.
21. What do you think of your boss?

Be as positive as you can. A potential boss is likely to wonder if you might talk about him in similar terms at some point in the future.
22. Why aren't you earning more at your age?

Say that this is one reason that you are conducting this job search. Don't be defensive.
23. What do you feel this position should pay?

Salary is a delicate topic. We suggest that you defer tying yourself to a precise figure for as long as you can do so politely. You might say, "I understand that the range for this job is between $______ and $______. That seems appropriate for the job as I understand it." You might answer the question with a question: "Perhaps you can help me on this one. Can you tell me if there is a range for similar jobs in the organization?"

If you are asked the question during an initial screening interview, you might say that you feel you need to know more about the position's responsibilities before you could give a meaningful answer to that question. Here, too, either by asking the interviewer or search executive (if one is involved), or in research done as part of your homework, you can try to find out whether there is a salary grade attached to the job. If there is, and if you can live with it, say that the range seems right to you.

If the interviewer continues to probe, you might say, "You know that I'm making $______ now. Like everyone else, I'd like to improve on that figure, but my major interest is with the job itself." Remember that the act of taking a new job does not, in and of itself, make you worth more money.

If a search firm is involved, your contact there may be able to help with the salary question. He or she may even be able to run interference for you. If, for instance, he tells you what the position pays, and you tell him that you are earning that amount now and would Like to do a bit better, he might go back to the employer and propose that you be offered an additional 10%.

If no price range is attached to the job, and the interviewer continues to press the subject, then you will have to restpond with a number. You cannot leave the impression that it does not really matter, that you'll accept whatever is offered. If you've been making $80,000 a year, you can't say that a $35,000 figure would be fine without sounding as if you've given up on yourself. (If you are making a radical career change, however, this kind of disparity may be more reasonable and understandable.)

Don't sell yourself short, but continue to stress the fact that the job itself is the most important thing in your mind. The interviewer may be trying to determine just how much you want the job. Don't leave the impression that money is the only thing that is important to you. Link questions of salary to the work itself.

But whenever possible, say as little as you can about salary until you reach the "final" stage of the interview process. At that point, you know that the company is genuinely interested in you and that it is likely to be flexible in salary negotiations.
24. What are your long-range goals?

Refer back to the planning phase of your job search. Don't answer, "I want the job you've advertised." Relate your goals to the company you are interviewing: 'in a firm like yours, I would like to..."
25. How successful do you you've been so far?

Say that, all-in-all, you're happy with the way your career has progressed so far. Given the normal ups and downs of life, you feel that you've done quite well and have no complaints.

Present a positive and confident picture of yourself, but don't overstate your case. An answer like, "Everything's wonderful! I can't think of a time when things were going better! I'm overjoyed!" is likely to make an interviewer wonder whether you're trying to fool him . . . or yourself. The most convincing confidence is usually quiet confidence

Matokeo ya kidato cha nne 2013/2014

2014-02-21T13:06:00.000-08:00

Bofya hapa

Maelezo zaidi...
Baraza la mitihani la Taifa, NECTA, limetangaza matokeo ya mtihani wa kidato cha nne uliofanyika mwezi November mwaka jana, huku kiwango cha ufaulu wa masomo ukipanda kati ya asilimia 0.16 na 16.72 ikilinganishwa na mwaka 2012, na wasichana wakiibuka kidedea katika ufaulu wa jumla kitaifa.

Jumla ya watahiniwa 235,227 sawa na asilimia 58.25 ya watahiniwa wote wamefaulu mtihani, idadi ya wasichana ikiwa 106,792 na wavulana 128,435, tofauti na mwaka 2012 ambapo waliofaulu walikuwa ni 185,940.

Kaimu katibu mtendaji wa NECTA, Dkt. Charles Msonde anatangaza rasmi matokeo haya, ambayo yanaonyesa ufaulu kimasomo ukiongozwa na somo la Kiswahili, kwa asilimia 67.77 huku somo la hisabati likiendeleza historia ya kushika mkia, kwa ufaulu wa asilimia 17.78.

Kati ya watahiniwa kumi bora waliofanya vema kitaifa, saba kati yao ni wasichana wakitokea shule za Marian girls, St. Francis Girls na Cannossa.

Lakini ni viwango vipi vimetumika katika usahihishaji wa mtihani huu, kwa kuzingatia mkanganyiko uliojitokeza kuhusiana na madaraja ya ufaulu?

Aidha, NECTA imefuta matokeo yote ya mtihani kwa watahiniwa 10 waliobainika kuandika matusi katika karatasi zao za majibu, na adhabu hii ni kwa mujibu wa kifungu cha 6(2)(a) cha kanuni za mtihani.

Aidha baraza hilo limefuta matokeo yote ya mtihani kwa watahiniwa 272, waliobainika kufanya udanganyifu kwa njia mbalimbali, ambapo watahiniwa 242 ni wa shule, 19 ni watahiniwa wa kujitegemea na 11 ni wale wa maarifa ama QT.

Shule zilizojitokeza kufanya vizuri zaidi ni Marian wasichana na wavulana, St. Francis wasichana, Anne Maria, Kizirege, Cannossa na shule ya mwisho kwa kigezo cha watahiniwa zaidi ya 40 ikiwa ni Kitonga na chini ya watahiniwa 40 ikiwa ni shule ya Uchindile ya Morogoro.

story of Mara Clara

2013-04-13T10:48:00.000-07:00

Chapter 1

Fifteen years passed, Mara grew intelligent, poor, kind but down to earth person, Gary and Lupe blames her. Lupe blames her because she thought since she was born, the bad luck came to them but Karlo and Susan, her mother, was very kind to her while in the other side, Clara grew intelligent, rich, beautiful but she is lack of time in her parents because they are always busy in work which cause her to become spoiled. Mara had a chance to enter the private school exactly where Clara studies. She became a scholar in the school. When the school starts, Mara and Clara became enemies because Clara thought Mara was stealing her spotlight in the class like being the smartest of the class. Unknown to Mara, Clara was the most popular in the campus and the whole school. When a school competition held, Mara and Clara won. This cause their firm friendship but their friends are disagree of their friendship. Desiree, Clara's friend, tells her that Mara only uses her to take her spotlight which is not true.When an election for being president held, Mara and Clara are candidates and actually, Mara won, this cause again Clara to become angry at her. On the other side, Gary worked in a syndicate which the leader is Lover Boy and his fiancé, Lenita. Gary worked here because he will have a big salary, Karlo knew about this and reported to the police, It was later revealed that Karlo had reported them as Lover Boy's personnel told and Gary was also caught talking to Karlo so Lover Boy's gang was chasing them when suddenly, Karlo was shot by his personnel which cause his near death. In the hospital, Mara visited him and Karlo tried to tell her the truth but he was starting having attacks which cause his death, Once again, Gary blames her for Karlo's death, To take justice on his death, Gary also reported the gang and tell the police where the gang hiding exactly which cause Lover Boy's death and his personnels was left in the hand of Lenita. And then, after few days, Mara was punched by Gary because of seeing her and Christian giving her a necklace in Amante's party as Clara reported. This event is caused by Clara's jealousy. Mara and Susan needed to live far away from Gary, so they live only temporarily at the Del Valle's, It makes Clara more angry to Mara, Clara made Mara as her servant.Once, there was a school camping in Mara and Clara's school, It was Father and daughter camping, Amante and Clara was supposed to join but Amante also included Mara, this make again Clara angry. While in the camp, Surprisingly, Gary came, to go also camp with Mara. While in the challenge, Amante had to find sticks but Clara was left behind, and a snake fall on her, so she started shouting, In the other side, Gary and Mara lost the map and compass so when Gary heard Clara shouting, he rushed to her which cause Mara's lost. When a rain fall that night and they are finding including Gary and Amante, Clara go to them and she saw Mara, near the end of the cliff and just holding on a branch of a tree but she didn't help her. After that, she go away and Amante saw her. And then, when they are about to go home, Mara saw Clara's raincoat, like the one she saw when she was about to fall, so she get angry at Clara. In the other side, Lupe didn't stop gambling so her cancer in heart worsened, so she was reccomended to take more rest. In Clara's place, Gary didn't stop harrassing Clara, telling she is the real David and not the real Del Valle, so she went taking in a DNA test with Erris, Christian's friend. The result was, her blood didn't match to Alvira and Amante but she keep on hiding the truth even Erris force her to say the truth, And then, She told a lie to Gary that the result that she is the real Del Valle. In the other side, Karlo visits Lupe thru her dreams because he wanted to correct Mara's misfortune, and then one day, she read Karlo's diary and knew the truth. So she went to school where Mara and Clara studies to see her real granddaughter cause in an accident. Clara lost many blood here but when Alvira and Amante's blood didn't match so Gary came to donate, the accident cause Mara to sent to jail by Alvira. And then, Amante saw Clara talking to Erris about a DNA so he went to her room to look for it and he saw it and he told Alvira the truth and Susan also reads Karlo's diary!

Chapter 2

When Clara became normal again, Alvira let Mara became free because she jails her own daughter. So this switching of their fortunes was held in the court. And then, the judge decided to return them in their own families, At first, it was hard to live especially for Clara, who had trained to live in a rich life and do not do household chores because Yaya Vonel do all household chores (sometimes Alvira too). This cause Clara really angry to her. Mara had a sweet sixteenth birthday but Clara didn't, so she destroys Mara's party. Because the world for them is scruffy, Alvira and Amante decided to move in States even Mara don't like, so before they go, they had a farewell party or despedida to their friends. This cause Gary and Cristina team up, they plan to block Alvira and Amante to go away from them because Gary still love Alvira and Cristina, Amante's ex girlfriend, still love him. So Gary decided to hire Lenita's personnels to kidnap Mara but his personnels also kidnapped Clara so she can't report them, they didn't know Clara was Gary's daughter. And when they beg for ransom and they were fooled because the money is incomplete, Gary decided to kill Mara by attaching bomb at her. He let Clara free but she still saves Mara and try to remove the chains in her hands but Gary came and he pulled and force Clara to leave her so Mara was left crying and she died. So everybody was mourning for Mara's death but the truth is, Mara was alive and saved by Lenita, Gary's left hand, because she didn't want to kill her, she let Mara free but she slipped while she was walking and she ran fast, but the bomb exploded and causde Lenita's death, so everybody thought the body they found was Mara but it was actually Lenita so they buried Lenita's body thinking it was Mara. Mara was adopted by Nanding and Barang, she pretended to have amnesia so she can't hide from the kidnappers. And the truth is, she called Christian before she collasped in the way so Christian brought her to Nanding and Barang, his dad's friend. Because his parents are divorced, he was not allowed to go there, but secretly, he went on a vacation but his mom, Vanessa, knew about this but she never knew he would had vacation at Nanding and Barang's. He was called "Utoy" by Nanding and Barang when he was young. On the other side, Lupe was attacked by her heart cancer when she knew Gary was included to Mara's death. So Christian keep updating to them so Mara can knew what's happening.

Chapter 3

One day, Barang heard Christian called the girl they adopted (which is Mara) called her "Mara" (her real name) so the truth revealed so Christian and Mara went back to their families again but Mara still hides and she now hides at Christian's house and Vanessa, Christian's mom, saw her. Vanessa thought Mara was visiting her, she told Clara about Mara's appearance to her and Clara told about this to Alvira. She wonders why Mara visits Vanessa and not to hers which the truth really is, she hides in Vanessa and her divorced husband's room before which she don't want anyone to go there. So, when Mara is in danger, Christian transferred her in an apartment in back of the owner's house which Mara rents while Christian pays. One day, while Alvira is driving with Clara and Clara is talking to Alvira, she accidently bumps into the pineapple vendor, she was brought to the police station and paid all the pineapples and the vendor's wounds. They saw there Lenita's mother, which she asked the police to find her because she is lost for 1 month, as Alvira and Clara looked, Clara recognize she is the kidnapper of her and Mara. So Amante and Alvira tried to hewn (ipinahukay) the grave and to test the blood of buried body to Lenita's mother. So, Amante and Alvira waited. The result was it was Lenita's body! So Alvira, Amante and Susan are happy. On the other side, Christian had knew about it and reported to Mara that they already know the truth. But still, she keeping visiting Lupe to check her status. One day, Clara visited Christian, when Vanessa make snacks for them, she secretly looks at Christian's camera and knew that he is with Mara. So Clara became jealous again. Then, Amante visited the caught kidnapper and asked him the truth, but he will say only the truth if he gaves him 10 million pesos but Amante's money (which is also 10 million) was set to give it to the person who will say where Mara is and how is she. But, Gary outruns Amante and he sent a personnel to give him food with poison cause him to die and pretend to be his wife's friend so he cannot say the truth to Amante. Next to it, Christina called Amante to tell that she is not the one who killed the kidnapper so she wants to see him so when Gary knew it, he outruns again Amante and killed her. So, Amante was accused that he killed Christina. On the other side, Christian tells Susan that he needs a help about Mara. She came along with Christian and met her daughter again. Susan had a plan to go away in a far place and live with her forever. Without telling Christian, Mara leaves a note, telling Christian that she's sorry for what she will do. So when Christian read it, he quickly go to the bus station, knewing if Mara's fine. Susan was about to leave their house when Gary came, so she quickly hides her bag and pretend she is taking care of Lupe. When Gary's drunk and had slept, she quickly run away but before he got drunk, Gary send 2 personnels to follow Susan because he recognize there is something wrong with Susan. While on the way, Susan felt something bad, she thinks someone follows her so she try to lost their ways by losing her own way and then after that, she runs away from them but they still followed her. Mara and Susan lost their ways because they (Gary's personnels) were about to ride the bus they will ride. So, they hide in a bus which is empty and the driver is not there, Gary's personnels tried to look there but they were caught by the driver and was about to go. They try again but they were not allowed to enter without their tickets. On the way, the conductor gets the ticket but Mara and Susan don't have tickets, so Susan pleased the conductor to pay him, she pays big (1 thousand pesos) and she said not to return the change so she and Mara can ride. In the place where they were about to live (which is in Lucena), They ride a boat and accidently fall and drowned, There, Mara met Derrick. Then, Mara and Susan were allowed to work in an inn in the island. Mara worked as a janitor while Susan cooks delicious pancit in the kitchen. One day, while Mara is cleaning, She thought there's a burglar(magnanakaw) in a room, accidently, she snaps Derrick with a mop. The inn keeper being obnoxius to her, even to Susan. Because they are workers, the mayor let them to stay in the inn for free.

The Structures & Adaptations to Marine Living

2012-12-01T13:58:00.000-08:00

Over the last 2,000 million years, plant and animal life on earth has continuously evolved from its simple beginnings in the oceans to the complex existence lived today. It's no accident that protoplasm, a substance found in every living cell, strongly resembles seawater. Although some animals emerged from the sea millions of years ago to fill all available niches on land, some remained in the ocean and evolved and adapted to life beneath the surface.

The ocean covers the majority of the planet, yet it remains a little understood realm as scientists are limited in the study of habitats that lack physical boundaries and can span thousands of miles.

Each form of marine life has become adapted to a specific niche with a relatively narrow variation in salinity, temperature, and light. The high salt content found in the ocean can support the large bodies of giant squids and whales, which has allowed them to evolve without the use of strong limbs for support. Nevertheless, salt water exerts enormous pressure on the air spaces of marine animals at depth (fluids like blood are practically incompressible). For every 33 feet of water, pressure increases by 14.7 pounds per square inch (equal to one atmosphere every 10 meters) which limits our depths significantly unless we use diving craft specifically designed to maintain one atmosphere.

And yet all sorts of other organisms thrive at high pressure. Some of them are even air-breathing surface dwellers like us. Weddell seals and elephant seals can dive up to a mile (sperm whales go much deeper than that). All these animals seem to share the same secret: Instead of fighting the pressure, they let it collapse their lungs completely. Some oxygen remains in their lungs, but they mostly store it in their muscles, where it's needed; their muscle tissue contains much higher concentrations of oxygen-binding myoglobin than ours does.

Moreover, collapsed lungs give deep-diving mammals another big advantage, as a team led by Terrie Williams of the University of California at Santa Cruz reported last year. Once a seal's lungs have collapsed, it becomes heavier than water, and so it sinks. Thus it doesn't have to flap flukes or flippers all the way down; it reaches great depths mostly by gliding effortlessly, saving its oxygen stores for the strenuous climb back to the surface.

The deep seafloor itself, well beyond the range of diving mammals, is inhabited by an incredible diversity of animals. Some of the fish even have lunglike swim bladders to control their buoyancy: They move up in the water column by secreting gas into the bladder and inflating it, and down by reabsorbing gas into their blood. With Jason, the researchers aboard the Knorr have observed such fish hang motionless a few feet above the seafloor. But they've made no effort to bring the fish up to the ship, because they know the results would not be pretty. A swim bladder doesn't collapse at depth because the gas inside is at the same pressure as the water outside—which means if that external pressure suddenly decreases, the bladder will swell catastrophically. "When we bring a fish up from depth, its swim bladder is often sticking out of its mouth," says Shana Goffredi of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. "So those animals don't fare so well." - Discover Magazine

Marine animals must also regulate the interaction of freshwater and saltwater in their bodies. Specially developed kidneys, gills, and body functions help prevent the water from equalizing salt concentrations across membranes through osmosis. Marine animals must also be able to absorb dissolved gases like oxygen from the water needed to release the energy from food. Simple animals, such as anemones or worms, absorb the gases through their skin. Mobile animals use gills, or even lungs to absorb oxygen from the water and air. All animals in the ocean release carbon dioxide into the water as waste, which is then used by plants to produce energy.

Temperatures vary dramatically between the surface and the ocean floor. Marine life has developed many adaptations to the variations in temperature. Many marine mammals have blubber for insulation from the cold, and some fish have an antifreeze-like substance in their blood to keep it flowing. It is interesting to study the dramatically different adaptations in marine life on a vertical scale in the water. Animals and plants living in surface waters have access to high nutrient levels, increased temperatures, reduced pressure, and more light and therefore lack the adaptations of deep sea creatures that must live in highly pressurized, cold, dark waters with scarce nutrients.

Marine life has adapted to an incredible variety of conditions and habitats. Barnacles and mussels have developed mechanisms that allow them to cling to rocks in environments where they might otherwise be easily washed out by strong waves. Brightly-colored clownfish have adapted symbiotic relationships with anemones to protect both the clownfish and the anemone from predation. Sperm whales and herring gulls have adapted the ability to travel long distances and the ability to survive in a variety of environments.

Although the focus here is primarily on the adaptations of marine body structures, marine adaptations also include symbiosis, camouflage, defensive behavior, reproductive strategies, contact and communication, and adaptations to environmental conditions like temperature, light and salinity.

Chordate Origins

Animals in the Phylum Chordata include the vertebrates and some of the more primitive nonvertebrates like the protochordates, lancelets, acorn worms, tunicates, and the pterobranchs. The first vertebrates appearing in the fossil record during the Cambrian age were animals that resembled fishes and had respiratory gills formed by pharyngeal gill slits located in a set of pouches. The first purpose of the skeleton and scales were to protect the animal, to add support to the notochord, and to keep the brain protected. Later, a true backbone (rather than a notochord) evolved in marine animals. In all vertebrates, a heart developed to pump blood throughout the capillaries for the exchange of gases and oxygen. The blood in most fish goes from the heart to the gills and from there it is moved to the brain and other important body structures.

The Agnatha, or jawless fish, lived from the Late Cambrian until the end of the Devonian period. These fish were covered in bony armor, an adaptation that helped protect them from other animals. Parasitic lampreys and deep-sea hagfish are descended from the weak swimming, bottom dwelling jawless fish. Later in the Middle Silurian, a fish with jaws and teeth, known as the Gnathostomata vertebrate, evolved. Most fish are descended from this vertebrate, including all of the tetrapods. The jaws were actually adapted from the front elements of the gills and the teeth came from very bony scales near the skin of the mouth of the fish. Once jaws had developed in fish, many new strategies of surviving in the ecosystem became available. During this time, swimming capabilities were enhanced with the development of paired fins.

This was a time of great diversification in the oceans. Four groups of fishes branched out: the Placodermi (extinct now), the Acanthodii (extinct), the Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays and chimaeras) and the Osteichthyes (more highly evolved bony fishes). The Placodermi had extreme amounts of armor and were highly prevalent carnivores in the Silurian and Devonian periods. The Acanthodii were small filter-feeders. The Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes classes survived, adapting to many different ocean conditions and branching out further into a vast array of species. Some of the many adaptations are as follows.

Most sharks in the Class Chondrichthyes have to keep swimming, otherwise they will sink to the bottom of the ocean. This characteristic has led to two distinct forms of sharks: the pelagic and benthic forms. The pelagic sharks move constantly through the water and rely on this movement to pass water across the gills for respiration. The benthic forms lie on the bottom and take in water through a pair of holes at the top of their head called spiracles. Rays also can lie on the ocean floor and respire through a spiracle at the top of their head. Rays have a flattened body type that allows them to hide under the mud and dig up crabs and shelled animals. The intestines and livers of sharks and rays are also shorter and larger than bony fish. Rays have developed stingers at the ends of their tails as a form as protection and some even have developed a type of battery that can deliver a strong electric shock. Another important development aiding in the survival of species in the Class Chondrichthyes was the appearance of the lateral line. The lateral line is a sensory organ in pelagic sharks and some fish. This line runs all the way from the head to the tail and functions to triangulate distances so the shark or fish can locate prey with great precision even in total darkness.

The Class Osteichthyes consists of all the bony fish. It is important to note that bony fish are also referred to as Teleost Fishes. Bony fish include many familiar fish like the bass, perch, cod, tuna, halibut—basically any fish with a bony skeleton. The general characteristics of a fish in this class include a longer intestine than sharks and rays, a single gill slit on each side, a mouth at the front of the body, a tail fin that is equal in size on the top and the bottom and external fertilization of eggs. Bony fish produce thousands of eggs, so there is plenty of genetic variation for natural selection to occur and adaptations in bony fishes abound. The flat fish is a good example of some of the stranger adaptations. The young flat fish appears to be a normal fish but as it develops, one eye actually migrates over to the other side of the body so that both eyes are on the same side. After the eye moves, the fish flips over so it looks like both eyes are on the same side but actually the top is just one side of the body. Another example is the male seahorse, which has adapted a pouch and, unlike most male animals, takes care of the young while the female swims away. The remora has developed a plate on its head to latch on to other fish and feed on food the larger fish leaves behind. The mola mola, or ocean sunfish, cannot swim very well, weighs over 2,000 lbs and has been said to be the largest type of zooplankton. This fish reaches a top speed of 3 miles per hour and floats around eating jellyfish. Some freshwater fish have developed the ability to climb trees, squirt water at insects, breathe air and stay out of water for long periods of time.

Reptiles

The reptiles came about as a novel group of terrestrial animals from the amphibians. Reptiles were extremely successful on land and quickly became the dominant animal for the next 150 million years. When mammals evolved, they took over the dominant position leaving the reptiles to crawl back into the ocean. The reptiles that survived include the snakes, turtles and lizards many of which have changed a little so they can live more successfully in salt-water environments. Although crocodiles have also adapted to saltier conditions, they never made a full change and still prefer brackish waters. Reptiles that abandoned the land for the sea include the sea turtles in the Family Cheloniidae, the marine iguana in the Family Iguanidae, and the sea snakes in the Family Hydrophiidae.

The turtles have not changed too much over the last 100 million years. The hard shell characteristic of turtles has been a great help in protection and the prevention of drying out. Land turtles have a problem with their shell being too heavy but when turtles are in the water—the buoyancy of the water lifts the weight of the shell and allows the turtle to move gracefully through the medium. Sea turtles developed longer feet that were more paddle-like allowing the turtle to fly through the water with great speed and agility. Another adaptation of sea turtles to the sea is a hinge in the lower portion of the turtle that allows them to take in much more air and come up for air less often.

Mammals

Marine mammals include the Order Cetacea (porpoises and whales), the Order Carnivora (animals like seals), and the Order Sirenia (dugongs, manatees and sea cows). Marine mammals are still warm-blooded and have to keep the temperature of their bodies above that of the ocean. Adaptations that have helped solve this problem include the reduction of surface area and the increase in internal volume, a fatty layer of blubber under very thick skin, and a reduction in the amount of blood going to areas in contact with the cold water. Unlike land animals, marine mammals are also able to dive very deep into the water without getting the bends because as they dive down deeper they exhale instead of inhale like we do. They expel air from their lungs, and therefore do not absorb excess nitrogen. Other adaptations to marine living include: a slower heartbeat during dives, reduced blood flow to non-vital organs, unusually high hemoglobin count in blood, and an unusually high myoglobin count in muscles.

One fundamental difference between cetaceans and fish is the tail. The tails of mammals are horizontal enabling to swim both vertically and horizontally. The tails of most fish are vertical, so the swimming motion is side to side. The streamlined shape observed in both marine fish and marine mammals is an example of biological convergence. The rounded head and tapering body shape allows marine fish and mammals to glide smoothly through the water, wasting little energy due to resistance. Animals that are not streamlined, like the stingray or the globefish, have sacrificed efficient swimming for benefits of camouflage or body armor.

Most of the power generated for swimming in marine animals comes from the tail at the back. Most fish will move their tail from side to side so that water is pushed backwards and around the side and the fish moves forward. Fins at the side of the fish help counteract the tendency of the head to swing from side to side as the tail moves. Fish also have fins on their back, their sides and underneath their bodies. Fish, whales, turtles and even seals have specialized limbs for swimming.

Animals with Shells

About 500 million years ago, animals with hard-shells became prominent in the fossil record in the Phylum Molluska. The evolution of an impenetrable shell was obviously a very helpful trait for an animal to possess because now mollusks are found in almost every known environment. Animals with hard shells are protected from predation and drying out and some can even use their shell to float if necessary among other things. The seven Classes of mollusks are the Polyplacophora (the chitons), Gastropoda (the snails), Bivalvia (the clams), Cephalopoda (octopus and squid), Scaphopoda (the tusk shells) and Aplacophora (small worm-like organisms). There are at least 30,000 species of gastropods and it is the largest taxonomic class.

The chitons are the most primitive animals in the Phylum Molluska. Every chiton shell is made so that it will fit together and bend. Chitons live only in marine environments and are also recognizable by the eight plates that overlap on their back. The gills are located safely under the shell on either side of their foot. The adaptations seen in chitons allow these organisms to survive heavy surf, so they are often found in tide pools.

Organisms in the Class Gastropoda are most commonly known as snails, limpets, abalones, conchs, and whelks. Other gastropods perhaps less familiar include the nudibranchs, slugs, and some pteropods and heteropods. Gastropods can usually be identified by a shell that spirals to the right although some like the nudibranchs do not have a shell and in others the shell twists to the left. In order to fit into this shell, many gastropods have organs that are reduced in size. Although some gastropods have lost their shell throughout evolution, most still have a shell and benefit from the protection. Many gastropods like limpets and abalone will retreat into their shell when disturbed and close off the opening with a special plate called the operculum. There are many different types of shells and most of the variety is a direct result of adaptation to the environment. For example, in rough waters most animals have flat shells to reduce water resistance. Animals that need to crawl into rocks to hide also have flat shells to fit into smaller cracks. Most gastropods move forward with the help of a foot that is very similar to that of a terrestrial snail.

Cephalopods, like octopuses and squid are feared by many, however they are actually quite gentle, delicate and "intelligent" creatures. Squid and octopuses are the most advanced mollusks. They have highly developed eyesight, the ability to swim quickly and the amazing ability to rapidly change color using their chromatophores. The female octopus has excellent parenting skills and keeps her eggs safe and clean until they hatch. Most cephalopods have soft bodies with no shell and can walk on ocean floor or swim using a siphon that squirts water in a powerful jet. Some segments of giant squids have been recovered indicating that the whole animal may weigh up to 900 kgs and be 18 meters long. Some scientists believe there are may be squid with lengths over 30 meters. Another interesting adaptation in the cephalopods is the development of an inky substance used to block the senses of sight and smell in predators.

Types of Snakes - Understanding the World of Snakes

2012-12-01T13:16:00.000-08:00

If you examine the types of snakes found around the world, you will be amazed at the diversity inherent in the many types of snakes, their behaviors, and their habitats.

Read more: http://www.reptileknowledge.com/articles/article9.php#ixzz2DpxCjU8j

While all snakes have certain obvious traits in common (such as scales, limbless bodies, and forked tongues), they also posses a wide range of characteristics that are unique to each species.

For instance, certain types of snakes are venomous, while others are not. Some give birth to live young (viviparous), while others lay eggs (oviparous). Some snakes are the size of a pencil, while others are nearly as long as a school bus. Some types of snakes eat rodents exclusively, some eat rodents and birds, some eat fish and frogs, some eat other snakes, and some eat a variety of the above ... and some even live off of eggs!

Like I said, there is plenty of diversity among the types of snakes around the world. But how does one understand the many snakes of the world? How are they classified and organized? That's what we will examine in this article.

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Classifying the Types of Snakes

According to current scientific classification (which is constantly being revised, by the way), there are somewhere between 2,500 and 3,000 snake species around the world. With so many types of snakes in the world, a good classification system is a must!

Snakes are grouped by the same scientific classification that applies to all other animals. Snakes are part of the Squamata order of reptiles -- an order that also includes most lizard species. All types of snakes fall into one of 18 families within the Squamata order, and each snake family is further broken down into genus and species.

Let's look at an example to clarify things. Here is the scientific classification of the western diamondback rattlesnake (starting at the class level):

Western Diamondback Rattlesnake

Class - Reptiles
Order - Squamata
Suborder - Serpents
Family - Viperidae
Subfamily - Crotalinae
Genus - Crotalus
Species - Crotalus atrox

Thus, the western diamondback rattlesnake is a species of snake within the Viperidae family -- venomous types of snakes that also include vipers and adders.

As stated previously, there are currently 18 families of snakes around the world. But this number is often argued and disputed, because the scientific classification of reptiles (including snakes) is constantly in flux.

Major Families of Snakes

Here are the five families of snakes that account for the majority of species:

Colubridae -- The Colubridae family of snakes (known as colubrids) is by far the largest family, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the world's snakes. The vast majority of colubrids are non-venomous, though a few rear-fanged colubrid species are able to produce venom (such as the lyre snake of California). But even the venomous members of the Colubridae family are considered harmless to humans. So it's safe to say that colubrids, as a whole, pose no threat to humans.

Boidae -- The Boidae family of snakes (known as boids) includes python and boa species. The three largest types of snakes in the world -- the anaconda, the reticulated python, and the African rock python -- are all members of the Boidae family. But smaller species like the royal python / ball python are also found in this family of snakes. All boids are non-venomous, powerful constrictors. Thus, they rely on strength instead of venom to kill their prey.

Elapidae -- The Elapidae family of snakes (known as elapids) includes cobras, mambas, coral snakes and taipans. All elapids are venomous, and some of the most venomous snakes in the world are found within this family. Elapids produce a neurotoxic venom that attacks the central nervous systems (breathing) of their prey).

Viperidae -- The Viperidae family of snakes (known as viperids) includes rattlesnakes, vipers, adders and other species. All types of snakes in the Viperidae family are venomous. In the United States, most venomous snakes species fall within this family (including all rattlesnakes, the copperhead, and the water moccasin). The coral snake (and elapid) is one of the only venomous snakes in the U.S. that is not in the Viperidae family. Nearly all members of this family produce hematoxic venom that attacks the tissue and blood of their prey.

Hydrophiidae -- As the name suggests, the Hydrophiidae family includes sea snakes. Most sea snakes are venomous, and some species produce an incredibly powerful venom, a drop of which could kill a grown man. Fortunately for humans, sea snakes are reluctant to bite unless provoked (though you should still leave them alone).

I hope this tutorial has helped you understand the many types of snakes in the world, and that it gives you a newfound appreciation for these marvels of nature!

NEW PLANET FULL OF DIAMOND DISCOVERED

2012-10-11T15:25:00.002-07:00

An illustration of the interior of 55 Cancri e — an extremely hot planet with a surface of mostly graphite surrounding a thick layer of diamond, below which is a layer of silicon-based minerals and a molten iron core at the center.

(Reuters) - Forget the diamond as big as the Ritz. This one's bigger than planet Earth.

Orbiting a star that is visible to the naked eye, astronomers have discovered a planet twice the size of our own made largely out of diamond.

The rocky planet, called '55 Cancri e', orbits a sun-like star in the constellation of Cancer and is moving so fast that a year there lasts a mere 18 hours.

Discovered by a U.S.-Franco research team, its radius is twice that of Earth's with a mass eight times greater. That would give it the same density as Earth, although previously observed diamond planets are reckoned to be a lot more dense. It is also incredibly hot, with temperatures on its surface reaching 3,900 degrees Fahrenheit (1,648 Celsius).

"The surface of this planet is likely covered in graphite and diamond rather than water and granite," said Nikku Madhusudhan, the Yale researcher whose findings are due to be published in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters.

The study - with Olivier Mousis at the Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planetologie in Toulouse, France - estimates that at least a third of the planet's mass, the equivalent of about three Earth masses, could be diamond.

Diamond planets have been spotted before but this is the first time one has been seen orbiting a sun-like star and studied in such detail.

"This is our first glimpse of a rocky world with a fundamentally different chemistry from Earth," Madhusudhan said, adding that the discovery of the carbon-rich planet meant distant rocky planets could no longer be assumed to have chemical constituents, interiors, atmospheres, or biologies similar to Earth.

David Spergel, an astronomer at Princeton University, said it was relatively simple to work out the basic structure and history of a star once you know its mass and age.

"Planets are much more complex. This 'diamond-rich super-Earth' is likely just one example of the rich sets of discoveries that await us as we begin to explore planets around nearby stars."

"Nearby" is a relative concept in astronomy. Any fortune-hunter not dissuaded by "The Diamond as Big as the Ritz", F.Scott Fitzgerald's jazz age morality tale of thwarted greed, will find Cancri e about 40 light years, or 230 trillion miles, from Park Avenue.

Top 10 World’s Richest Persons – 2012

2012-08-22T13:42:00.005-07:00

#1. Carlos Slim Helu

Net Worth: $69 billion (down from $74 billion in 2010)
2010 Rank: #1
Age: 72
Fortune: Self made
Source: Telecom
Country of Citizenship: Mexico
Residence: Mexico City, Mexico
Industry: Communications
Marital Status: widowed, 6 children
Education: BA/BS, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico

Carlos Slim Helu retains the title of world’s richest man for the third year in a row despite a fortune that’s $5 billion smaller than a year ago-primarily because of a lower share price for telecom giant America Movil, which accounts for more than half his net worth. In April the company was fined $1 billion by Mexican regulators for monopolistic practices, but is appealing the decision. Slim is spending more time working with his Carlos Slim Foundation and the Telmex Foundation than he has in the past.

#2. William Gates III

Net Worth: $61 billion (up from $56 billion in 2010)
2010 Rank: #2
Age: 56
Fortune: Self made
Source: Microsoft
Country of Citizenship: United States
Residence: Medina, Washington, USA
Industry: Software
Marital Status: Married, 3 children
Education: Dropout, Harvard University

First part of mission accomplished: Bill Gates, the most generous person on the planet (he’s given away $28 billion already), has helped eradicate polio in India. In January the country announced its first polio-free year. Gates will continue to chip in $200 million a year to rid the world of a disease that is still endemic in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria. His Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is also spearheading a malaria vaccine that is showing promise in clinical trials. Meanwhile the vaccine-spreading organization he founded, called GAVI, raised $4.3 billion in pledges aimed at distributing drugs to thwart the deadly infections that cause meningitis, pneumonia, and diarrhea in developing countries. He also has a new endeavor in the works: fixing agriculture. His foundation has committed more than $2 billion to small farmers. Less than one-fourth of his net worth is still held in Microsoft, whose shares are trading higher than they have been in 10 years; the rest is in private equity, bonds and stocks such as Ecolab and Mexican broadcaster Televisa.

#3. Warren Buffett

Net Worth: $44 billion (down from $50 billion in 2010)
2010 Rank: #3
Age: 81
Fortune: Self made
Source: Berkshire Hathaway
Country Of Citizenship: United States
Residence: Omaha, Nebraska, USA
Industry: Investments
Marital Status: widowed, remarried, 3 children
Education: MS, Columbia University; BA/BS, University of Nebraska Lincoln

Warren Buffett announced in February he’d finally made the decision about who will replace him, but he wouldn’t give a name. In December, he chose his farmer son, Howard, as the future non-executive chairman and “guardian of the firm’s values.” New Senate legislation requiring the rich to pay at least a 30% tax rate has been dubbed the “Buffett Rule” in homage to the billionaire’s frequent public statements that the wealthiest should pay more than the average Joe. His net worth is down $6 billion year on year because of a 7% slump in Berkshire’s stock. In his latest annual letter he confessed to some mistakes, including being “dead wrong” about a housing comeback.

#4. Bernard Arnault

Net Worth: $41 billion (no change from last year)
2010 Rank: #4
Age: 63
Fortune: Inherited and growing
Source: Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy (LVMH)
Country of Citizenship: France
Residence:Paris, France
Marital Status: Married; five children
Education: BA/BS, Ecole Polytechnique de Lausanne

Bernard Arnault orchestrated another stellar year for his luxury-goods empire, LVMH. Profits jumped 22%, thanks to record sales at Louis Vuitton and the successful integration of Bulgari. The group formed a joint venture with one of the world’s leading tanneries of crocodile leather, Heng Long. Arnault hasn’t done as well with his more pedestrian investment in supermarket chain Carrefour, which is worth $1 billion less than it was a year ago. Among his personal high-end collection: He owns Indigo Island in the Bahamas (rent: $300,000 a week) and ski chalet Cheval Blanc in Courchevel.

#5. Amancio Ortega

Net Worth: $37.5 billion (up from $31 billion in 2010)
2010 Rank: #7
Age: 75
Fortune: Self-made
Source: Zara
Country of Citizenship: Spain
Residence: La Coruna, Spain
Marital Status: Married; three children

Ortega stepped down as chairman of his global fashion firm, Inditex, in July 2011. The company hasn’t missed a beat. Shares are up one-fourth in the past year, helping boost his fortune by $6.5 billion and pushing him into the global top 5 ranks for the first time. Ortega paid $536 million to billionaire Esther Koplowitz in December for Torre Picasso, a 43-story skyscraper in Madrid. He also owns Epic Residences & Hotel, a luxury 54-story waterfront condo and hotel development in Miami. Other personal holdings include a stake in a soccer league and a horse-jumping circuit. A railway worker’s son, he started as a gofer in a shirt store.

#6. Larry Ellison

Net Worth: $36 (down from $39.5 billion in 2010)
2010 Rank: #5
Age: 67
Fortune: Self-made
Source: Oracle
Country of Citizenship: United States
Residence: Woodside, California, USA
Marital Status: Thrice divorced, remarried; two children
Education: Dropout, University of Chicago; Dropout, University of Illinois at Urbana

Oracle’s stock has been oscillating for months. It’s rebounded since its August low but is still off 15% year on year due to a slowdown in the software and hardware giant’s sales, enough to knock $3.5 billion off Ellison’s fortune. Seeking to profit from cloud computing, Oracle acquired Taleo in February for $1.9 billion and RightNow in October for $1.5 billion. Ellison has been tagged as one of the clutch of billionaires interested in buying the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team. His big sport is yachting: he won the America’s Cup in 2010 and is bringing the 34th edition of the America’s Cup Finals to the San Francisco Bay in 2013.

#7. Eike Batista

Net Worth: $30 billion (no change from last year)
2010 Rank: #8
Age: 55
Fortune: Self-made
Source: Mining, Oil
Country of Citizenship: Brazil
Residence: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Marital Status: Divorced, two children
Education: Dropout, RWTH Aachen University

Eike Batista, Brazil’s richest man, is riding high on oil fever. His oil and gas driller, OGX Petroleo e Gas, produced its first oil in a test well offshore in late January; his 61% stake in the company is worth $19.8 billion, two-thirds of his net worth. The bombastic entrepreneur is also betting on his former passion, gold: In February 2011 he spent $1.5 billion to take private Canadian-listed Ventana Gold, which owns what he says is an incredibly promising mine in Colombia.

#8. Stefan Persson

Net Worth: $26 billion (down from $24.5 billion in 2010)
2010 Rank: #13
Age: 64
Fortune: Inherited and growing
Source: H&M
Country of Citizenship: Sweden
Residence: Stockholm, Sweden
Marital Status: Married, three children
Education: Associate in Arts / Science, University of Stockholm

Stefan Persson’s cheap-chic apparel chain H&M added Versace and Marni to its stable of designers last year and opened its first stores in Croatia, Singapore and Romania. It now has 2,500 shops in 43 countries. Persson, who is chairman, bought 5 million additional shares of the company and then gifted 4 million, worth $150 million, to a new employee incentive program. Persson’s father, Erling, founded H&M in 1947; Stefan took over in 1982, he gave up the chief executive position in 1998; promoted son, Karl-Johan, 35, to chief executive in July 2009. Persson acquired the 21-cottage village of Linkenholt in Hampshire, England in 2009.

#9. Li Ka-shing

Net Worth: $25.5 billion (up from $22 billion in 2010)
2010 Rank: #11
Age: 83
Fortune: Diversified, self-made
Source: Hutchison Whampoa Limited
Country of Citizenship: Hong Kong
Residence: Hong Kong
Marital Status: Widow, two children
Education: Drop Out, High School

Li Ka-shing moves back into the top 10 for the first time since 2007. He is Asia’s richest person for the first time since 2004, despite a $500 million drop in net worth. One of the great empire builders, Li’s businesses employ 270,000 people around the world in 53 countries; he built one out of every 7 residences in Hong Kong, his Hutchison Port Holdings handles about 13% of the world’s container traffic, and his recently acquired Northumbrian Water supplies clean drinking water to 4.5 million people in England and sewerage services to another 2.7 million. Li also has personal investments in tech startups like Facebook and Spotify.

#10. Karl Albrecht

Net Worth: $25.4 billion (down from $25.5 billion in 2010)
2010 Rank: #12
Age: 92
Fortune: Self-made
Source: Aldi Supermarkets
Country of Citizenship: Germany
Residence: Mulheim an der Ruhr,
Marital Status: Married, two children

Karl Albrecht’s $39 billion (estimated sales) discount supermarket giant, Aldi Sud, has some 4,500 stores, including 1,200 across 32 U.S. states. It opened its first New York City locations in 2011, one in Queens and another in the Bronx. To keep costs low, Aldi stores do not accept credit cards. He and his late brother Theo got their start at their mother’s corner grocery store after World War II and turned it into a large retail chain based on low prices in a no-frills setting. They split ownership in 1961; Karl took the more profitable stores in southern Germany, plus the rights to the brand in the U.K., Australia and the U.S.

About Mount Kilimanjaro

2012-07-08T09:56:00.001-07:00

Geology

Kilimanjaro is composed of three distinct volcanic cones: Kibo 5,895 m (19,341 ft); Mawenzi 5,149 m (16,893 ft); and Shira 3,962 m (13,000 ft). Uhuru Peak is the highest summit on Kibo's crater rim.

Kilimanjaro is a giant stratovolcano that began forming a million years ago, when lava spilled from the Rift Valley zone. Two of its three peaks, Mawenzi and Shira, are extinct while Kibo (the highest peak) is dormant and could erupt again. The last major eruption has been dated to 360,000 years ago, while the most recent activity was recorded just 200 years ago.

Although it is dormant, Kibo has fumaroles that emit gas in the crater. Scientists concluded in 2003 that molten magma is just 400 m (1,310 ft) below the summit crater.^{[citation needed]} Several collapses and landslides have occurred on Kibo in the past, one creating the area known as the Western Breach.

[edit]Name

It is unknown where the name Kilimanjaro originates, but a number of theories exist. European explorers had adopted the name by 1860 and reported that it was its Swahili name,^[5] with Kilimanjaro breaking into Kilima (Swahili for "hill, little mountain") and Njaro,^[6] whose supposed origin varies according to the theories—according to some it is an ancient Swahili word for white or for shining,^[7] or for the non-Swahili origin, a word from the Kichagga language, the word jaro meaning "caravan". The problem with all these is that they cannot explain why the diminutivekilima is used instead of the proper word for mountain, mlima. The name might be a local joke, referring to the "little hill of the Njaro" being the biggest mountain on the African continent, since this is a nearby town, and guides recount that it is the Hill of the Njaro people. A different approach is to assume that it comes from the Kichagga kilmanare or kileajao meaning "which defeats the bird/leopard/caravan". However this theory cannot explain the fact that Kilimanjaro was never used in Kichagga before in Europe in the mid-19th century.^[5]

An alternative theory is as follows: On November 10, 1848, the German missionary Rebmann wrote in his diary, "This morning we discerned the Mountains of Jagga more distinctly than ever." Jagga was the pronunciation of Chagga by Europeans. Kilimanjaro may also be the European pronunciation of the Chagga phrase that "Kile-lema-irho", meaning "we failed to climb it" in Kiuru, Kioldimoshi, Kimarangu, Kivunjo, Kikibosho, Kimachame and Kirombo, Kichagga in general. If so, name itself, Kile-lema-irho/Kilimanjaro, would have been the Chagga way of explaining to kyasaka (newcomers) when they asked about the shining mountain top of Kibo and Mawenzi Peak. Kibo peak is more visible from the Kibosho Area, and Mawenzi from Maranu.^{[citation needed]}

The Ki- prefix in Swahili has several underlying meanings. The old Ka- diminutive noun prefix (found now only as Kadogo—a small degree), merged with the Ki class. One of its meanings was to also describe something unique of its kind: Kilima, a single peak, as opposed toMlima, which would better describe a mountain range or undulating country. Several other mountains also bear this prefix, such as Kilima Mbogo (Buffalo Mountain), just north of Nairobi in Kenya. People with disabilities are also placed in this class, not so much as a diminutive idea; but a unique condition they possess: a blind or a deaf person, Kipofu and Kiziwi. This prefix "Ki-" in no way implies a derogatory sense. The name Kibo in Kichagga means "spotted" and refers to rocks seen on snowfields.

In the 1880s, the mountain, at that time spelled Kilima-Ndscharo in German following the Swahili name components, became a part ofGerman East Africa after Karl Peters had persuaded local chiefs to sign treaties (a common story that Queen Victoria gave the mountain to her grandson Kaiser Wilhelm II is not true).^[8] When in 1889 Hans Meyer reached the highest summit on the crater ridge of Kibo, he named it "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze" ("Kaiser Wilhelm peak").^[5] That name was used until 1918, when after World War I the German colonies were handed over to the British empire. When Tanganyika gained its independence in 1961, this summit was named "Uhurupeak", meaning "Freedom peak" in Swahili.

Peeking

[edit]First ascent

In 1861, the German officer Baron Carl Claus von der Decken and the young British geologist Richard Thornton (1838–1863) made a first attempt to climb Kibo,^[9] but "got no farther than 8,200 feet"^[10] (2,500 meters). In 1862, Von der Decken tried a second time together with Otto Kersten. They reached a height of 14,000 feet (4,280 meters).^[11]^[12]

In 1887, during his first attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the German geology professor Hans Meyer reached the base of Kibo, but was forced to turn back, not having the equipment necessary to handle the deep snow and ice on Kibo. The following year, Meyer planned another attempt with cartographer Oscar Baumann, but the mission was aborted due to consequences of the Abushiri Revolt. Meyer and Baumann were captured and held hostage, and only escaped after a ten thousand rupees ransom had been paid.^[13]

In 1889 Meyer returned to Kilimanjaro with the celebrated Austrian mountaineer Ludwig Purtscheller for a third attempt. Their climbing team included two local headmen, nine porters, a cook, and a guide. The success of this attempt, which started on foot from Mombasa, was based on the establishment of many campsites with food supplies so that multiple attempts at the top could be made without having to descend too far. After Meyer and Purtscheller pushed to near the crater rim on October 3, exhausted from hacking footsteps in the icy slope, they reached the highest summit on the southern rim of the crater on Purtscheller's 40th birthday, October 6, 1889. They were the first to confirm that Kibo has a crater, which was filled with ice at the time. After descending to the saddle between Kibo and Mawenzi, Meyer and Purtscheller attempted to climb the more technically challenging Mawenzi next, but could only reach a 5096 m high subsidiary peak (later to be named Klute Peak) before retreating due to illness. On October 18 they reascended Kibo to enter and study the crater, cresting the rim at Hans Meyers Notch. In total, Meyer and Purtscheller spent 16 days above 4,200 m during their expedition.^[13]^[14]

The summit of Kibo wouldn't be climbed again until 20 years later (by the surveyor M. Lange in 1909), and the first ascent of the highest (5149 m) summit of Mawenzi was only on July 29, 1912, by the German climbers Edward Oehler and Fritz Klute, who christened it Hans Meyer Peak in Meyer's honor. Oehler and Klute went on to make the third ascent of Kibo, via the Western route over the Drygalski Glacier.^[14]

In 1989, the organizing committee of the 100-year celebration of the first ascent decided to award posthumous certificates to the African porter-guides who had accompanied Meyer and Purtscheller. One person in pictures or documents of the 1889 expedition was thought to match a living inhabitant ofMarangu, Yohani Kinyala Lauwo. Lauwo did not know his own age nor did he remember Meyer or Purtscheller, but he remembered joining a Kilimanjaro expedition involving a Dutch doctor who lived near the mountain and not wearing shoes during the 8-day affair. Lauwo claimed that he had climbed the mountain 3 times before World War I. The committee concluded that he had been a member of Meyer's team and therefore must have been born around 1871.^[15] Lauwo died on 10 May 1996 at the thus reconstructed world-record age of 124 or 125 and is now even often suggested as co-first-ascendant of Kilimanjaro.^[16]

[edit]Mapping

Early maps of Kilimanjaro were published by the British Government's Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS 422 Y742) in 1963. These were based on air photography carried out as early as 1959 by the RAF. These were on a scale of 1:50,000 with contours at 100 ft intervals. These are now unavailable. Tourist mapping was first published by the Ordnance Survey in England in 1989 based on the original DOS mapping (1:100,000, 100 ft intervals, DOS 522). This is also no longer available. EWP produced a map with tourist information in 1990 (1:75,000, 100 m contour intervals, inset maps of Kibo and Mawenzi on 1:20,000 and 1:30,000 scales respectively and 50 m contour interval). In the last few years, numerous other maps have become available of various qualities.^[3] 3D route maps are also available online.^[17]

[edit]Trekking Kilimanjaro

Main article: Mount Kilimanjaro climbing routes

There are six official trekking routes^[18] by which to climb Mt Kilimanjaro, namely: Marangu, Rongai, Lemosho,^[19] Shira, Umbwe and Machame. Of all the routes, Machame^[20] is by far the most scenic albeit steeper route up the mountain, which can be done in six or seven days.^[21] The Rongai is the easiest and least scenic of all camping routes with the most difficult summit night and the Marangu is also relatively easy, but accommodation is in shared huts with all other climbers. As a result, this route tends to be very busy, and ascent and descent routes are the same. ^[22]

People who wish to trek to the summit of Kilimanjaro are advised to undertake appropriate research^[23] and ensure that they are both properly equipped and physically capable. Though the climb is technically not as challenging as when climbing the high peaks of the Himalayas or Andes, the high elevation, low temperature, and occasional high winds make this a difficult and dangerous trek. Acclimatisation is essential, and even then most experienced trekkers suffer some degree of altitude sickness.^[24] Kilimanjaro summit is well above the altitude at which high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), or high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) can occur.^[25] All trekkers will suffer considerable discomfort, typically shortage of breath, hypothermia and headaches.

High-altitude climbing clubs—citing safe ascent rate suggestions offered by organisations such as the Royal Geographical Society—have criticised the Tanzanian authorities for charging fees for each day spent on the mountain. It was once argued that this fee structure encouraged trekkers to climb rapidly to save time and money, while proper acclimatisation demands that delays are built in to any high climb. However, in response to this accusation, Tanzania National Parks Authority several years ago mandated minimum climb durations for each route. These regulations prohibit climbs of fewer than five days on the Marangu Route, and ensure a minimum of six days for the other five sanctioned routes. These minimums—particularly in the case of Marangu, which ostensibly allows that Uhuru Peak (5,895m) can be reached from a starting elevation at 1,860m within 72 hours of beginning the ascent—are reckoned by most alpinists to allow an ascent rate that will usually result in the climber failing to acclimatize adequately, by the time that Kibo Huts are reached; the launch base from which the summit is assaulted. Consequently, the incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) is widely deemed to be unacceptably high on Kilimanjaro, with high volumes of fit young people succumbing to the condition, having opted for a relatively rapid ascent. As a general rule, it is far safer (and more enjoyable) to avoid altitude sickness by planning a sensible itinerary that allows for gradual acclimatisation to high elevation as one ascends. Operations that typically see in excess of a thousand climbers summitting annually and are best placed to identify such patterns, usually posit that an optimal climb length should last around seven to eight days.

Tanzanian Medical Services around the mountain have expressed concern recently^[when?] over the current influx of tourists that apparently perceive Kilimanjaro as an easy walk. However this is not the case. Many individuals require significant attention during their attempts, and many are forced to abandon the trek. An investigation into the matter concluded that tourists visiting Tanzania were often encouraged to join groups heading up the mountain without being made aware of the significant physical demands of the climb, although many outfitters and tour operators flaunt high success rates for reaching the summit. The Kilimanjaro National Park shows that only 41% of trekkers actually reach the Uhuru summit with the majority turning around at Gilman’s Point, 300 metres (980 feet) short of Uhuru, or Stella Point, 200 (660 feet) meters short of Uhuru. Kilimanjaro is often underestimated because it can be walked and is not a technical climb. However, many mountaineers consider Kilimanjaro very physically demanding.

Some estimate that more people have died to date trekking up Kilimanjaro than Mount Everest but Everest is attempted by significantly fewer climbers.^{[citation needed]} In August 2007 four trekkers died within a week underscoring the point that trekking to the summit should not be taken casually. Multiple people (trekkers, porters, and guides) die on the mountain each year. The majority of these deaths are porters, from hypothermia. Trekkers fall on steep portions of the mountain, and rock slides have killed trekkers. For this reason, the route via the Arrow Glacier was closed for several years. It re-opened in December 2007,^[26] but the park officials advise against taking that route and tell trekkers that they can climb, but at their own risk. When attempting the Arrow Glacier route, trekkers must leave early in the morning and make it past the rock face before mid-afternoon as when the sun comes out, unfrozen rock slides become quite common.

Caution signs at the Machamé trailhead
Sign at Uhuru peak, indicating to trekkers that they have reached the top
Memorial recognizing Hans Meyer as the first European to "conquer" Kilimanjaro

[edit]Unique vegetation

Being an Afromontane sky island, Kilimanjaro has an enormous biodiversity while low in endemic species. However endemics include the giant groundsels in the bunchgrass tussock grasslands, and other flora adapted to living in alpine plant conditions.

Kilimanjaro has a large variety of forest types over an altitudinal range of 3,000 m (9,843 ft) containing over 1,200 vascular plant species. Montane Ocotea forests occur on the wet southern slope.Cassipourea and Juniperus forests grow on the dry northern slope. Subalpine Erica forests at 4,100 m (13,451 ft) represent the highest elevation cloud forests in Africa. In contrast to this enormous biodiversity, the degree of endemism is low. However, forest relicts in the deepest valleys of the cultivated lower areas suggest that a rich forest flora inhabited Mt Kilimanjaro in the past, with restricted-range species otherwise only known from the Eastern Arc mountains. The low degree of endemism on Kilimanjaro may result from destruction of lower elevation forest rather than the relatively young age of the mountain.

Another feature of the forests of Kilimanjaro is the absence of a bamboo zone, which occurs on all other tall mountains in East Africa with a similarly high rainfall. Sinarundinaria alpina stands are favoured by elephants and African Buffalos elsewhere. On Kilimanjaro these megaherbivores occur on the northern slopes, where it is too dry for a large bamboo zone to develop. They are excluded from the wet southern slope forests by topography and humans, who have cultivated the foothills for at least 2000 years.

This interplay of biotic and abiotic factors could explain not only the lack of a bamboo zone on Kilimanjaro but also offers possible explanations for the patterns of diversity and endemism. If true, Kilimanjaro's forests would serve as a striking example of the large and long-lasting influence of both animals and humans on the African landscape.

[edit]Physical features

Mount Kilimanjaro as seen from Moshi town, Kilimanjaro region

Kilimanjaro rises from its base, and approximately 5,100 m (16,732 ft) from the plains near Moshi. Kibo is capped by an almost symmetrical cone with scarps rising 180 to 200 m on the south side. These scarps define a 2.5 km wide caldera.^[27] Within this caldera is an inner crater, the Reusch Crater. This inner crater was named after Dr. Richard Reusch. The name was conferred by the government of Tanganyika in 1954 at the same time it awarded Reusch a gold medal on having climbed Kilmanjaro for the 25th time. Reusch climbed Kilimanjaro 65 times and helped to establish the exact elevation of the crater.^[28]^[29] Within the Reusche Crater lies the Ash Pit. The Reusche Crater itself is nearly surrounded by a 400 feet (120 m) high dune of volcanic ash.^[30]

Kilimanjaro is also notable for presenting the greatest area of the Earth's surface in one view. This is due to its height in combination with the surrounding flatness of the land.^{[citation needed]}

Interesting buildings

2012-07-06T03:43:00.001-07:00

Fafe - Portugal - (Casa do Penedo

Baku,Azerbaijan

Fish Building - INDIA

Upside Down House in Malaysia

Hamburger University

Tanzania tujitahidi kujenga moja.

HIZI NDO FAIDA ZA SUPA 5, DILI TANO ZA UKWELI ZA AIRTEL

2012-07-05T23:32:00.002-07:00

1.Hivi inakuaje bado haujawaweka mabesti wako wa tatu kwenye dili na ulipe nusu shilingi kwa sekunde?

2. Kwanini ulipie facebook wakati unaweza kuperus kwa BURE na Airtel?

3. Kwanini usitumie fursa ya kuperuz intanet BURE usiku?

4. Usipoteze pesa bureee kwenye mitandao huku hakuna longo longo, ukiwa Airtel pia unaongea na yeyote kwa ROBO shilling kwa sekunde,usiku kuchwa!!

5. Kubwa zaidi unapata sms 200 Bure , Baada ya kutuma sms 10 kwa shs 30 kila moja…halafu ufurahie kuchat na washkaji KIBAO siku nzima

Hili ndo DILI 5 ya SUPA 5 kwa watu SUPA kama sisi,,,.unasubiri nini.???.Jiunge sasa

Piga *149*99# au ANDIKA neno ‘SIKU’ kisha number 3 za marafiki utakazopigia kwa nusu shillingi na utume kwenda 15548

Man who lost legs as a child scales Kilimanjaro

2012-07-05T22:14:00.001-07:00

A man who lost both his legs as a child has become the first to scale Mount Kilimanjaro using his hands.

Spencer West’s trek to the top of Kilimanjaro raised more than £300,000 for charity Free The Children

Spencer West, 31, from Toronto, Canada, reached the summit of the 19,341ft mountain on Tuesday after trekking for seven days. He climbed most of the journey on his hands, spending only 20 per cent of the trek in a custom-made wheelchair when the terrain wasn’t as steep or rocky.

Mr West had his legs amputated below the knee when he was three-years old due to a genetic disorder – sacral agenesis. When he was five he had to have the rest of his legs removed below the pelvis.

The rare congenital disorder meant the development of his lower spine was impeded, leaving his legs permanently crossed. Doctors told him he would never be a normal functioning member of society – a judgment Mr West has challenged his entire life.

Mr West, who spent one year training for the expedition, scaled Africa’s highest peak with his two best friends David Johnson and Alex Meers. The trio began their hike on June 12, navigating through jungle, snowfield and deserts, but finally making it to the top at 11.15am on June 20.

Only 50 per cent of those who attempt the mountain usually make it to the top.

By Hans Dios

vichekesho bomba

2012-07-05T12:37:00.000-07:00

Jamaa alimpa lift mwanamke, basi ikawa kila akibadilisha gia mkono unagusa paja la yule binti,basi yule mwanamke akawa analalamika na kusema "kasome Mathayo 7:7"Jamaa akaogopa na kuacha kumshika! ile kufika home tu jamaa akakimbilia biblia. Kufungua akakuta imeandikwa"OMBENI NANYI MTAPEWA"

PADRI aliwaomba waumini mchango wa kuzungushia ukuta eneo la makaburini, mlevi akauliza kuna marehemu aliyewahi kutoroka? Ukuta wa nini?

Kuna watu wawili walienda railway station wakakuta train ndio inaondoka wakaanza kuikimbiza mmoja akafankiwa kuipata"alieachwa akawa anacheka"watu wakamuliza unacheka nini wakati umeachwa? akasema yule aliepanda alikuwa ananisindikiza mimi"

Padri alihubiri akasema, Biblia inasema kuwa wasiotubu, wakiendelea kutenda dhambi watalia na kusaga meno siku ya hukumu. Kibogoyo 1 akacheka, akamnong'oneza mwenzake akasema,"Sisi tumebarikiwa kwa sababu hii adhabu ya kusaga meno kwetu haipo', Asante Yesu......."!

Siku moja kulikuwa na harusi kwenye kanisa moja hapa Tukuyu, wakati misa ya ndoa ikiendelea Mchungaji ikafika wakati wa kuuliza kama kuna mtu mwenye kipingamizi na ndoa, alipouliza kama mtu babu mmoja na mkongojo wake akajivuta taratibu mpaka mbele, bibi harusi alipomwona akapiga kelele "Mungu wangu" akaanguka na kuzimia, Mchungaji akamuuliza "Ehee babu tuambie una kizuizi gani?" Babu akajibu "kule nyuma spika mbovu nimeamua kuja mbele nisikie vyema".

Mdada kachukua simu ya mpenzi wake na kujibeep kwa lengo la kujua mwenzi wake kamsave kwa jina gani,huku akiwa na matumaini ya kukuta jina kama wife,sweet,darling,honey,lahaulah kubeep tu kakuta jina la RASHIDI FUNDI BOMBA

Dogo mmoja wa darasa la kwanza alipanda daladala huku akiimba kwa sauti kubwa v2 alivyofundishwa school “baba akiwa jogoo mama akiwa kuku mimi ntakua kifaranga,… baba akiwa beberu mama akiwa mbuzi mimi nitakua ndama’’ dogo aliimba kwa muda mrefu mpaka kondakta akakasirika, akamwambia ‘’Ah weee! hebu nyamaza.. jee kama baba angekua msenge na mama malaya weee ungekua nani?” dogo dogo akamjibu “ningekua kondakta

Jamani duniani kuna watu wa ajabu yani huwez amini juz kanisani nilikaa na jamaa 1 anavuta sigara kanisan bila uoga,nlitetemeka nusura niangushe bia yangu

A Gal was towelling her wet Pussy.
She enjoyed It and started rubbing it vigorously until the pussy cried meow and ran away.....

Be kind to animals

baada ya kutoudhulia kanisani kwa kipindi kirefu sana na kuongeza maudhulio kwenye club na disco na sehemu za sitarehe kwa sana... jamaa kaamua kwenda leo ili apake majivu.kakuta mzee wa kanisa mlangoni ikabidi amuulize hivi leo kiingilio shilingi ngapi sababu mara ya mwisho niliacha ilikuwa 5000 bila kinywaji.

One day her neighbor found out! Then he made a hole in d wall,removed d man's dick and put his dick instead waiting for the lady. The lady came with a knife, cuts the dick and said darling we are movin out....

Jamaa akiwa kuzimu akamuuliza Israeli " Samahani Mkuu naomba nimpigie simu wife Israeli akajibu " Poa, dakika ngapi? Jamaa "dakika tano tu Mkuu" , Jamaa alivyomaliza akauliza "Mkuu shilingi ngapi? Israeli akajibu " kuzimu kwenda kuzimu ni free mjomba"

A 70 yr old man asks her wife "Do you feel sad when you see me running after young girls?"
Wife replied, "No not at all. Even dogs chase cars they can't drive!

Mvuta bangi mmoja alikuwa uchocholoni anavuta bangi mala akasikia sauti nzito akauliza "we ni nani?" sauti ikajibu me ni izlaeli mtoa roho" Mvuta bangi akajibu "dah umenishtua kweli nusu nijinyee nilifikili polisi,njoo tugonge vyombo"

TWO DIFFICULT THINGS TO ACHIEVE:
1. To plant your ideas in someone else's head.
2. To put someone else's money in your own pocket.

The one who succeeds in the first one is called a TEACHER

And the second is called a BUSINESSMAN.

The one who succeeds in both is called a WIFE.

The one who fails in both is called a HUSBAND

Walevi watatu walilewa sana, wakakodi taxi.
Mwenye taxi alipowaona wamelewa sana akawasha gari halafu kazima, akasema "tayari tumefika."
Mlevi wa kwanza akatoa pesa akampa dereva, wa pili kamwambia dereva "thank you"
wa tatu akampiga kibao dereva kamwabia "Shenzi siku nyingine usiendeshe mbio utakuja kutuua"

Son:"Dad, what do I give my new girlfriend as a valentine gift?"
Dad: "How does she look?"
Son: "She looks sweet, pretty, fun to be with and of course very sexy"
Dad: "Give her my number..

A secretary got an expensive PEN as birthday gift from her boss.
She sent her boss a 'Thank You' via SMS. The wife read the text and angrily shows her husband the message:

"Your penis wonderful, I enjoyed using it last night. Thanks."

Moral Of the Story : Space is essential for a successful married life.

jamaa mmoja alikua anapita nje ya wodi ya vichaa..akasikia kichaa mmoja anapiga kelele akisema 11,11,11 alivozidi sogea karibu ile sauti ya yule kichaa ilikua ikongezeka ikiashiria alikua amekaribia pale anapopigia kelele. Basi kulikua na kitundu jamaa akaona achungulie ajue ni nini anacho hesabu. Mara tu alipo chungulia, yule kichaa akamtoboa jicho na akaanza kuhesabu 12, 12, 12

Mgombea alienda katika kampeni za uchaguzi kwenye Kijiji cha SENGE mkoani Ruvuma.
Salamu ikawa hivi:
"M/kiti na Katibu wa Senge..
Ndugu Wananchi wa Senge..
Vijana,Wazee na Watoto wooote wa Senge..
... Mabibi na Mabwana wa Senge..
Habari zenu.."
Watu kimyaa..
Akaendelea,"wa Senge Oyyeee!"
Wananchi,"mwenyewee..!"

Mangi mmoja street kwetu alipopokea bill ya Maji ya mwezi December 2011 iliyokuwa T.SHS 300,000, akawapigia DAWASCO huku akifoka. Aisee "NAONA BILL YA YALE MAFURIKO NIMELETEWA MIMI".

Beki tatu alikuwa anafanya Usafi chumbani kwa tajiri yake, ghafla akaona kondom uvunguni akaivuta na mfagio halafu akauliza "mama hii nini"
Mama akajibu kwa hasira "hivi wewe ina maana haufanywi?"
Beki tatu akajibu "nafanywa lakini boyfriend wangu ngozi huwa inabaki ya baba mpaka inatoa ngozi kwani mashindano?"

Binti mmoja alimuuliza ndugu yake wa kiume"kwa nini baba na mama wamo chumbani tu hawatoki takriban wiki nzima hii"? Yu le kijana wa kiume akamjibu nduguye" sijui"huku akiwa anacheka,yule binti ikabidi amuulize kakaake kwa mshangao mbona unacheka sasa!? Kaka mtu akajibu" Baba na mama walinitaka niwapatie vaseline lakini mimi nilifanya mistake nikawapa gundi".

Mangi kaanguka mbele ya geti la tbl... Watu wakasema mpeni maji... Mangi akasema.. Ningetaka maji ningeenda anguka dawasco.

Mlevi kapiga simu polisi:
MLEVI: hallow kuna wizi umetokea, nilipaki gari nikakuta stelling dashboard na siti ya dereva havipo.
POLISI: tunakuja sasa hivi, upo mtaa gani?
MLEVI: ooh samahani! Msije kumbe niliingilia mlango wa nyuma.

Kaka mmoja alikuwa kanisani kakaa karibu na mrembo wakati pastor anahubiri kaka akaanza:
kaka: jaman dada nimekupenda, we mzuri, hakika we ni tunda la moyo wangu.....
dada: kaka naomba umsikilize mchungaji...
kaka: nakupenda kweli nipe moyo wako, usiogope tutanunua hata CD tukasikilize nyumbani nikubalie tuu
dada: hivi kaka huniskii?
... kaka: akika kweli umenibamba nitakupa kila hitaji la moyo wako...
dada(kwa kelele):nimesem a niache,
kanisa zima likawageuka, kwa kuona aibu yule kaka akasema...
"SINTAKUACHA MPAKA NIONE UMEKUBALI YESU KUWA BWANA NA MOKOZI WA MAISHA YAKO"

Mzee mmoja aliwakataza vijana kuvuta bangi karibu na nyumba yake,Wavuta bangi wakaamua kumwamisha,kwanza wakavuta bangi ya kutosha wakavua mashati wakaanza kusukuma ile nyumba, kibaka akapitia yale mashati, mmoja wao alivyogeuka nyuma hakuyaona akajua wameshafika mbali akawaambia wenzie tukazane tumefika mbali hata nguo zetu hazionekani wakaendelea mpaka bange zilivyoyeyuka kchwani wakaona wako palepale.

Peponi kutakuwa hakuna watu wengi kwasababu ya roho mbaya zetu!
Mtu anacho lakini kumpa mwenzie anaona haramu!
je ungepewa kazi ugawe riziki tungepona? pengine wewe roho yako nzuri hebu tuone!
mimi simu yangu haina vocha naomba unipunguzie! nina hakika mtihani huu utafeli,
kama mimi muongo tuma vocha sasa!

Bibi alienda kupiga Xray, Doctor akamwambia moyo umetoboka katikati na pembeni umevimba pande mbili. Bibi akasema we mtoto nadhani umechanganya negative ya picha mtu alipiga matako yake?kalete yangu

Afisa misitu alikwenda kwenye shamba la miti la jamaa kukagua, Jamaa akamwambia usiingie muda huu,Afisa akatoa kitambulisho cha kazi akamwonyesha huku akimwambia "We nani wa kunizuia? Niache nifanye kazi yangu" Jamaa akanywea akamfungulia gate. Baada ya muda jamaa akamuona afisa misitu akifukuzwa na nyuki huku akipiga makelele "Mama nakufa nisaidieni Nyuki wataniua" Jamaa akamwambia WAONYESHE KITAMBULISHO BLAZA

Jambazi aliingia MSIKITINI na bunduki akasema:
"Haya wanaojifanya wanampenda MWENYEZI MUNGU NA MTUME wabaki na wasiompenda watoke nje". Waumini wote wakatoka nje ndani akabaki IMAM na wazee wawili tu! Jambazi akamgeukia IMAM akasema 'SHEIKH' sasa unaweza kuendelea na swala yako, nilitaka kukuondolea wanafiki tu!

Dent mmoja baada ya kushindwa kujibu mtihani ikabidi afanye hivi kwenye karatasi ya kujibu maswali /////////////////// kisha akaandika.. "KWANGUA UTAONA MAJIBU"

Mtumishi wa MUNGU mmoja akiwa kwenye gari alisimamishwa na Trafic Police,police
akiwa anahitaji rushwa alianza kuuliza maswali mengi, mara mbona
gari lako linatoa moshi mwingi? mbona gari lako matairi yameisha,
hatimaye polisi akamuamuru padre waende nae kituoni.
Njiani polisi alimuuliza , umesema wewe ni Mtumishi wa MUNGU, je unabiblia
ndani ya gari, akajibu ndio ninayo, polisi akamuambia ,
pack ...gari pembeni na unipe biblia. Mtumishi akapaki gari na kumpa biblia
yule polisi,Polisi akasita kupokea, akamwambia Mtumishi 'fungua na usome
Mathayo 5:25-26 "Mtu wa Mungu akasoma ":
"Patana na Mshtaki wako upesi,wakati uwapo pamoja naye njiani: yule mshtaki asijekukupeleka kwa kadhi na kadhi akakupeleka kwa askari,ukatupwa gerezani.
" Amin nakuambia,Hutoki humo kamwe hata uishe kulipa senti ya mwisho"
Mtu wa Mungu akampa yaliyo yake kaizari.
Polisi akatabasamu na kusema 'msifanye migumu mioyo yenu".. Enenda kwa amani

WASIFU WA MAREHEMU USIO WA KINAFIKI Mwenyekiti wa kamati ya mazishi akainuka na kuanza kusema ‘kinachofuata sasa ndugu wafiwa na marafiki wa marehemu ni kusoma historia fupi ya marehemu tuliyemzika hapa leo, karibu ndugu uliyeandaliwa kwa shughuli hiyo’ Msomaji aliyeandaliwa alianza kusoma ‘Ifuatayo ni historia fupi ya marehemu tuliyemlaza ktk nyumba ya milele. Marehemu alizaliwa juu ya mti ambapo... mzazi wake alijihifadhi baada ya kukimbia mafuriko miaka 26 iliyopita. Hakubahatika kupata kazi ya maana japo alisoma mpaka kidato cha tano, aliamua kuacha shule mwaka juzi baada ya kuona elimu haina mpango kwake. Marehemu alikuwa kero kwa familia yake hasa kwa tabia yake chafu ya udokozi wa mboga, uongo, uvutaji bangi, ubakaji wa mifugo na baadae ushoga. Mimi binafsi mjomba wake nimefurahishwa sana na kifo cha marehemu huyu kwani alishawahi kunipakazia kuwa nimekufa mara mbili kiasi na kufanya ndugu wote wakakusanyika na kunililia msiba. Mtoto
alitutia hasara sana kwani alikuwa mwizi wa vitu vya ndani na pesa! pia tumepoteza gharama kibao kumsomesha lakini aliishia kuwa shoga tangu tarehe 06/04/99. Mareh
emu hakuugua bali kifo chake ni cha kujitakia kwani kajiua baada ya kukosa nauli ya kwenda Mombasa kuhudhuria onyesho la vikundi vitatu vya mduara. Kwa niaba ya familia, wazazi, ndugu, jamaa na marafiki wa marehemu tunatoa pongezi za dhati kwa Mwenyezi Mungu kwa kutupunguzia kero na asiilaze roho ya marehemu peponi wala asimpumzishe, kama kuna mkong'oto huko ampe kiaina'. AMINA

Vitu 10 Ambavyo Wanawake Wamewazidi Wanaume...;
1. Wana Nguo Nyingi Kuliko Wanaume.
2. Wanafahamu Nani Ni Baba Halisi Wa Watoto Wao.
3. Ni Wepesi Kupenda Na Wakipenda Hupenda Kweli.
4. Wanaoga Mara Nyingi Zaidi Kwa Siku.
5. Wana Huruma Sana Ingawa Mara Nyingi Huwa Inawaponza.
6. Wana Uwezo Wa Kubadilisha Tabia Ya Mwanaume Muda Wowote.
7. Wana Uwezo Wa Kuishi Na Kupendeza Bila Kuwa Na Kazi Wala Biashara Yoyote(Akili Kumkichwa).
8. Kwao Nywele Na Kucha Ndo Vitu Vya Kwanza Kufikiria Wakitaka Kutoka.
9. Wana Uwezo Wa Ku-Pretend Kwa Muda Mrefu Zaidi Hasa Kwenye Mapenzi.
10. Nipe Nyingine Unayodhani Nimeisahau..............

A Nigerian mom says after receiving news that her teen daughter is pregnant, "chineeke my daughter u have killed me oooo,i told u if a man touches ur breasts say DON'T! and if he touches ua vagina say STOP! u didn't listen 2me u stupid gal." the gal replied,"but mama i did..... he was touching both places at da same tym so i said "DONT STOP"

Swahili couple went to London.
One day in the hotel room,the husband heard his wife scream, "Panya! Panya!"
He wanted to inform Room Service but didn't knew what the English word for "panya"
Si unajua mswahili hashindwi kitu?
Husband: Hello,room service
... Room service: Yes sir,how can I help u?
Husband: Do you know Tom & Jerry?
Room service: Yes, sir,I know Tom & Jerry
Husband: Jerry is here is here in our room!

Kuna jamaa alikuwa amekufa vibaya kimapenzi kwa demu wa chuo ila demu akawa amemkatalia kuwa na mchizi pamoja.
Siku moja mchizi akaenda kwa demu akamkuta ameloweka chupi zake anataka azifue,mchizi akamuomba aletewe maji ya kunywa,dada aliporudi na glass ya maji akakuta jamaa kanywa yale maji aliyolowekea chupi zake,demu akamuulza "wewe kaka una kichaa?",jamaa akajibu,'' nyama umeninyima,hata supu nisinywe?!!''

MUME.: VP dia leo umekula nini nilisahau acha hela ya mlo
MKE: tumeshindia mapera me na shemeji ako, alafu me ndo nilipanda mtini
MUME: Mh ajakuchungulia chupi?
MKE: WE? nilimshtukia nikavua mapema nikapanda ivyo ivyo
MUME: mh?

Jamaa jasho likimtoka na panga kali mkononi akaingia msikitini,akaanza kuwauliza,hapa nani muislam?wote wakawa kimya,akauliza tena, jamani hapa nani muislamu?watu wakaendelea kuuchuna,akamchukua mmoja wao aliyekuwa amekaa mlangoni akatoka nae nje,kufika nje akamwambia,samahani mkuu wangu kwa kukusumbua,naomba unichinjie mbuzi wangu, jamaa akakubali akamchinja yule mbuzi,kisha akamwambia mie kuchuna cwez labda urudi tena msikitin, jamaa huku panga likiwa limejaa damu akarudi msikitin,jaman nani muislam hapa? wakamuonyesha Imamu,Imamu akaanza kujitetea,Aah jamani yaani mie kuswalisha leo 2 ndo nimeshakuwa muislamu!!!_ (WEEKLY JOKE)

End of semister

2012-07-05T10:35:00.002-07:00

Ni jambo la kumshukuru Mungu kwa kumaliza mwaka wa masomo salama.Nawatakia wanafunzi na waalimu wote likizo njema yenye mafanikio.