<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244</id><updated>2026-03-10T11:49:54.985+01:00</updated><category term="Fotografía"/><category term="Libros"/><category term="Notas De Viaje"/><category term="Colombia"/><category term="Law"/><category term="Fintech"/><category term="Short Tales About My House"/><category term="Regulation"/><category term="Cine"/><category term="Literatura"/><category term="Policy"/><category term="Sinsentidos"/><category term="Crítica"/><category term="Política"/><category term="Technology"/><category term="Favorite Posts"/><category term="Música"/><category term="Reviews"/><category term="Derecho"/><category term="Internet"/><category term="Movies"/><category term="Videojuegos"/><category term="Watches"/><title type='text'>Picturesque</title><subtitle type='html'>Law, Technology, Literature, Travel, Photography, Culture</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>86</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-2543961999016606530</id><published>2025-02-10T13:48:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2025-02-12T16:41:29.938+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Mini-review:  Ming Worldtimer 29.01</title><content type='html'> &lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/54301116327/in/datetaken/&quot; title=&quot;Ming Worldtimer 29.01&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Ming Worldtimer 29.01&quot; height=&quot;533&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54301116327_60fe8e0281_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;After almost two years of waiting, my Worldtimer 29.01 is finally here. There is a lot to like: Firstly, it’s a true Worldtimer, which means that you can tell the time in every time zone (as indicated by different city names in the outer rings of the dial) at all times, in one glance, without pressing any pushers or touching the crown. &amp;nbsp;While the pictures available online show a full black &quot;city ring&quot; (which was accurate for the prototype) the production version comes with some kind of black and blue gradient ring that rotates in the direction of the sun in order to serve as one of the coolest night/day indicators I have seen. &amp;nbsp;This bonus feature was a very cool surprise when the watch finally arrived. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/gp/jpimentelc/8i4D02512b&quot; title=&quot;Ming Worldtimer 29.01 Casebook&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Ming Worldtimer 29.01 Casebook&quot; height=&quot;533&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54323255459_626f210594_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Schwarz-Etienne movement designed for Ming is a sight to behold: it has a lot of depth for the size, it comes with a gold micro-rotor and a skeletonized barrel and just the right level of decoration to suit the overall aesthetics. The hands are made of sapphire. The lume is incredible: every single city name (pretty much every element of the dial) is coated in super-luminova, so it can be easily read in the dark. The size is perfect: it is big enough to be legible and to command the right wrist presence yet it’s also the kind of piece that you can slide under the cuff with ease. All of the above makes it an extremely wearable watch yet a relatively odd one: some kind of distant relative to the archetypical world timer that Patek has deeply implanted in our imagination. What is it really? A sports watch or a dress watch? Well, it is very wearable in its own right, but it is not the classic mapa-mundi world timer with the kind of design language preferred by 90-year-old Swiss bankers (you would probably never find lume in one of those). In the style of Ming, it does away with all those old-world design elements that speak of understated wealth in favour of contemporary versatility: It is a watch that you can wear under the cuff or in plain sight, with a business suit at a board room or with your sneakers at a Sunday soirée. It probably wouldn’t work too well at a ballroom gala, but it doesn’t need any type of Swiss-banker regalia to fit in on your daily life. It’s just extremely easy to wear.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/gp/jpimentelc/LY72ZH7af2&quot; title=&quot;Ming Worldtimer 29.01 Lume&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Ming Worldtimer 29.01 Lume&quot; height=&quot;533&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54322132082_45c1e33c28_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Ming Worldtimer 29.01 is not a bargain by any means, but released in a limited edition of 100 (excluding the 25 pieces of the Dubai edition with arabic city names) it seems to me that Ming has stayed true to its motto of making watches for connoisseurs. This is not the watch that you buy to impress your Tinder dates, but a piece of horology for real watch geeks. For people who are deeply lost in this rabbit hole, for the kind of oddballs who don’t need to be explained what a worldtimer or a micro-rotor are. For the type of dudes who want those two elusive complications in their collections and realise that having them packed in a limited edition of 100 by a very promising independent watchmaker is something special. Not a bad deal after all, even at the price point.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nitpicks: (1) No way to account for daylight savings, but hey, Patek doesn’t do that either. (2) The Ming signature lugs are also not my favorite thing but they are growing on me.&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/2543961999016606530/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2025/02/mini-review-ming-worldtimer-2901.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/2543961999016606530'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/2543961999016606530'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2025/02/mini-review-ming-worldtimer-2901.html' title='Mini-review:  Ming Worldtimer 29.01'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-1739511524783097994</id><published>2023-08-16T06:49:00.009+02:00</published><updated>2023-08-16T06:53:44.263+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Cine"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Movies"/><title type='text'>Flying Back to Casablanca</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4wtj5oVSC22ZXRWjoPP9qQj_QKotqmKdYWs3dTMGUmbCIGIFEXmIz-0IGYb_BJRuZhgbGsoO_FmwkFqGAQ8i1bD-FZPRNIq0yzWGArEjypQiWNwDcoNCUkjMy3sjejPhPQKgwCJx4hsDFGFO8SlTrB_jsu51bDQNNK4HryhiY9U8RbYv7Qg8f/s3366/Screenshot%202023-08-16%20at%2008.47.06.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;2484&quot; data-original-width=&quot;3366&quot; height=&quot;515&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4wtj5oVSC22ZXRWjoPP9qQj_QKotqmKdYWs3dTMGUmbCIGIFEXmIz-0IGYb_BJRuZhgbGsoO_FmwkFqGAQ8i1bD-FZPRNIq0yzWGArEjypQiWNwDcoNCUkjMy3sjejPhPQKgwCJx4hsDFGFO8SlTrB_jsu51bDQNNK4HryhiY9U8RbYv7Qg8f/w742-h515/Screenshot%202023-08-16%20at%2008.47.06.png&quot; width=&quot;742&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Flying Emirates has its perks. One of my favorites is being able to watch the classics: Many fellow travellers gravitate towards Gone with the wind, but I tend to prefer Casablanca. &amp;nbsp;For starters, it’s not a story about spoiled beautiful southerners and their struggles to find a husband. This is the story of Rick Blaine, a salon-owner, a gunrunner and a roulette-fixer who finds himself faced with exacting choices at the edge of a world dominated by the third reich.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Rhett Butler has its memorable lines, but Rick’s drunken admonition: “Of all the gin joints, in all the towns, in all the world, she walks into mine” is really the kind of conjuration that all gentlemen may have used on certain days when the past comes back to haunt them in the form of a painfully beautiful woman. It’s hand down one of the coolest lines in the history of Cinema. Yet Rick has no proclivity for the lachrymose: Casablanca is not a cheap tale of impossible love, it is a story about what it means to be a man when the going gets tough. It is a story about staying true to oneself at virtually any cost.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It brings us to a lawless Casablanca that is the last stop and gateway out of a world that has gone to hell. All its denizens are there in passing and most of them seem to be plotting an escape. The planet seems to be crumbling as we witness all this. Or not: The nazis seem to be finally losing the war. But for some, like Rick, there is no escape possible, the rumour goes that he is wanted for a dire crime somewhere in New York.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP1mhdo5TYmQAx9EwdwLPRdFKTuI0wjn-5WzhfQlgvBVQw24d2o9gDsFCP0PN8sr-W-hmpF9_5VBIDh13f1TEylPUdDgrrmd9ychDcctNAilXdD86qxlqK1cpknxa_qjGPkk0A31jYbIrAzr8k15ZjlKYC40QH7301kVwxPzfITV0sNBi_s9DX/s3464/Screenshot%202023-08-16%20at%2008.47.25.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;2608&quot; data-original-width=&quot;3464&quot; height=&quot;508&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP1mhdo5TYmQAx9EwdwLPRdFKTuI0wjn-5WzhfQlgvBVQw24d2o9gDsFCP0PN8sr-W-hmpF9_5VBIDh13f1TEylPUdDgrrmd9ychDcctNAilXdD86qxlqK1cpknxa_qjGPkk0A31jYbIrAzr8k15ZjlKYC40QH7301kVwxPzfITV0sNBi_s9DX/w674-h508/Screenshot%202023-08-16%20at%2008.47.25.png&quot; width=&quot;674&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;All the right images are there: A loyal friend who warns her about all the water under the bridge and refuses to play that song that reminds you of her. A quick-witted policeman who has everything for sale and never pays for his drinks. A resistance hero who escaped a concentration camp and now looks impeccable on a double-breasted jacket. A hauntingly beautiful woman who left you waiting one day by the train station, as the nazis marched into Paris. In Rick’s words: “A guy standing on a station platform in the rain with a comical look in his face because his insides have been kicked out”. ¨Not an easy day to forget. I remember every detail. The germans wore grey, you wore blue”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If Godard was right about great movies and tragic endings, Casablanca is also great on that count: It closes with a half fatal finale comparable to those in good westerns, where cowboys ride into the sunset. Rick knows that he won’t be able to live with any other choice. And it is in that sense that Casablanca is a master tale about finding the courage to do the right thing at any cost and without flinching, a grand work (full of great music) about masculinity, about being vulnerable and strong at the same time. It’s been more than 80 years and we should all still be a little more like Rick. I certainly hope so.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/1739511524783097994/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2023/08/flying-emirates-has-its-perks.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/1739511524783097994'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/1739511524783097994'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2023/08/flying-emirates-has-its-perks.html' title='Flying Back to Casablanca'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4wtj5oVSC22ZXRWjoPP9qQj_QKotqmKdYWs3dTMGUmbCIGIFEXmIz-0IGYb_BJRuZhgbGsoO_FmwkFqGAQ8i1bD-FZPRNIq0yzWGArEjypQiWNwDcoNCUkjMy3sjejPhPQKgwCJx4hsDFGFO8SlTrB_jsu51bDQNNK4HryhiY9U8RbYv7Qg8f/s72-w742-h515-c/Screenshot%202023-08-16%20at%2008.47.06.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-7911915782219366880</id><published>2023-03-25T11:18:00.060+01:00</published><updated>2023-06-03T07:08:43.921+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Red Flag Hunting</title><content type='html'>&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/52769948174/in/dateposted-public/&quot; title=&quot;Arab Gulf Fireworks&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Arab Gulf Fireworks&quot; height=&quot;533&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/52769948174_5f6bbcef00_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;


&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt; -“He would need to look like Kurt Cobain”, said a good female friend back in the day about Juan, another friend in his early 20s who seemed to have come to the conclusion that a good way to get in girls’ pants was to play love songs for them in his acoustic guitar.  And so it was, vicariously through Juan, that I learned very early on an important lesson that can be easily translated into many other scenarios:  Don’t be the guitar guy.  (At least not if you don’t look like Cobain). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One would expect this sort of emotional education to be relatively easy to come by in the age of dating apps. Practice makes the master and it almost seems that anyone with some sensible selfies to upload can go on a dating rampage for four weekends straight.  There is even a sort of parlance amongst experienced daters to talk about this:  Red flags.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A guy who describes all their exes as “crazy”,  a person who just can’t be nice to the waiter, the guy who picks up the tab but makes sure you notice how much he is paying. The emotionally immature narcissist who pulls out his/her guitar to grab the fix of attention he/she so desperately craves. We all have our red flags, but it should be easier to educate oneself out of them in the times of Bumble. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But there&#39;s places amongst places.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The trendy red flag in these coordinates could be easily confused with the notion of gold-diggerism or the myth of the sugar daddy. In fact, a couple of good friends who have spent some years in this part of the world tend to explain the rise of this -phenomena- by simply pointing out that there is many a rich man around who is willing to offer financial incentives to a lady (or a few, depending on his budget) in exchange for the illusion of having a girlfriend. The most pragmatic ones, the anecdote goes, are in it simply for regular sex: coitus at will, without much questions, under what we could describe as some kind of subscription model.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, while I partly agree that the red flag I am talking about is enabled by this kind of masculine willingness and cash availability to exchange money for sexual or emotional favours (or both), I think there is a big flip-side to all this.  Yes: There is of course your professional gold-digger and your happy-chappy 65-year-old sugar daddy here and there.  But I think the issue is slightly more complex. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What worries me is the cognitive dissonance of some sisters I have met on the way who are genuinely looking for the companionship and partnership of a sensible man but are also too ready to suggest that he should make disproportionate financial -investments- on her or her wellbeing during the dating stage.  Let me paint the picture more accurately:  She is beautiful, she dresses well, she smells fine, she is somewhat witty and cultured, she has a normal job.  But boom: I really love this bag she says, giving you the puppy eyes, on the second or third date, as you pass by the Prada boutique. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The easy answer is to dismiss these sisters as amateurish gold-diggers or more compassionately: As gold-diggers who haven’t discovered themselves just yet. And at this point I must confess that I despise that word to the point that I have never used it to refer to any woman regardless of whether I thought she fits the description. But don’t get me wrong: That could be the case for many, they might just be missing a therapist who helps them realise that deep down they really hate men and that their GD instinct stems from a subconscious need to take revenge for all the bad things their fathers did in their childhoods. Be it what it may, I think men-and-woman provider-receiver relations are much more complicated and fascinating than this. In other words, I (perhaps naively) think there is a few of these ladies who still have some possibility for redemption and that’s the public service I feel like making today at the risk of sounding preachy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Take it from a self-proclaimed feminist who picks up all the tabs in all the dates: No decent, self-respecting man whose company you would really enjoy for a significant amount of time is very eager to establish any relationship in which there is such a vulgar quid-pro-quo of emotions and/or sex for anything else. I don’t mean any superhuman, I mean the decent self-respecting man that you claim you want to have: The one that is soft but also rough, the one who plays love songs in his guitar but is not needy (and perhaps looks a bit like Kurt), the financially independent man who is ready to raise those kids that you want to have, the one who actually likes you, not just your private parts.   Yes: We are providers by nature, providing for a loved one is one of the most fulfilling masculine experiences to be had, but no: we don’t even remotely want to feel like your sugar daddy nor enter into a one-side-pays-all sort of contract. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Again, no decent man with basic self-respect would ever accept that sort of arrangement or anything that resembles it too closely, but here is a more practical tip for the day-to-day that one might share with zero resentment and in the form of tough love: Regardless of how gorgeous you think you look on this date, if you really start feeling the urge of a present or anything expensive that is not paid with your own money, no matter how rich you think your romantic suitor is, keep in mind that the only scenario in which you can get away with even hinting or suggesting anything that resembles the sort of -deal- that we have been discussing without insulting the gentleman in question is if you look like a Victoria Secret model and (please note that this is an AND, not an OR) if you are as good in bed (and other places) as a p$%nstar.   If you were to meet those &amp;nbsp;two conditions and he doesn’t take the deal (and many of my fellow men actually have that level of self-respect) it’s OK, at least you won’t come across as pathetic as Juan. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/7911915782219366880/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2023/03/red-flag-hunting.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/7911915782219366880'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/7911915782219366880'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2023/03/red-flag-hunting.html' title='Red Flag Hunting'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-984546376725917288</id><published>2022-07-17T23:28:00.007+02:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T14:09:44.273+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fotografía"/><title type='text'>Mamá</title><content type='html'>&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/albums/72177720300615669&quot; title=&quot;Mamá&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Mamá&quot; height=&quot;600&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/52223453895_c43f2e08bc_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Se llama Julieta. Hace poco estaba de cumpleaños. Nos conocimos en Barranquilla un día de Febrero de 1986, dice ella que en la madrugada. Recuerdo que desde el comienzo su cara me producía una suerte de fascinación. Entre todas las caras que se asomaban a mi cuna, me parecía que la suya tenía una suerte de belleza dulce y analgésica. Ese tipo de belleza que no invita al desasosiego sino a la calma. No podría decirlo con plena certeza pero estoy casi seguro de que un atisbo de su cara era suficiente para interrumpir el llanto de mi hermana y el mío.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Ha pasado el tiempo. Ya no es la mujer-niña de las fotos que me arrullaba con canciones de cuna llenas de misterio, pero en su cara todavía encuentro esa dócil y apaciguante dulzura. Sospecho que no la apagan los años porque es una belleza que emana de algún sitio que no se alcanza a ver a simple vista. Es la manifestación de un mundo interior que todavía rebosa de la dulzura y la lozanía de la juventud.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Ella es así: Cuando quiere es más bien dócil, más bien paciente, más bien conciliadora. Va por la vida llena de curiosidad y repartiendo sonrisas, como una niña a la que el mundo todavía no ha decepcionado. Casi siempre, digamos: Los que la conocemos de cerca sabemos que también es capaz de una especie de furia intransigente que solo puede haber sido heredada de un conservador de directorio.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Cuando las horas se hacen difíciles cruza los océanos para llenar de vida las habitaciones vacías y poner en orden los trastos. Desde la cocina inventa alimentos que reparan corazones rotos y alegran los días grises. En el sofá convierte su regazo en almohada para cabezas confundidas. Siempre ha sido así: Sospecho que mi infancia más temprana habría sido un universo de soledades sin sus preparaciones de Halloween y sus ovejitas de pesebre.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Siempre da mucho más de lo que quita, aunque a veces solo aporta una apacible y silenciosa presencia. Escucha, sonríe y aconseja, aunque uno no le preste atención, y con los años ha aprendido a juzgar menos y a escuchar más. Por lo menos a mí.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;De ella heredé su capacidad de maravillarse con el mundo. La ingenuidad curiosa que se necesita para embelesarse con las historias que cuentan los libros o los viejos. A dar sin tantos cálculos, a hacer amigos y a hacerle espacio a los sueños. A conciliar primero y a pelear si es necesario.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Es abogada, pero algún día renunció a una carrera fulgurante para seguir siendo la compañera de mi viejo. Llevan ya casi 40 años juntos y aunque este tipo de amores se construyen de a dos, esa otra larga -carrera- se la debemos sobre todo a ella. Lo ha dado todo para preservar el hogar como refugio a través de las fronteras y la distancia. A veces creo que no le hemos agradecido lo suficiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Su amor es un amor sin condiciones, sin reservas, sin miramientos. Es ese férreo amor de madre del que hablan las novelas y el sicoanálisis. Un amor cimentado en la biología y a la vez tremendamente irracional. El amor-pathos Freudiano que se usa para comparar y medir todos los otros amores, como la pulsión que describen las personas que superaron la adicción a ciertas sustancias: Las prueban una primera vez y pasan el resto de sus vidas volviendo a ellas para recrear esa sensación primigenia, ese primer amor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Supongo que no todo el mundo tiene el privilegio de contemplar tan de cerca esta patología en estos tiempos de soledades Instagrameables. Noto en la calle mucha gente a la que le faltó mamá y un par de abrazos. Un poeta que leía en la adolescencia escribía que “(…) si hay una razón para otros amores es recordarnos que no son el único”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Lo cierto es que el amor de Julieta es brillante y maravilloso y le pido a la vida que me regale muchas ocasiones más para celebrarlo a su lado, para agradecerlo con acciones y para guardarlo de a poquitos en una colección de memorias hermosas que sean una fuente infinita de luz para todos los días azules o grises que estén por venir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/984546376725917288/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2022/07/se-llama-julieta.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/984546376725917288'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/984546376725917288'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2022/07/se-llama-julieta.html' title='Mamá'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-5081030182633216043</id><published>2022-02-07T22:59:00.021+01:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T13:50:22.156+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Colombia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Libros"/><title type='text'>Las muchas vidas de Gustavo Petro</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; Una reseña crítica sobre las memorias del hombre que podría ser el próximo presidente de Colombia.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj4wY4TepG4ghQfq4tearJ-anDaBYeEUMeCI71CHvr12ON_qEQgBvRsm7txyTl19xKY3QPpm6S7jjKhskAN4QOCfj9DYPHyBlTpOaRxV6L_bleRcaqBPkV5JfinFpEYP_Qp06sF75rR1yqEf7cOw0w-FcP4coIRu44cEOQOrP_kH7QTX5YJfA=s3714&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;3714&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2406&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj4wY4TepG4ghQfq4tearJ-anDaBYeEUMeCI71CHvr12ON_qEQgBvRsm7txyTl19xKY3QPpm6S7jjKhskAN4QOCfj9DYPHyBlTpOaRxV6L_bleRcaqBPkV5JfinFpEYP_Qp06sF75rR1yqEf7cOw0w-FcP4coIRu44cEOQOrP_kH7QTX5YJfA=w414-h640&quot; width=&quot;414&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Hay buenas razones para leerse las memorias de Gustavo Petro. Quizá la más importante es que se trata de la compilación de historias de vida del hombre que según las encuestas podría ser el próximo presidente de Colombia. Y en ese sentido el libro no decepciona: Es un buen texto para tratar de acercarse a la vida de este hombre político en la medida en que no parece uno de esos libros mandados a hacer, como los de los políticos Americanos, sino que hay en él una voz muy personal y una cierta consistencia narrativa que hace pensar que Petro se tomó el trabajo de escribir cada línea.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pero esto me lleva prematuramente a la primera crítica: El libro está lleno de erratas. Hay errores tipográficos y errores de redacción casi de principio a fin. (La palabra papa se intercambia por papá, por ejemplo). Hay tantos de estos descuidos que me pareció muy extraño que Carolina Sanín, una cuidadosa mujer de las letras y las palabras, haya sugerido en &lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/hNTHMX32Je8&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;esta entrevista&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; que las memorias están muy bien escritas. A las futuras ediciones les urge la mano cuidadosa de una editora que se ocupe de estas erratas y tal vez la de una correctora de estilo que le dé algo de profundidad a esa melosa voz en primera persona que propone el autor. Gustavo Petro escribe como si estuviera hablando. La escogencia de palabras es muy rápida, como la de quien recita un discurso. “Una vida, muchas vidas” es por lo menos en este sentido el equivalente escrito a una de esas sesiones de oratoria en plaza pública que tanto le gustan al autor.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
  

  
  &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Y esa es precisamente una de las sospechas que uno tiene sobre estas memorias. No estamos ante el texto de un hombre enfermo o vencido por la edad que intuye la cercanía de la muerte, de manera que cabe preguntarse qué es lo que lleva a Gustavo Petro a escribir estas memorias tan tempranas. Cabe preguntarse si esta compilación de memorias no es más que un calculado ejercicio de marketing político.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pero antes de lanzar hipótesis sobre las motivaciones del autor, sigamos con otro tropiezo más bien formal: El prólogo de Hollman Morris es realmente inane. Se trata de uno de esos prólogos que parecen escritos por alguien que no se tomó el trabajo de leer el libro que prologa. No sugiere una lectura, no nos cuenta por qué se trata de una obra importante, no aporta realmente nada. A las ediciones futuras les vendría bien un prólogo menos lisonjero y más sustancioso. Un prologo -de verdad-.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Después de superar el texto de Morris nos topamos con la primera parte de las memorias, que es una narración de la infancia de Gustavo Petro. Se trata de un comienzo fugaz, de un recorrido por la infancia del autor a toda velocidad y mediado por frases más bien torpes:  &lt;i&gt;“La infancia es un territorio de imágenes, de instantáneas que permanecen en la memoria sin que sepamos del todo por qué unas se quedan allí y otras se pierden para siempre (…)¨&lt;/i&gt; nos dice, por ejemplo, el autor.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pero algunas de estas imágenes que se han “quedado allí” y que lograron un lugar en el libro tienen un tema recurrente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;“Como mantenía una relación estrecha con la lectura, en La Salle sacaba provecho académico, y muchas veces pude corregir a los profesores o adelantarme a lo que iban a decir.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Cuando entré a La Salle, empecé siendo el primero del curso durante todos los meses y nunca dejé de serlo. Me ayudaba mi amor a la historia, la geografía y mi buen nivel en matemáticas. Desde el primer mes ya estaba por encima del resto de mis compañeros (…)”.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;En su relato de infancia el autor tiene una cierta necesidad de hablarnos sobre su excepcionalidad. Gustavito era un gran lector, era “el primero del curso”, Gustavito estaba “por encima” del resto de sus compañeros. Y aunque no creo que este sea el tema central de las memorias de Gustavo Petro (no creo que puedan reducirse a un arrebato de narcisismo) sí creo que hay una buena dosis de desvergonzada egolatría desperdigada por todo el libro. Es imposible saber si se trata de la dosis promedio de narcisismo que tiene todo aspirante a la presidencia o un cierto indicio de las razones por las cuales Petro es tan polarizante incluso en las filas de la izquierda.  (No se lo aguantan ni Robledo ni Navarro, por ejemplo).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
    
    
    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Lo que sigue después de ese recorrido por la infancia de Petro es un documento importante sobre el surgimiento del M-19 y la forma en la que este operaba. Hay un claro interés del autor en señalar las características que diferenciaban ese movimiento armado de las otras guerrillas. A pesar de que el propio M-19 proclamó en su momento: “Con el pueblo, con las armas, al poder”, Petro hace hincapié en que esa guerrilla, a diferencia de los otros grupos armados, nunca se concibió a sí misma como un ejercito rural cuyo objetivo era tomarse el poder a través de las armas. Insiste en que se trató de una fuerza que buscaba una democracia verdadera a través de reformas profundas. Sugiere que mientras las otras guerrillas se perdían en los recovecos de los cismas ideológicos del Marxismo de la guerra fría, el M-19 actuaba como un innovador populismo que logró ganarse el corazón de los colombianos a través de la cercanía con “los sentimientos del pueblo”. Es interesante, por ejemplo, que el autor sugiera que en los círculos marxistas bogotanos el M-19 era visto como un movimiento &lt;i&gt;pequeñoburgués&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Esta parte del libro, que ahonda en la historia de la guerra de guerrillas, es sin duda la mejor y justifica con creces la lectura del libro. Es una mirada cercana al conflicto Colombiano desde la perspectiva de un hombre que conoció la guerra de primera mano, de alguien que vivió el país rural durante el auge del movimiento guerrillero y la aparición del fenómeno paramilitar. Es un testimonio importantísimo. Y aquí podemos volver a las motivaciones del autor: Gustavo Petro habla con tal soltura sobre su experiencia como guerrillero que resulta muy difícil pensar que detrás de este libro hay un cálculo político muy preciso. Si se trata de una obra con motivaciones primordialmente propagandísticas es entonces un tiro que salió por la culata. Le da más armas a los acérrimos uribistas y a todos los que sacan a relucir el pasado de Petro en la lucha armada para descalificarlo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Petro habla casi con desparpajo sobre su militancia en el M19. Reconoce que una gran parte de su vida (de una de sus vidas) estuvo dedicada a las empresas de la lucha armada clandestina, que organizaba milicias, que en algún momento su único patrimonio fue un colchón, que vivió en las montañas, que no estuvo muy presente en la temprana infancia de su primer hijo, que alguna vez se robó unos libros de una librería. Confiesa incluso que (retumbe de tambores Uribistas) Hugo Chávez fue su amigo. Aunque se toma el trabajo de explicar que el M19 no acudió a las tácticas de secuestro económico y agresión de civiles de las FARC y el ELN, que el M-19 era muy popular porque no se dedicaba a hostigar a los civiles que pensaban diferente y hasta propone una historia alternativa sobre la toma del palacio en la que no fue el M-19 (como sugieren algunos en el otro extremo político) sino el ejército y los narcos los que se aliaron para quemarlo todo, creo que hay suficiente material en el libro para un par de capítulos de “El Control” de &amp;nbsp;Maria Andrea Nieto&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(esta sí una entregada propagandista, aunque disfrazada de periodista)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;



&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Y luego pasamos a las partes más propagandísticas del libro. El autor relata el declive del M19 y se lamenta de la mecánica política que llevó a Navarro Wolf (el líder sobreviviente de un grupo rebelde que aspiraba a reformas profundas) a acercarse al establecimiento y al fundador del neoliberalismo en Colombia: Cesar Gaviria Trujillo. En palabras de Petro: &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;“El nuevo M-19, en otras palabras, empezó a olvidar la revolución que lo había llevado a las montañas y a luchar por otra Colombia. La cooptación política terminó ganando la partida. El movimiento, en cuestión de meses, se convirtió en un partido político tradicional, con clientelismo y búsqueda de puestos; perdió toda idea de un movimiento popular.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Este último párrafo revela lo que me parece una cierta contradicción. A lo largo del libro Petro presenta al M-19 como a una guerrilla que (a diferencia de las otras guerrillas) no estaba tan interesada en la idea de una revolución, por lo menos no de una revolución en el estricto sentido marxista. Él, sin embargo, confiesa lo siguiente:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;No me apasionaba que me llamaran coronel (los grados en el M-19 eran similares a los militares). Yo quería era hacer la revolución. Me veía a mí mismo como un revolucionario, ese era mi título.&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Me parece claro entonces que uno de los temas recurrentes, una de las obsesiones del autor de estas memorias es esa idea: La idea de la revolución y de ser un revolucionario. La idea de que el pueblo necesita ser organizado y por ende necesita un organizador. Y Petro nos ofrece pistas, pero no nos explica con suficiente detalle en qué consiste la revolución que tanto lo apasiona desde la juventud. ¿Será por fin la revolución del proletariado?¿Se le parece más a la revolución en marcha de López Pumarejo? No sabemos. Lo que parece pedirnos este hombre revolucionario es que confiemos en que es él (y tal vez sólo él) quien nos puede conducir a esos verdes pastos. Lo que tenemos entre nosotros parece una versión contemporánea de Francisco de Asís y de sus ideas auto-lacerantes:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;“(…) pienso que mi cercanía con el cristianismo profundo, con la idea de San Francisco de Asís, me hacía darme cuenta de que sentía tanto amor por la gente pobre que estaba dispuesto a todo por ellos.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Las memorias de Petro palidecen cada vez que asumen este tono. Pero sospecho que en eso radica su gran éxito en las encuestas: 20 años de Uribismo son capaces de hacerle creer a cualquiera que en las próximas elecciones estamos convocados a elegir no a un gobernante de carne y hueso sino a un revolucionario, a un abnegado salvador.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;




&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;El capítulo sobre su experiencia en la alcaldía de Bogotá es quizá la peor parte del libro. Se trata en gran medida de un inventario de logros de “La Bogotá Humana” marcado por una suerte de tono de reproche y acompañado de un par de pequeños intentos de teoría política. Las líneas que reivindican las proezas de su administración no nos ofrecen muchas referencias ni formas de comprobación, pero además caen en dos tentaciones:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Más sensiblería de corte Franciscano que suena afectada, como cuando decide contarnos lo siguiente: &lt;i&gt;“Recuerdo a un habitante de la calle llorando en mi pecho; en ellos quedó esa marca, el recuerdo de un gobernante que estuvo a su servicio.”&lt;/i&gt; No hay nada reprochable en esta sensibilidad hacia los habitantes de la calle, pero esta necesidad de ser reconocido como el hombre-a-su-servicio me recuerda muchísimo (guardando las proporciones) a la &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJG-lgmPvYA&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;crítica que hacía Christopher Hitchens a Teresa de Calcuta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Hay una oprobiosa vanidad en la necesidad de contarle al mundo esta obsesión por salvar a los que están más necesitados de salvación.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;El Pastor culpa a sus ovejas de que el proyecto de la Bogotá Humana haya quedado truncado. No reconoce muchos errores ni desatinos en su administración sino que, sin mucha evidencia, nos ofrece una risible teoría de la escalera:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;“El enfoque político de una buena parte de estos bogotanos cambió, porque ahora lo que deseaban era una ciudad para el carro y no para la gente, a pesar de que ese enfoque les había permitido dejar de ser pobres.”&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;“(...) El número de personas que ascendió socialmente durante mi alcaldía, de hecho, fue inédito. Nunca antes una masa tan grande de la población había salido de la pobreza hacia la autodenominada clase media. Pero este grupo de personas pronto se inscribió en una agenda de consumo, y cuando vieron que el progresismo seguía tratando de subir más gente tumbaron la escalera.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;También hay un par de intentos de teorizar sobre las relaciones de poder en Colombia. Volvamos a las palabras del autor:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;“El Congreso colombiano cumple dos funciones que permiten la perpetuación de los poderes mafiosos. Primero, tiene la función de sostener la imagen de una democracia liberal. Nadie puede negar que en el país existe la rama ejecutiva, la legislativa y la judicial. La existencia misma del Congreso permite defender la tesis de que en Colombia existe la democracia, pero eso es un espejismo, una manipulación de la política colombiana, porque basta con analizar la situación para descubrir que la mayoría de integrantes del Congreso solo obtienen sus curules por la conexión que tienen con el régimen mafioso. De no ser por el dinero que entrega el narcotráfico para la compra de votos, la inmensa mayoría de los parlamentarios nunca llegaría al aparato legislativo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;“(...) El dinero para la compra de votos es un dinero que viene, en buena parte, de la venta de la cocaína. Aunque el elector no lo sabe, vende su voto y así fortalece esta estructura económica y política. El congresista elegido, a su vez, vende su voto, para que el establecimiento pueda aprobar sus leyes, que en su totalidad giran alrededor de una concentración de la riqueza en el país. El neoliberalismo, que se articula en ese eje de normas transitorias de la Constitución del 91, permitió el crecimiento del régimen mafioso y este necesitó del neoliberalismo.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Este empeño de presentar el complejo fenómeno de la compra de votos y el neoliberalismo como epifenómenos del narcotráfico o de encontrar relaciones muy cercanas entre estos tres males que aquejan a Colombia es disparatadamente simplista. No solo es una idea cuya elaboración abarcaría un tomo en sí misma sino que además parece implausible si se observa el modus operandi actual de las mafias políticas de la Costa Atlántica, por ejemplo, que usan el dinero de las obras públicas (y no el de la cocaína) para financiar la compra de votantes. Detrás de estas pretensiones teóricas subyace lo que se me antoja otra obsesión del autor y otra razón para no creerle cuando sugiere en la televisión que no quiere desmontar sino “desarrollar el capitalismo en Colombia”: Gustavo Petro no pierde una oportunidad para explayarse en una crítica al capitalismo. Estas teorías tan disparatadas son precisamente una crítica velada al sistema económico que nos ha jurado no va a abandonar en un potencial gobierno de la Colombia Humana. No voy a ahondar en ellas porque no sabría por donde empezar (y porque no quiero que esta reseña se parezca a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWnD0TNAEBM&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;las tonterías conspirativas que escribe Agustin Laje&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) pero hay que decir que el  simplismo disparatado pasa a ser insultante cuando el autor sugiere, quizá otra vez en tono de reproche, que es tal vez la clase media la que auspicia todo esto:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;“Muchas veces me he preguntado por qué la sociedad colombiana es así. Tal vez la razón es que, de algún modo, los dineros del narcotráfico y de la corrupción han fluido dentro del país de manera voluntaria. Al final, quizás los colombianos de clase media e incluso de muchos sectores populares perciben que tienen una mejor vida porque ese capital circula en las calles.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Insisto, para terminar, que a lo largo del libro hay una suerte de tono de reproche, especialmente cuando el autor nos cuenta sus desventuras: ¿Por qué? ¿Por qué si me he sacrificado tanto por este país los colombianos no me han sentado en el solio de Bolivar? ¿Por qué tantas decepciones? Aquí quiero ser claro: Aunque sus detractores sugieren que elegir a un antiguo militante del M-19 a la presidencia sería elegir a &lt;i&gt;un guerrillero más&lt;/i&gt;, la verdad es que Gustavo Petro es mucho más que eso. Es un valioso defensor de nuestra democracia y (parafraseando el prólogo de Morris) una voz muy importante para nuestro debate político. Su valentía al enfrentar a la temible maquinaria de la muerte paramilitar enquistada en el gobierno de Alvaro Uribe merece un agradecimiento eterno. La historia de Colombia podría haber sido muy diferente sin su coraje. Estas memorias que ha escrito son una buena lectura y un gran testimonio de su lucha y de su gran contribución a nuestra democracia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pero no le debemos la presidencia ni a este gran hombre de nuestra historia ni a nadie. Es difícil resistir la tentación de ser salvados, pero creo que es más digno votar por un gobernante de carne y hueso en las próximas elecciones. No por un salvador. No por alguien que prometa salvarnos.  A menos de que tengamos que escoger entre este mesías nacido en Cienaga de Oro y la continuación del neofascismo, por supuesto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;------------------------&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Otras reseñas interesantes:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lasillavacia.com/la-silla-vacia/opinion/articulos-columna/el-libro-de-petro/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;El libro de Petro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, de Olga Gonzalez en la Silla Vacía.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.elespectador.com/politica/petro-entre-comillas/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Petro entre comillas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, de&amp;nbsp;Humberto De la Calle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.las2orillas.co/en-su-libro-petro-destruye-mitos-y-sera-leyenda/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Esta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; de Jorge Reinel Pulecio Yate para las 2 Orillas, aunque es un tanto hiperbólica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://revistalternativa.com/primera-plana/libro-de-petro-una-tergiversacion-de-la-realidad-bastante-preocupante/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Esta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; de Carlos Alonso Lucio que está escrita como una refutación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Petro hablando de su libro en la W:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/5081030182633216043/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2022/02/las-muchas-vidas-de-gustavo-petro.html#comment-form' title='19 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/5081030182633216043'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/5081030182633216043'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2022/02/las-muchas-vidas-de-gustavo-petro.html' title='Las muchas vidas de Gustavo Petro'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj4wY4TepG4ghQfq4tearJ-anDaBYeEUMeCI71CHvr12ON_qEQgBvRsm7txyTl19xKY3QPpm6S7jjKhskAN4QOCfj9DYPHyBlTpOaRxV6L_bleRcaqBPkV5JfinFpEYP_Qp06sF75rR1yqEf7cOw0w-FcP4coIRu44cEOQOrP_kH7QTX5YJfA=s72-w414-h640-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>19</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-5107670912784103301</id><published>2021-12-16T06:47:00.011+01:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T13:51:33.416+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Notas De Viaje"/><title type='text'>¿Puede la policía de Cancún retener tu licencia de tránsito?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;La historia de un grupo de turistas extorsionados por la policía de tránsito de Quintana Roo y una aclaración necesaria sobre la facultad que tiene la policía de Cancún/Quintana Roo para retener su licencia de tránsito.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/eduardomeza/14772677116/in/photostream/&quot; title=&quot;Transit&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Transit&quot; height=&quot;531&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/3917/14772677116_b3ae598823_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://flic.kr/p/ovpQeA&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Transit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, by Eduardo Meza Soto, bajo licencia de Creative Commons&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Primero lo primero: La Riviera Maya es uno de los lugares más hermosos del planeta.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Ofrece tal vez&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;la mejor combinación de maravillas naturales, joyas arqueológicas e infraestructura hotelera que uno pueda encontrar e&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;n cualquier destino tur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;í&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;stico (comparable solo con&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;las Cícladas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Gr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;iegas, supongo).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Los y las locales son gente muy amigable y generosa&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;, de ese tipo de gente que entiende la&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;hospitalidad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;no solo como una industria (aunque&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;se trata de la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;gran industria de Quintana Roo) sino como una forma de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;abordar la relación con el otro: Con el desconocido que está de paso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Es por eso que esta historia que voy a contar (que a juzgar&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://noticias.caracoltv.com/colombia/amarga-luna-de-miel-para-pareja-colombiana-en-cancun&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;por las noticias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;le ocurre con mucha frecuencia a los turistas que visitan la Riviera maya) es particularmente decepcionante: Es como una gran nube negra que se posa sobre el paraíso de Quintana Roo. 90,1% de los encuestados por el Instituto Mexicano de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/encig/2019/doc/23_quintana_roo.pdf&quot; style=&quot;color: white; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;en 2019&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;cree que los actos de corrupción en la policía de Quintana Roo son frecuentes o muy frecuentes. Se trata de un secreto a voces: los agentes de la policía de tránsito han urdido una especie de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;modus operandi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;para sacarle unos cuantos pesos a los turistas que circulan por las carreteras mexicanas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Puritan;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;El Primer Encuentro con la Policía de Tránsito&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Ocurrió este septiembre de 2021, cuando la pandemia ya parecía aliviarse. El plan era aterrizar en Cancún junto a una pareja de amigos, alquilar un carro y hacer un pequeño&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;roadtrip&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;en la península de Yucatán. El primer destino era Tulum y luego volveríamos a la zona hotelera de Cancún pasando por Playa del Carmen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Cuando llegamos a Playa del Carmen, decidimos ir a comer a los Aguachiles (una taquería tradicional con varias sucursales que recomiendo encarecidamente) de manera que tomamos la Carretera Federal 307 desde el hotel hasta el centro de la ciudad. A escasos 15 minutos del hotel, notamos las luces de un carro de policía de tránsito que nos pedía que paráramos a un lado de la carretera.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Una vez estacionados, se nos acercan tres policías. Uno de ellos se acerca por la derecha y nos pide la licencia de conducción. Manejaba Anna, una amiga Alemana. Con la licencia de Anna en sus manos, nos dice que la razón por la que nos había parado es porque habíamos pasado un semáforo en rojo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Sin titubear, le dije al policía que debía tratarse de un error. Claramente no nos habíamos pasado el semáforo en rojo. Anna nunca había manejado fuera de Alemania y por eso iba a una velocidad irritantemente lenta y tomaba precauciones realmente exageradas. La idea de que se había pasado un semáforo en rojo era realmente ridícula.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;El policía de la derecha le hizo un gesto al policía que se había aproximado por la izquierda, quien nos mostró una foto de lo que parecía nuestro carro cruzando la calle mientras el semáforo estaba en rojo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;En retrospectiva, caímos en cuenta de lo siguiente: El carro que habíamos alquilado era el prototípico carro de alquiler en Cancún. Cuando fuimos a buscarlo a Alamo, había por lo menos una flota de 20 carros idénticos, de manera que no sería extraño que la foto que nos mostraron sea la foto de uno de esos clones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;En ese momento, sin embargo, nos quedamos sin argumentos. Esa foto era la prueba reina de que la cuidadosa Anna efectivamente se había&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;volado&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;el semáforo. Al ver nuestras caras de rendición, el policía de la derecha nos explica que la multa por esta infracción equivale a más o menos 19 mil pesos mexicanos (aproximadamente 800 euros) y que en estos casos, dado que somos extranjeros, la policía tiene la facultad de retener nuestra licencia de conducción o la placa del carro para garantizar el pago de la multa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Esta fue la primera bandera roja. No hay que ser un abogado muy experimentado para intuir que el Derecho de un país civilizado no le conferiría autoridad a un policía de tránsito para retener licencias de conducción por infracciones tan leves como pasarse un semáforo en rojo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Mi abogado interno reaccionó inmediatamente y le dije al policía que retener una licencia extranjera por semejante nimiedad sería realmente desmesurado. Que el Derecho Mexicano seguramente no lo permitiría.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Los tres policías elevaron el tono y desde la derecha uno de ellos citó el artículo 7 de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;yo-no-se-qué&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;ley:&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 49.8pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-&lt;i&gt;Sí está permitido de acuerdo con el artículo 7 de la ley (inserte un número ininteligible aquí) de no-se-qué año”&lt;/i&gt;- dijo el oficial en tono seguro y casi amistoso.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 49.8pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Juan Pablo (el novio de Anna) parecía un manojo de nervios. Algunas horas después nos confesó que se sentía responsable por la licencia de Anna, que no iba a permitir que se la llevaran.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Esta angustia era hábilmente exacerbada por los policías, que nos recordaban una y otra vez que tendríamos que ir hasta la estación de policía al día siguiente a pagar la multa y a reclamar la licencia, haciendo que el trámite en cuestión sonara extremadamente dispendioso para un cuarteto de amigos de vacaciones. Es claro que esa no era la primera vez que estos señores policías acudían a esta puesta en escena. Nos hablaban siempre en clave, usando las palabras precisas. Dejaban en claro que todo esto era una suerte de negociación y que nos querían ayudar, pero nunca cruzaron la línea semántica que habría puesto en evidencia que la interacción se trataba realmente de una suerte de extorsión.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 28.55pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 28.55pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Y qué tal si pagamos la multa en este momento- preguntó Juan Pablo con cara de desesperado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 28.55pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 28.55pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-¿Y Usted carga todo ese dinero, contra-preguntó el oficial?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 28.55pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Juan Pablo sacó su billetera y les dijo que tenía solo el equivalente a 40 Euros en pesos mexicanos. Que desafortunadamente no tenía más, pero que prefería “pagar la multa” de inmediato para evitar la retención de la licencia. Supongo que no tuvo más remedio que darles lo que tenía en la billetera, porque tuvo que abrirla bajo la mirada atenta de los tres extorsionistas en uniforme de policía.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Así transcurrió este primer encuentro con la policía de tránsito mexicana. Anna no perdió su licencia pero Juan había tenido que sobornar a los policías para que nos dejaran ir en paz.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 42.75pt 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Es que los jefes &amp;nbsp;nos piden que “molestemos” a los turistas en esta carretera&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;-dijo el policía numero tres antes de irnos -Para la próxima sigan todas las señales de tránsito con cuidado, agregó como en tono de disculpa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 42.75pt 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Puritan;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;¿Pueden quitarle su licencia? ¿Qué dice la ley Mexicana?&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Al llegar al restaurante todavía no podía creer lo que nos había pasado. Tenía en el pecho una amarga mezcla entre rabia e impotencia. Me parecía (me parece) que Latinoamérica se merece algo mejor que ser esta esquina del mundo en la que la corrupción es tan grotesca y rampante que las personas cuyo trabajo es mantenernos a salvo hacen exactamente lo opuesto. Esa extraña congoja latinoamericana y mi orgullo de abogado herido me impidieron disfrutar los tacos.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Estaba realmente obsesionado con el intríngulis jurídico de este suceso: Tenía la convicción de que la ley mexicana no podía ser tan obtusa como para otorgarle semejante nivel de discrecionalidad a los policías de tránsito, que en general tienen la reputación de ser el cuerpo policial más corrupto en todas las esquinas del continente. Si bien hay tipos de corrupción de cuello blanco que pueden ser mucho más onerosos en términos económicos, la corrupción policial en Latinoamérica es una suerte de corrupción&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;al menudeo&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;que tiene la vocación de aparecer con mucha más frecuencia en el día a día del ciudadano promedio, minando su confianza en la fuerza pública.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pero antes de pasar al resultado de esta pequeña pesquisa que hice sobre el derecho de tránsito mexicano mientras mis compañeros de viaje se comían sus tacos, tengo que&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;hacer la siguiente salvedad:&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Yo no soy abogado Mexicano. Nada en este relato constituye consejo o recomendación alguna en materia de Derecho Mexicano. Lo que sigue es una revisión de algunas fuentes de derecho relevantes para este caso hechas por un&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;lego&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;La primera conclusión de la pesquisa es esta: En efecto, parece que la ley de tránsito Mexicana le concede un alto nivel de discrecionalidad a los policías de tránsito para retener licencias o placas de vehículos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;A manera de ejemplo, el artículo 178 del&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://transparencia.cancun.gob.mx/archivos_web/marco_normativo/reglamentacion_municipal/30-Reg_de_Transito_para_el_MBJ_Q_Roo-01_abril_2020.pdf&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Reglamento de tránsito del Municipio de Benito Juarez, Quintana Roo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 28.55pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;Tratándose de vehículos con placas de circulación de otros países, entidades federativas o del Estado de Quintana Roo, los policías de tránsito podrán retener al infractor como garantía del pago sobre las infracciones cometidas al presente Reglamento, considerando el orden siguiente de acuerdo a lo que tenga disponible:&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 28.55pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 49.8pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 49.8pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;I.- La licencia para conducir o permiso provisional para conducir vigente, según sea el caso;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 49.8pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;II.- La tarjeta de circulación;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 49.8pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;III.- Las placas de circulación, y en caso, cuando el vehículo se encuentre estacionado en lugar prohibido, y no se encuentre el conductor o el propietario del vehículo o estando presentes, uno u otro, no muevan voluntariamente el vehículo; y&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 49.8pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;IV.- El vehículo&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 49.8pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 49.8pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 49.8pt 0.0001pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Increíble pero cierto.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Es posible que haya algún tipo de compendio de buenas prácticas que le ponga algún límite a esta desbordada discrecionalidad, pero un vistazo rápido a los reglamentos de tránsito que rigen en la Riviera Maya indica que una versión de este artículo 178 está presente en los reglamentos de muchos municipios, de manera que los policías de tránsito en todo el estado son desmesuradamente poderosos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Es difícil entender la teleología de esta regla: ¿Por qué darle la facultad de retener licencias de tránsito&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;a los policías incluso en tratándose de infracciones muy leves en las que no hay daños a terceros? ¿Todo esto por&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;volarse&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;un semáforo?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Me reservaré las especulaciones teleológicas (insisto: no soy abogado Mexicano) pero voy a pasar a las buenas noticias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Parece que el&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://qroo.gob.mx/inicio/index.php/reglamento-transito/&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Reglamento de Tránsito del Estado de Quintana Roo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;le pone una suerte de contrapeso a esta discreción policial mediante el artículo 241:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 28.55pt 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;Se establece en el Estado; la Boleta de Infracción de Cortesía que la Dirección de Tránsito, en su jurisdicción respectiva aplicará exclusivamente a los Turistas que infrinjan el Reglamento de Tránsito.&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;La Boleta de Infracción de Cortesía no implica costo alguno al que se impone,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;siendo su objetivo señalar la violación cometida y exhortar a conducir cumpliendo con las reglas de Tránsito&lt;u&gt;.&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;La Sanción de Cortesía es aplicada hasta en dos ocasiones al mismo vehículo y/o conductor&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;y no procede en los casos de actos y omisiones graves contrarios a lo que dispone el presente Reglamento.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Así las cosas, resulta que los turistas en todo el estado de Quintana Roo tienen hasta dos&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;strikes&lt;/i&gt;. Puede uno infringir el reglamento de forma leve hasta dos veces sin que haya lugar a una boleta de infracción que implique una multa.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Esto, a su vez, implica que los policías de tránsito no pueden retener su licencia de tránsito como garantía del pago de multa alguna hasta que usted no se haya gastado sus dos primeros&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;strikes.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Debo decir que llegué a este descubrimiento mientras mis compañeros de viaje disfrutaban los tacos de los Aguachiles y se quejaban de mi ausencia. Estaba absorto en mi celular, leyendo reglamentos de tránsito.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.tripadvisor.co/ShowTopic-g150812-i23-k8685179-o130-Tips_para_defendernos_de_abusos_policiales-Playa_del_Carmen_Yucatan_Peninsula.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Este foro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt; de TripAdvisor fué muy útil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Ya déjalo así, me decía Ola, seguro que no nos volverá a pasar-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Me comí los tacos y salí de Los Aguachiles con el pecho henchido. Secretamente deseaba que nos volvieran a parar en el camino al hotel.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Puritan;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;El Segundo Encuentro con La Policía de Tránsito&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Aunque estaba ansioso por usar mis nuevos conocimientos, también estaba relativamente convencido de que la probabilidad de que nos volvieran a parar era muy baja.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Eran más o menos las 9 de la noche y la carretera de regreso estaba relativamente vacía.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Todo esto hasta que Ola, que iba manejando, hizo una derecha relativamente agresiva para encontrar la calle que nos llevaba al hotel. Dos minutos después, llenos de incredulidad, vimos las luces azul-y-rojo de la policía en el espejo retrovisor.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Esta vez ni siquiera se tomaron el trabajo de mostrarnos una foto. El policía, un gordo con cara de pocos amigos, se bajó del carro gritando algo como:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 42.75pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Ustedes tenían que seguir derecho y lo saben, no pueden cruzar a la derecha en ese punto, tenían que seguir derecho.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 42.75pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A lo que yo respondí:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 42.75pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Señor agente, esto no parece una infracción. ¿Me puede explicar qué tipo de infracción cometimos?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 42.75pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Acto seguido, el policía le pidió la licencia de tránsito a Ola y sin mediar una nueva explicación, explicó que se disponía a escribirnos una boleta de infracción y a retener la licencia de conducción de la conductora.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 42.75pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 42.75pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;- No creo que hayamos cometido ninguna infracción – le dije - pero no voy a discutir con usted, señor agente. Esta es nuestra primera infracción, de manera que escríbanos nuestra boleta de cortesía y nos pondremos en camino.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 42.75pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-¿Boleta de cortesía? – preguntó el policía en tono intimidante –Yo no soy adivino. ¿Cómo voy a saber si esta es su primera o segunda infracción?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 42.75pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 42.75pt 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Confieso que no me esperaba esta respuesta y especialmente no en ese tono. Fue en ese momento, en la oscuridad de la noche y a merced de un hombre-cerdo armado, en el que entendí el famoso video viral que circula en internet en el que un mexicano que&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;cae&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;en un retén de la policía de tránsito empieza a repetir&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ad nauseam&lt;/i&gt;: Tengo Miedo. Tengo Miedo. Tengo Medio.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/p7zevPed3Ss&quot; title=&quot;YouTube video player&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Por un segundo me vi tentado a ponerme en la penosa tarea de informar a un agente de policía sobre la existencia del principio de presunción de inocencia, pero me contuve.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;No creía que este hombre-cerdo desconociera dicho principio rector de los estados de derecho y cómo es que este le impide presumir que ya habíamos cometido otras infracciones sin evidencia alguna. Lo habrá visto en alguna película, por lo menos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;De manera que me guardé las leguleyadas y con cierto tono de rabia le dije lo siguiente:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Muy bien, entonces por favor retenga las placas del vehículo, nosotros seguiremos de camino al hotel y revisaremos el tema con la aseguradora.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Pues bájese a quitar las placas del vehículo usted, no soy su sirviente- respondió en tono despectivo el hombre-cerdo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A lo que yo respondí, subiendo el tono, con este bluff:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Mire señor agente, ya esta tarde tuvimos otro problemita de este tipo, así que yo sé como funciona esto, de manera que si quiere llevarse la licencia, por favor llévesela.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-¿Qué tipo de problemita?-me preguntó-¿Qué pasó esta tarde?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Un problemita señor agente, un problemita parecido – le contesté – No se preocupe, llévese la licencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Usted me tiene que decir qué problemita –&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-No se preocupe, señor agente – insití con vehemencia- es nuestro problema, llévese la licencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Acá es importante decir lo obvio: Habría sido realmente estúpido conceder que Juan Pablo (aunque no estuviera al volante) había sobornado a un agente de la policía algunas horas antes o incluso que ya nos habían parado en otra ocasión.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Todo lo que hubiera dicho habría sido usado en mi contra. No creo que mi bluff haya sido extremadamente inteligente, pero estoy casi seguro de que ellos se meterían en muchos problemas si realmente retuvieran una licencia de tránsito sin haberle escrito boletos de cortesía a su dueño. Tal vez la forma correcta de pensar en esta situación pasa por entender que son ellos los que están intentando un gran bluff. No están realmente dispuestos a llevarse su licencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;El hombre-cerdo se paseaba entre su carro de policía y la ventana del conductor, como haciendo teatro. Regresó a tratar de intimidarnos otra vez y al ver que no lo lograba se fue al carro de policía una vez más y regresó para decir en tono retador:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 49.8pt 0.0001pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Bueno, acá está su licencia, usted normalmente me tiene qué decir cual fue su problema si yo le pregunto, pero en este caso lo voy a dejar ir.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pero eso sí: Mucho cuidado con lo que dice sobre lo que pasó en la tarde, porque si usted me hubiera dicho cualquier cosa imprudente puedo capturarlo inmediatamente en flagrancia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0.0001pt 35.4pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Y así, con cuidado, encendimos el motor y nos fuimos. Victoriosos, pero con el pecho lleno de rabia y miedo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pero aparte de la rabia y el miedo que generan este tipo de episodios, es muy doloroso que en Latinoamérica no hayamos encontrado la forma de darle a nuestra fuerza pública la dignidad que necesita. Es tristísimo que nos hayamos resignado a que las mismas personas que están llamadas a cuidarnos sean las que se dediquen a urdir estratagemas para extorsionarnos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ningún turista o visitante extranjero se siente cómodo con estas historias, que aunadas con las historias recientes sobre vendettas de carteles en Cancún, podrían ser muy perniciosas para el influjo de turistas.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Parece que ya hay algunos intentos de resolver el problema, pero está claro que la administración de Quintana Roo está en mora de poner en marcha un plan que efectivamente ponga bajo control este tipo de delincuencia que se ha tomado la policía de tránsito (aunque creo, tal vez ingenuamente, que no todos los agentes de tránsito de Quintana Roo son corruptos). &amp;nbsp;Estoy seguro de que es un problema muy difícil de resolver, pero también estoy convencido de que los latinoamericanos no estamos condenados a este tipo de corrupción tan vulgar y descarada. Podemos imaginar una fuerza pública que sea realmente eso: pública.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Puritan;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;¿Qué hacer en caso de que lo amenacen con retener su licencia?&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;El propósito de este relato no es ayudar a nadie a evadir las consecuencias de sus infracciones de tránsito, de manera que la primera recomendación que le daría a cualquier turista que visite la Rivera Maya es que respete las normas y señales de tránsito con mucho celo. Esa es, aunque suene obvia, mi primera recomendación.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Sin embargo, quiero terminar con una lista de sugerencias para los cibernautas que se vean envueltos en una situación como la que he descrito líneas más arriba:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0cm 0.2pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Mantenga la calma y la compostura. El reglamento de tránsito de Quintana Roo (Artículo 260) faculta a los agentes de tránsito a ponerlo(a) a disposición de las autoridades competentes en caso de que usted los insulte o agreda físicamente.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Incluso si usan un tono descortés, mi recomendación es que usted siempre se refiera a ellos como señor agente o señor oficial. Cualquier cosa que suene a insulto lo podría poner en aprietos peores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;No haga ningún tipo de comentario o insinuación sobre la posibilidad de un soborno o el pago de una “mordida”. Si usted hace sugerencias o comentarios explícitos sobre este tema, podría estar cometiendo un delito y agravando su situación.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;No se baje del automóvil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;No hable mucho. En lo posible, limítese a responder a las preguntas de los policías sin dar mucho detalle. Todo lo que diga puede ser usado en su contra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Insista en que le escriban un boleto de cortesía en cumplimiento del artículo 241 del reglamento de tránsito de Quintana Roo. Insista en esto respetuosa pero incesantemente.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;style class=&quot;WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/style&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white; font-family: Puritan; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Repita la recomendación número 5 hasta que lo dejen tranquilo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;





</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/5107670912784103301/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2021/12/puede-la-policia-de-cancun-retener-tu.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/5107670912784103301'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/5107670912784103301'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2021/12/puede-la-policia-de-cancun-retener-tu.html' title='¿Puede la policía de Cancún retener tu licencia de tránsito?'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/p7zevPed3Ss/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-830553622297217852</id><published>2021-06-28T22:57:00.016+02:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T13:52:05.100+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Libros"/><title type='text'>El Mundo Ajeno de Los Divinos</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Una reseña sobre Los Divinos, la última novela de Laura Restrepo sobre el caso Yuliana Samboní.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGIm_ChnGNhuAEtufvBLRiZh3hYmcuDz5LAC9bk9yEpg11lEAZKNcowYO5Q36sa0hy-jUbu5gkziLCdOo3lSBPBLE37g1nB9QCYU1ZiC9lBigQv9U9NdcUeYTx0Ic-jWtFhDit/s942/Captura+de+Pantalla+2021-06-06+a+la%2528s%2529+23.58.27.png&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;942&quot; data-original-width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGIm_ChnGNhuAEtufvBLRiZh3hYmcuDz5LAC9bk9yEpg11lEAZKNcowYO5Q36sa0hy-jUbu5gkziLCdOo3lSBPBLE37g1nB9QCYU1ZiC9lBigQv9U9NdcUeYTx0Ic-jWtFhDit/w414-h640/Captura+de+Pantalla+2021-06-06+a+la%2528s%2529+23.58.27.png&quot; width=&quot;414&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Los Divinos, la última novela de Laura Restrepo, es una novela atrevida. Se trata de la narración ficcionalizada de una de las historias más infames que se hayan cubierto en las secciones de crímenes de los periódicos colombianos en la última década: La historia de Yuliana Samboní, una niña de 7 años secuestrada, abusada sexualmente y asesinada por Rafael Uribe Noguera, un hombre de 38 años proveniente de una acomodada familia Bogotana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Esta novela no dice mucho sobre la niña, sin embargo. Restrepo nos cuenta esta ficción inspirada en la realidad desde la perspectiva de “El Hobbit”, un amigo del villano.  Y este es el primer problema: Restrepo prácticamente nos presenta a “la niña” como una suerte de silueta vacía. El Hobbit nos cuenta solo lo necesario para que la situemos en la ubicación más desfavorecida del mapa de las clases sociales Bogotanas. Hay quizá un intento de asimilarla a un símbolo de inocencia y de pureza pero la niña-niña en la historia de Restrepo es al fin y al cabo un personaje relativamente vacío del que solo sabemos su procedencia: Las barriadas.  Es obvio que la historia que Restrepo nos quiere contar es una cierta parábola sobre las clases sociales Bogotanas, sobre la indolencia de los de arriba hacia los de abajo.  Y en ese intento la niña-niña no importa: Su tragedia es una excusa para intentar un ensayo sobre la forma en la que cierta gente acomodada en Colombia puede desacomodar a los que ya están desacomodados y salirse con la suya.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No creo que esta -otra- historia que Restrepo quiere contarnos sea una historia innecesaria, ni que sea una exageración. Lo que creo es que esta novela la cuenta de una forma tan obvia que podría leerse como un insulto a la inteligencia del lector. Podríamos habernos ahorrado todos estos personajes tan fugaces y leer la misma parábola de forma mucho más concisa en una columna o tal vez en un ensayo breve.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

  
  &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Viene a la mente otra novela de un autor Colombiano: Satanás, la novela breve de Mario Mendoza inspirada en los crímenes de Campo Elías Delgado, el hombre que mató a una decena de personas en un tradicional restaurante Bogotano en la noche del 4 de diciembre de 1986.  Las dos novelas usan historias de crímenes reales para escudriñar en lo que hay detrás de estos sucesos, en la psique de los asesinos y el contexto social en el que se incuban sus impulsos criminales. Mendoza sugiere que detrás de los crímenes de Campo Elías Delgado hay una urbe inhóspita y furiosa que no da tregua. Nos habla sobre la inmensa soledad de Campo Elías, sobre una madre atrabiliaria, sobre las imborrables cicatrices de la guerra. Casi logramos cierta empatía con este villano que se nos presenta a veces como una víctima, como un alma extraviada en la furia gris de los días Bogotanos. Y aunque cabría preguntarse si el narrador de Satanás se adentra en el terreno de la racionalización de los crímenes de Campo Elías Delgado, lo cierto es que Satanás ofrece un vistazo creíble de la psique de su villano. Hay en ese Campo Elías mucho más que una silueta vacía diseñada como un indicador de su posición social.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No puede decirse lo mismo de la novela de Restrepo.  En primer lugar, la selección de los nombres de Los Divinos es caricaturesca al punto de que raya en la ridiculez: La hermandad de niños bien a la que pertenece el villano se autodenomina “Los Tutti Fruttis”. El asesino es un tal “Muñeco o Chucky” y a sus amigos cercanos les dicen “el píldora”, “Tarabeo” y “El Duque”. Dado que esta historia ocurre en una ciudad llena de Juanpis, Santis, Malús y Anabés, creo que cabe preguntarse qué estaría pensando Restrepo cuando decidió que era necesario inventarse esos sobrenombres tan rocambolescos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Se me ocurre lo siguiente: Este mundo en el que Laura Restrepo pretende escudriñar, esta &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro_culture&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;“bro-culture”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; contemporánea es para ella un mundo muy ajeno. No es que esta historia no pueda ser contada por una mujer (es más, me parece que una mujer podría contar historias muy interesantes sobre estas cofradías de hombrecillos) pero creo que la razón por la que los personajes de Restrepo son tan inverosímiles es porque la autora rompe esa regla de oro que se le atribuye a Mark Twain: Uno debería escribir sobre lo que sabe. En todo caso, si uno quiere arriesgarse a contar historias tan ajenas no puede aspirar a escribirlas en cuatro meses, como le confesó Restrepo a la BBC en &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46986259&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;esta entrevista&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Esto es a lo que me refiero cuando digo que Los Divinos es una novela muy atrevida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No creo que sea una completa pérdida de tiempo leer esta útima novela breve de Laura Restrepo, pero (aunque no soy un experto en su obra) no encuentro ni rastros de la mirada íntima que logra de sus personajes en otras novelas breves como Olor a Rosas invisibles, por ejemplo. El resultado de la prisa es una novela de pocas sutilezas. Un ensayo (ni muy original ni muy agudo) que Laura Restrepo ya se había imaginado y que decidió calcar sobre la historia de Yuliana Samboní. Por eso nos suena tan inverosímil todo este grupillo de personajes, por eso el narrador es un hombre con una voz tan femenina, por eso Los Divinos es una historia que hay que contar, pero que parece contada por la persona incorrecta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/830553622297217852/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2021/06/el-mundo-ajeno-de-los-divinos.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/830553622297217852'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/830553622297217852'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2021/06/el-mundo-ajeno-de-los-divinos.html' title='El Mundo Ajeno de Los Divinos'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGIm_ChnGNhuAEtufvBLRiZh3hYmcuDz5LAC9bk9yEpg11lEAZKNcowYO5Q36sa0hy-jUbu5gkziLCdOo3lSBPBLE37g1nB9QCYU1ZiC9lBigQv9U9NdcUeYTx0Ic-jWtFhDit/s72-w414-h640-c/Captura+de+Pantalla+2021-06-06+a+la%2528s%2529+23.58.27.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-904293222094559001</id><published>2021-02-17T00:28:00.013+01:00</published><updated>2025-02-10T13:55:10.251+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fintech"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Law"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Regulation"/><title type='text'>BNPL, Credit Innovation and the Woolard Report</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt; Some key takeaways for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Fintech&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt; strategists from the FCA-comissioned Woolard report, a policy material with the potential to influence upcoming regulatory stances on BNPL and credit innovation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw227jqjcqzFy1hyphenhyphentCFtop_gAqXGjrm_BjbVh2WMMpmqK92SgoCea_Qk_9_-MsYI2JEy5waFdsE-CnWGze3w9XDAZXDTji_ios4AxsPPzu80rservyzsIx0OSUfSniRWk5bcxD3lA82dpjOdm1pfDVBW5UAuF1rKu604Kj5Gp2dIU3LIIw8QhD/s800/1613425858506.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;506&quot; data-original-width=&quot;800&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw227jqjcqzFy1hyphenhyphentCFtop_gAqXGjrm_BjbVh2WMMpmqK92SgoCea_Qk_9_-MsYI2JEy5waFdsE-CnWGze3w9XDAZXDTji_ios4AxsPPzu80rservyzsIx0OSUfSniRWk5bcxD3lA82dpjOdm1pfDVBW5UAuF1rKu604Kj5Gp2dIU3LIIw8QhD/s16000/1613425858506.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The final report of the FCA-commissioned review of change and innovation in the unsecured credit market (“&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/corporate/woolard-review-report.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;The Woolard Review&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;”) has the potential to influence upcoming policy discussions about credit innovation well beyond the borders of the United Kingdom. Chistopher Woolard´s 68-pages report makes 25 recommendations, some of which are of particular interest for fintech firms invested in Buy-Now-Pay-Later (BNPL) products and in general for firms which business models are adjacent to consumer credit or point-of-sale finance. While a careful read of the report is highly advisable for fintech CEOs and their policy and legal teams, here are some aspects of the report that can become of critical importance for future policy discussions and regulatory initiatives in and outside of the Anglo-Saxon context:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;1. BNPL is consumer credit and will be regulated as such:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;This is not an entirely novel idea of the Woolard report. But this commonsense notion that seems to be well established in the British policy discussion does not seem to be that widely accepted everywhere. My perception is that fintech product teams and fintech strategists seem to think of BNPL as a type of product that can be designed to appear sufficiently different from credit as to be able to skirt most of its regulation. However, a good read of the Woolard report suggests no sensible policy discussion on BNPL will contemplate a significantly different regulatory framework from the one applicable to consumer credit products and point-of-sale finance. In that sense, the right way to address this challenge is not to assume that BNPL will be subject to a radically new regulatory framework but instead to advocate for an update of consumer credit regulation that addresses the novel characteristics of BNPL and the differences between the latter and more traditional brick-and-mortar point of sale offerings.  Numerals 3 and 15 below propose some areas on which to focus this advocacy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;border: medium; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;2. &amp;nbsp;0% APR claims or very short instalment plans may not be enough to avoid regulatory oversight:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;One of the most salient recommendations of the report pertains to “Unregulated BNPL products”. This term refers to certain credit products that are typically excluded from the scope of credit law by virtue of their short tenor or interest-free nature. The report highlights the fact that even non-interest-bearing products can be potentially harmful for consumers that perceive them as mere payment methods a-la Google Pay instead of the complex financing solutions that some of them actually are. After listing some of the potential harms that even 0% BNPL schemes may bring about, including the potential conflicts of interest that I elaborate upon in numeral 9 below,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;the report makes the clear suggestion that even these typically exempted products should fall under the scope of oversight of regulatory bodies. I think it is safe to assume that the policy discussions elsewhere will reach a similar conclusion, so the policy teams of fintech firms should prepare for honest and intense discussions about the right regulation to address the consumer risks that are brought about by 0% BNPL or other typically “unregulated” products.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;3. Rent-your-tech-products remain out of the radar, but caution is advised:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Despite the fact that the report spends a few pages elaborating on the need to bring certain novel products into the scope of regulation, there is no express mention of Rent-your-tech offerings. This may be explained by the fact that these products seem to be much less pervasive in the UK than in Germany, for example, where &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.grover.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Grover&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; appears to have become a real alternative to Klarna or more traditional point-of-sale financing, securing partnerships with major tech retailers like Saturn. While this omission seems to be good news for firms like Fat Llama and Grover, the renewed emphasis on consumer protection outcomes that is proposed in the report shows that policy makers will not be blind to how similar their products are to credit and/or leasing in terms of the risks they bring about for consumers, including overindebtedness. It is certainly too soon to tell how the regulation for these products will look like, but it is unwise for rent-your-tech firms to simply assume that their products are not going to be under the scope of credit law or leasing regulation. Perhaps the right path to take is to prepare for that policy discussion in advance and proactively set a position on how a tailor-made regulatory framework that accounts for the nuances of rent-your-tech could look like. Close monitoring of the policy discussions in order to determine the right timing for such a proposal is a good idea, but nothing speaks against starting to draft that whitepaper/position paper right now.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;4. Affordability assessments will remain critical, but be ready for discussions around forbearance and hardship policies:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;While
 the report continues to emphasize the importance of ensuring that 
unsecured credit customers are able to afford the products they are 
offered (which is not a standard that all BNPL firms seem to meet) it 
goes beyond affordability and suggests that future regulation should 
take a good look at standardizing the forbearance practices of market 
incumbents. That policy stance could translate into a set of rules that 
give much less latitude to lenders when it comes to (a) deciding which 
customers are eligible for forbearance, (b) what type of support should 
be given to borrowers whose financial situation has changed so 
dramatically as to make them unable to pay their dues under the credit 
agreement and (c) what circumstances should trigger this special 
treatment. When it comes to affordability, it is critical that fintech 
firms insist on a technology neutral and outcome-based regulatory 
framework that gives enough room for designing truly online/mobile user 
experiences. On this particular point, it is important that policy teams
 insist on the lessons learned from Australia, where the Securities and 
Investment commission (ASIC) practically ruled out online lending by 
setting an overly rigid set of rules governing the minimum documentation
 that online lenders need to revise in the course of their affordability
 assessments.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Finally, when it comes to forbearance, it would be wise 
for consumer lenders to proactively propose a standard set of hardship 
policies as a self-regulatory initiative. There is a good chance that 
such an initiative would put them in a better position for a future 
policy discussion.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;5. “Credit Scoring” practices (Including AI automated decisions) will be under renewed scrutiny:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Given
 the emphasis on affordability, it is important that lenders take an 
honest look at how they are making credit decisions, especially in their
 most innovative products. Practices such as lending small amounts to 
every first applicant without a proper affordability test as a means to 
evaluate the applicant’s willingness and capability to repay need to be 
urgently discontinued, for example. This might also be the case for 
statistical models powered by AI that make automated decisions without 
incorporating robust affordability features. In general, a takeaway from
 the Woolard report seems to be that automated credit decisions that are
 made without careful regard to customers’ ability to repay increase the
 risk of over-indebtedness and are therefore undesirable from a public 
policy standpoint. In my view, this discussion about affordability and 
innovative credit decisions has not taken place vibrantly enough in the 
boardrooms of lenders and BNPL providers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;6.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Relending may be subject to further limits:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Many 
lenders, specially BNPL firms, tend to be extremely lax in their 
relending practices, issuing repeat loans to customers without much 
regard for the risk of overindebtedness. This risk is particularly high 
in jurisdictions where BNPL firms are not obliged to report loan 
delinquency or customers in arrears to information databases, which 
leaves the door open for individuals in financial trouble to obtain 
further credit from other inadvertent BNPL firms. A good read of the 
Woolard report suggests that BNPL firms should expect 
affordability-based limits&lt;del&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/del&gt;&amp;nbsp;similar to the ones adopted by 
the polish legislator (hopefully less draconian) to apply to their 
relending practices in the near future. At the risk of sounding 
repetitive, my suggestion here would be that the industry itself takes 
the initiative with a self-regulatory proposal that is sensible enough 
to inform the upcoming policy discussions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;7. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Open Banking Data may play an even more important role in the future:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;While
 the privacy community tends to see a lot of tensions between the ideals
 of open banking and the privacy of account-holders, the Woolard report 
suggests that policy makers and regulators should look at open-banking 
data as a tool for alternative lenders (specially online-first lenders) 
for carrying out adequate creditworthiness assessments and affordability
 tests. Fintech firms should welcome a renewed regulatory commitment to 
remove “barriers to widespread use of Open banking data” and should 
continue to stress the importance of&amp;nbsp;&lt;del&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/del&gt;banks’ compliance with 
the open banking rules enshrined in relevant legal materials such as 
PSD2. On this particular point, my intuition is that some strategic 
litigation or proactive regulatory whistleblowing might be needed to 
ensure that banks -finally- comply with open-banking rules.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;8. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;High-cost credit might be a necessary evil to secure increased access to credit:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Instead
 of attempting to root out high-cost offerings from the credit market, 
the&amp;nbsp;report suggests that regulatory interventions might see better 
outcomes by focusing “on actions to generate a more dynamic market 
around alternatives to high-cost credit and ensuring those consumers who
 are improving their creditworthiness can evidence this and be rewarded 
with more options and lower prices.”.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;What this means in practice is 
that regulation might shift away from the goal of diminishing the supply
 of high-cost credit and instead focus on increasing the menu of 
substitute products. For lenders, this means that high-cost credit does 
not necessarily need to disappear from their product range, but it may 
face more intense lower-cost competition incentivized by legislative 
action or regulatory interventions in the future.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;9. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Who is your client? The retailer or the consumer?&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Regulators
 and policy makers are no longer blind to the fact that the classic 
conflict of interest that applies to more traditional point-of-sale 
finance is potentially amplified in the case of modern BNPL firms, 
especially those who offer low-cost or 0% products bundled with 
acquiring services which main source of revenue are fees charged to 
retailers. In that sense, lenders should expect increased regulatory 
scrutiny to the arrangements that they make with retailers and should 
reconsider any claims and commitments that could result in irresponsible
 lending. A common example of these arrangements are contractual 
stipulations wherein the lender is bound by the retailer to maintain a 
minimum lead-to-sale conversion rate that forces it to relax its 
creditworthiness assessments and issue loans to consumers who might not 
afford to repay them. Ultimately, this point circles back to the issue 
of affordability and forbearance, so it is critical for fintech 
executives and compliance teams to have honest discussions with their 
sales teams and account managers to determine whether their commercial 
arrangements with merchants/retailers stand in the way of responsible 
lending practices.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;10.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;One-click-BNPL claims should be used with caution:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Every
 fintech strategist that I have ever met tends to fantasize with a 
certain mythological animal that we can call&amp;nbsp;“the one-click-loan”. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.twisto.cz/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black; color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Twisto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
 a Czech BNPL provider, presents its product as a “market leading 
1-click BNPL solution”, for example. While these claims have tremendous 
resonance with investors,&amp;nbsp;the Woolard report tends to suggest that they 
may be incompatible with sustainable lending principles and potentially 
subject to increased regulatory scrutiny. It would be very wise for BNPL
 execs to consider the possibility of moving away from these claims in 
favor of more nuanced convenience USPs. In my mind, this can be done 
without relinquishing their commitment to creating frictionless (and 
even paper&lt;del&gt;-&lt;/del&gt;less) user experiences. As policy-makers start to 
take a look at the potential consumer risks related to BNPL, diligent 
investors should also read between lines and start shying away from 
investing in ventures whose claims may be perceived by regulators and 
policy-makers as overt confessions of irresponsible lending.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;11. Expect your low-and-grow/ credit history building claims to be tested in the near future:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Many
 lenders tend to justify their high-cost offerings by suggesting that 
these products allow individuals who are not eligible for lower-cost 
(prime or near-prime) products to have some access to credit that allows
 them to rebuild or improve their credit histories. The Woolard report 
tends to suggest that policy&lt;del&gt;-&lt;/del&gt;makers are already aware of the 
fact that these so-called low-and-grow claims are not always honest. 
Therefore, fintech firms should be ready for regulatory interventions 
that make them unable to make use of this “credit-history-building” 
claims to attract new customers if they are unable to prove that they 
are effective in helping customers to transition to cheaper forms of 
credit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;12. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;The credit information industry is in desperate need of renovation and innovation:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Credit
 information is one of the spaces that remains mostly untouched by 
fintech challengers. Somewhat paradoxically, the Woolard report seems to
 suggest that this is an industry ripe for innovation and disruption due
 to the legacy infrastructures of Credit Reference Agencies and 
Traditional Lenders.&lt;del&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/del&gt;&amp;nbsp;Here is a direct quote from Woolard 
that refers to the difficulties that CRAs and lenders experienced while 
trying to comply with temporary COVID-19 forbearance rules: “Reference 
Agencies (CRAs) were unable to quickly provide a consistent approach to 
reporting short-term forbearance that has no long-term negative impact 
on credit files. This raises wider questions about the ability of the 
credit information market to operate at pace and deliver change in the 
interests of firms and consumers.”.&amp;nbsp;Observed from any angle, this sounds
 like a great opportunity and a great problem for a fintech founder to 
address.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Good news: Price caps for consumer credit might finally become product-specific:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/b&gt;This
 sounds rather obvious: Sufficiently different credit products should 
have sufficiently different pricing caps. The Spanish case, however, 
shows that this is not widely shared wisdom. In fact, the outdated usury
 legislation in Spain has resulted in a Supreme Tribunal doctrine 
according to which all consumer credit offerings are de-facto under the 
same pricing cap. In a line of decisions dating back decades (some of 
which I have been very critical of in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/los-jueces-y-las-tasas-de-inter%25C3%25A9s-javier-pimentel-calderon/?trackingId=TvFpUwsZTDab1%2FrYvonUEw%3D%3D&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;this piece&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)
 the Supreme Tribunal simply overlooks the fact that subprime and 
near-prime credit should be subject to differentiated pricing caps and 
makes an even more deleterious mistake: It applies this 
one-size-fits-all formula rather inconsistently, leaving lenders in 
uncertainty about what the all-encompassing cap for consumer credit 
actually is. The legal uncertainty in Spain has put lenders and 
consumers at the mercy of unscrupulous litigators who are replacing the 
sorely needed policy discussion to update the usury law with cheap 
lawsuits at scale. Some of them tend do it with extremely vulgar 
showmanship, presenting themselves as consumer protection heroes, like 
the individual in this video:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75)&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; caret-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: &amp;quot;Source Serif Pro&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 20px; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;450&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/h8UxorNSAG4&quot; width=&quot;750&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;The good news is that more sophisticated policy materials such as the 
Woolard report tend to see the utmost care that needs to be exercised 
while regulating credit pricing in order to strike a proper balance 
between consumer protection and access to credit. Here is Woolard on the
 matter: “Regulation of credit often raises questions around balancing 
consumer protection against limiting access to credit. This is 
particularly true of pricing interventions. Careful and complex analysis
 is vital to understand the impact of any intervention on consumers who 
may lose access as a result. This will vary between different products. 
(…) In this context, looking to set a price cap across the whole of 
consumer credit, which some European nations do, would present 
significant challenges to assessing the impact on access. To apply 
across all credit without having a major impact on access, it would need
 to be set so high as to have little impact on most products. 
Alternatively, it could be set in a way that did create a low cap (for 
example, as done in the Netherlands) but the potential effects of this 
on access and business models would need significant consideration. For 
example, credit card penetration is about four times lower in the 
Netherlands than the UK&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;14. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Digital design guidelines for consumer credit products may be on
 their way and they will accelerate change in legal and compliance 
functions:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;del&gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Regulatory interventions that reflect 
directly on UX design are not a new thing. However, the recent 
experience in Sweden suggests that policy-makers are willing to take 
this to the next level by regulating specific elements of website 
design: In particular, the Swedish&amp;nbsp;E-Commerce Payments Bill prevents 
online retail platforms from presenting credit options before debit 
options. The report points out that “As a result, BNPL offer(s) can’t be
 presented as the ‘first choice’ ahead of the lowest cost direct payment
 option”. The Woolard report seems to suggest that this trend should 
materialize in a set of digital design guidelines for consumer credit 
products that fosters transparency and prevents undesirable outcomes 
such as consumer over indebtedness. In preparation for this type of 
regulatory intervention, fintech firms and lenders should evaluate the 
readiness of their legal and compliance functions to adopt 
compliance-by-design methodologies.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;The notion of compliance assurance as the role of some in-house policeman who checks for compliance every so often is rapidly becoming obsolete. A unified second line of defense where product counsels work in tight coordination with compliance officers seems like the only way to adapt to the credit regulation of the future.  Compliance-as-a-service offerings can be bundled with  BNPL solutions and offered to potential clients in order to ensure that they are able to comply. &lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;15. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Be ready to resist the preposterous idea of putting online retailers (your clients) in the scope of credit brokerage regulation:&lt;del&gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Some
 policy-makers seem to have adopted the idea that online retailers who 
offer BNPL payment options to their customers need to be regulated in 
the same way as credit brokers, which could potentially create an 
obligation for retailers to obtain a regulatory authorization/license.&amp;nbsp;To
 be fair, this is probably a good idea in the context of more 
traditional point-of-sale finance, where the staff of brick-and-mortar 
retailers typically takes a preponderant role in offering (and sometimes
 negotiating) the credit terms offered to potential borrowers.&amp;nbsp;&lt;del&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/del&gt;But
 given the more limited role that online retailers play in presenting 
and negotiating BNPL terms, which in most occasions is limited to 
integrating with BNPL solution providers via APIs and displaying the 
BNPL buttons in their checkout pages, it is disproportionate to suggest 
that they should be deemed to be credit brokers.&lt;del&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/del&gt;&amp;nbsp;When 
discussing this matter, the Woolard report seems to suggest that 
regulating retailers is the right way to ensure that credit offers are 
presented correctly. Fintech firms should be ready to reject this policy
 stance by pointing out the inefficiency in making online retailers 
responsible for pre-contractual information and potentially forcing them
 to obtain broker licenses/authorizations. The fact of the matter is 
that BNPL firms are in a better position to bear this responsibility by 
creating user interfaces that are both consumer-protective and fully 
embeddable in online retailer´s marketplaces.&amp;nbsp;&lt;del&gt; &lt;/del&gt;Sensible regulation on this matter that targets BNPL firms exclusively should be entirely sufficient.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;All in all, the Woolard report is a fantastic piece that shows the 
sophistication of the policy discussion around consumer credit in the UK
 and should serve (and probably will) as an example for policy-makers in
 other jurisdictions. If I were the Klarna CEO or any other fintech 
executive heavily invested in BNPL strategies I would read every line of
 it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Special thanks to my colleague &lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/in/zolnemeth/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Zoltan Nemeth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; for his comments on a preliminary draft of this piece.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Disclaimer: The opinions expressed by the author in this post 
are strictly personal and do not reflect the official position of 
Delivery Hero SE, its management or any of its subsidiaries. Any 
threatened law-suits, hate-mail or angry rebuttals in response to this 
piece are ideally to be addressed to the author directly in the 
comments. :)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;


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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/904293222094559001/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2021/02/bnpl-credit-innovation-and-woolard.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/904293222094559001'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/904293222094559001'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2021/02/bnpl-credit-innovation-and-woolard.html' title='BNPL, Credit Innovation and the Woolard Report'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw227jqjcqzFy1hyphenhyphentCFtop_gAqXGjrm_BjbVh2WMMpmqK92SgoCea_Qk_9_-MsYI2JEy5waFdsE-CnWGze3w9XDAZXDTji_ios4AxsPPzu80rservyzsIx0OSUfSniRWk5bcxD3lA82dpjOdm1pfDVBW5UAuF1rKu604Kj5Gp2dIU3LIIw8QhD/s72-c/1613425858506.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-5453954559308086636</id><published>2021-01-15T23:55:00.027+01:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T13:53:23.248+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Política"/><title type='text'>The Swords of Strongmen</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;533&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/K3JjHmc6ruo&quot; width=&quot;800&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;The Governator&#39;s message is a fine message. It brings about important lessons from history that the world is seemingly forgetting. It cuts through partisan talking points and speaks of hope while calling Trump for what he is: A failed strongman. A mediocre apprentice of fascist.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;But then there&#39;s Arnie&#39;s choice of symbols. It is not unusual that patriots and great leaders invoke the symbolic power of a legendary sword to protect their nations from great evil or impending catastrophes. It seems that such an invocation is capable of boosting morale and rallying men and women towards a common cause. This is perhaps why we came to know about Excalibur, the legendary sword of King Arthur, a mythical king that was as good in battle as he was kind. This man of legend, who is claimed by folklore to be the protector of Great Britain from the saxon invasions in the sixth century, is also said to have become king precisely by virtue of being the only man capable of pulling Excalibur from an anvil. Some renditions of the tale speak of powerful magic, such as the notion that the bearer of Excalibur’s sheath would not bleed in battle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;



&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Tizona is another example, this time the sword of a man whose historicity is not in doubt: Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, el Cid Campeador, the great hero of the Spanish -reconquista- and the main character of the most notorious epic poem written in the Spanish language. Tizona was the sword that reconquered Valencia from the Moors and it is said that enemies would flee in terror at its very sight whenever it was wielded by a worthy man.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;On the other side of the ocean, a more recent yet nameless example of a blade of legend is found in one of Simon Bolivar&#39;s swords, once stolen from a museum by a Colombian guerrilla group as an act of defiance against a political class that was an unworthy custodian of the weapon once wielded by -el libertador-, the hero who freed a big chunk of South America from the rule of Spanish Monarchy. It is said that in order to keep such a symbolic instrument of Latin American independence safely hidden, the insurgent group in question founded a secret order of “worthy men” that included Fidel Castro, Omar Torrijos and the poet Mario Benedetti.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Back to Arnie&#39;s speech, the sword he chooses for conjuring these dark times (should I say orange times?) is the sword of Conan the Barbarian, a fictional product of pulp magazines later appropriated by Hollywood (through an extremely gaudy production that features a young Schwarzenegger wearing very little clothes). The sword&#39;s might was expanded upon in an animated tv series called Conan, the Adventurer, where it is clearly shown that its magical powers include firing energy bolts that reveal the real identity of a secret race of reptilian men. It is worth noting, however, that this reptilian race is probably not the same one discussed in Qanon forums as the potential ancestry of Michelle Obama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;And so we descend from King Arthur to Conan the Barbarian, from the swords of heroes to the weaponry of trashy pulp fiction. And I suppose this choice of symbols raises some questions about the state of american culture, but this is not the time to bash America. Americans delivered in the last elections. Not just for themselves but for the world. Let&#39;s instead use this newest and lowest point in the sword-invocation saga as an opportunity to realize how farcical and cartoonish and idolatrous and subservient this whole symbolism was from the beginning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;May we soon find better symbols of hope to invoke in dark times than the blades of strongmen. May we soon devise kinder invocations for attempting to summon the best of our nature.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br /&gt; 
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/5453954559308086636/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2021/01/about-swords-and-strongmen.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/5453954559308086636'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/5453954559308086636'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2021/01/about-swords-and-strongmen.html' title='The Swords of Strongmen'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00863770811957861414</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/K3JjHmc6ruo/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-3674969971380584242</id><published>2021-01-09T21:03:00.023+01:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T13:54:00.402+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Libros"/><title type='text'>Del Hijo del Siglo al Gran Colombiano</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Un ensayo breve sobre el Hijo del Siglo (la última novela de Antonio Scurati) y lo que nos puede decir sobre los populismos contemporáneos, incluyendo el uribismo.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUyhVfigg0cwpgrTZwqmR-uxaX1Q58T6HgyYmBYMnyi9Q3CObjZUkob11nkxNRSnVQQ_ook0K2bP0apY2DOvj_6l1hzNIrkb2xC_bpychS_5GnWC7oa3eGnpGvC9vF7CIFuhix/s1027/EAL37958.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1027&quot; data-original-width=&quot;650&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUyhVfigg0cwpgrTZwqmR-uxaX1Q58T6HgyYmBYMnyi9Q3CObjZUkob11nkxNRSnVQQ_ook0K2bP0apY2DOvj_6l1hzNIrkb2xC_bpychS_5GnWC7oa3eGnpGvC9vF7CIFuhix/w405-h640/EAL37958.jpg&quot; width=&quot;405&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;La primera aprehensión que debe sortear la última novela de Scurati tiene un cierto doble filo: En primer lugar, si lo que busca el lector es un mejor entendimiento del fascismo y sus orígenes, cabe preguntarse por qué hacerlo a través de una novela y no a través de textos académicos que por su naturaleza están llamados a ser más rigurosos. Una alternativa reciente podría ser la obra de Jason Stanley: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.casadellibro.com/libro-facha-como-funciona-el-fascismo-y-como-ha-entrado-en-tu-vida/9788417552251/9083327&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;¿Cómo funciona el fascismo?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; que aunque tiene el título pretencioso de un best-seller americano ha sido muy bien recibida por la crítico. En el ámbito más académico, también podría preferirse el trabajo del historiador del fascismo Emilio Gentile.   Por otro lado, si lo que busca el lector es entretenerse con una novela inspirada por los totalitarismos de principio del siglo 20: ¿por qué escoger la obra de Scurati, que renuncia por lo menos parcialmente a la libertad creativa que ofrece la ficción?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Esta primera aprehensión es fácilmente superada por la extensa documentación en la que se funda Scurati para escribir el Hijo del Siglo y por su prosa precisa y llevadera traducida al Español por Carlos Gumpert. Se trata de una novela de no-ficción de un escritor que es a la vez un académico. Está repleta de citas directas de artículos de prensa de la época y de la correspondencia de los personajes principales, al punto que parece una investigación casi obsesiva sobre las mentes de los héroes y anti-heróes de la Italia que vió surgir al fascismo. Además, la decisión que toma Scurati de narrarla de forma episódica y desde la perspectiva de diferentes personajes la aleja del ritmo monótono en el que podría estar escrito un libro canónico de historia italiana. Me atrevo a decir que el resultado final es un texto que logra combinar el rigor de la academia y la belleza del lenguaje literario de la novela.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Otra crítica frecuente está ligada a la decisión de contar el origen del fascismo desde la perspectiva de los fascistas fundadores. En algunos círculos culturales europeos se ha acusado a Scurati de exaltar a la imagen de Benito Mussolini o de contribuir a la fascinación por el Duce, que resurge en estos días de la mano de populistas como Salvini o Le Pen. En lo que respecta a esta crítica, me parece muy atinada la respuesta que ofrece el propio Scurati en &lt;a href=&quot;https://elcultural.com/antonio-scurati-mussolini-comprendio-que-el-miedo-puede-mas-que-la-esperanza&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;esta entrevista&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; para El Cultural:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&quot;P. ¿Por qué adopta el punto de vista de los fascistas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;R. Porque desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el fascismo, el nazismo y el totalitarismo siempre se han contado desde el punto de vista de las víctimas, y fue necesario y justo hacerlo así, pero eso formaba parte de esa cuestión prejudicial antifascista que dejaba en sombras la otra mitad, la parte oscura. Los fascistas, los nazis, los franquistas, ¿quiénes eran? ¿Por qué hicieron lo que hicieron? ¿Qué veían cuando miraban el mundo? Hoy como ese prejuicio ha caído y estamos de nuevo en un terreno en el que todo es posible, con líderes como Salvini que suelta alegremente frases de Mussolini, hoy es necesario contar el mundo desde el punto de vista de los fascistas. Eso no significa que estés de acuerdo con ellos; al contrario, lo hago con la esperanza y la convicción de que si contamos lo que pasó sin velos ideológicos, sin posiciones políticas preconcebidas, al final de la lectura llegará la condena por parte del lector, y además será más sincera, más pura, más sentida.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Hay que agregar, además, que el retrato que pinta El Hijo del Siglo sobre Mussolini es el de un narcisista que está dispuesto a hacer lo que sea para aferrarse al poder. Un hábil hombre de masas y un talentoso encantador de serpientes, sin duda, pero un sociópata al fin y al cabo. Aunque el narrador a veces parezca maravillado con alguna de las estratagemas políticas de Mussolini, no hay equivocaciones morales ni apologías al fascismo en esta novela. Lo que prima es la intención de entender al fascismo tal cual lo intentó hacer el propio Giacomo Mateotti, uno de los opositores más valientes de Mussolini y uno de los personajes principales del libro: Remitiéndose a los hechos. Si a alguien se le aviva mucho la admiración o la simpatía por el Duce después de leer El Hijo del Siglo, me atrevo a decir que ese alguien es un caso perdido.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Otro aparente vicio que aqueja a esta novela de Scurati es su extensión: La traducción al Español se extiende por 824 páginas. Una vez leída, sin embargo, es difícil identificar algún episodio que sobre. Se trata de una obra literaria que pretende adentrarse en el fenómeno del fascismo sin caer en el error frecuente de trivializarlo a través de la propaganda. Hay que suponer que habría sido muy difícil explicar en muchas menos páginas la forma en la que un expulsado del socialismo fundó un colectivo que pasó de ser una fuerza política marginal a ser el hegemón de la política italiana en un lapso de aproximadamente 10 años.  No hay duda de que es un libro largo, pero no se lee como un ladrillo. La prosa de Scurati logra llevarnos, entretenidos, desde la fundación de los fascios a la marcha sobre Roma hasta el magnicidio del valiente Giacomo Mateotti.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
  
  
  
  &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Superadas las aprehensiones, lo primero que habría que decir es que esta novela de Scurati es extraordinariamente oportuna. Presenciamos el auge de una nueva generación de caudillos y hombres-fuertes que juega un papel preponderante en la política en los cuatro puntos cardinales, incluida Europa, que parece coquetear con los errores del pasado. Uno de los más  ruidosos de todos los nuevos caudillos del viejo continente (excluyendo a Rusia) es &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/Viktor_Orban&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Viktor Orbán&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, que se presenta a si mismo como el hombre capaz de defender a Europa de la “invasión musulmana” y ha logrado erosionar las instituciones democráticas Húngaras para aferrarse al poder desde 2010. Pero quizá las vueltas de tuerca más sorprendentes y dolorosas han ocurrido en países cuyas culturas políticas uno supondría más resilientes dado el peso de su historia. En la Polonia que sufrió tanto la crueldad de los nazis como la expoliación de los comunistas, el abominable Jarosław Kaczyński y su partido del “Derecho y La Justicia” (PiS) han logrado una mayoría apabullante en el legislativo y a través de ella (y de los subsidios a su clientela) el debilitamiento de la separación de poderes, la captura de los medios de comunicación y la imposición de una agenda regresiva que apela a las sensibilidades religiosas de los polacos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;En Alemania, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.vox.com/world/2017/9/26/16360916/afd-german-far-right-racism-xenophobia&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Alternative für Deutschland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (AFD), un partido fundado por euroescépticos, ha sido capturado por una facción de neo-nazis de closet que logró un porcentaje del 12,6% de los votos en las elecciones federales de 2017 y 94 sillas en el parlamento Alemán. Su estrategia ha sido usar la crisis migratoria para exacerbar los sentimientos nacionalistas de los alemanes y presentar al gobierno del CDU (encabezado por Angela Merkel) como un gobierno débil  e incapaz de poner bajo control los influjos de inmigrantes. Finalmente, haciendo a un lado las aventuras de Vox en España y Marine Le Pen en Francia, la Italia que parecía haber dejado atrás la sombra de Mussolini hace ya tantos años ha caído en el encanto de Matteo Salvini, que también recurre a la retórica anti-inmigración y es el hombre al que Scurati vislumbra como una suerte de &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-53972500&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;descendiente indirecto o inconsciente de Mussolini&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, más peligroso que los que salen a las calles a proclamar simpatías directas con el Duce o los nazis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Y es precisamente a esa discusión a la que el Hijo del Siglo hace una contribución importante. En el momento histórico que vivimos, hay una cierta carencia de precisión en el lenguaje para referirse a los Trumps y Bolsonaros que acechan las democracias en todas las latitudes.  El término común para referise a este tipo de lideres es el término “populista”, que es vago e inadecuado en la medida en que no da cuenta de las tendencias reaccionarias, ultra-nacionalistas y xenófobas que éstos adoptan. Otros no titubean y optan por referirse a estos encantadores de serpientes como -fascistas-, corriendo el riesgo de ser acusados de adoptar el maniqueo lenguaje propagandístico que domina las discusiones políticas contemporáneas. Y esta es una acusación que no debería tomarse a la ligera: El recurso propagandístico consistente en tildar de fascista a cualquiera que piense diferente pierde efectividad con rapidez. Hugo Chávez, la caricatura contemporánea del caudillo latinoamericano, usó el término -fascista- para referirse incluso a la oposición de izquierda que intuía en su “socialismo del siglo XXI” la tiranía que hoy se ha apoderado de Venezuela.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Emilio Gentile, un historiador italiano que ha escrito extensivamente sobre el fascismo, sugiere que es un “gran error“ usar el término fascismo para referirse a estos fenómenos más contemporáneos porque se corre el riesgo de pasar por alto las características propias de estos fenómenos y los nuevos peligros que estos revisten en sí mismos. Gentile hace este punto claramente en este reportaje de Beatriz de la Pava para BBC en Español:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/e7iqwokK-xg&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Gentile tiene algo de razón, pero además uno debería resistir la tentación de ir por ahí tildando a todo el mundo de fascista si no por rigor semántico, por lo menos para evitar la coincidencia retórica con los mentecatos que quieren zanjar cualquier discusión política acusando a sus oponentes ideológicos, por ejemplo, de castrochavistas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;E insisto: Es en este punto en donde la novela de Scurati hace una contribución importante. No creo que se trate de un descubrimiento o una novedad, pero es una imágen recurrente en El Hijo del Siglo que nos permite encontrar una de las claves del ethos fascista: El uso indiscriminado e inescrupuloso de la violencia (o como sugiere Scurati &lt;a href=&quot;https://cadenaser.com/programa/2020/01/18/a_vivir_que_son_dos_dias/1579355279_216760.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;en esta entrevista&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, de la brutalidad) como instrumento de coerción política.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;“¡Eso es..., los fascistas son un antipartido! Practican la antipolítica. Estupendo. Pero después la búsqueda de identidad debe detenerse ahí. Lo importante es ser algo que permita evitar los obstáculos de la coherencia, el lastre de los principios. Las teorías, y su consiguiente parálisis, Benito Mussolini se las deja de buena gana a los socialistas (…)  Los fascistas no quieren reescribir el libro de la realidad, solo quieren su lugar en el mundo. Y lo obtendrán. Se trata solo de fomentar los odios entre facciones, de exacerbar los resentimientos. Nada, entonces, quedará excluido. Ya no hay ni izquierdas ni derechas. Solo se trata de alimentar ciertos estados de ánimo que afloran en este crepúsculo de la guerra. Nada más. Eso es todo. ¿El programa de San Sepolcro? Es solo un trozo de papel, una premisa embarazosa. Nos han ensartado bastantes peticiones desconcertantes pero, en el fondo, ellos son los Fascios de Combate y su auténtico programa está encerrado por entero en la palabra «combate». Pueden y deben, por tanto, permitirse el lujo de ser reaccionarios y revolucionarios según las circunstancias. Ellos no prometen nada y mantendrán su promesa.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;De manera pues que a diferencia de los que creen que el fascismo es una ideología con rasgos muy definidos, Scurati parece sugerirnos que el fascismo es ante todo una teoría sobre el poder (sobre cómo acceder al poder) ejecutada a la perfección y propiciada por las ingentes cantidades de veteranos de la primera guerra mundial cuyas frustraciones y experiencia empuñando armas constituían la plataforma política perfecta.  Este otro aparte de la novela en el que Mussolini confiesa el rol meramente instrumental de sus hermanos en armas es muy elocuente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Lo sé, los veo aquí delante de mí, me los conozco de memoria: son los hombres de la guerra. De la guerra o de su mito. Los deseo, como el varón desea a la hembra, y, al mismo tiempo, los desprecio. Los desprecio, sí, pero eso no importa: ha terminado una época y otra está a punto de empezar. Los escombros se acumulan, los desechos se reclaman entre ellos. Soy el hombre del «después». Y me enorgullezco de ello. Con este material de segunda —con esta humanidad de residuos— es con lo que se construye la historia.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Entendido así el fascismo, como un método para acceder al poder prácticamente desprovisto de ideología cuyo principal insumo político es la violencia y la brutalidad, podemos sacar conclusiones sobre el mundo en que vivimos y podemos usar el término fascista con más precisión. El punto de Gentile cobra un poco más de fuerza: En la medida en que los Bolsonaros y los Trumps de este planeta no han apelado (todavía) a la violencia como su principal arma política sino que se han hecho elegir en las urnas, son un fenómeno relativamente diferente. Son realmente peligrosos incluso sin el monopolio de la violencia porque se presentan como verdaderas encarnaciones de la soberanía popular, investida en ellos a través de las urnas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pero Scurati parece proponer (no tanto en el libro como en sus comentarios públicos sobre el mismo) que si bien los Salvinis de este mundo no son fascistas en el sentido estricto de la palabra, son por lo menos herederos inconscientes o aprendices del fascismo como método. La idea de un torpe aprendiz de fascista, por ejemplo, se me antoja como la descripción más precisa de Donald Trump. En todo caso, parece claro que la mayoría de los “populistas” contemporáneos no son fascistas en el sentido estricto porque no recurren directamente a la violencia como arma de lucha política. Pero es muy ingenuo creer que estos hombres-fuertes se abstienen de la violencia por respeto a las instituciones democráticas o al Estado de Derecho. La consideración que los aleja de la violencia como arma de lucha es mucho más pragmática: No tienen los números. Y si no tienen los números ni las armas para hacerse al poder, el método Mussoliniano sugiere que es mejor esperar el momento adecuado para la gran marcha y presentarse, mientras tanto, como la fuerza del orden. Apartarse del manual fascista puede salir caro, como lo demuestra el intento de golpe de los seguidores de Donald Trump. La turba envalentonada de Trump se atrevió a tomarse el capitolio americano para cambiar el resultado de las elecciones, pero falló porque no tiene los números ni controla el uso de la fuerza. El corolario es que este intento fallido los saca finalmente del closet como la facción fascista que son en realidad y les hace mucho más difícil presentarse como las fuerzas de la ley y el orden. Yo estoy convencido que la gran diferencia entre el fascismo y el Trumpismo es precisamente eso: Una cuestión de cálculo, una mera cuestión de números. Algo parecido puede observarse en la Francia de Le Pen, la Italia de Salvini e incluso el Brasil de Bolsonaro. Aunque algunos de ellos hayan construido movimientos masivos y sean muy populares en las elecciones, no pueden usar la fuerza como principal arma de lucha porque no tienen la suerte de Mussolini: No disponen (todavía) de cientos de miles de hombres de la guerra furiosos y dispuestos a exterminar a sus opositores políticos a punta de tiros y porrazos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pero antes de concluir que el termino fascismo es inadecuado para dar cuenta de estos nuevos populismos, vale la pena revisar los otros elementos claves del movimiento de Mussolini. Los personajes del Hijo del Siglo acusan por lo menos otras tres características importantes: Primero, la constante invocación de los peores instintos de nuestra especie y su transposición a una agenda política. En el caso de la Italia de Mussolini, el resentimiento que albergaban los veteranos de guerra hacia la injusta repartición del botín de la primera guerra mundial era uno de esos sentimientos fácilmente maleables para fines políticos. Se trataba de la gran herida en el orgullo patrio de los valientes que pelearon la gran guerra y resultaron victoriosos para luego ver a los grandes poderes repartirse el botín sin mucha consideración por Italia: Una suerte de nacionalismo mancillado, análogo al sentimiento anti-inmigración al que apelan los populistas Europeos contemporáneos para presentarse como los únicos capaces de impedir que la gentuza que cruza el océano invada a Europa y condene a los Europeos al caos y a la perdida de sus culturas y tradiciones. Este parrafo del libro de Scurati es muy elocuente al respecto:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;“Benito Mussolini por ahora está allí con las manos vacías, pero ha sido el primero en comprender que cabía explotar el rencor para la lucha política, el primero en haberse puesto a la cabeza de un ejército de insatisfechos, desclasados y fracasados que se pasan los días sacando brillo a sus puñales mientras él los pasa entre la redacción y la calle, a la espera de que algo explote.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;El segundo elemento que El Hijo del Siglo parece resaltar es la tendencia fascista a fabricar y cultivar la de la idea de un enemigo público, la idea de una facción opositora con la cual no se puede transigir ni dialogar ni coexistir. En la Italia de inicio del siglo XX los socialistas eran la perfecta encarnación de este enemigo público. El recuento que hace Scurati sobre la gran decepción socialista de los años 20 es, dicho sea de paso, un indicio más de que que El Hijo Del Siglo trasciende la propaganda.  La novela relata en suficiente detalle el verdadero lastre en el que el socialismo Italiano se había convertido en ese momento de la historia, no para sugerir que los socialistas merecían la brutalidad que se avecinaba sino para explicarnos cómo es que los socialistas Italianos, que amenazaban con huelgas y revolución y actuaban como tiranos en las provincias contribuyeron a la causa propagandística de Mussolini y a su esfuerzo por presentarlos como los enemigos de Italia. Estos son un par de apartes particularmente interesantes al respecto:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;(…) Bolonia está devastada. En la ciudad hay nada menos que dos Cámaras del Trabajo que compiten entre sí en extremismo revolucionario. Incluso el alcalde socialista Zanardi, que de natural es un moderado, para no perder terreno anima a la ocupación de las villas señoriales invitando a los inquilinos a proclamarse dueños de las viviendas. El «callo en las manos» hace y deshace. Se llega a negar el pan a quienes no tienen carnet del sindicato, las clases medias están entre la espada y la pared, muchos empleadores prefieren vender sus propiedades&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;(…) Las ligas «rojas» son las dueñas de la situación. Consiguen imponer a los propietarios agrícolas condiciones laborales tales que los privan casi prácticamente de todo derecho de propiedad sobre sus tierras. A los terratenientes que violan las reglas impuestas por las ligas se les imponen fuertes multas que engrosan las arcas de los huelguistas. La aversión hacia los arrendatarios y los pequeños propietarios es particularmente tenaz. A estos, a quienes sienten más próximos, los jornaleros sin tierras les reservan su odio más despiadado.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Leyendo con cuidado a Scurati, es imposible evitar la conclusión de que los abusos de las organizaciones obreras y campesinas y la fijación socialista con la guerra de clases fueron verdaderos amplificadores del mensaje propagandístico de Mussolini y del sentimiento de rencor y frustración entre la base política del Duce:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;“Los obreros, presa de la bravuconería, cuando se encuentran con el caballero acicalado con uniforme de oficial y monóculo, que se jacta de sus batallas a la salida del Caffè Paszkowski, se convencen de que la guerra ha sido una especulación a costa del pellejo de los pobres y le escupen a la cara. En el lado opuesto, los pequeñoburgueses, que en el frente tal vez llegaran a mandar un pelotón, consiguiendo una cinta al valor o una medalla, y ahora en la vida civil, desempleados e ineptos, se ganan los gargajos de sus antiguos subordinados, se sienten aún más traicionados. En definitiva, entre burgueses y proletarios, la decepción es mutua y universal.”&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;El tercer elemento característico del fascismo es el culto a un caudillo, a un hombre fuerte capaz de salvar a la nación del abismo. En El Hijo del Siglo, este elemento se hace particularmente evidente en la forma en que Scurati describe la tensión entre Benito Mussolini y Gabrielle D’Annunzio, el poeta y héroe de guerra que jugó un papel muy importante en los inicios del fascismo. Si Mussolini sentó las bases políticas del fascismo e Italo Balbo las militares (o paramilitares), D’Annunzio fue tal vez el padre de la lírica fascista, el hombre que hacía poesía de las palizas y las porras.  Dada la gran admiración que los veteranos de guerra sentían por D’Annunzio, Mussolini lo necesitaba y a la vez lo odiaba con la envidia de quien se sabía menos querido por las masas de hombres en armas llamadas a efectuar la revolución fascista. Así describe Scurati el culto a los hombres fuertes, en particular a D’Annunzio, desde los inicios del movimiento de Mussolini:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Son en su mayoría veteranos de la Primera Guerra Mundial, la mayor guerra de la historia, que disputaron y ganaron contra el enemigo ancestral del pueblo italiano, ni un año hace, en las orillas del río Piave y, sin embargo, D&#39;Annunzio logra que se sientan derrotados. Y por esa razón ellos lo veneran. Adoran y veneran al mago capaz de ese milagro de alquimia psicopática que está transmutando la mayor victoria jamás alcanzada por Italia en los campos de batalla en una derrota humillante.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Esta tendencia a crear caudillos y a adorar hombres fuertes está muy presente en la oleada de populismo que vivimos. Está latente en el culto a Bolsonaro, en el culto a Salvini, en el culto a Vladimir Putin e incluso en la popularidad de Marine Le Pen, que es en cierto sentido un culto a su padre, el héroe de guerra y negacionista del holocausto Jean-Marie Le Pen. El caso de Le Pen parece apartarse de la obsesión con la figura del varón y el patriarca,  pero me atrevo a decir que la credibilidad de Le Pen como la salvadora de los “valores y tradiciones francesas” está ligada a una suerte de recepción hereditaria de la fuerza viril de su padre, el veterano condecorado, el macho que defendió la dignidad mancillada de Francia. Pero el culto más paradigmático y patológico es sin duda el culto a Donald Trump, empresario fracasado, potencial acosador sexual, potencial evasor fiscal, fundador de universidades fraudulentas, estrella de reality shows y anaranjado frecuentador de cámaras de bronceo. Los seguidores de Trump son una turba de deplorables muy parecida a la “humanidad de residuos” que lideraba Mussolini. El propio Steve Bannon, propagandista por excelencia del Trumpismo (el análogo Trumpiano de Joseph Goebbels) se mostró satisfecho de que los comentaristas políticos “liberales” adoptaran el término “deplorables” para referirse a los Trumpistas porque sabe que la popularidad de Trump depende de que esta turba de desencantados y resentidos le confíe todas sus frustraciones y sus peores instintos al hombre fuerte naranja que les promete hacer a América grande otra vez. Se trata de la religión más peligrosa que se haya fundado en el siglo XX. En los bajos fondos de internet hay una exitosa teoría de la conspiración (el llamado Pizza-gate) que postula que Trump es una especie de salvador enviado por los cielos para librar a los americanos de una élite pedófila que secretamente se alimenta de la sangre de niños y controla lo destinos del mundo de la mano de billonarios globalistas como Bill Gates y George Soros.  Cualquier discusión con esta gentuza es imposible: Su fé es a prueba de evidencia y sus teorías de la conspiración son ciertas no porque estén probadas sino porque los “liberales globalistas” no han podido probar que son falsas. Adoptan la dialéctica de las sectas religiosas: Quien postula una teoría no tiene la carga de probarla, es el resto del planeta el que tiene la carga de refutar sus majaderías.  El propio Trump ha admitido públicamente esta histeria masiva en uno de sus mítines políticos: Se atrevió decir que sus seguidores son tan leales que en caso de que decidiera pararse en la mitad de la quinta avenida y le disparara a algún transeúnte, no perdería ni un solo voto:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;315&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/iTACH1eVIaA&quot; width=&quot;560&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Confieso además que otro argumento importante a favor del uso del término -neofascistas- para referirse a estos personajes es de tipo propagandístico. Sus propagandistas son increíblemente hábiles para acuñar lenguaje de batalla con el que referirse al enemigo: Castrochavistas, copos de nieve, libtards (una combinación de las palabras liberal y retrasado, para referirse a los liberales), globalistas (para referirse a quienes no comparten su pretendida exaltación nacionalista) de manera que, revisada la historia, haríamos bien en contraatacar haciendo uso del peso semántico del término fascista para referirnos a estos fascistas en potencia, a estos aprendices de fascista. Ellos no son los únicos que tienen derecho a hacer cálculos propagandísticos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Finalmente, valdría la pena pensar en lo que nos dice El Hijo del Siglo sobre la realidad política Colombiana. ¿También se equivocan quienes acusan a Alvaro Uribe y al centro democrático de ser una fuerza fascista? Me temo que si nos atenemos a la conclusión de más arriba, el Uribismo (y tal vez su más reciente encarnación en el centro democrático) no puede salir bien librado.  Basta con recordar el pacto de Ralito y considerar la simbiótica relación entre el Uribismo y las fuerzas paramilitares que en los noventas controlaban vastísimas extensiones de la Colombia rural en la que la presencia del estado como monopolista de la fuerza era y sigue siendo extremadamente débil. Recordemos además que durante el gobierno de Uribe ocurrieron &lt;a href=&quot;https://caracol.com.co/radio/2020/08/25/nacional/1598313669_388401.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;177 masacres&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, muchas de ellas perpetradas por ejércitos paramilitares de extrema derecha con el fin de limpiar las regiones de subversivos y/o sus colaboradores y de exterminar al otro, al enemigo público. Recórdemos además que hay reportes y documentación creíble sobre la extrema vesanía y brutalidad empleada por los paramilitares (motosierras, decapitaciones, torturas, humillaciones públicas y abusos sexuales) y que varios miembros de la fuerza pública han sido encontrado culpables de permitir o incluso colaborar en la ejecución de estas fechorías.   Consideremos por un segundo este recuento que hace Scurati sobre la brutalidad de las escuadras fascistas en la Italia rural de la Italia de Mussolini y pensemos en la historia reciente de la Colombia rural:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Lo colocan contra la pared. Hacen salir a los viejos, a la mujer y a los niños para que sean testigos de la ejecución del hijo, del marido, del padre y alinean frente a él un caricaturesco pelotón de fusilamiento. Las dos niñas pequeñas —que quizá tengan siete y nueve años— no chillan, no lloran, enmudecidas ante la inminente muerte de su padre y el apocalipsis de su mundo. Los escuadristas apuntan con sus armas. Después de que el hombre con las gafas de motociclista dé la orden abren fuego. Pero el jefe sindical sigue de pie: todos han levantado el arma para fingir una ejecución. En ese momento su esposa estalla en sollozos, se deshace en un irrefrenable llanto de alivio. El marido aparta la espalda del muro y da un paso cauteloso hacia ella. Solo su hija mayor se da cuenta de lo que ocurre. Tiende una pequeña mano con la palma abierta, dirigida hacia arriba y hacia afuera, y lanza un grito que perdurará toda su vida: —¡No, papá, vete, vete! El hombre de las gafas gira la maza herrada sobre su cabeza y asesta un golpe en la cabeza del jefe sindical. El padre derribado se arrastra por ﻿el suelo hacia sus hijas con el rostro cubierto de sangre, tartamudeando palabras inconexas, repta entre las piernas de los escuadristas que lo golpean con sus garrotes. Parece que todo ha terminado. El jefe de los asesinos, sin embargo, hace un gesto a los suyos para detener la paliza. Luego avanza lentamente hacia el hombre en el suelo, le pasa la pierna derecha por encima, se coloca a horcajadas sobre él, y dobla las rodillas, con un gesto incongruente, en una postura desmañada e incómoda, en cuclillas sobre sus talones, casi forzado por una repentina necesidad de defecar. En cambio, extrae del bolsillo de la gabardina una pistola y dispara al hombre moribundo por la espalda. El cuerpo se estremece. Ahora sí que todo ha terminado.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Aunque es muy ligero salir a las calles a gritar que Alvaro Uribe Velez es un paraco (así como habría sido muy ligero sugerir que Mussolini era un escuadrista de porra) es innegable que el Uribismo como fuerza política ha usado la violencia paramilitar para fines políticos o por lo menos ha sido su beneficiario político principal. Aunque el Uribismo como fenómeno político haya sido refrendado en las urnas, lo cierto es que la alianza entre algunos de sus líderes y los ejércitos paramilitares, la verdadera simbiosis entre su facción política y la violencia paramilitar, lo acercan peligrosamente al fascismo. No al neofascismo desarmado de Le Pen, sino al fascismo más primigenio:  Aquel en el que un gran hombre, un hijo del siglo (¿un gran colombiano?) se tomaba el poder a porrazos para cumplir con los designios de su destino: Salvar a su nación de un terrible enemigo, de una extrema indignidad. Si Mussolini proponía al fascismo como el reemplazo lógico de la democracia liberal en decadencia, el Uribismo nos propuso en algún momento reemplazar el estado de derecho por un estado de opinión.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Acemoglu y Robinson hacen un análisis desapasionado al respecto en su bien recibido libro sobre el origen del poder, la prosperidad y la pobreza (¿Por qué fallan las naciones?):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;“(…) La violencia y la ausencia de instituciones estatales entran en una relación simbiótica con los políticos que llevan las riendas de las partes funcionales de la sociedad. Esta relación simbiótica surge porque los políticos en el nivel nacional explotan la ausencia de gobierno y estado de derecho en las provincias, mientras el estado central deja a los grupos paramilitares a su suerte. Este patrón se hizo particularmente evidente desde el año 2000. En el año 2002, Alvaro Uribe ganó las elecciones presidenciales. Uribe tenía algo en común con los hermanos Castaño: Las FARC también habían matado a su padre. Uribe basó su campaña política en la repudiación de los esfuerzos del gobierno anterior para negociar un acuerdo de paz con las FARC. En el año 2002 su porcentaje de votos fue 3% mayor en las zonas con influencia paramilitar. En 2006, cuando fué reelegido, su porcentaje de votos fue 11% mayor en esas áreas. Si Mancuso y sus socios pudieron asegurar una victoria en las elecciones al congreso, también lo podían hacer en las elecciones presidenciales, especialmente para favorecer a un presidente fuertemente alineado con su visión del mundo y que probablemente les daría un trato laxo. Como lo aseguró Jairo Angarita, el hombre de confianza de Mancuso y líder de los bloques Sinú y San Jorge de las autodefensas, él estaba orgulloso de trabajar por la reelección del mejor presidente que hemos tenido”. (La traducción del original en inglés es mía).&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sea lo que sea que creamos al respecto, lo cierto es que la obra de Scurati es importantísima precisamente porque escudriña en la sabiduría de la historia para ofrecernos nuevos elementos para evaluar nuestra realidad política y examinar el lenguaje en el que nos referimos a ella. Todo esto en 800 páginas, que son muchas, pero están muy bien escritas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;


</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/3674969971380584242/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2021/01/del-hijo-del-siglo-al-gran-colombiano.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/3674969971380584242'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/3674969971380584242'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2021/01/del-hijo-del-siglo-al-gran-colombiano.html' title='Del Hijo del Siglo al Gran Colombiano'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUyhVfigg0cwpgrTZwqmR-uxaX1Q58T6HgyYmBYMnyi9Q3CObjZUkob11nkxNRSnVQQ_ook0K2bP0apY2DOvj_6l1hzNIrkb2xC_bpychS_5GnWC7oa3eGnpGvC9vF7CIFuhix/s72-w405-h640-c/EAL37958.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-1358498733376081257</id><published>2020-09-22T23:39:00.010+02:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T13:54:37.262+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fotografía"/><title type='text'>The Lüneburger Heide</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/50353292427/in/dateposted-public/&quot; title=&quot;Heather Flowers&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Heather Flowers&quot; height=&quot;533&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/50353292427_bcfd80af83_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Northern Germany is beautiful. It is in many ways a perfect gateway between Europa and Scandinavia. Some of the charm is due to the fact that it flies under the radar: It is not part of the European circuit that attracts so many compulsive selfie-takers and sight-collectors (and their hideous selfie-sticks and selfie-stuff). Visitors don&#39;t usually come here to strike a pose near a tower or a monument that they have seen in post cards nor to take a look at a work of art made popular by the current best-seller. This beauty here is quiet and understated. Still somewhat of a well-kept secret.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
 
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&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/50371414413/in/dateposted-public/&quot; title=&quot;Lüneburger Heide VIII&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Lüneburger Heide VIII&quot; height=&quot;533&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/50371414413_6fbc74fa34_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/1358498733376081257/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2020/09/in-luneburger-heide.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/1358498733376081257'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/1358498733376081257'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2020/09/in-luneburger-heide.html' title='The Lüneburger Heide'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00863770811957861414</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-1001963099417522733</id><published>2020-06-28T23:48:00.009+02:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T13:55:58.855+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Videojuegos"/><title type='text'>About the Last of Us II</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe allow=&quot;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;533&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/JFtipGFmb18&quot; width=&quot;800&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;If any of the all-too-familiar hecatombs finally comes to happen, be it one that decimates us rather silently or one that turns us into blood-thirsty zombies like in the movies; if one day the highlights of glamour and grandeur of our species come to appear as distant as the sparkles of sunlight in our childhood nostalgia, how would we go about counting our losses? Would we become the kind of animal still able to find solace in the places that remind us we once walked on the moon, would we build tall buildings adorned with gargoyles in which to worship long outdated prophets, would we find men or women wise enough to resolve even our most intractable differences and if so would we force them to wear black robes and ridiculous wigs? Would we try again to walk the path that leads us to new Einsteins and Picassos (how long could that take?) or would we just endlessly wander around what is left of the world, catering only for what is urgent and crucial?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/1001963099417522733/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2020/06/about-last-of-us-ii.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/1001963099417522733'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/1001963099417522733'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2020/06/about-last-of-us-ii.html' title='About the Last of Us II'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00863770811957861414</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/JFtipGFmb18/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-57539788842071950</id><published>2020-03-14T15:28:00.008+01:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T13:57:27.378+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Derecho"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fintech"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Law"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Literatura"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Regulation"/><title type='text'>Los Jueces y las Tasas de Interés</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Una lectura crítica de las sentencias del Tribunal Supremo Español sobre los límites aplicables a las tasas de interés en el crédito al consumo, a propósito del caso Wizink.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevec77/107868154&quot; title=&quot;Lunar Justice&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Lunar Justice&quot; height=&quot;533&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/41/107868154_71a21d11c9_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Originalmente publicada en &lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/los-jueces-y-las-tasas-de-inter%25C3%25A9s-javier-pimentel-calderon/?trackingId=KUMeqnnaR0CgAJnSNISbJw%3D%3D&quot;&gt;Linkedin.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Dado el ambiente de polarización en el que vivimos y con el fin de evitar suspicacias sobre mis inclinaciones políticas, quiero empezar diciendo que el rol de los jueces como árbitros de las relaciones entre los actores del sistema financiero es muy importante.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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A finales de los noventa, por ejemplo, la Corte Constitucional Colombiana usó sus poderes de revisión de constitucionalidad para excluir del ordenamiento jurídico Colombiano una serie de leyes cuyo efecto práctico era el aumento desproporcionado del costo del crédito de los deudores hipotecarios. Entrar en detalle requeriría un texto inaceptablemente largo para los estándares del internet, así que para los propósitos de esta nota me limitaré a decir que en los noventas, la ley Colombiana ordenaba revisar periódicamente las obligaciones dinerarias de los deudores hipotecarios con referencia a las tasas de interés del mercado financiero. Así las cosas, un aumento en las tasas de interés implicaba un aumento del valor real en pesos colombianos de las obligaciones dinerarias de los deudores hipotecarios en favor de los bancos. Pues bien, justo cuando las coyunturas macroeconómicas dispararon las tasas de interés y la gente en las calles se quejaba de que había pagado tres o cuatro veces el valor de sus casas a los bancos, la corte constitucional emitió un par de sentencias que declararon inexequibles los apartes problematicos de las normas en comento.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
 
  
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Al márgen de las críticas que recibió en su momento la corte constitucional colombiana y las acusaciones de activismo judicial que llovieron desde muchos sectores (muchas formuladas por &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/publicaciones/archivos/modelantiliberal.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;respetados economistas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) la historia tiende a mirar dichas sentencias con simpatía. Se trató pues de decisiones que forzaron al gobierno y al legislativo a proponer una pronta solución a lo que se percibía como una profunda crisis social en ciernes. Vistas desde cierta óptica, dichas decisiones son un buen ejemplo del rol que pueden jugar los jueces, cuando todo lo demás falla, para corregir injusticias causadas por las ausencia o las falencias de la regulación financiera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Escribo todo este preámbulo para advertir que no vengo a acusar al Tribunal Supremo del poder judicial de España de &quot;activismo judicial&quot;. Por el contrario, escribo convencido de que la sentencia 149/2020 del Tribunal Supremo era una decisión que muchos estábamos esperando por lo menos desde noviembre de 2015, fecha en la que el Tribunal Supremo se había pronunciado por última vez sobre las tasas de interés aplicables al crédito al consumo. El segundo &lt;i&gt;caveat&lt;/i&gt; es que escribo estas líneas después de 8 años de trabajar como responsable de los asuntos legales y los programas de cumplimiento de dos compañías de crédito al consumo, de manera que no puedo hacer mucho para desactivar &lt;i&gt;esta otra&lt;/i&gt; suspicacia aparte de admitir que he seguido la discusión de política pública sobre las tasas de interés (si es que hay tal cosa en España en el momento) principalmente desde la óptica de los acreedores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Quiero proponer entonces que tanto la sentencia de 2015 como esta última de Marzo de 2020 son malas decisiones no porque crea que el Tribunal Supremo debió quedarse callado al respecto, sino porque revisados sus fundamentos con detenimiento, hay por lo menos tres críticas importantes por hacer:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;La primera crítica no es nueva, pero vale la pena repetirla y formularla claramente con fines de completitud&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;source&amp;quot; serif &amp;quot;pro&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.74902)&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #93c47d;&quot;&gt;El Tribunal Supremo Español defiende una interpretación incompleta de la ley de Usura.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px none; box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: currentcolor none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Basta con remitirnos a las consideraciones del tribunal en la sentencia de Noviembre de 2015 para entender el problema. Escribía el tribunal en aquella ocasión: &lt;i&gt;&quot;A partir de los primeros años cuarenta, la jurisprudencia de esta Sala volvió a la línea jurisprudencial inmediatamente posterior a la promulgación de la Ley de Represión de la Usura, en el sentido de no exigir que, para que un préstamo pudiera considerarse usurario, concurrieran todos los requisitos objetivos y subjetivos previstos en el art. 1 de la ley. Por tanto, y en lo que al caso objeto del recurso interesa, para que la operación crediticia pueda ser considerada usuraria, basta con que se den los requisitos previstos en el primer inciso del art. 1 de la ley, esto es, « que se estipule un interés notablemente superior al normal del dinero y manifiestamente desproporcionado con las circunstancias del caso », sin que sea exigible que, acumuladamente, se exija « que ha sido aceptado por el prestatario a causa de su situación angustiosa, de su inexperiencia o de lo limitado de sus facultades mentales»&quot;&lt;/i&gt;. El problema es que el art. 1 de la Ley de Represión de la Usura establece que la nulidad por usura aplicará para un &quot;&lt;i&gt;(...) préstamo en que se estipule un interés notablemente superior al normal del dinero y manifiestamente desproporcionado con las circunstancias del caso o en condiciones tales que resulte aquél leonino&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;georgia&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;source&amp;quot; serif &amp;quot;pro&amp;quot; , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.74902)&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;habiendo motivos para estimar que ha sido aceptado por el prestatario a causa de su situación angustiosa, de su inexperiencia o de lo limitado de sus facultades mentales.&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;De manera que estamos ante una cierta preferencia hermenéutica: El Tribunal ha mantenido ya desde algún tiempo que los requisitos subjetivos del Art. 1 de la ley de represión de la Usura, a saber: La aceptación de un préstamo a causa de situaciones angustiosas, inexperiencia o limitación en las facultades mentales del prestatario, se pueden obviar para efectos del exámen de usura. Como si no hicieran parte de la &lt;i&gt;lex lata&lt;/i&gt;. Y al márgen de lo que podamos pensar sobre esa interpretación (que es una interpretacion defensible, como lo expresa Javier Hermida en &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/comentarios_sentencias_unificacion_doctrina_civil_y_mercantil/abrir_pdf.php?id=COM-D-2015-45_Comentarios_a_las_Sentencias_de_Unificacion_de_Doctrina__Civil_y_Mercantil__Aplicaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ley_de_represi%C3%B3n_de_la_usura_a_un_contrato_de_apertura_de_cr%C3%A9dito&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;este comentario&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) lo grave es que el juzgador no se toma el trabajo de explicarnos las consideraciones que la justifican. No sabemos si se trata de una consideración en equidad o si el Tribunal Supremo ha hecho alguna consideración atinente a la constitucionalidad de una u otra interpretación. No sabemos cual es la carpintería hermenéutica que lo lleva a rechazar la tal vez más plausible interpretación acumulativa. El tribunal nos dice la respuesta y nos dice que esa ha sido su doctrina desde los cuarenta, pero no nos explica cómo ha llegado a ella, lo que es (aunque nos guste la conclusión) por lo menos decepcionante viniendo del máximo órgano del poder judicial Español. Es tan decepcionante que me haría muy feliz que alguien con acceso a las bases de datos correctas desempolvara una sentencia de los cuarenta que ofrezca más luces al respecto, si es que existe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Por otra parte, &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;la sentencia 149/2020 que resuelve el caso Wizink es una verdadera regresión en términos de seguridad jurídica si se le compara con la sentencia de 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;En ésta última el tribunal había establecido una subregla según la cual, para determinar la existencia de un interés usurario, el interés pactado en un contrato de crédito debe compararse con el interés &quot;normal&quot; del dinero, que a su vez puede establecerse acudiendo a las estadísticas del banco de España. Dicho exámen, sostenía el Tribunal, debe hacerse atendiendo las circunstancias del caso, admitiéndose la posibilidad de que un determinado acreedor justifique un interés que se desvíe del &quot;interés normal&quot; probando las circunstancias o las características del producto de crédito que ameriten el interés en exceso. Muy razonable: El Tribunal no fijó una tasa máxima sino que se remitió a las estadísticas del Banco de España como el punto de referencia de &lt;i&gt;normalidad&lt;/i&gt; y puso la carga de la prueba en los hombros de los acreedores, a quienes les corresponde acreditar en cada caso las circunstancias que ameritan un interés superior &lt;i&gt;al normal&lt;/i&gt;. Además, en aquella ocasión el interés pactado en el contrato de crédito sujeto a revisión excedía en más de dos veces el interés normal, así que decidir a favor del consumidor parecía la decisión más justa. Pues bien, en la reciente Sentencia de 4 de Marzo de 2020, el Tribunal parece cambiar de opinión sobre las estadísticas del Banco de España: Ya no se trata de estadísticas que aporten luces sobre el interés &lt;b&gt;normal&lt;/b&gt; del dinero en todos los casos sino que, a pesar de que representan el promedio de las operaciones en el mercado (como lo explicó el propio Tribunal en 2015) pueden estas ser &quot;ya muy elevadas&quot; per se. Estamos entonces (si no ante una contradicción) ante una decisión que leída con detenimiento implica un cambio doctrinal importante: El promedio de los intereses que las entidades reguladas pactan en sus contratos (tal como lo consigna periódicamente el banco de España) no es más un indicador del interés normal del dinero que los proveedores de crédito al consumo puedan usar como punto de referencia seguro para fijar sus precios, sino que en algunos casos (El tribunal no nos dice cuales) este promedio puede resultar ya muy elevado per se y por ende muy cercano a la usura. (6 puntos porcentuales muy cercano, como lo constató el banco Wizink en esta ocasión, por ejemplo). Espero que mi queja se haga un poco más clara: Propongo que este tipo de vaivenes doctrinales son realmente perniciosos para la seguridad jurídica que requieren los actores del sistema financiero&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;En el caso Wizink&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;el tribunal supremo ha decidido, como por fíat, que una TAE del 20% es una tasa &quot;ya muy elevada&quot;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Esta crítica es ligeramente diferente a la anterior y es a mi juicio la más importante de las tres: El máximo organo del poder judicial de España ha decido que el interés promedio de las operaciones de crédito revolving en 2018 era ya muy elevado sin decirnos cómo llega a semejante conclusión. Al márgen de la reacción visceral que nos cause una TAE del 20% y haciendo a un lado el hecho de que las estadísticas del banco de España son artificialmente bajas porque excluyen las operaciones de las entidades no reguladas, lo cierto es que estamos ante una decisión que puede tener un impacto gigantesco en el acceso al crédito de los Españoles porque pone en tela de juicio la existencia de un mercado de crédito subprime. Sin embargo, esta decisión ha sido tomada por el tribunal de cierre como por decreto. En el texto de la sentencia no consta, por ejemplo, que el tribunal haya hecho uso de los medios de los que dispondría un juzgador de su influencia para hacer una evaluación informada sobre el promedio de las tasas de interés del mercado. En tratándose de un recurso de casación, no estoy seguro de que el tribunal estuviera facultado para decretar más pruebas, pero uno podría suponer que las consideraciones de un perito economista u otro experto independiente habrían sido valiosas para motivar la sentencia. Y en este punto quisiera evitar con todas mis fuerzas que esta crítica suene como una oda más a la sabiduría del mercado, pero en ausencia de un argumento cogente que lleve a la conclusión de que una TAE que promedia los 20 puntos porcentuales es &lt;i&gt;ya muy elevada,&lt;/i&gt; la decisión del Tribunal es a todas luces arbitraria. Populista, tal vez. Y aunque la escuela del realismo jurídico ya nos enseñó que los jueces pueden ser populistas y que frecuentemente lo son, es realmente problemático cuando sus decisiones suenan&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;infundadamente&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;populistas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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Evacuada la crítica, que he tratado de formular de forma tal que no suene a &lt;i&gt;diatriba de abogado de bancos&lt;/i&gt;, me parece importante decir lo siguiente: Al márgen de las aprehensiones que uno tenga sobre la jurisprudencia en comento, es claro que la raíz del problema es la ausencia de una ley de usura actualizada para la España del siglo 21. Aunque a mi juicio el Tribunal ha sucumbido a un impulso populista que parece desproporcionado en ausencia de una crisis como la que motivó las decisiones de la Corte Constitucional Colombiana de finales de los noventas, la experiencia sugiere que cuando los jueces se ven abocados a este tipo de populismo, lo hacen motivados por el yerro o inacción del legislativo y/o del ejecutivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Hay un montón de discusiones importantísimas de política pública que se han quedado en el aire: ¿Cual debería ser el límite para las tasas de interés del Crédito al Consumo otorgado en España?¿Es una buena idea prohibir los llamados créditos subprime? ¿Si se permiten estos créditos, bajo qué precauciones deberían otorgarse para salvaguardar los derechos e intereses de los consumidores?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Propongo, para finalizar con autocrítica, que los llamados a proponer respuestas sensatas para esas preguntas de política pública y así una solución ponderada para este lío somos nosotros, en la industria. Es urgente que lideremos un grupo de trabajo multisectorial (que incluya especialmente a las asociaciones de protección al consumidor) para buscar algunos consensos que legitimen una propuesta autoregulatoria que tenga vocación de informar una iniciativa legislativa. Estoy seguro de que algunos preferirán seguir navegando la incertidumbre de forma oportunista, pero dada la erosión que esta última decisión del Supremo va a producir en el desempeño de los portafolios de crédito de toda la industria, me parece que la única opción viable a largo plazo es participar en la discusión. Liderarla, si es necesario. La incertidumbre que ha creado el Tribunal Supremo no le conviene a nadie excepto a algunos litigantes que la han convertido en negocio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Importante: Las opiniones expresadas en este comentario son las opiniones personales del autor. No constituyen la posición oficial de Mash.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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     </content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/57539788842071950/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2020/03/los-jueces-y-las-tasas-de-interes.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/57539788842071950'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/57539788842071950'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2020/03/los-jueces-y-las-tasas-de-interes.html' title='Los Jueces y las Tasas de Interés'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-529301304034711964</id><published>2020-03-01T01:46:00.005+01:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T13:58:38.248+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Colombia"/><title type='text'>El efecto Mario Hernández</title><content type='html'>&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/hernanpc/6880183688/in/photolist-btYJUG&quot; photo=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;Travel&quot; type=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Travel&quot; height=&quot;450&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/7077/6880183688_e457f4113b_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
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Está última navidad compré un bolso en la nueva boutique de Mario Hernández en el Andino. Me contaba el personal de la tienda que se trata de una suerte de &lt;i&gt;flagship store&lt;/i&gt; en la que se ofrecen ediciones limitadas o artículos que solo se lanzarán en colecciones futuras.  El bolso es un regalo maravilloso para una novia extranjera: El diseño tiene referencias a la cultura colombiana sin caer en el provincialismo de feria artesanal, el cuero es de una calidad inconfundible y la ejecución es prácticamente perfecta, con una atención al detalle que no se encuentra en ninguna otra marca Colombiana.  No me encanta el nombre de la colección: “Missache”, pero no hay duda que se trata de una colección de marroquinería que no tiene mucho que envidiarle a las que se atisban en las vitrinas de las grandes casas de moda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Algunos días después de haber comprado el -missache-, todavía lleno de orgullo patrio, leí con sorpresa un trino (ya borrado) de Mario Hernández con ocasión de la muerte del general Iraní Qasem Soleimani en el que el empresario decía, básicamente, que mientras en otras latitudes a los terroristas se les llama por su nombre, en Colombia nos hemos acostumbrado a llamarlos líderes sociales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;(Esta es una captura del trino oportunamente eliminado por Hernández)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Las voces de indignación en las redes sociales no se hicieron esperar. En Twitter (que es una suerte de universo paralelo en el que los Colombianos somos más progresistas que los suecos) llamaron a boicotear los productos de la marca y lo colmaron de insultos e improperios de todo tipo. Hernández borró el trino en cuestión, publicó un críptico video (en camiseta) que contenía todos los puntos de conversación que aconsejaría un buen relacionista público y reiteró en varias ocasiones, como escondiendo la mano después de tirar la piedra, que &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.larepublica.co/empresas/empresario-mario-hernandez-dice-que-no-piensa-como-el-tweet-que-replico-2948773&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;“yo reenvié un tweet, no es que yo piense así”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Por favor no confundan mi mensaje. &lt;a href=&quot;https://t.co/ijMYMgjiPq&quot;&gt;pic.twitter.com/ijMYMgjiPq&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
— Mario Hernandez (@marioherzam) &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/marioherzam/status/1213857012611780609?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&quot;&gt;January 5, 2020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Podríamos usar esta anécdota para especular sobre el carácter del señor Hernández, pero ahora que la indignación se ha disipado un poco, propongo que pensemos en en ese trino como el gesto delator de una visión del mundo que es extremadamente frecuente entre las personas que han alcanzado un cierto éxito (especialmente un cierto éxito financiero) bajo los estándares Colombianos. Empezaría, a manera de ensayo, sugiriendo tres ideas que son típicas entre las personas que padecen esa aflicción:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;El mundo se divide entre quienes producen y los otros:&lt;/span&gt;  Esta idea es muy simple y es extrañamente común incluso en personas que no pueden jactarse de nada.  La hemos escuchado en variaciones: “los otros” puede referirse a la gente que se queja en vez de trabajar o la gente “que lo quiere todo regalado”.  Es esta la idea que explica el desdén de algunos &quot;exitosos&quot; y &quot;exitosas&quot; contra cualquiera que se atreva a hacer expresiones públicas de inconformidad.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;Quienes generan empleo merecen un agradecimiento reverencial: &lt;/span&gt;Esta idea parece partir de la extraña creencia de que las empresas establecen relaciones laborales por altruismo. Es una noción particularmente perniciosa porque sugiere que las relaciones entre empleados y empleadores están mediadas por la caridad. Es una cierta forma de sugerir que los empresarios contratan gente con el fin de “construir país”.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;El fin último del estado es hacerle la vida más fácil a quienes “generan riqueza”&lt;/span&gt;:  Esta ocurrencia usualmente viene acompañada de la noción de que cada vez que el estado se desvía de este fin último, está cediendo a una corriente comunista o a una tendencia “de izquierda”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Basta con escuchar atentamente los últimos comentarios públicos de Mario Hernández para darse cuenta de que esas tres ideas acechan desde las entrelíneas de su discurso.  Pero ya hemos escuchado esas ideas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;ad nauseam&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;.   Se me antoja que la historia de vida de Mario Hernández nos puede dar luces sobre algo más interesante: Sobre las razones que llevan a una persona a adoptar esa visión del mundo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Entonces volvamos a Don Mario.  En el libro homónimo que acompaña al -missache- que le compré a mi novia, hay una suerte de pista fundacional: La historia de vida de Mario Hernández está marcada por la tragedia y las vicisitudes.  Nadie le regaló nada a Don Mario, o por lo menos eso se esfuerza en contarnos: Su padre falleció cuando tenía apenas 10 años dejando a su familia sin sustento económico, la violencia los desplazó hasta Bogotá donde tuvo que trabajar como mensajero. El lanzamiento de su primera tienda en Nueva York fue un estruendoso fracaso. Basta con buscar su nombre en Google para ser bombardeado con los detalles de esta grandiosa historia de superación y movilidad social. Y es una historia muy simpática, pero creo que no es una coincidencia que se nos repita hasta el cansancio.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Propongo pues que esa es la clave:  Cierta gente muy exitosa en Colombia tiende a creer, desde la relativa cúspide financiera de un país de renta media, que su historia de éxito post-tribulación es una clara indicación de que hay un extraño defecto entre los que se quejan, entre los que no producen, entre los que no lo logran, &lt;i&gt;en los otros&lt;/i&gt;.  Si ellos o ellas pudieron, a pesar de todo, cualquiera puede. Esa extraña convicción, expresada públicamente y acompañada de recomendaciones de política pública, es a lo que propongo que llamemos el Efecto Mario Hernández.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Se trata entonces de una aflicción que hace que ciertas personas muy exitosas lean a Colombia desde el prisma de su propio éxito, como si sus excepcionales historias y las de algunas otras fueran suficientes para describir el país en el que vivimos.  El discurso que emana de quienes padecen esta aflicción tiende a dejar de lado el hecho de que este es un país desaforadamente desigual, por ejemplo. Si usamos datos de 2008 sobre coeficientes o índices de Gini, &amp;nbsp;los &lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://knoema.es/atlas/topics/Pobreza/Desigualdad-del-ingreso/%C3%8Dndice-GINI&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;rankings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;tienden a indicar que Colombia está entre los diez países del planeta con distribuciones de ingreso más desiguales. Y no hace falta ser un economista para darse cuenta de que en Colombia, al margen de la distribución del ingreso, la mermelada de las oportunidades está muy mal repartida.  Basta con alejarse unas cuantas decenas de kilómetros de las capitales para darse cuenta de que hay una atroz desigualdad en el acceso a servicios públicos básicos y/o a la educación. &amp;nbsp;¿Cuantos Marios Hernández en potencia le habremos perdido a la epidemia de inanición que aqueja a la alta Guajira, por ejemplo?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El efecto que trato de describir, esa forma de leernos desde la cúspide alcanzada con gran dificultad, es particularmente pernicioso cuando se usa como el principio rector de discusiones sobre política económica.  Solo es compatible con la receta que ya conocemos: La idea de que lo único realmente apremiante es aliviarle la carga a los que más producen, a los que más generan riqueza. Si a estos les va bien, a todos nos va bien. Se trata de una forma extrema de neoliberalismo en la que la falta de ortodoxia económica es el único pecado imperdonable para un gobernante.  La desigualdad rampante, los malos récords de derechos humanos, todo está perdonado de antemano si el PIB crece a la velocidad correcta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Por si las dudas: Todo parece indicar que Mario Hernández es un gran empresario. Su increíble travesía desde desplazado por la violencia hasta fundador y dueño de una consolidada marca de artículos de lujo es admirable.  Los artículos que vende en sus tiendas son maravillosos. Es probable que su compañía genere muchos empleos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Pero hombres y mujeres de éxito hay en todos lados. Su éxito en los negocios no necesariamente los hace ejemplos a seguir o buenos comentaristas de política pública. &lt;a href=&quot;https://hbr.org/1996/01/a-country-is-not-a-company&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Decía Paul Krugman hace ya algunos años&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a propósito&amp;nbsp;de la creencia (muy frecuente en círculos conservadores americanos) de que las personas con grandes fortunas saben como hacer que una nación sea más próspera, que lo que las personas aprenden en el curso de sus negocios no los prepara para formular políticas macroeconómicas exitosas.  &amp;nbsp;Yo sugiero algo acaso más obvio:  Sus historias de vida son simples anécdotas, no son radiografías a través de las cuales se debería observar la realidad social con pretensión de completitud ni con base en las cuales deba formularse política pública.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La historia de superación de Mario Hernández, así como las historias de superación y movilidad social de muchos otros colombianos y colombianas exitosas son historias personales. Es probable que algunas de ellas también sean historias entrañables y ejemplarizantes sobre personajes nacidos en dificultades extremas que alcanzan un éxito fulgurante en contra de todos los pronósticos. Sospecho que todos compartimos una cierta proclividad por ese tipo de historias como fuente de inspiración en momentos aciagos. &amp;nbsp;Sin embargo, es importante recordar que este tipo de historias no prueban mucho más que la tenacidad, el talento innato y/o la resiliencia de personas como Don Mario. En algunos casos tal vez solo sean grandilocuentes epopeyas sobre gente que ha tenido mucha suerte.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Lo cierto es que estas historias no son la foto completa del país en el que vivimos. Incluso si hacemos a un lado la consideración más obvia: que los empresarios defienden primordialmente los intereses de los empresarios, es importante recordar que la realidad no puede entenderse observando solo las excepciones. Esto aplica incluso si la excepción somos nosotros mismos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Propongo que es más sensato evaluar una política pública preguntándose cómo es que esta afecta a los que no somos excepcionales, a los que tienen poco talento, a los que no tienen suerte, a los que nacieron sin la resiliencia de Don Mario. &amp;nbsp;¿Cómo es que nos afecta la política a todos “los otros&quot;?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/529301304034711964/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2020/03/el-efecto-mario-hernandez.html#comment-form' title='4 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/529301304034711964'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/529301304034711964'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2020/03/el-efecto-mario-hernandez.html' title='El efecto Mario Hernández'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3gl2kJErM5SYsL7btf-josH0TQ0_ntZ_L7qwddnOJm6VLUx4xJ-lmmztBfPIQtiIivYfix9YicJ_-VXxr6yE7Du1as889buEIVUgL6q_NlPoOE1O3q1UvodV4hLUWgoU5deBJ/s72-c/Captura+de+Pantalla+2020-02-09+a+la%2528s%2529+19.41.30.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-1186760335022791235</id><published>2019-11-28T18:26:00.006+01:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T13:59:28.939+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Law"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Policy"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Regulation"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Reviews"/><title type='text'> About Privacy 2030: The Posthumous manifesto of the Patriarch of Privacy Intelligentsia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Originally published in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/privacy-2030-posthumous-manifesto-patriarch-javier-pimentel-calderon/?published=t&quot;&gt;Linkedin.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjFGRoHl_DP1iUlfkRwCXEyzbJJV3sX7Gy_GecX2fv7R1IDUYiFnMObqpSDdmW5WSMlUfV_o_81v8sOV7mz5Xyc54DhJ6nHhPmUfXVwXG7CBoZiJn2kJzGta2W-AbqCaN-TGFR/s1600/Captura+de+pantalla+2019-11-27+a+la%2528s%2529+20.24.43.png&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1274&quot; data-original-width=&quot;978&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjFGRoHl_DP1iUlfkRwCXEyzbJJV3sX7Gy_GecX2fv7R1IDUYiFnMObqpSDdmW5WSMlUfV_o_81v8sOV7mz5Xyc54DhJ6nHhPmUfXVwXG7CBoZiJn2kJzGta2W-AbqCaN-TGFR/s640/Captura+de+pantalla+2019-11-27+a+la%2528s%2529+20.24.43.png&quot; width=&quot;491&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;One of the issues with contemporary legal education, specially legal education in countries which legal systems enjoy certain prestige, is a tendency (let’s call it a positivist tendency) to look down on policy discussions. Duncan Kennedy, one of the founders of the Critical Legal Studies movement, offered some interesting insights about this issue in &lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.jstor.org/stable/42897806?seq=1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;his brilliant critique to legal education:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“(…)in most law schools, it turns out that the tougher, less policy-oriented teachers are the more popular. The softies seem to get less matter across, they let things wander, and one begins to worry that their niceness is at the expense of a metaphysical quality called “rigor,” thought to be essential to success on bar exams and in the grown-up world of practice”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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When discussing the policy underpinnings of GDPR, for example, I have been accused by highly esteemed colleagues of something even worse: Of being very interested or even “very good” at the “philosophical questions”. Anyone who has gone to law-school knows that there is not an ounce of compliment in such a statement.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Now, the reason I start this write-up with an apparent digression from the theme that I promised in the title is because Butarelli´s manifesto is very important in one very critical manner: It uplifts the status of policy discussions. It shows how critically important policy discussions are for legal practitioners and virtually anybody who works in the tech industry in the year 2019. No legal practitioner working in anything related to technology has a claim to be a well-informed legal practitioner if he/she has not read Privacy 2030 (Yes: Even if you practice at the so-called Magic Circle). I would argue that a similar statement applies to tech CEOs and I would submit that even if you are a cynical CTO secretly hiding enormous stockpiles of personal data in a removable hard-drive somewhere, you should read Privacy 2030 if only because it provides first-hand insights on how the enemy thinks. Let’s make no mistake: This is it. This is give or take the definitive compendium of all the aspirations, latent-dystopias and anxieties that give meaning to Data protection Law and Privacy Law in the European Union.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;

  
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In order to keep this write-up succinct, I will refrain from examining the main themes of the six chapters of the manifesto. Instead, I will suggest a few more reasons why we should celebrate Privacy 2030 and I will propose an incipient critique. Let’s start with the first: The manifesto seems innovative in bringing about a policy aspect that is still foreign to the typical ESG discussions that one may encounter nowadays in the context of technology, a space where companies that are not hardware manufacturers tend to be perceived as greener and where that item of the due-dilligence checklist is rapidly ticked-off. I will quote directly from the Manifesto:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
“The religion of data maximisation, notwithstanding its questionable compatibility with EU law, now appears unsustainable also from an environmental perspective (…)”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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So, while the manifesto does not abound in hard evidence for the premise that data maximization has a tangible effect on climate change, the author offers some interesting suggestions about the places where that question might lead us: A “Digital Green New Deal”, perhaps. And this bring us to one more reason why the manifesto is an important read in the times that we live: Given how ambitiously idealistic it reads, it shows that even in our time it is possible to be both an unrestrained titan of humanism and a world-class technocrat. It occurs to me that Butarelli was one of the last fellow liberals. This is a slight digression but: If specimens of this endangered species are to be found only as a byproduct of the European project, I am tempted to think that we have one more critical reason to preserve it. I will write no more hagiography because there is enough posthumous praise circulating at the moment, but this is one of those men whose hagiography does not strike me as particularly annoying. We need many more Butarellis in the generations to come.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Back to the subject that occupies us, the manifesto is also interesting in the sense that it proposes some last-resort measures that need to be on the table if we are to make sure that certain technologies are harnessed for the good:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
“Impose a moratorium on dangerous technologies, like facial recognition and killer drones, and pivot deployment and export of surveillance away from human manipulation and toward European digital champions for sustainable development and the promotion of human rights.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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Moratoriums sound somewhat radical, just like Alexandria Ocasio Cortez’ suggestion of &lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/TicToc/status/1198643734994464768&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;sitting Facebook out of the 2020 elections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;if they don’t assume responsibility for the way their business affects democracy. But even if one thinks (as I tend to do) that corporations should not be put in a position to decide what is truthful enough for people to read, these last resort measures seem necessary to ensure that all stakeholders take the policy discussions at hand very seriously.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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One final reason for giving the manifesto a good read: There is a very brief afterword by Shoshana Zuboff, whose work was first introduced to me by the always acute &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/in/timwalters71/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Tim Walters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/company/thecontentadvisory/&quot;&gt;the Content Advisory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;at a conference (yes, one can actually learn new stuff at conferences). Her afterword is not a particularly compelling piece but it does work as a privacy-contextual introduction to Zuboff´s notion of Surveillance capitalism, which has been portrayed as some sort of unwitting marxism by Evgeny Morozov &lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;i&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://thebaffler.com/latest/capitalisms-new-clothes-morozov&quot;&gt;n this great review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
And now to the incipient critique:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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The manifesto tends to follow the typical discursive recipe of the contemporary policy discussions about privacy in the EU: It devotes many words to listing and describing a good number of latent dystopias, of extremely undesirable states-of-affairs that we must urgently prevent by means of regulation or state action. On the other hand, it devotes much fewer words and exactly one page to propose a “10-point plan for sustainable privacy&quot;. Let me try to be fair: manifestos do not need to offer all the answers and Privacy 2030 does propose some brighter views on technology, but still, its decided effort to unearth, expose and imagine all potential risks and pitfalls of technological advances is dangerously close to a Neo-luddite impulse of sorts: A tendency to believe that technology is mostly and mainly a source of latent dystopias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;


  
  
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
Now, precisely because technology is not &lt;i&gt;just&lt;/i&gt; a source of dystopias but also an important instrument for progress, it would be wise to look at it with much more sympathy. Zuboff´s afterword is right in calling-out the lobbyist talking points for what they are: Regulation will not necessarily stifle innovation. But there is good evidence that bad regulation will. In order to have a civil discussion about the future of privacy and the regulation of technology, it would be a good idea to start by recognizing that not every bit of optimism is corporate propaganda and that skepticism about the role that regulation can play in solving some of the problems listed in the manifesto is not always an exercise of techno-solutionism.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
Privacy 2030 is a very important read, but I want to insist on this: A hysteric perception of technology and the world we live in will most certainly lead us to a kind of policy discourse so desperate to rule out latent dystopias that it prevents us from seizing the tangible opportunities in the present. I would echo Zuboff´s invitation: Let’s make sure that we fight all the fires together, but let’s make sure we leave some room for the flame of progress.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
You can download the manifesto directly from the IAAP resource center &lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://iapp.org/resources/article/privacy-2030/&quot;&gt;here.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Disclaimer: The opinions expressed by the author in this article are strictly personal and do not reflect the official position of the Mash Group or any of its directors or employees. Any threatened law-suits, hate-mail or angry rebuttals in response to this write-up are ideally to be addressed to the author directly, in the comments. :)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/1186760335022791235/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2019/11/about-privacy-2030-posthumous-manifesto.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/1186760335022791235'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/1186760335022791235'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2019/11/about-privacy-2030-posthumous-manifesto.html' title=' About Privacy 2030: The Posthumous manifesto of the Patriarch of Privacy Intelligentsia'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjFGRoHl_DP1iUlfkRwCXEyzbJJV3sX7Gy_GecX2fv7R1IDUYiFnMObqpSDdmW5WSMlUfV_o_81v8sOV7mz5Xyc54DhJ6nHhPmUfXVwXG7CBoZiJn2kJzGta2W-AbqCaN-TGFR/s72-c/Captura+de+pantalla+2019-11-27+a+la%2528s%2529+20.24.43.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-4154462313136699166</id><published>2019-10-22T18:58:00.006+02:00</published><updated>2021-11-24T22:56:27.522+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fintech"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Law"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Policy"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Regulation"/><title type='text'>About the EBA guidelines on Loan Origination and monitoring</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/23119666@N03/37690243854/&quot; title=&quot;Committee&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Committee&quot; height=&quot;626&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/4546/37690243854_70d79ff9fa_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;The European Banking authority (EBA) is about to issue a set of guidelines on loan origination and monitoring with a very broad scope of application.  In fact, Numeral 12 of the draft signals EBA’s intention to make all the rules in Section 5 (all rules pertaining to Loan Origination Procedures) applicable, inter-alia, to all creditors as defined in literal (b) of the Consumer Credit Directive. Put simply, that would entail that any natural or legal person who grants or promises to grant consumer credit in the course of his/her trade, business or profession in the European Union would be subject to the rules governing loan origination procedures as set out in the guidelines.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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I tend to think that such a broad scope of application raises the question of whether the EBA is exceeding its mandate under regulation No. 1093/2010, but at first glance that seems to be a rather complex matter that merits its own write-up and that could well be the subject of lively discussion amongst esteemed colleagues in the near future. Given that this new set of guidelines will also apply to Fintech firms in the credit space, I would like to focus on what I see as the substantive aspect of the matter:  What do these guidelines mean for consumer credit providers who rely on automated decisions/processes for loan origination? I confess I am skeptical: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/undemonizing-screen-scraping-why-matters-javier-pimentel-calderon/&quot;&gt;I have argued in the past&lt;/a&gt; that the EBA did no favors to Fintech and open banking by issuing a set of regulatory technical standards that are not technologically neutral nor business-model neutral and that seem to cater directly to the talking points of certain actors who have little incentives to embrace the open-banking ethos of the PSD2.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-susanne-groh%C3%A9-7007a93&quot;&gt;Susanne Grohé&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/company/8659922&quot;&gt;Aderhold&lt;/a&gt; (One of Europe´s most Fintech-savvy law-firms) &lt;a href=&quot;https://paytechlaw.com/en/eba-guidelines-on-loan-origination/&quot;&gt;hinted at one of the major shortcomings of the guidelines&lt;/a&gt; by suggesting that they appear to follow the premise that the use of technology in loan origination is merely a risk factor, dismissing the fact that technology has contributed and can further contribute to building more robust loan origination processes. I concur: The EBA displayed that sort of tech-adverse tendency in the RTS on Strong customer authentication and I believe it made that mistake again with this new set of guidelines. In this note, I would like to contribute to that discussion by pointing out some very specific rules proposed by the draft guidelines that are particularly problematic for consumer credit providers that heavily rely on automation in their loan origination processes.  Let´s take a look:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Rule&amp;nbsp;Number&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 244.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;326&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Tenor&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;208&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Why is it problematic?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;85&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 244.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;326&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: , serif;&quot;&gt;Institutions and creditors should have a sufficiently comprehensive view of the borrower’s financial position, including an accurate and up-to-date comprehensive view of all the borrower’s credit commitments (single customer view)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;208&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: , serif;&quot;&gt;This rule is problematic on two counts: It is rather vague in the sense that it does not specify whether the comprehensive view in question must also include all borrower’s credit commitments with third parties, for example. If the latter is the correct interpretation, then the rule is even more problematic because it somehow assumes that consumer credit providers across the European Union are able to access some kind of database of outstanding credit commitments that is updated in real time by all consumer credit providers as they issue new credit to their borrowers. Such a database is a good idea perhaps, but it has not yet come to exist, so it is not reasonable to require consumer credit providers to be aware of all the credit commitments of a potential loan applicant with a good degree of certainty .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;100&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 244.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;326&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: , serif;&quot;&gt;Institutions and creditors should apply metrics and parameters to have an accurate single customer view that enables the assessment of the borrower’s ability to service and repay all its financial commitments.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;208&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: , serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This rule significantly worsens the problem that I mentioned immediately above. Not only does it presuppose an omniscient single customer view but it goes to the extent of requiring creditors to have a proper assessment of the borrower’s ability to service all its financial commitments.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Again, consumer credit providers would only be able to comply with this rule if they had access to some kind of omniscient database that would enable a view of all financial commitments of all potential applicants at any given time. That is in the realm of science fiction at the moment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Arguably, the consumer credit provider could request this information directly from loan applicants, but it is very optimistic (to say the least) to think that consumer credit providers will be able to build accurate affordability analyses based exclusively on information provided by loan applicants who have a vested interested in getting a positive credit decision. Even if we assume zero cases of bad faith credit applications (where loan applicants hide any outstanding financial commitments, for example) the question is: How are consumer credit providers supposed to verify the information provided by the applicants? Should they make use of the omniscient database that seems to exist only in the imagination of the drafters?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;182&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 244.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;326&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: , serif;&quot;&gt;The decision to approve or decline the loan application (credit decision), should be taken by the relevant credit decision-making body in accordance with the policies and proceduresand governance arrangements as set out in Section 4.3.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;208&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: , serif;&quot;&gt;This rule seems to be oblivious to the fact that many consumer credit providers automate their credit decisions. In fact, this rule is so anachronistic that it seems to betray a sort of deeply rooted belief that credit decisions can only be made by some kind of hyper-enlightened credit committee that takes a look at every applicant’s paperwork and issues sentences with unimpeachable wisdom. Even worse, this rule seems to betray the assumption that committees take better decisions than, say, adequately programmed machines. This is one of the rules where the tech-adverse (or should we say tech-oblivious?) attitude pointed out by Susanne is particularly clear.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;183&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: , serif;&quot;&gt;Credit decision should be well documented, provide a record of views and reservations, especially any dissenting views, of the credit decision-making body members’. In case of a decision to approve the loan application, the credit decision should contain the information on the key features of a loan being offered to the borrower, including information on the amortisation, price, covenants and required collaterals. Such credit decision should be also the basis of the loan agreement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.85pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;208&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: , serif;&quot;&gt;Once again, this rule is baffling because it double downs on the problem that I mentioned immediately above. The underlying assumption that all credit decisions are made (or should be made) by human members of collegiate decision-making bodies is even clearer in this wording.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;So, how did the EBA fare this time?  I suppose it is not entirely fair to judge them merely on the merits of the first draft of the guidelines, but the consultation paper seems to betray the same brick-and-mortar worldview that permeated the Regulatory Technical standards for SCA.  Let’s remember that the European Commission &lt;a href=&quot;https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/3/2017/EN/C-2017-3459-F1-EN-MAIN-PART-1.PDF&quot;&gt;did ask them&lt;/a&gt; in the past to amend their RTS on SCA to ensure that non-compliance by banks did not prevent AISPs and PISPs from offering their services to end-users.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This brick-and-mortar worldview is pervasive in these guidelines for loan origination and is clearly palpable in some of the rules that I listed above, which seem to be drafted with insufficient awareness of the current state of affairs of the very phenomenon they intend to regulate.  If one is to regulate credit decisions in the 21st century, it is important to bear in mind that many (if not most) consumer credit providers automate their credit decisions and that AI will play a very important role in loan origination in the near future. More importantly, any regulatory effort in the 21st century should take into account that artificial intelligence might just be a powerful tool to overcome decision biases and to achieve economies of scale in many realms. Financial inclusion by means of access to credit, for example, will be much harder to scale up if regulation doubles-down on the strange notion that there must be a human revising every single credit decision in order to ensure its conformity with any standard, be it a responsible lending standard or a credit policy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I submit that these draft guidelines are pernicious in one very critical way: They anchor the loan origination process in the past by conceiving it as the by-product of some kind of microcosm where the only right decisions are made by committees of the wise. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Disclaimer: The opinions expressed by the author in this article are strictly personal and do not reflect the official position of the Mash Group or any of its directors or employees. Any threatened law-suits, hate-mail or angry rebuttals in response to this write-up are ideally to be addressed to the author directly, in the comments. :)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/4154462313136699166/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2019/11/the-european-banking-authority-eba-is.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/4154462313136699166'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/4154462313136699166'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2019/11/the-european-banking-authority-eba-is.html' title='About the EBA guidelines on Loan Origination and monitoring'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-3058890819833312525</id><published>2019-07-14T21:19:00.006+02:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T14:00:12.935+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Reviews"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Watches"/><title type='text'>A Perfectly Useless Afternoon - Hands on Review</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;December 2019 Update: Mr Jones Watches has released an almost identical non-limited edition of this watch. I would be careful about any of the &quot;limited edition&quot; watches produced by this brand.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4iShzgWFXpWYwkyGiP8-wwoFbVryTudWC8IXJE4ZCl8-El8H0t7jyvpaVJ5IKn0Wn7rNLSUenrRiAHpDXUjMv-qVFjUtNz4ACxJxG-yq8lg6S106NzDAXgSlfFa3dVpQw6NUV/s1600/Captura+de+pantalla+2019-07-14+a+la%2528s%2529+19.49.37.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1288&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1018&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4iShzgWFXpWYwkyGiP8-wwoFbVryTudWC8IXJE4ZCl8-El8H0t7jyvpaVJ5IKn0Wn7rNLSUenrRiAHpDXUjMv-qVFjUtNz4ACxJxG-yq8lg6S106NzDAXgSlfFa3dVpQw6NUV/s640/Captura+de+pantalla+2019-07-14+a+la%2528s%2529+19.49.37.png&quot; width=&quot;504&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;First things first: You have to give some kudos to the guys at &lt;a href=&quot;https://mrjoneswatches.com/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Mr. Jones Watches&lt;/a&gt; for the fantastic customer service and response times and for allowing this idea to come to life. &amp;nbsp;Let&#39;s start from there: &lt;i&gt;A Perfectly Useless afternoon&lt;/i&gt; is a very good idea. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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The design of the dial (as seems to be the case for most Mr. Jones´ watches) is the main feature: &amp;nbsp;Someone floats peacefully on a swimming pool and, if you look from above, the leg of the character marks the hours while the position of the rubber duck floating nearby marks the minutes. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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The name of the piece makes it almost the stuff of poetry and it was inspired, according to its designer Kristof Devos, by a quote from Chinese writer Lin Yutang:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&#39;If you can spend a perfectly useless afternoon in a perfectly useless manner, you have learnt how to live&#39;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Add to this the 100 pieces-limited-edition factor and you have, again, a very compelling proposition that made the author of this review pull the trigger just minutes after seeing it in an Instagram review by Santiago Tejedor from &lt;a href=&quot;https://horasyminutos.com/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Horas y Minutos&lt;/a&gt;. &amp;nbsp;I insist: A very compelling idea.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But ideas are a dime a dozen, so the question is whether Mr Jones´ execution measures up to so much inspiration. &amp;nbsp;Is this watch also the stuff of poetry in the metal?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most compassionate answer to that question is another question: Is it really possible to access the realm of poetry for around €200 in the watch world?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately not. &amp;nbsp;The piece in the metal is not nearly as beautiful as the idea that spawned it. Mr. Jones does not reveal the material used for the cristal but it feels extremely plastic and fragile. The case is a tad too small and the polished silver finish looks like a magnet for scratches all the way to the bezel. &amp;nbsp;The lugs feel slightly puny and the milanese bracelet does not feel like the right choice of bracelet by default. &amp;nbsp;(They did offered to change it for free before shipping though).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;

  &lt;br /&gt;
The general issue is that on the wrist the watch does not look nor feel like it was built to last more than a summer, so I cannot help but think that the execution is actually defeated by the underlying ambitious idea and by its own marketing halo. If this wasn&#39;t a 100-piece limited edition I wouldn&#39;t expect the watch to feel like a real collectible item.&lt;br /&gt;
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Oh, but of course it would look and feel better with a sturdier case, a sapphire crystal and a mechanical movement. Pick any one of the three and you will certainly be nearer to the €500 price point, so I propose we examine this watch as the watch that it is, not as the watch that we would love our favorite Swiss brand to make. &amp;nbsp;Let me say something almost controversial: While it is far from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ablogtowatch.com/konstantin-chaykin-joker-watch-review/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Chaykin&#39;s&amp;nbsp;Joker&lt;/a&gt;, it shares the same spirit. It reminds us that we take this hobby (and ourselves) too seriously. &amp;nbsp; The reason why it might be a good idea to add this piece to any collection is precisely because having it in our wrists would remind us that we are&lt;b&gt; also &lt;/b&gt;doing this for the fun. And then in all honesty, I tend to think that the impulse of wearing it precisely while pointlessly floating on a swimming pool is irresistible. &amp;nbsp;I might try it this summer.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
This happens to be my first watch from Mr. Jones, so I cannot comment on the brand and their ethos. &amp;nbsp;Judging from &lt;i&gt;A Perfectly Useless Afternoon&lt;/i&gt;, they have a long way to go in terms of their manufacturing capabilities but they have also proven that they can give it a shot. That they can recognize a beautiful idea when they see it and that they are ready to execute on it. &amp;nbsp; I wish them many more beautiful ideas and an equally inspired path to that place where fun meets watchmaking poetry.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/48282729681/in/dateposted-public/&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot; title=&quot;A Perfectly Useless Afternoon&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;A Perfectly Useless Afternoon&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/48282729681_7abdd944a2_z.jpg&quot; width=&quot;425&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Technical Details as advertised by Mr. Jones:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Strap:&lt;/b&gt; 18mm silver stainless steel (alternative straps available &lt;a href=&quot;https://mrjoneswatches.com/collections/replacement-watch-straps&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Mechanism:&lt;/b&gt; single jewel quartz mechanism&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Waterproof:&lt;/b&gt; Yes! 5ATM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Guarantee:&lt;/b&gt; 12 months - any problems after, we’re happy to help&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Width&lt;/b&gt; (3 o’clock to 9 o’clock): 37mm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Height&lt;/b&gt; (from lug to lug): 46mm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Case:&lt;/b&gt; 316L stainless steel - polished silver finish&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Largest strap diameter:&lt;/b&gt; 205mm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Smallest strap diameter: &lt;/b&gt;150mm&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Will I give it some wrist-time? &lt;/b&gt;Don&#39;t own a pool. &amp;nbsp;Not sure yet.&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/3058890819833312525/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2019/07/a-perfectly-useless-afternoon-hands-on.html#comment-form' title='2 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/3058890819833312525'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/3058890819833312525'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2019/07/a-perfectly-useless-afternoon-hands-on.html' title='A Perfectly Useless Afternoon - Hands on Review'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4iShzgWFXpWYwkyGiP8-wwoFbVryTudWC8IXJE4ZCl8-El8H0t7jyvpaVJ5IKn0Wn7rNLSUenrRiAHpDXUjMv-qVFjUtNz4ACxJxG-yq8lg6S106NzDAXgSlfFa3dVpQw6NUV/s72-c/Captura+de+pantalla+2019-07-14+a+la%2528s%2529+19.49.37.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-7738825323462259434</id><published>2019-07-14T15:36:00.005+02:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T14:01:23.795+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Notas De Viaje"/><title type='text'>Ir a Auschwitz</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/21966376762/&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;In-Between Fences&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;In-Between Fences&quot; height=&quot;534&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/745/21966376762_dcf87d6a11_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Hay una cierta ironía macabra que uno no puede pasar por alto al visitar Auschwitz en un día soleado de primavera.  Bajo el sol de Osvecimia (Oświęcim, en polaco) no es tan fácil imaginar las cinco terribles primaveras en las que este sitio fue el epicentro de una de las peores atrocidades que los miembros de nuestra especie hayamos decidido poner en marcha.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Algunos parecen a prueba de ironías: En la entrada, justo debajo de la inscripción &quot;Arbeit Macht Frei&quot;, varios Instagrammers posan con una sonrisa gigantesca.  Supongo que es la misma incapacidad para la ironía que les permite sugerir, invocando a Deepak Chopra y mientras toman el sol en la piscina de un hotel cinco estrellas, que la clave de la felicidad es &lt;i&gt;alegrarse con lo que uno tiene.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/21453738243/&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;Auschwitz Barracks&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Auschwitz Barracks&quot; height=&quot;534&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/773/21453738243_c44e5164f6_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Aparte de la indolencia de los Instagrammers, el sitio irradia una cierta austeridad respetuosa. La administración ha logrado implementar una logística eficiente y cómoda que no se siente como la melosa hospitalidad de Disnelyandia sino como la prudencia que debe observarse para visitar un sitio en el que fueron asesinadas más de 1 millon de personas.  E insisto, he ahí una realidad que es difícil de digerir mientras se visita Auschwitz.  Algunos tienden a imaginar un sitio en el que no vuelan las aves y el suelo supura maldad, pero no hay nada de eso en un día de primavera en Osvecimia. No hay ninguna manifestación sobrenatural o de dimensiones cósmicas para toda la barbarie que logramos conjurar en este sitio. &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span face=&quot;sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/21959836521/in/photostream/&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;Brick and Barbwire II&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Brick and Barbwire II&quot; height=&quot;534&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/5643/21959836521_3c750593dc_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Y esta suerte de indiferencia cósmica tiene dos efectos: Por un lado nos recuerda lo insignificantes que somos en la gran fotografía del universo, incluso cuando nos vamos a los extremos.  Por otro lado, nos hace susceptibles a los esfuerzos de los que quieren negarlo todo, de los que quieren que olvidemos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Estos esfuerzos de negación empezaron con los nazis mucho antes de que el campo se cerrara, continuaron con la destrucción de las cámaras de gas cuando la guerra estaba perdida y fueron retomados después por ciertos pseudo-historiadores que proponen revisiones de la historia.  El más conocido de estos pseudo-historiadores es &lt;a href=&quot;https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Irving&quot;&gt;David Irving&lt;/a&gt;, quien ha logrado proponer versiones alternativas de sucesos de la segunda guerra mundial que son tan sofisticadas y eruditas que por momentos le han dado un nuevo oxigeno a una versión de la historia en la que los nazis no cometieron genocidios o crímenes de lesa humanidad y en la que el pueblo Judío se buscó su suerte.&lt;br /&gt;
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Es difícil adivinar a quien le interesa argumentar que después de todo los nazis no fueron tan malos &amp;nbsp;sin perdernos en extrañas teorías de la conspiración, pero la existencia de estos esfuerzos nos acerca a la razón principal por la que ir a Auschwitz debería ser casi obligatorio: Las ruinas de lo que allí sucedió son lo único que se interpone entre nosotros y estas ficciones tan verosímiles que se inventan algunos expertos para que se nos olviden los terribles errores que hemos cometido, para que entre la confusión terminemos dándole una segunda oportunidad a la barbarie y al horror.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/21891612066/&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;Broken Doll&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Broken Doll&quot; height=&quot;534&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/5732/21891612066_cb46e3644b_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Entre esas ficciones, una que tomó mucho asidero durante algún tiempo cuestionaba precisamente las cámaras de gas de Auschwitz, el uso del químico Zyklon B y las cifras oficiales de las víctimas de estas cámaras de la muerte.  David Irving y otros revisionistas han argumentado con cierta sofisticación que las cifras son improbables y que no hay evidencia del uso de Zyklon B.  Que todo se trata de algún tipo de conspiración urdida entre los comunistas, las agencias federales americanas (y tal vez elementos sionistas) para exacerbar los ánimos y avanzar ciertas agenda políticas de la posguerra.&lt;br /&gt;
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Las ruinas de Auschwitz no mienten, sin embargo:  La mejor evidencia que se ha producido sobre el uso masivo del Zyklon B proviene de los exámenes químicos de los escombros provenientes de las paredes de las cámaras de gas, dinamitadas a la carrera por los Nazis para esconder sus crímenes en los últimos días de la guerra.  El color azul y la presencia de Zyklon B es innegable.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/40914221863/&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;Auschwitz Barracks&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Auschwitz Barracks&quot; height=&quot;534&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/40914221863_fdbea503b5_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Es precisamente por eso que vale la pena ir a Auschwitz y conservarlo para las generaciones futuras: Porque en este mundo de post-verdades en el que vivimos hay una suerte de guerra mediática por nuestras mentes y corazones.  Estos sitios que lucen tan inocentemente rurales en los días de sol custodian algunas de las  verdades más difíciles a las que todos deberíamos enfrentarnos de vez en cuando para evitar los errores del pasado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Así, cada vez que estemos a punto de dar por cierta algunas de esas cosas que suelen decirse sobre &lt;i&gt;el otro &amp;nbsp;(&lt;/i&gt;que los mexicanos son criminales, que los inmigrantes son peligrosos, que los venezolanos nos están invadiendo) podemos acordarnos de Auschwitz y de lo que ocurre cuando le damos rienda suelta a los dueños de esos prejuicios, a los que ondean esas banderas. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Hay muchos empeñados en mantenernos en ese cierto comfort que viene con el olvido y la negación, pero una buena visita a Auschwitz funciona exactamente como pretende la placa en el monumento de Auschwitz-Birkenau: Como un grito desesperado y una advertencia sobre toda la maldad de la que somos capaces.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/21793748709/&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;All along the watchtower&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;All along the watchtower&quot; height=&quot;534&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/5727/21793748709_76c49f61a4_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Todo el album de fotos acá:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black; color: white; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/albums/72157709634474741&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;Auschwitz&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Auschwitz&quot; height=&quot;534&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/40914221863_fdbea503b5_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/7738825323462259434/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2019/07/ir-auschwitz.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/7738825323462259434'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/7738825323462259434'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2019/07/ir-auschwitz.html' title='Ir a Auschwitz'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-6898223150761160750</id><published>2019-04-05T16:34:00.006+02:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T14:02:11.762+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fintech"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Law"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Policy"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Regulation"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Technology"/><title type='text'>Account Information Services as KYC enablers</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;How can Account Information services enable smoother Non-face-to-face KYC processes?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/alwyn_ladell/36033985735/&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;Barclays Bank Limited, 61-63 Old Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, Dorset&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Barclays Bank Limited, 61-63 Old Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, Dorset&quot; height=&quot;591&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/4302/36033985735_fc74db3169_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A few weeks ago in this &lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/towards-kyc-routines-21st-century-javier-pimentel-calderon/&quot;&gt;write-up&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; I proposed some ideas on how AML Law can evolve to enable financial service providers to innovate their customer on-boarding experiences. One of my suggestions was that the AML Law of the future should abandon exhaustive lists of mandatory KYC measures that circle around specific technologies and instead lay out the minimum elements for an adequate AML risk assessment while allowing financial service providers to devise and implement KYC routines that effectively address any identified risks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/towards-kyc-routines-21st-century-javier-pimentel-calderon/&quot;&gt;That piece&lt;/a&gt; was a very long chunk of text by internet standards, so this time I will try to keep it succinct and focus on a very interesting set of regulated services contemplated in PSD2 that are particularly well-suited for building seamless KYC routines in the context of online/Non-face-to-face financial services. I am referring specifically about Account Information Services (AIS), defined in Art. 4 (16) of the PSD2 as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&quot;An online service to provide consolidated information on one or more payment accounts held by the payment service user with either another payment service provider or with more than one payment service provider;&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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What I propose is that AIS can be used by financial service providers to build the kind of enhanced due-diligence measures that are required by AML Law whenever an AML risk assessment shows high risk indicators such as business relations or transactions that take place fully online (or non-face-to-face). A hypothetical enhanced-due diligence measure that relies on AIS in the context of online consumer credit, for example, could be outlined as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Credit applicant is prompted to fill in an online credit application form that is deliberately designed to gather information that could be later on verified by means of AIS. This information could well be: IBAN numbers, exact names of account owners, name of banking institutions, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Once the Credit applicant has filled-in the online credit application form, the Consumer Credit Provider obtains his/her consent to work with a licensed Account Information Service Provider (AISP) in order to gather information from the applicant&#39;s account(s) disclosed in the form.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Once the AISP gathers the account information and passes it on to the Consumer Credit Provider, the latter cross-checks the information gathered directly from the account and the information that was provided by the customer in the online application form. This can be done automatically, without the need of human interaction. If there is a good match between the information provided by the customer and the information collected by means of AIS, then the enhanced due-diligence measure can be deemed to be fulfilled.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Here is a flow-chart of how that routine could look like:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBp-4eaXctDQcYsR6pJp2uGhq_mvegX1oIXs3-IQS9cVJzMKZPqnAoX8Sg0BDv-S-XX1C1Fdz6jTTr16bVhRJvjmpJm8v6L3yR28LV7JO96_hrMhb8WoQ5QWfdHkrmOqC_viXV/s1600/AISP+as+KYC.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;732&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1178&quot; height=&quot;397&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBp-4eaXctDQcYsR6pJp2uGhq_mvegX1oIXs3-IQS9cVJzMKZPqnAoX8Sg0BDv-S-XX1C1Fdz6jTTr16bVhRJvjmpJm8v6L3yR28LV7JO96_hrMhb8WoQ5QWfdHkrmOqC_viXV/s640/AISP+as+KYC.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Now, the kind of routine I described above is not a silver bullet for all types of transactions and should probably be accompanied by some sort of complementary ID verification, but if we look at the history of enhanced due-diligence measures that were accepted as valid for NF2F transactions in the AML Law of most jurisdictions, it becomes apparent that this routine is in some ways a superior analog to the once ubiquitous &quot;Cent-Transfer&quot; or &quot;Penny-testing&quot; routine which, in the European context was widely accepted as mimicking one of the examples in Art. 13. 2 (c) of the third AML directive:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;(...) ensuring that the first payment of the operations is carried out through an account opened in the customer&#39;s name with a credit institution.&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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This so-called &quot;cent-transfer routine &quot;typically consisted on prompting a prospective customer of financial services to make a very small payment to the account of a financial services provider in order to ensure that the first payment (and the subsequent transactions that took place in the course of the relationship) were done, whenever necessary, through an account opened in the customer&#39;s name with a bank that, in turn, had an obligation to carry out KYC routines on the prospective customer and probably had done so before opening the account from which the first payment is initiated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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In my mind, it is easy to see that the routine I briefly described above as the AIS KYC routine is ultimately not so different from the &quot;cent-transfer&quot; routine. In fact, assuming that the AISP collected the account information in compliance with the Secure Customer Authentication standard enshrined in the regulatory framework of PSD2, it is clear that the AIS routine would allow a financial services provider to corroborate with a good level of certainty the ownership of the payment accounts of its prospective customers and to safely initiate a business relation insofar as the verified payment account serves as the basis for the new &quot;non-face-to-face&quot; relation with the customer in question. (In the case of credit, for example, the consumer credit provider can simply refuse to disburse any loans to accounts that are not adequately verified by means of AIS).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
Again: This is no silver bullet. In non-face-to-face contexts there is always the risk of impersonation but this routine seems solid enough especially if accompanied by a proper AML risk assessment and by an adequate system and methodology for transaction monitoring. I should say that my team has not yet been successful in getting the approval for this kind of routine as a compliant NF2F KYC routine by the Spanish AML Authority (after two years of well written submissions with detailed explanations on the processes and technologies involved) but I tend to think that now that the PSD2 is here, companies like &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kontomatik.com/&quot;&gt;Kontomatik&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.figo.io/&quot;&gt;Figo&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.perfios.com/&quot;&gt;Perfios&lt;/a&gt; that have built significant expertise and reliable APIs for the provision of account information have one more interesting application for their technology: In the the very near future they might just be perceived as key enablers of seamless and compliance-enabling NF2F KYC routines.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/6898223150761160750/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2019/07/account-information-servives-as-kyc.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/6898223150761160750'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/6898223150761160750'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2019/07/account-information-servives-as-kyc.html' title='Account Information Services as KYC enablers'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBp-4eaXctDQcYsR6pJp2uGhq_mvegX1oIXs3-IQS9cVJzMKZPqnAoX8Sg0BDv-S-XX1C1Fdz6jTTr16bVhRJvjmpJm8v6L3yR28LV7JO96_hrMhb8WoQ5QWfdHkrmOqC_viXV/s72-c/AISP+as+KYC.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-2227524001655966670</id><published>2019-02-14T01:15:00.012+01:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T14:03:21.174+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fintech"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Law"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Policy"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Regulation"/><title type='text'>Towards the KYC routines of the 21st century</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Some thoughts on how AML Law can enable innovation in the realm of financial services.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/winsterderbyshire/2988722887/in/photolist-5y6ZbX-6hMSj5-29gP7Pw-2Ys76-z1Abk-5CoVA2-mXEMc2-22u5yJR-NeGZAZ-29LQKZg-7RHS8S-FQiBmV-a5KYjv-aBJgbZ-7VC4FV-2gZ4UdT-d7zrZ1-a5KYwP-Nkfn1e-4LwV6h-EERHjA-24AGHzV-2hEes1h-kXQ9vo-2bQY6NR-f8NHmq-2eSKZSm-p2fpZH-5p6UhQ-XQmiW7-cXLyBh-XVKd49-bbbBxc-z1A75-HsuXU-cdbKzf-dqptpU-z1A1c-xgMx3i-8NjUP3-zLJCtv-68bxM4-xaaWV-2eEbnoY-8yzoka-f8vQFg-xet6XC-8sLgWz-eBMcok-aCVgji&quot; title=&quot;1940 Identity Card&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;1940 Identity Card&quot; height=&quot;617&quot; src=&quot;https://live.staticflickr.com/3051/2988722887_bc66f734d7_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Great user experiences are critical for the success of digital businesses in all industries. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.gartner.com/doc/3697317/dont-treat-customer-like-criminal&quot;&gt;A 2017 study by Gartner&lt;/a&gt; ventures the following prediction:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
“By 2022, digital businesses with great customer experience during identity corroboration will earn 20% more revenue than comparable businesses with poor customer experience.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
And then there&#39;s Fintech. Wherever you look in the realm of Fintech, you will see businesses that are built around what we could call &quot;User Experience USPs&quot;. These come in all shapes and forms but tend to revolve around ideas of convenience, speed and ease-of-use: &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.revolut.com/&quot;&gt;Revolut&lt;/a&gt; offers the possibility to &quot;open a current account in minutes&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.vivus.es/&quot;&gt;Vivus&lt;/a&gt; promises to give you a loan &quot;fast, with no guarantors and without paperwork&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.n26.com/&quot;&gt;N26&lt;/a&gt; seems ready to enable you to &quot;Take control of your finances (...) With just one app&quot; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.monzo.com/&quot;&gt;Monzo&lt;/a&gt; claims that by using their app you can &quot;Pay people in Seconds&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
This apparent laser-focus on UX can be explained by many factors. The most cynical of observers may suggest that it is merely explained by considerations of the marketing kind: Fintech entrepreneurs and marketers seem to be in a consensus that adopting a bank-bashing narrative is good for the business. In the core of that narrative is the idea that Fintech should be defined and portrayed as an evolution of banking, if not in outright opposition to traditional brick-and-mortar banks which are perceived as the home of excruciating user experiences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
While there is a kernel of truth in that train of thought, my view is that the obsession within Fintech is mostly explained by basic unit economics: Since the beginning, anyone in Fintech (at least anyone that was doing anything other than Payments) shared an intuition that later became a data-driven realization: Acquiring customers for digital financial services is very expensive. In fact, after slightly more than six years of working very closely with product teams in Fintech I can comfortably assert (without feeling extremely compelled to raise too many caveats) that product teams in Fintech tend to be obsessed with the idea of building funnels and lead-cycles that are all about ensuring that those extremely expensive leads are not lost on the way. This is so very much the case that any product counsel or compliance officer in Fintech who does not have a good grasp of marketing basics and UX design is in serious trouble (but this is a topic for another occasion).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
So Fintech is particularly interesting because it seems to care very deeply about user-experiences yet (unlike many other &quot;digital industries&quot;) its creative efforts to build cutting-edge user experiences are heavily constrained. One of those constraints, perhaps the most stringent of them all, is Anti-Money-Laundering Law in its most basic form: Statutory requirements/ Regulatory guidelines for customer identification/ KYC. This constraint is aggravated by the fact that most Fintech transactions occur via the internet, which puts them under the dreaded category of &quot;Non-Face-to-Face transactions&quot; (NF2F), the kind of transactions that require more robust KYC routines because they are considered to pose a higher risk of Money-Laundering/Terrorism Financing according to the discourse of AML Law.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
If we are to believe that Gartner&#39;s predictions will hold true for Fintech and if we share the view that the evolution of financial services involves a shift to a paradigm of customer-centrism and great user experiences, it is critical to revisit AML Law to ensure that it achieves its very laudable aspirations (In terms of the 5th EU AML Directive: &quot;To prevent the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing&quot;) without creating unnecessary legal constraints for the industries which prosperity depends precisely on building cutting-edge user experiences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
I submit that this is an extremely important public policy discussion for the future of financial services and I would like to use the lines below to propose some preliminary thoughts and ideas that I hope would contribute to that discussion:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;1.    AML Law for the 21st century must fully embrace Risk-Based approaches and abandon taxative lists of pre-approved KYC measures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
The fourth EU AML directive (AMLD4) was a very good step in that direction because it  abandoned the temptation of proposing taxative lists of compulsory customer due-diligence measures and seemed to favor a full-blown risk-based approach. In contrast, the third AML directive (its predecessor) enshrined a list of due-dilligence measures that were a priori sanctioned as sufficient for non-face-to-face-transactions, namely:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
“(a) ensuring that the customer&#39;s identity is established by additional documents, data or information;&lt;br /&gt;
(b) supplementary measures to verify or certify the documents supplied, or requiring confirmatory certification by a credit or financial institution covered by this Directive;&lt;br /&gt;
(c) ensuring that the first payment of the operations is carried out through an account opened in the customer&#39;s name with a credit institution.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
Granted, the derogated article 13.2 of AMLD3 explicitly stated that the items on the list above are mere examples of measures that could compensate for the higher risk of money-laundering posed by non-face-to-face transactions, but it seems that the legislators in many European Member States read that list as an invitation to create their very own country-specific lists of mandatory KYC measures.  This was certainly the case of Poland (though their new AML act does not contain the list anymore) but perhaps more alarmingly, is still the case in Spain where obliged entities must carry out at least one of the following measures for non-face-to-face transactions in accordance with Art. 21 of the regulation that implements the Spanish AML act (the translations to english are mine):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
“a) To verify the identity of the customer in accordance with the Law on electronic signatures.&lt;br /&gt;
b) Ensuring that the identity of the customer is verified by means of a copy of the identity document (…) insofar said copy was issued by a notary public.  (The literal expression in the Spanish regulation is “Fedatario Público”).&lt;br /&gt;
c) Ensuring that the first cash flow of the transaction is routed from an account in the name of the same customer with an entity that is domiciled in Spain, the European Union or equivalent third party countries”.  (This is what in some Fintech circles is called the cent-transfer or penny testing KYC routine).&lt;br /&gt;
d) Ensuring that the identity of the customer is verified by any other secure proceedings previously authorized by the executive service of the Comission for the Prevention of Money Laundering.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
This particular provision in Spanish AML regulation is an example of a half-hearted risk-based approach.  In general, obliged entities can decide which KYC measures to apply to their customers by consulting only their AML risk assessments, but when it comes to non-face-to-face transactions, they need to apply at least one of the measures that the regulator has sanctioned a priori.  The obvious problem with this policy stance is also perfectly exemplified by the provision above: The Spanish legislator seems to have decided, in its infinite wisdom and foresight, that asking customers for electronic signatures or notary certifications is a sensible idea in the year 2019.  Granted, the Spanish regulation has given the executive branch some discretion to approve new KYC measures for NF2F transactions that are not included in the list, but it is mid-February 2019 and the use of this discretion has not given us much more than a rather cumbersome KYC routine based on video-conferences. (Because video-conferencing is so cutting edge, right?).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In sum, I would propose that fully embracing the risk-based approach (which seems to be the current stance in EU Law) is the right way to go: The role of the regulator in this ideal scenario should be to lay out the minimum elements of a sound AML risk assessment and then give the innovators some freedom to devise KYC routines that effectively address any identified risks, be it for transactions that occur inside a bank branch or through the internet. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;2.    Tech-Neutrality is very important: ID-cards and state-issued documents are technologies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
As recently as August last year, the Polish AML Authority (GIIF) issued a &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.mf.gov.pl/ministerstwo-finansow/dzialalnosc/giif/komunikaty/-/asset_publisher/8KnM/content/wytyczne-generalnego-inspektora-informacji-finansowej-w-sprawie-identyfikacji-klienta-instytucji-obowiazanej-i-weryfikacji-jego-tozsamosci-w-syt&quot;&gt;binding guideline&lt;/a&gt; where it stated (using nicer words) that obliged entities are free to adopt risk-based KYC measures but, in the case of NF2F transactions, they should always implement KYC routines that encompass at least one verification that is based on a document that attests identity “within the meaning of generally applicable laws (…) For example your ID or driver&#39;s license”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
It is not my intention to single out the Polish AML regime and/or GIIF which, in my view, are friendlier to UX innovation that most. The point is that there are very similar provisions/regulatory guidelines in the KYC rules of virtually every jurisdiction, so there seems to be some kind of obsession with one set of technologies: State-issued cards and paper documents.  I submit that this is far from a technology-neutral policy stance and that the AML Law of the 21st century should stop running in circles around these rather outdated technologies as the only enablers of reliable identification.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;3.  Non-Mandatory State-sanctioned digital ID/KYC solutions are most welcome (India’s Aadhaar and Russia’s SNILs are good examples)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
The Aadhaar system in India has been controversial from the privacy perspective, but it hints at some interesting possibilities for the future of AML Law. At its core, Aadhaar is a 12-digit number issued by the Unique Identification Authority of India to all Indian residents. These numbers are linked to the demographic and biometric information of Indian residents who can also choose to link their mobile phone number. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of Aadhaar from the AML perspective is that Indian AML Law and the regulatory guidelines of the Reserve Bank of India allow for the possibility of a KYC routine wherein the potential customer of a financial services provider simply discloses his/her Aadhaar number to the latter, who is able to use the Aadhaar infrastructure to send a One-Time-Pin (OTP) to the mobile phone linked to the Aadhaar number in question.  Immediately afterwards, the financial services provider can prompt the potential customer to type in the OTP into an Aadhaar widget in its website, for example. If the OTP provided by the potential customer is a match, the KYC routine is completed.&lt;br /&gt;
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As usual, there are some caveats: The Aadhaar OTP KYC may only be used for transactions involving very small amounts and must be followed by a full blown paper-document-based due diligence within one year, but it still looks like a step in the right direction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another good example comes from Russia, where the SNILs database allows for an equally convenient onboarding experience wherein financial service providers can simply cross-check the information provided by potential customers with the information in the SNILs database. A match between the data provided by the potential customer and the data in the database (as linked to the potential customer&#39;s SNILS number) would constitute a sufficient KYC routine under Russian Law. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
How incredibly simple is this?  How about allowing Financial Service Providers to use these very convenient routines for all customers who have been adequately assessed as low risk customers from the AML perspective?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;4.  It might be a good idea to focus the scope of application of AML Law on transaction typologies instead of “Obliged Entities”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
AML Law is typically formulated in such a way that its scope of application is mostly a question of whether the purveyor of goods/services falls into a category of “Obliged entities” which is predetermined by statute. This is typically called “subjective scope of application” in legal praxis. What that means is that in order to determine whether AML applies in a given scenario the first question is whether an “obliged entity” is involved in the transaction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Article 2 of AMLD4 , for example, states the following:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
“This Directive shall apply to the following obliged entities:&lt;br /&gt;
1.     (1) credit institutions;&lt;br /&gt;
2.     (2) financial institutions;&lt;br /&gt;
3.     (3) the following natural or legal persons acting in the exercise of their professional activities:&lt;br /&gt;
(a) auditors, external accountants and tax advisors;&lt;br /&gt;
(b) notaries and other independent legal professionals, where they participate, whether by acting on behalf of and for their client in any financial or real estate transaction, or by assisting in the (...)”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
Now, this approach is very helpful for the purpose of delimiting who is subject to AML Law (and who is not) but it tends to suggest that all transactions carried out by any entity included in the list is subject to the whole corpus of AML Law including, inter-alia, KYC requirements.  I am somewhat convinced that this is misguided: Do we really think that all transactions carried out by consumer credit providers (for example) must be subject to KYC?  How about consumer credit transactions that are non-interest-bearing or involve incredibly small amounts that make &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuring&quot;&gt;smurfing&lt;/a&gt; impossibly costly or inefficient?  Granted, most AML legislation sets de minimis thresholds that exempt certain small amount transactions from KYC requirements, but a more conscientious emphasis on the typology of exceptions or (even better) a possibility to omit KYC altogether for transactions that pose very little AML risk (as demonstrated by a sound risk assessment) would be an interesting possibility to explore. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;5.  Enforcement, enforcement, enforcement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
I think it is worth repeating, for the record, that KYC rules are critically important for AML Law to fulfill its very laudable purpose. If that is the case, it is of the essence to renew the regulatory commitment towards the enforcement of these rules.  This is, in my experience, particularly true in Fintech. Some of the spaces and verticals within Fintech that are not overseen by a “specialized financial regulator” (such as a central bank, a financial supervision authority or similar) seem to be afflicted by a case of cognitive dissonance: Market incumbents (or at least their compliance teams) know that AML Law and KYC rules exist and that they -probably- apply to their businesses, but some act as if KYC was only a real concern for banks or more traditional brick-and-mortar financial institutions. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 
  
This cognitive dissonance has a very simple explanation, in my view:  a lack of effective enforcement of AML Law or the credible threat of same. It is rather painful for me as a legal and compliance professional to admit this, but I am convinced that there are verticals within Fintech where a businessman with a good commercial acumen might reasonably decide that it is irrational for his/her business to bear the costs of implementing fully-compliant KYC practices.  In these verticals you will frequently hear senior marketers or salespeople uttering a data-driven version of the dreaded “none-of-the-competitors-is-doing-it” fallacy, except that in these spaces that flawed logic is enabled by what seems like regulatory inaction.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This tendency towards inaction can in turn be explained by many reasons, the most obvious one is the same reason that explains insufficient enforcement in all realms: the state apparatus does not have enough resources to ubiquitously enforce AML Law in all cases. But a lack of effective enforcement creates regulatory limbos where the only one specialized regulator with competence over AML simply relinquishes its role vis-à-vis a cluster of market incumbents and fails to send a message that should be heard loud and clear by everyone: AML Law is binding and it must inform your compliance program.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So, at the risk of sounding trite, I phrase my last suggestion as follows:  The KYC rules of the future should be enforced in all verticals and for all types of obliged entities. Regulators should strive for a clear enforcement strategy aimed at Fintech that clarifies which regulatory body is responsible for supervising each vertical and leaves no doubt about the fact that the enforcement efforts need to go beyond supervising the practices of a single type of obliged entity.  For the jurisdictions where financial supervisors are genuinely lacking resources to have a good oversight of AML programs across the whole financial system, a good start would be to double-down on mandatory AML audit requirements, for instance.  A reputable auditor’s report which cost is borne by the obliged entities (submitted every year, perhaps) might go a long way to ensure that costlier enforcement action (such as on-site inspections or dawn-raids) are used only when strictly necessary. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I am sure that there are healthy and vibrant AML policy discussions in the AML community about some of these issues, so I offer these suggestions not as the certainties of a self-proclaimed authority on the matter but as a sort of message from the trenches. My hope as a legal and compliance professional in this space is that Fintech becomes an assiduous participant in policy discussions. There is very little to be gained from an apathetic stance towards regulation. Fintech has a lot to contribute.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Disclaimer: The opinions expressed by the author in this post are strictly personal and do not reflect the official position of the Kreditech Group. Any threatened law-suits, hate-mail or angry rebuttals in response to this are ideally to be addressed to the author directly, in the comments. :)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/2227524001655966670/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2019/12/towards-kyc-routines-of-21st-century.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/2227524001655966670'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/2227524001655966670'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2019/12/towards-kyc-routines-of-21st-century.html' title='Towards the KYC routines of the 21st century'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-1598537044612128059</id><published>2017-11-20T22:05:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2021-11-26T21:14:40.430+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Colombia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fotografía"/><title type='text'>A Flashback to May</title><content type='html'>&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/37660571075/in/dateposted-public/&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;Calle Cartagenera&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Calle Cartagenera&quot; height=&quot;534&quot; src=&quot;https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4538/37660571075_82374b704f_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A flashback to spring in Cartagena Colombia, a place where spring is actually a strange notion.&amp;nbsp; Summer is all there is.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/script&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/1598537044612128059/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2017/11/a-flashback-to-may.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/1598537044612128059'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/1598537044612128059'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2017/11/a-flashback-to-may.html' title='A Flashback to May'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-3347833257764541271</id><published>2017-07-09T22:03:00.013+02:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T14:04:43.203+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fintech"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Law"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Regulation"/><title type='text'>Undemonizing Screen-Scraping (Or why Screen-Scraping matters)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Some thoughts on the importance of screen-scraping for truly achieving PSD2&#39;s open-banking goals.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/pasukaru76/3635716299/&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;Flickr Website&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Flickr Website&quot; height=&quot;600&quot; src=&quot;https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2430/3635716299_529b635b57_o.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span color=&quot;rgba(0 , 0 , 0 , 0.54902)&quot; face=&quot;&amp;quot;source sans pro&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;helvetica&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , sans-serif , sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;display: inline; float: none; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;Extreme macro picture of the white background of a website. By Paskal under a creative commons license.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;One of the most controversial questions about the implementation of PSD2 seems to be the question of Screen-Scraping. In fact, the European Banking Authority, the institution tasked by the PSD2 to build the Regulatory Technical Standards that make &quot;Open Banking&quot; possible, proposed the following working definition of screen-scraping:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&quot;a way for the PISP to access the customer’s online account by pretending to be that customer, often using advanced robot technology.&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
Wow. What a telling assertion. It is phenomenal because it shows the inherent bias in the discussion about the viability of Screen-Scraping under PSD2. Some rabble-rousers might even suggest that this working definition proposed by the EBA confirms that the latter has paid too much attention to the market incumbents who have a vested interest in advancing a certain demonized notion of Screen-Scraping and very little attention to the innovators whose business models and interests are aligned with the openness ideals enshrined in the PSD2 . It is the European &lt;b&gt;Banking&lt;/b&gt; Authority after all, some have said.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
  
 &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
So let&#39;s indulge the rabble-rousers and take a closer look at the definition proposed by the EBA and the issues that it brings about:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Firstly, &lt;/b&gt;it presents Screen-scraping as a technology that is only used by PISPs, seemingly oblivious to the fact that this technology is also particularly important to companies that engage in the business of Account Aggregation. As a matter of fact, the companies that the PSD2 has now come to baptize as AISPs have been using this kind of technology for their business for a long time, mainly because screen-scraping is not much more than the process of &quot;collecting screen display data from one application and translating it so that another application can display it&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.techopedia.com/definition/16597/screen-scraping&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Techopedia&lt;/a&gt;).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
It is important to note that in the absence of the Bank APIs that have been heralded after PSD2, there were very little options for the companies who operated as Aggregators of Account Information but to collect human-readable screen display data, parse it and convert into the format that was most useful to their clients. I am no expert in the technology, but even Wikipedia suggests that the technique can be as simple as &quot;capturing the bitmap data from the screen and running it through an OCR engine&quot;, which sounds simple enough even for the uninitiated and has nothing to do with PISPs because the notion of PISP is an artificial construct created in the policy discourse of the PSD2. In fact, I guess it is plausible to think of the notion of Payment Initiation Services as a name given to a particular activity carried out by certain companies like Sofort or perhaps as a certain legal term to address a defining aspect of the business model of the Soforts of this world: The initiation of Payments from a given end-user account held at a financial institution who is a third-party to the institution initiating the Payment.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
The underlying problem is therefore that the EBA definition fails to account for the full complexity of the phenomenon it intends to regulate and betrays the principle of &quot;Business-Model Neutrality&quot; that is mandated by Article 98. 2 (d) of the PSD2. In fact, it assumes that Screen-Scraping is constrained to a business model and (hopefully inadvertently) fails to see the importance of the technology for Account Aggregators that soon will become AISPs.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
In my view, the narrow regulatory vision that this definition betrays should be enough grounds for the European Commission to reject the RTS as it stands, but I would argue that there are more and perhaps even more alarming reasons to do so and that the definition of Screen-Scraping proposed by the EBA makes them very apparent.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
In fact, The &lt;b&gt;Second&lt;/b&gt; issue with the definition is not only that it is flat-out wrong but also that it is suspiciously wrong. And I say that it is suspiciously wrong because the actual technique of Screen-Scraping is very different to what the EBA has proposed in its definition and because this mismatch between the actual characteristics of the technology and the definition of the EBA is so patently obvious. It took me two clicks to get to &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.techopedia.com/definition/16597/screen-scraping&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;this description&lt;/a&gt; of Screen-Scraping in the Techopedia and two clicks to get to &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_scraping#Screen_scraping&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;this other one&lt;/a&gt; in the Wikipedia. Screen-Scraping is not really the most obscure of concepts, it doesn&#39;t take a panel of experts to get a basic grasp of it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
However, after a public consultation process that was full of expert commentary, the EBA has embraced the wrong definition and not just a randomly wrong definition but a definition that very closely resembles the demonized picture that certain pundits and market incumbents have painted of Screen Scraping. In particular, please note that the definition proposed by the EBA concocts a technique to capture and present data (screen-scraping) with the act of impersonating an account-holder or, to quote directly from the RTS, with the act of a PISP accessing a customer&#39;s online account &quot;pretending to be that customer&quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
What a diabolically perfect definition that is. What a PR triumph. In reality, it is nothing but the preferred vision of the obdurate interests that managed to get a hold of public discourse and mislead public policy. No policy-maker in full exercise of its capacities would vouch for an account access method that is based on impersonating account holders.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
It is not a secret that banks have been advancing this view of Screen-Scraping since they first saw it as threat and that they have done an extremely good job at cementing it in the public discourse as the pervasive portrait of Screen-Scraping. I have been so painfully aware of this effort for the past two years that whenever anyone in the Account Aggregation space asked me about how to deal with the Screen-Scraping question I tended to suggest: Please emphasize that you are an account aggregator and that screen-scraping is simply one way in which you can do the job that your clients have entrusted you to do.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
Again, that is what Screen-Scraping really is: One of the many ways in which account-aggregation can be done. It is not (as the EBA suggests in its definition) an account access method that presupposes the impersonation of account-holders, so it is not far-fetched to say that the EBA has made an unacceptable exception to the principle of technological neutrality by deciding to reject this specific technology under a mischaracterization, that is, by attributing a specific abhorrent false characteristic to it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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In the interest of intellectual honesty, it is important to say that many Account Aggregators-soon-to-be-AISPS have typically engaged in a practice that is very easy to mischaracterize as &quot;impersonation&quot;. And this is where the PR battle was won by the banks since the very beginning. In fact, what many Account Aggregators and PISPs do is that they set-up authentication interfaces that prompt account-holders for their personalized online banking credentials. These interfaces typically take the form of widgets into which the account-holder is effectively requested to type her online banking credentials.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
Here is a good example from Sofort:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRXtAS7LZVYi95DFzFOyroIpTTJrHn4XBSw2Cs-eNBuZM0hR0fyj3Tqt0CuwDDAT0oVs9LwwInQlzs-2Hfs-MbDoAlnoPdrK_W5POy-3_wFeK00hdUMmzqqt-ixst6P3cjkjaK/s1600/AAEAAQAAAAAAAAx-AAAAJGU5YmJmMGM0LWE4ODgtNGEwZi1iMTNkLWQxNTc1MzNiNjRlMg.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;730&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1310&quot; height=&quot;356&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRXtAS7LZVYi95DFzFOyroIpTTJrHn4XBSw2Cs-eNBuZM0hR0fyj3Tqt0CuwDDAT0oVs9LwwInQlzs-2Hfs-MbDoAlnoPdrK_W5POy-3_wFeK00hdUMmzqqt-ixst6P3cjkjaK/s640/AAEAAQAAAAAAAAx-AAAAJGU5YmJmMGM0LWE4ODgtNGEwZi1iMTNkLWQxNTc1MzNiNjRlMg.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;What happens after the account-holder has provided his authentication credentials is that a machine operated by the Account Aggregator or PISP logs-in to the online banking infrastructure of the Account-Holder&#39;s bank (or e-money institution) on behalf of the Account-Holder and carries out certain actions that are expressly mandated (and consented) by the Account-Holder. This is effectively how Sofort manages to initiate payments from accounts held at all major banks: by initiating the same process that goes on with an account-holder receiving a TAN on her cellphone and typing it into a web-interface. For account aggregators, the risk profile of this particular process is greatly diminished by the fact that they do not initiate transactions but simply skim (scrape) the data presented for human-reading in the online banking interface and convert it into the format instructed by the Account-Holder. (There is typically no need for the account-holder to type its TAN into the Account Aggregator&#39;s web-interface).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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The issue that the bank PR savants seem to have exploited is that this exchange of credentials occurs by means of user interfaces located outside of the infrastructure and control of the banks, so they have insisted in portraying the process I described above as one in which a very dubious company induces very valuable bank customers to disclose their sacred credentials and then uses those credentials to impersonate said customers with the goal of initiating all kinds of risky transactions in their accounts.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Smart. Incredibly smart PR. But the PSD2 mandated the EBA to look beyond the PR discourse and bring about a set of regulatory technical standards that uphold all of the directive&#39;s beautiful ideals of openness while remaining both technologically and business-model neutral. Most importantly, the PSD2 has mandated the EBA to uphold a very important new right in the acquis, very eloquently phrased in Art. 67.1 of the directive:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
Member States shall ensure that a payment service user has the right to make use of services enabling access to payment account information as referred to in point (8) of Annex I.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Under such a grandiose mandate, the least a European Citizen can expect from the EBA is a thorough understanding of the phenomena and technologies that it intends to regulate. The least a European citizen can expect from the EBA is that it sees through the PR discourse and realizes that its working definition of Screen-Scraping concocts two distinctly separate technological phenomena: A technique used to collect and present data (screen-scraping) and an issue of secure authentication. An EBA that was free from the pressure of the obdurate PR cloud would have easily seen this difference and would have not flat-out prohibited a technique for collecting and presenting data by assimilating it to a certain authentication problematique that is, by the way, arguably solved by having the banks build their own authentication APIs. This might be the interface the PSD2 actually needs for its succesful implementation: A bank-side authentication API that allows account-holders to safely grant access to AISPs and PISPs to their accounts without putting their credentials at unnecessary risk.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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But why go to such lengths? Why is it so important to preserve Screen-Scraping at least (as the European Commision has suggested) as a fall-back option? Well, I don&#39;t want to advance any conspiracy theories, but it is no coincidence that the ones whose interests are anchored in the past (Please read: the banks) have gone to such extreme measures to demonize Screen-Scraping.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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The reason they have done so is that Screen-Scraping is really the one technology that puts the account-holders in a position to exercise almost unrestricted ownership of their banking data. In fact, this technology effectively challenges like no other the unquestioned monopoly that the banks have over the data of its account-holders and most drastically opens the door for innovation and disruption.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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If the banks get their way, they would prefer to be the ones building APIs that determine what data is available, how is it available and most importantly, when and how fast is it available. They would prefer not to open the door for disruption, which is a stance that entails closing the door to screen-scraping. In a world where immediacy and convenience and ease-of-use are such important customer propositions, a poorly implemented or faulty bank API could result in tremendous business disruptions for AISPs and PISPs. Can you imagine what would happen to Sofort if it regularly starts asking its end-users to wait a few minutes until the Bank API responds prior to initiating a payment?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Well, the fact of the matter is that the banks have very little incentives to build the APIs that AISPs and PISPs need for providing great customer experiences. On the contrary, they have incentives to discourage their users from abandoning their technological ecosystem in favor of the payment services of third parties. So: Why did the EBA decide to leave AISPs and PISPs at the mercy of the banks? Isn&#39;t its mandate to actually foster innovation?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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EBA&#39;s response to this line of questioning would induce a small seizure of joy into any libertarian thinker looking for easy vindication. Their response is a &quot;four-fold alternative approach&quot; that promises supervision and supervision and more supervision:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&quot;a requirement for ASPSPs (please read this as banks) to define transparent key performance indicators and abide by at least the same service level targets as for the customer interface, regarding both the availability and the performance of the interface, as well as qualitative measures to assess whether or not they are doing so (Article 31(2)); &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;a requirement for PSPs to monitor and publish their availability and performance data on a quarterly basis (Article 31(3)); &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;a requirement for ASPSPs to make the interfaces available for testing at least three months before the application date of the RTS (Articles 29(3) and 29(5)); and
a review of the functioning of the interfaces as part of the review planned for 18 months after the application of the RTS under Article 36, to ensure information access and sharing is working as intended.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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Don&#39;t get me wrong: all of that sounds very beautiful, but the libertarian that (unfortunately) we all carry within us is compelled to ask: How is this laser-focused supervision going to be carried out at the member state level and how do we ensure that all banks are effectively in the scope of same?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Unless the EBA provides a very good answer to those questions, it is safe to assume that their &quot;four-fold alternative approach&quot; is a perfect regulatory stance for fantasia, a continent where regulators have unlimited resources and are so tech-savvy that they can review the functioning interfaces (the APIs) of all banks from Portugal to Bulgaria.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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But wait, this is Europe, not fantasia. In Europe, the banks have realized that they prefer not to give away their data so easily and banking regulators are very busy keeping us safe from the next economic debacle. The idea that the EBA can live up to its role of ensuring that the banks play by the rules by carrying out increased oversight is a beautiful idea that we should put to the test before we embrace it at the risk of endangering the succesful implementation of the PSD2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
It is therefore very important that the Fintech world applauds and stands by the decision of the European Commision to challenge the EBA&#39;s &quot;Screen-scraping ban&quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Anyone committed to the future of fin-tech should echo the Commision&#39;s call to keep Screen-Scraping at least as a fall-back option. We need to make sure that we have some aces under our sleeve in case the banks decide to play too smart.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Disclaimer: The opinions expressed by the author in this post are strictly personal and do not reflect the official position of the Kreditech Group. Any law-suit threats, hate-mail or angry rebuttals in response to this text are ideally to be addressed to the author directly, in the comments. :)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/3347833257764541271/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2017/07/undemonizing-screen-scraping-or-why.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/3347833257764541271'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/3347833257764541271'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2017/07/undemonizing-screen-scraping-or-why.html' title='Undemonizing Screen-Scraping (Or why Screen-Scraping matters)'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRXtAS7LZVYi95DFzFOyroIpTTJrHn4XBSw2Cs-eNBuZM0hR0fyj3Tqt0CuwDDAT0oVs9LwwInQlzs-2Hfs-MbDoAlnoPdrK_W5POy-3_wFeK00hdUMmzqqt-ixst6P3cjkjaK/s72-c/AAEAAQAAAAAAAAx-AAAAJGU5YmJmMGM0LWE4ODgtNGEwZi1iMTNkLWQxNTc1MzNiNjRlMg.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-7480792153870988044</id><published>2017-02-05T13:49:00.006+01:00</published><updated>2022-07-31T14:06:19.248+02:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fintech"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Law"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Technology"/><title type='text'>Automated Decision-making, Evil Algorithms and other Latent Dystopias</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;A brief epilogue to my participation in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cpdpconferences.org/26012017/petite.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CPDP 2017&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/benheine/4795387915/&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;Elvis Presley&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Elvis Presley&quot; height=&quot;780&quot; src=&quot;https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4135/4795387915_b3a5d5977b_b.jpg&quot; width=&quot;638&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;It is getting very personal indeed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
Companies in all industries are actively looking into the possibility of harnessing personal data for making better decisions in many realms:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
How to better invest their capital and use their resources?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;How to customize certain products to satisfy individual customer needs?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Is a given individual eligible for insurance coverage? If so, at what price?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Is a given individual eligible for consumer credit? if so, what kind of credit product?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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This renewed interest for personal data as a decision enabler coincides&amp;nbsp; (or perhaps it is explained) by the fact that we live in a time where technology allows for tremendous amounts of personal data to be generated, collected and processed at a mind-numbing scale and speed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
So, if we take a look at this future that we live in,&amp;nbsp; there is no escape to the realization that all of this can go really bad.&amp;nbsp; There seems to be this latent and very possible dystopia waiting to occur that is eloquently portrayed in some of the posters of the CPDP 2017 conference:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;It is not such a stretch of the imagination to think of a world where machines located in remote and undisclosed places get to make obscure yet critical decisions that affect our lives in all kinds of ways.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A machine that decides that someone will not be covered by insurance, a machine that&amp;nbsp; decides that someone is inapt for a given job, a machine that decides whether you are liable to pay a big fine.&amp;nbsp; All without a clear explanation…&amp;nbsp; all without a reason that seems fair or at least mildly intelligible.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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It is important that we all realize that this kind of dystopian future is very possible.&amp;nbsp; Preventing it from happening is perhaps one of the main challenges to be addressed not just in the realm of fintech but in many other spaces.&amp;nbsp; All of us as citizens, legal practitioners, regulators, entrepreneurs and activists have a lot of work to do to prevent it from becoming a reality and Data Protection Law offers a very handy toolkit for doing just that.&amp;nbsp; All kinds of legal operators (judges, regulators, legal practitioners)&amp;nbsp; should keep this latent dystopia in their minds when they go about the very sensitive work of&amp;nbsp; giving meaning to the 200 pages of the GDPR, for example.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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But no matter how urgent and critical&amp;nbsp; that challenge is, we should also admit that it is not the only one.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At Kreditech, for example,&amp;nbsp; I have seen many ways in which the right use of automated decision making can have a very positive impact on people’s lives.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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We have the good fortune to employ people from the consumer credit 1.0 world who are working closely together with the data-scientists who build all these &lt;i&gt;spooky&lt;/i&gt; algorithms.&amp;nbsp; Whenever these two get together, the former very readily admit that no credit policy, credit officer or respectable credit analyst would have ever considered issuing loans to some of the people that &quot;our algorithms&quot; issue loans to.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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Initially, this sounds very concerning: Why would we ever issue loans to this people?&lt;br /&gt;
The fact is, however, that our data-scientists have consistently observed in the data that a big chunk of this very same people that would have been denied access to credit by 1.0 Lenders are actually very good at repaying their loans in time.&amp;nbsp; We could even hypothesize that there must have been some kind of bias in the way creditworthiness was assessed by humans (and in the old methods) that prevented some people (perhaps due to superficial perceptions related to their socioeconomic status)&amp;nbsp; to gain access to consumer credit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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This is rather revolutionary:&amp;nbsp; We might have in our hands the kind of technology that has the potential to help us advance a very important agenda: the agenda of inclusion. In the case of Kreditech: The agenda of financial inclusion.&amp;nbsp; But this could be happening in insurance as well in the sort of mysterious and unpredictable way that innovation tends to happen.&amp;nbsp; What if machines are able to see something in the data that opens the possibility of affordable insurance coverage for individuals/SMEs that have been historically deemed to be too risky to be insured?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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The realization of these possibilities should bring us to our second challenge:&amp;nbsp; That whenever we are engaged in the laborious task of construing and giving meaning to Data Protection Law, we make sure that we strike the right balance between building regulatory frameworks that impede the dystopia that was prophesized &lt;i&gt;ad-nausea&lt;/i&gt; in CPDP 2017 and the need to enable innovation,&amp;nbsp; the kind of innovation that lifts us and keeps us moving forward. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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It is very important that we go about that discussion with open minds and open hearts:&amp;nbsp; How do we get this balance very right?&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Innovation is desirable and important and can be harnessed for the good of mankind.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nickdiakopoulos.com/publications/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Frank Pasquale and Nicholas Diakopolous, for example, seem to propose an interesting first approach to this&lt;/a&gt; in the form of Algorithmic Governance and accountability.&amp;nbsp; That might just be the way to move forward: Understanding that algorithms are not necessarily evil but need proper governance and accountability models.&amp;nbsp; That seems like a very interesting discussion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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But there is also a very unproductive and terrible way to go about this issue:&amp;nbsp; The way of demonizing businesses and insisting that DPAs build a corpus of Law that stifles and regulates innovation away. &amp;nbsp; A world-view that sees regulation as conduit of our worst fears and our worst fears only, leaving no room for the best of our aspirations.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;CPDP 2017 was a great event but it was very disappointing indeed to hear very senior and influential policy-makers demonizing certain business models without any sophisticated or nuanced arguments, on the basis of, for example, inacurate media coverage about the number of data-points used for decision-making.&amp;nbsp; It was also very sad to see that none of the tech giants that attended the conference insisted on the need to preserve innovation and harness it for the good but seemed busier with looking cool and concerned and in the eyes of the Privacy Community.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
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One can only wish that whenever we all go hunting for latent dystopias, we don’t end-up shooting at some of the practices and technologies that could bring us closer to certain outcomes which, analyzed more carefully,&amp;nbsp; look more like the stuff of utopia.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Disclaimer: The opinions expressed by the author in this post
 are strictly personal and do not reflect the official position of the 
Kreditech Group.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/feeds/7480792153870988044/comments/default' title='Comentarios de la entrada'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2017/02/ai-automated-decision-making-and-other.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/7480792153870988044'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15841244/posts/default/7480792153870988044'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.javierpimentel.com/2017/02/ai-automated-decision-making-and-other.html' title='Automated Decision-making, Evil Algorithms and other Latent Dystopias'/><author><name>Javier Pimentel</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15448239968335671632</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKS7y8rOKXKX5_vOnsIVYFQnJwBLq2mP3qjO8X1148_s8ufvbi_fL4VdsnmeLQmWV3CnsXS2wOAoUK2YIeSc3ZY4laf7RdIFWeJB1JLP6M-11V9J2xE5FzVT3wuLg6WhkZL1SC/s72-c/Captura+de+pantalla+2017-02-05+a+las+12.38.23.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15841244.post-4664584353483808332</id><published>2017-02-05T12:16:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2017-02-05T17:50:42.270+01:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fintech"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Law"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Technology"/><title type='text'>Agile, Fintech &amp; Product Management in Regulated Spaces</title><content type='html'>&lt;a data-flickr-embed=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/jpimentelc/22088436375/in/dateposted-public/&quot; nbsp=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;Red Hamburg Skyline&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Red Hamburg Skyline&quot; height=&quot;470&quot; src=&quot;https://c1.staticflickr.com/6/5815/22088436375_2902c18eab_c.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;script async=&quot;&quot; charset=&quot;utf-8&quot; src=&quot;//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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Of all the twelve principles in the Agile Manifesto, number four is the one that draws my attention the most:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Business people and developers must work&amp;nbsp; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;together daily throughout the project.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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And it is particularly interesting because it seems to be a vivid reflection of the recognition that a good degree of cross-functionality is essential to&amp;nbsp; ensure that commercial requirements (typically the priority of &quot;Business People&quot;) are adequately addressed in the final product.&amp;nbsp; By adhering to this principle an Agile enterprise avoids fostering the outdated and pernicious distinction between &quot;the business side&quot; and the &quot;technical side&quot; and instead emphasizes a cross-functional collaboration aimed at delivering tangible business value.&lt;br /&gt;
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It is in that spirit of cross-functionality embraced by the Agile methodology that I propose to expand and build upon in this piece. In fact, one of the key things I have learned in my role as the Legal and Compliance guy&amp;nbsp; at Kreditech is how important it is for &quot;Legal and Compliance People&quot; to work very closely with&amp;nbsp; &quot;Business People&quot;, “Product People” and Developers.&lt;br /&gt;
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In the Kreditech Group we operate across several geographies and run an integrated financial services platform comprised by three different credit products.&amp;nbsp; These products are complex not just from a commercial perspective but also from a regulatory perspective. In fact, most countries have adopted legislation that determines the way in which credit products are to be structured, marketed and priced to the point that firms engaged in credit issuance face a level of regulatory-driven complexity that is not typical of other domains. This is particularly true for the Kreditech Group which develops software in order to deliver on its commitment to build the most convenient and user-friendly online borrowing experiences while remaining compliant with both applicable Law and regulation (including self-regulation).&lt;br /&gt;
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It is in a space as regulated as credit where it becomes clearly apparent that CEOs and Strategists need to understand the many ways in which Law and Regulation constrain their formulation of corporate strategy, but also where principle four of the Agile Manifesto seems to gain another dimension: The creative impulse of product teams is also constrained by Law, so it is not just a symbiotic relationship between &quot;Business People&quot; and Developers that is required but also a symbiotic relationship that includes &quot;Legal and Compliance People&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
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Perhaps what is necessary is also that &quot;Legal and Compliance&quot; people start seeing themselves as &quot;Business People&quot; in the sense that even when they assume the typical role of &quot;Compliance officers&quot; they operate under the premise that their main role is to assist the organization to remain compliant instead of simply controlling and monitoring. That is, however, a more complicated discussion, so at this point I would steer away from it in order to propose some non-exhaustive measures and attitudes to embrace in order to foster the kind of healthy collaboration that is required between &quot;Product People&quot; and &quot;Legal &amp;amp; Compliance People&quot; in heavily regulated spaces:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Earlier is always better. In fact, no matter the flexibility and adaptability that is emphasized by Agile, it is very important to involve Legal &amp;amp; Compliance personnel very early on to ensure that at the very moment the product is conceived they are able to flag its inherent risks and legal nuances so that these are reflected in product requirements and specifications. This, in my experience, is very critical to avoid that Legal &amp;amp; Compliance personnel adopts a reactive stance towards the development process but instead acts as a partner of the Scrum Team since the very beginning.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Interdisciplinary Professionals are key.&amp;nbsp; The in-house Legal team of a fin-tech company should strive to recruit individuals who are tech-savvy enough to be able to speak the language of developers in order to assist Product Owners in the process of translating legal provisions, regulatory guidelines and court decisions into product specifications.&amp;nbsp; While Prof. Lawrence Lessig has argued that Code is Law, in this context it would also be valid to argue that one of the roles of the In-house Legal team is to assist the process by which Law becomes Code. Conversely, product people who have experience in regulated spaces and/or a good nose for regulatory issues are always an asset.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Precise documentation is of the essence. The legal questions posed by the product vision of a fintech product owner are typically not plain-vanilla. A question on a specific point of credit law, for example, could have a different answer depending on whether it is made in the context of revolving credit or installment loans or bullet-repayment loans.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, it is very important to be able to document the product vision very thoroughly and holistically in order to allow structured legal analyses.&amp;nbsp; Good product documentation becomes particularly critical when it becomes necessary to engage external expertise in order to find an appropriate answer to a complex question at hand.&amp;nbsp; In the absence of adequate documentation, an attempt to make an in-house legal assessment of the product vision (or out-source it)&amp;nbsp; becomes very expensive guess-work:&amp;nbsp; What does this or that product owner really have in mind?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Make Legal &amp;amp; Compliance Personnel an integral part of Scrum: The ideal scenario here (if not making them part of the team) would be at least to have them present in the process of revising increments and planning next steps after every sprint. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Is it possible to think of the Legal nuances of the product as Features? This is perhaps a bold suggestion and I am sure it will be anathema to some Product Managers, but in an ideal world legal/compliance requirements are seen as product features and there is a scrum feature team who is dedicated to deliver them.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Why not? &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
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In my experience none of the attitudes and measures mentioned above are easy to embrace or implement. Having this constant interaction between Product Teams and Legal/Compliance teams is very frequently not a friction-less effort.&amp;nbsp; It takes a lot of patience and commitment from both sides.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, I will venture a prediction: Some of the next great innovations in fin-tech will stem from this constant dialectic between interdisciplinary professionals: Between great product people and great legal &amp;amp; compliance people working together to build amazing customer experiences and deliver business value in a regulated world. &lt;br /&gt;
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Disclaimer: The opinions expressed by the author in this article are strictly personal and do not reflect the official position of the Kreditech Group.
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://bibliotecanacional.gov.co/es-co/proyectos-digitales/historia-de-colombia/libro/index.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;http://bibliotecanacional.gov.co/proyectos_digitales/historia_de_colombia/index.html&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;310&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2vU9gp7I121Sek6XBp-ww9ZxkuU3Sv5UE0c-Aqdz35FpgMm3oP886wFrY7Ai5ASmx7ZfvgzL329vcXlOTcqcDci2BNr7_k0KzZACsOF2VXeTK36OjySSahkj0SAeR2DxXDUc0/s640/Captura+de+pantalla+2016-09-04+a+las+19.10.55.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Exceptuados algunos colegios de la élite bogotana, a los Colombianos no se nos enseña nuestra propia historia.&amp;nbsp; Esta parece ser la premisa que motiva a &lt;a href=&quot;https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Caballero_Holgu%C3%ADn&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;Antonio Caballero&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; a escribir Historia de Colombia y sus Oligarquías (1498-2017).&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;
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Esta versión de la historia de Colombia, nos dice Caballero, es la historia que no se ha contado: El relato de los vencidos.&amp;nbsp; Uno que no le pone maquillaje a la desmedida ambición de los conquistadores, al arribismo de los criollos y al brutal pragmatismo de una realeza que no pudo apretar todo lo que abarcó: Ese gran imperio donde no se ponía el sol.&lt;/div&gt;
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Pero tal vez lo más importante de esta obra que está escribiendo por entregas el siempre incisivo Caballero es que nos hace caer en cuenta de que muchas de nuestras dolencias son más viejas de lo que pensamos.&amp;nbsp; Que algunos de esos problemas que parecen nuevos son consecuencia de antiguas coyunturas o que han estado ahí casi desde siempre, encarnados antes en la cosmovisión de algún marqués que no era Americano pero tampoco Europeo, en la traición de algún gran señor que no le cumplió sus promesas a nuestros primeros insurrectos.&lt;/div&gt;
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Se trata de una prosa cuidadosa, escrita en un lenguaje culto pero muy cercano, muy colombiano, adornado con citas muy pertinentes de historiadores, poetas y otros tantos que con sus testimonios ayudan a desenredar el hilo de nuestra historia. Está escrita en un lenguaje sofisticado pero sencillo: Probablemente al alcance de los lectores más jóvenes.&amp;nbsp; Sería maravillosa como una lectura seminal en el currículum de las clases de historia de cualquier colegio. &lt;/div&gt;
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Como es de esperarse, Antonio Caballero es implacablemente crítico:&amp;nbsp; Esta no es, como siempre, la historia de una iglesia y un imperio que intentaron poner freno al horror de la conquista haciéndole caso, entre otros, a los recuentos de un Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas, sino la historia de una iglesia y un imperio que se acostumbraron a ese horror, que lo perpetuaron y lo coadyuvaron a conveniencia.&lt;/div&gt;
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Es importantísima entonces esta obra porque, sin victimizarnos, nos permite una visión más crítica de la conquista y de nosotros mismos: De esta gente hecha a retazos que somos los colombianos. Es una obra que nos permite un poderosísimo tipo de instropección porque escudriña en el pasado para señalar nuestros más antiguos resabios.&lt;/div&gt;
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En el momento en el que esta reseña se escribe, la quinta entrega titulada &quot;La Desgraciada Patria Boba&quot;&amp;nbsp;está en circulación gratuita a través del sitio web de la Biblioteca Nacional, que merece grandes elogios por poner en marcha esta empresa literaria que pone una voz tan interesante al estudio de nuestras memorias y que, con suerte, despertará en las nuevas generaciones un renovado interés por saber como es que el río de la historia nos ha traído hasta acá.&lt;/div&gt;
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Descargue el libro haciendo click &lt;a href=&quot;http://bibliotecanacional.gov.co/es-co/proyectos-digitales/historia-de-colombia/libro/index.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6aa84f;&quot;&gt;aquí. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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