Dlium

Broad sword fern (Nephrolepis biserrata)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Sat, 28 Mar 2026 03:37:00 -0700

Broad sword fern (Nephrolepis biserrata) is a species of fern in the Nephrolepidaceae, epiphytic and terrestrial, with grayish-brown stems, brown hairs, and 10–130 cm long. The leaf blades are green, 7 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, and hairy brown on the underside. The sori are attached to the underside of the leaf blade, with about 60 sori along the edge and are brown in color.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Subclass: Polypodiidae
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Polypodiineae
Family: Nephrolepidaceae
Genus: Nephrolepis Schott in Gen. Fil. (Vindob.): t. 3 (1834)
Species: Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott in Gen. Fil. (Vindob.): t. 3 (1834)

Homotypic Synonyms

Aspidium biserratum Sw. in J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 32 (1801)
Hypopeltis biserrata (Sw.) Bory in C.P.Bélanger, Voy. Indes Or., Bot. 2(1): 65 (1833)
Lepidoneuron biserratum (Sw.) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Nephrodium biserratum (Sw.) C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 1: 31 (1825)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. normalis Domin in Věstn. Ceské Společn. Nauk, Tř. Mat.-Přír. 1929(2): 237 (1929), not validly publ.
Nephrolepis exaltata var. biserrata (Sw.) Baker in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 1(2): 493 (1870)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. biserrata (Sw.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 816 (1891)

Heterotypic Synonyms

Aspidium acuminatum Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 5: 221 (1810)
Aspidium acutum Schkuhr in 24. Kl. Linn. Pfl.-Syst. 1: 32 (1806)
Aspidium articulatum Siebold in Exsicc. (Syn. Fil.), nom. illeg. homonym. post.
Aspidium bidentatum (C.Presl) Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 4(1): 99 (1827)
Aspidium biserratum var. furcans (T.Moore) Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 262 (1931)
Aspidium biserratum var. paraense Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 262 (1931)
Aspidium ensifolium Schkuhr in 24. Kl. Linn. Pfl.-Syst. 1: 32 (1806)
Aspidium exaltatum var. longipinna Benth. in Fl. Austral. (1878)
Aspidium gibbosum Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 5: 222 (1810)
Aspidium guineense Schumach. in Beskr. Guin. Pl.: 455 (1827)
Aspidium hoffmannseggii Poir. in Encycl., Suppl. 4: 509 (1816)
Aspidium mauritianum Desv. in Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. 5: 320 (1811)
Aspidium nigropunctatum Spreng. in Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 3: 7 (1822)
Aspidium paraense Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 5: 228 (1810)
Aspidium punctulatum (Poir.) Sw. in Syn. Fil. (Kiliae): 46 (1806)
Aspidium rufescens (Schrad.) Kunze in Flora 22(1, Beibl.): 34 (1839), nom. illeg. homonym. post.
Aspidium splendens Willd. in Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 5: 220 (1810)
Hypopeltis amygdalina Bory in C.P.Bélanger, Voy. Indes Or., Bot. 2(1): 64 (1833)
Hypopeltis palmoides Bory in C.P.Bélanger, Voy. Indes Or., Bot. 2(1): 65 (1833)
Lepidoneuron acuminatum (Willd.) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Lepidoneuron biauritum (C.Presl) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Lepidoneuron bidentatum (C.Presl) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Lepidoneuron punctulatum (Poir.) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Lepidoneuron rufescens (Schrad.) Fée in Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 301 (1852)
Nephrodium acuminatum (Willd.) C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 1: 31 (1825)
Nephrodium acutum (Schkuhr) C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 1: 31 (1825)
Nephrodium bidentatum C.Presl in Reliq. Haenk. 1: 32 (1825)
Nephrodium gibbosum (Willd.) Gaudich. in Voy. Uranie: 338 (1828)
Nephrodium guianense Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 253 (1827)
Nephrodium hoffmanseggii Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 252 (1827)
Nephrodium mauritianum Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 252 (1827)
Nephrodium palmoides Rich. in J.S.C.Dumont d'Urville, Voy. Astrolabe 2: XXXIX (1834)
Nephrodium punctulatum (Poir.) Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 253 (1827)
Nephrodium rufescens Schrad. in Gött. Gel. Anz. 87: 869 (1824)
Nephrodium timoriense Desv. in Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 253 (1827)
Nephrolepis acuminata (Willd.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis acuta (Schkuhr) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis acuta var. laurifolia Christ in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 355 (1896)
Nephrolepis arthropteroides G.Kunkel in Nova Hedwigia 6: 205 (1963)
Nephrolepis biaurita C.Presl in Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 6: 43 (1851)
Nephrolepis bidentata (C.Presl) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. auriculata Ching in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 2: 378 (1959)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. digitiformis G.Kunkel in Nova Hedwigia 6: 206 (1963)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. furcans (T.Moore) L.H.Bailey in Stand. Cycl. Hort. 4: 2132 (1916)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. glabrata Domin in Věstn. Ceské Společn. Nauk, Tř. Mat.-Přír. 1929(2): 237 (1929)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. glandulosa Kuhn in Filic. Afr.: 27 (1868)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. mauritiana (Desv.) Kuhn in Filic. Afr.: 155 (1868)
Nephrolepis biserrata subsp. punctulatum (Poir.) Bonap. in Notes Ptéridol. 1: 165 (1915)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. rufescens (Schrad.) Luetzelb. in Estud. Bot. Nordéste 3: 246 (1923)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. subferruginea Hook. in Sp. Fil.: 153 (1862)
Nephrolepis biserrata var. subintegrifolia Domin in Věstn. Ceské Společn. Nauk, Tř. Mat.-Přír. 1929(2): 237 (1929)
Nephrolepis caudata Christ in Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., sér. 5, 3(1): 27 (1909)
Nephrolepis davallioides var. furcans T.Moore in G.Nicholson, Ill. Dict. Gard. 2: 445 (1886)
Nephrolepis dayakorum Bonap. in Notes Ptéridol. 7: 399 (1918)
Nephrolepis depauperata de Vriese in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1: 9 (1846)
Nephrolepis ensifolia (Schkuhr) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis falcata f. furcans (T.Moore) Proctor in Rhodora 63: 32 (1961)
Nephrolepis gibbosa (Willd.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. acuta (Schkuhr) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 816 (1891)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. ensifolia (Schkuhr) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 816 (1891)
Nephrolepis hirsutula var. rufescens (Schrad.) Bonap. in Notes Ptéridol. 10: 267 (1920)
Nephrolepis laurifolia (Christ) Proctor in Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53: 262 (1989)
Nephrolepis macrophylla C.Presl in Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 6: 43 (1851)
Nephrolepis mauritiana T.Moore in Index Fil.: 96 (1858)
Nephrolepis mollis Rosenst. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 22: 13 (1925)
Nephrolepis paraensis (Willd.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis persicifolia Christ in Nova Guinea 8: 159 (1909)
Nephrolepis pilosula Alderw. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. 2, 11: 18 (1913)
Nephrolepis platyotis Kunze in Linnaea 23: 268, 312 (1850)
Nephrolepis punctulata (Poir.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis punctulata f. genuina Hieron. in Hedwigia 47: 206 (1908), not validly publ.
Nephrolepis punctulata var. rufescens (Schrad.) Kunze in Linnaea 21: 230 (1848)
Nephrolepis rufescens (Schrad.) Wawra in Bot. Ergebn.: 200 (1866)
Nephrolepis splendens (Willd.) C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis subcordata C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 79 (1836)
Nephrolepis zollingeriana de Vriese in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1: 10 (1846)
Polypodium flagelliferum Roxb. in Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 4: 487 (1844)
Polypodium glabrum Burm.f. in Fl. Indica: 235 (1768)
Polypodium integerrimum Vell. in Fl. Flumin. 11: t. 60 (1831)
Polypodium nephrolepioides Christ in Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, sér. 2, 1: 220 (1909)
Polypodium palmoides Bory in C.P.Bélanger, Voy. Indes Or., Bot. 2(1): 30 (1833), non. nud.
Polypodium punctulatum Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 5: 533 (1804)
Polypodium punctulatum var. hirsutum Mett. in F.A.M.Kuhn, Filic. Afr.: 156 (1868)
Polypodium signatum (Blanco) Blanco in Fl. Filip., ed. 2.: 572 (1845)
Polystichum acutum C.Presl in Tent. Pterid.: 83 (1836)
Tectaria fraxinea Cav. in Descr. Pl.: 250 (1801)
Pteris piloselloides Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 830 (1837)
Pteris signata Blanco in Fl. Filip.: 830 (1837)

Publications:

Chang, C.-S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2021). Checklist of Far East Asian Vascular Flora 1: 1-626. EABCN, Seoul.

Chen, C.-W. & al. (2022). An annotated checklist of lycophytes and ferns of the Solomon islands. The Fern Gazette 21: 292-419.

Ebihara, A. (2017). The standard of ferns and lycophytes in Japan. Nihonsan shida shokubutsu hyojun zukan 2: 1-507. Gakken Plus, Tokyo.

Fraser-Jenkins, C.R. & al. (2021). An Annotated Checklist of Indian Pteridophytes 3: 1-450. Dehra Dun : BSMPS.

Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].

Herrera, K., Lorence, D.H., Flynn, T. & Balick, M.J. (2010). Checklist of the Vascular plants of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia with local names and uses. Allertonia 10: 1-204.

Hsu, T.C., Chen, C.W., Knapp, R. & Hung, H.C. (2019). Ferns and Lycophytes. 2 , Athyriaceae - Polypodiaceae. The illustrated flora of Taiwan. Taiwan yuan sheng zhi wu quan tu jian 8(2): 1-476. Tai bei shi : Mao tou ying chu ban : Jia ting chuan mei cheng bang fen gong si fa xing.

Loc, P.K. & al. (2019). A checklist of pteridophytes collected on Cham Chu mountains and adjacent sites. Journal of Biology. Hanoi, Vietnam 41: 75-89.

Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Roskov Y. & al. (eds.) (2018). World Ferns: Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands.

Cypress vine (Ipomoea quamoclit)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Sun, 22 Mar 2026 10:45:00 -0700

Cypress vine (Ipomoea quamoclit) is a species of plant in the Convolvulaceae, a herbaceous, climbing plant, growing up to 3 meters tall. The leaves are up to 10 cm long, up to 6 cm wide, with 9-19 notches on each side. The flowers are 3 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, red or white, and trumpet-shaped with 5 petals.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Solanales
Family: Convolvulaceae
Subfamily: Convolvuloideae
Tribe: Ipomoeeae
Genus: Ipomoea
Species: Ipomoea quamoclit L. in Sp. Pl.: 159 (1753)

Homotypic Synonyms

Convolvulus pennatifolius Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 124 (1796), nom. illeg. superfl.
Convolvulus pennatus Desr. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 3: 567 (1792), nom. illeg. superfl.
Convolvulus quamoclit (L.) Spreng. in Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 1: 591 (1824)
Quamoclit pennata Bojer in Hortus Maurit.: 224 (1837), nom. illeg. superfl.
Quamoclit quamoclit (L.) Britton in N.L.Britton & A.Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S. 3: 22 (1898), not validly publ.
Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy in Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 434 (1833 publ. 1834)[Conv. Or.: 52]

Heterotypic Synonyms

Incarvillea argyi H.Lév. in Bull. Géogr. Bot. 2: 292 (1914)
Clitocyamos pinnatifidus St.-Lag. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 7: 128 (1880)
Convolvulus pennifolius Drapiez in Encycl. Fl. Serr. Angl. 3: ? (1835)
Ipomoea cyamoclita St.-Lag. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 7: 128 (1880)
Ipomoea erecta Michx. in J. Hist. Nat. 1: 410 (1792)
Ipomoea quamoclit var. pectinata (Hallier f.) Ooststr. in Fl. Males., Ser. 1, Spermat. 4: 482 (1953)
Quamoclit pennata var. pectinata Hallier f. in Verslag Staat 's Lands Plantentuin Buitenzorg 1895: 131 (1896)
Quamoclit vulgaris var. albiflora G.Don in Gen. Hist. 4: 260 (1837)

Publications:

Austin, D.F. & S. Ghazanfar in E. Nasir & Ali, S.I. (eds.) (1979). Convolvulaceae. Flora of West Pakistan 126: 1-64.

Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.

Barker, R.M. & Telford, I.R.H. (1993). Fl. Australia Oceanic Islds. Convolvs. Flora of Australia 50: 342-353. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Bhellum, B.L. & Magotra, R. (2011). Flora of Jammu and Kashmir state (family Convolvulaceae): a census. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 35: 732-736.

Biju, S.D. (2002). Lectotypification of two Linnaean specific names in Convolvulaceae. Taxon 51: 755-756.

Chang, C.S., Kim, H. & Chang, K.S. (2014). Provisional checklist of vascular plants for the Korea peninsula flora (KPF): 1-660. DESIGNPOST.

Christophersen, E. (1938). Flow. Pl. Samoa II: Convolvulaceae. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 154: 37-39.

Clarke, C.B. in Hooker, J.D. (1883). Fl. Br. India Convolvulaceae. Flora of British India 4: 179-228 + 734.

Deroin, T. (2001). Convolvulaceae. Flore de Madagascar et des Comores (Plantes Vasculaires) 171: 11-287. Typographie Firmin-Didot et Cie., Paris.

Dobignard, A. & C. Chatelain in Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. (2011). Convolvulaceae. Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 3: 331-351. Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique de la ville de Genève.

Eggers, H.F.A. in Eggers, H.F.A. (1879). Convolvulaceae. The flora of St Croix and the Virgin Islands: 70-73. US Government Printing Office.

Fang, R.-Z. & Staples, G. (1995). Convolvulaceae. Flora of China 16: 271-325. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Fernald & Rollins in Fernald, M.L. with R. C. Rollins (1950). Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th edition: 1177-1185. Dioscorides Press.

Fosberg, F.R. & Sachet. M.-H. (1977). Flora of Micronesia 3: Convolvulaceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 36: 1-34.

Fosberg, F.R. & Stoddard, D.R. (1994). Flora of the Phoenix Islands, Central Pacific. Atoll Research Bulletin 393: 1-60.

Friedmann, F. (1994). Convolvulaceae. Flore des Seychelles Dicotylédones: 491-503. ORSTOM éditions.

Gagnepain & Courchet in H. Lecomte (1915). Flore Indo-Chine Convolvulaceae. Flore Générale de l'indo-Chine 4: 228-313.

Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.

Gooding, E.G.B. & A.R. Loveless in Gooding, E.G.B. & A.R. Loveless (1965). Convolvulaceae. Flora of Barbados: 332-344. Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].

Hansen, A. & Sunding, P. (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition. Sommerfeltia 17: 88-93.

Heine, H. (1984). Fl. Nouv. Caléd. & Dépend. Convolvulaceae. Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et Dépendances 13: 1-91. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Heine, H. in Hutchinson, J. & Dalziel, J.M. (1963). Convolvulaceae. Flora of West Tropical Africa, second edition 2: 335-352 + 496. Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations.

Jarvis, C.E. in Jarvis, C.E. (2007). Convolvulaceae. Order out of Chaos Linnean Soc. London & Nat. Hist. Museum.

Johnson, R.W. (2012). Convolvulaceae. Australian Plant Census Council of Heads of Australian Herbaria.

Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.

Khan, M.S. (1985). Fl. Bangladesh Convolvulaceae. Flora of Bangladesh 30: 1-59. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.

Kiew, R. & al. (eds.) (2015). Flora of Peninsular Malaysia. Series II: Seed Plants, volume 5. Malayan Forest Records 49: 1-319.

Kress, W.J., R.A. DeFilipps, E. Farr, & Y.Y. Kyi in Kress, W.J. et al. (2003). Cklist. Myanmar Convolvulaceae. Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, and Climbers of Myanmar: 197-201. National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC.

Lejoly, J. & S. Lisowski (1992). Les genres Merremia et Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) dans la Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi). Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 37: 21-125.

Lisowski, S. in Lisowski, S. (2009). Convolvulaceae. Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée: 136-145. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique.

Mill, R.R. (1999). Fl. Bhutan Convolvulaceae. Flora of Bhutan 2(2): 834-862. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.

Mwanga Mwanga, I.J.-C.M., Sosef, M.S.M. & Simões, A.R.G. (2022). Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Zaïre - Rwanda - Burundi), n.s., Convolvulaceae: 1-252. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Meise.

Ooststroom, S.J. van & R.D. Hoogland (1953). Convolvulaceae. Flora Malesiana 4: 388-512. Noordhoff-Kolff N.V., Djakarta.

Plunkett, G.M., Ranker, T.A., Sam, C. & Balick, M.J. (2022). Towards a checklist of the vascular flora of Vanuatu. Candollea 77: 105-118.

Press, J.R., K.K. Shrestha, & D.A. Sutton (2012). Nepal Cklist. Convolvulaceae. Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal - online Natural History Museum et al.

Rajbhandari, K.R., Rai, S.K. & Chhetri, R. (2022). A Handbook of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 4: 1-522. Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Smith, A.C. in Smith, A.C. (1991). Fl. Vitiensis Nova Convolvulaceae. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 5: 41-69. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.

Staples, G. (2018). Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viêt-Nam 36: 1-406. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

Staples, G. (with P. Traiperm) (2010). Convolvulaceae. Flora of Thailand 10: 330-468. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.

Staples, G., Phoutthavong, K., Traiperm, P. & Pornpongrueng, P. (2014). A corrected and expanded checklist of Convolvulaceae from Lao PDR. Thai Journal of Botany 6: 79-87.

Sykes, W.R. (1970). Contributions to the flora of Niue. Bulletin, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 200: 1-321.

Verdcourt, B. (1963). Convolvulaceae. Flora of Tropical East Africa: 1-161.

Whistler, W.A. (2022). Flora of Samoa Flowering Plants: 1-930. National Tropical Botanicl Garden. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Perikapur (Microchirita caerulea)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 01:38:00 -0700

Perikapur (Microchirita caerulea) is plant species in Gesneriaceae, herbaceous, non-woody, upright, growing up to 65 cm tall. Its stems are straight, cylindrical, and bright green. Its roots are fibrous and white, clinging to limestone surfaces and cliffs in karst landscapes.

M. caerulea grows in sparse or distant colonies. The stems are erect, straight, cylindrical, bright green, reddish, or brownish, and have white hairs. The leaves are opposite, with petioles up to 5 cm long.

The leaf blades are oval, up to 14 cm long, up to 8 cm wide, and have pointed tips. The upper side is green, with white, and rough hairs. The underside is bright green. A main vein runs through the center and minor veins run laterally.

The inflorescences grow above the leaf blades. The flowers are fan-shaped or trumpet-shaped and hairy, 2 cm long and 1 cm wide, with violet stripes on the upper side. The leaf blades are green, butterfly-shaped, and have white, and rough hairs. The leaves grow from the leaf axils, with petioles up to 10 cm long.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Gesneriaceae
Subfamily: Didymocarpoideae
Tribe: Trichosporeae
Subtribe: Didymocarpinae
Genus: Microchirita
Species: Microchirita caerulea (R.Br.) Yin Z.Wang in J. Syst. Evol. 49: 60 (2011)

Homotypic Synonyms:

Chirita caerulea R.Br.
Didymocarpus caeruleus (R.Br.) Koord.
Roettlera caerulea (R.Br.) Kuntze

Heterotypic Synonyms:

Chirita zollingeri C.B.Clarke
Didymocarpus cyathiphorus Rchb.f. & Zoll.
Didymocarpus zollingeri (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze
Roettlera zollingeri (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze

Publications:

A. P. Dewi, M. R. Hariri, A. S. D. Irsyam, R. R. Irwanto, T. H. Al Yamini (2023). Anatomy of Karst Plant: A Study On Microchirita caerulea (R.Br.) Yin Z. Wang (Gesneriaceae) From Madura Island. Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences 10(1): 302-311. DOI: 10.24843/metamorfosa.2023.v10.i02.p14

Backer, C. A and Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C. 1965. Flora of Java, Vol. 2. Wolters-Noordhoff N. V. Groningen, Netherlands.

Puglisi, C and D. J. Middleton. 2017. A revision of Microchirita (Gesneriaceae) in Thailand. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore. 69(2): 211-284.

Weber, A., J. L. Clark and M. Möller. 2013. A new formal classification of Gesneriaceae. Selbyana. 31(2): 68-94.

English: Perikapur
Indonesia: Perikapur, Peri kapur, Bunga kapur
Java: Peri gamping, Tapak gamping, Kembang gamping

Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Mon, 2 Mar 2026 20:42:00 -0800

Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) is a species of plant in the Euphorbiaceae. It is a shrub, growing 2.5–4 meters tall. The leaves are three-lobed, up to 13 cm long and 13 cm wide, sticky, with spiny margins, purple when young and green as they mature. The petioles are up to 9 cm long, dark red to brown, and have yellow spikes.

The flowers are small, fan-shaped, dark red with yellow centers. The fruit is ovoid; young fruits are green. Older fruits are brown, dry, and burst to release the seeds.

Taxon:

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily: Crotonoideae
Tribe: Jatropheae
Genus: Jatropha
Species: Jatropha gossypiifolia
Variety: Jatropha gossypiifolia var. elegans, Jatropha gossypiifolia var. gossypiifolia

Publications:

Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) (2006). Flore Analytique du Bénin: 1-1034. Backhuys Publishers.

Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. (2007). The family Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy and bibliography: 1-500. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.

Balkrishna, A. (2018). Flora of Morni Hills (Research & Possibilities): 1-581. Divya Yoga Mandir Trust.

Brunel, J.F., Hiepo, P. & Scholz, H. (eds.) (1984). Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames: 1-751. GTZ, Eschborn.

Buragohain, S. & Sarma, G.C. (2009). The exotic weeds of Guwahati, Assam and their role in employment generation. Pleione 3(1): 45-49.

Catarino, L., Sampaio Martins, E., Pinto-Basto, M.F. & Diniz, M.A. (2006). Plantas Vasculares e Briófitos da Guiné-Bissau: 1-298. Instituto de investigação científica tropical, Instituto Português de apoio ao desenvolvimento.

Florence, J. (1997). Flore de la Polynésie Française 1: 1-393. ORSTOM éditions, Paris.

Girmansyah, D. & al. (eds.) (2013). Flora of Bali an annotated checklist: 1-158. Herbarium Bogorensis, Indonesia.

Gosline, G., Bidault, E., van der Burgt, X., Cahen, D., Challen, G., Condé, N., Couch, C., Couvreur, T.L.P., Dagallier, L.M.J., Darbyshire, I., Dawson, S., Doré, T.S., Goyder, D., Grall, A., Haba, P., Haba, P., Harris, D., Hind, D.J.N., Jongkind, & al. (2023). A Taxonomically-verified and Vouchered Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea. Nature, scientific data 10, Article number: 327: [1]-[12].

Jones, M. (1991). A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Michael Jones, The Gambia College.

Karthigeyan, K., Pandey, R.P. & Mao, A.A. (eds.) (2023). Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2: 1-689. Botanical Survey of India. Ministry of environment, forest and climate change.

Lautenschläger, T. & al (2020). New records for the flora of Angola: observations from Uíge and Cuanza Norte. Plant Ecology and Evolution 153: 132-142.

Leti, M., Hul, S., Fouché, J.-G., Cheng, S.K. & David, B. (2013). Flore photographique du Cambodge: 1-589. Éditions Privat, Toulouse.

Lisowski, S. (2009). Flore (Angiospermes) de la République de Guinée. Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517.

MacKee, H.S. (1994). Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, ed. 2: 1-164. Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris.

Pasha, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1-434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

van Welzen, P.C. & Chayamarit, K. (2007). Flora of Thailand 8(2): 305-592. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.

Vernacular name:

Bali: Jarak barak
Bengali: Lal bherenda
Burmese: အနီရောင်ဆပ်ပြာ
Chinese (simplified): 桐叶膏棉 - 棉叶珊瑚花
Chinese (traditional): 紅葉麻瘋樹 - 棉葉麻瘋樹
Czech: Dávivec bavlníkolistý
English: Bellyache bush, Pandou, Cotton-leaf physicnut, Black physicnut, Cotton-leaf physic Nut
Filipino: Lansi-lansinaan, tagumbau-a-nalabaga, tuba-tuba
Finnish: Tummajatropa
French: Médicinier à feuilles de cotonnier
Hindi: रतनजोती - बरामदा - भेरेंडा Ratanajotee, Baraamada, Bherenda
Indonesian: Jarak Merah
Java: Jarak abang
Kangean: Kaleke bacu
Kannada: Chikka kadaharalu
Khmer: សាប៊ូក្រហម
Lampung: Jarak ulung
Lao: ສະບູ່ສີແດງ
Madura: Jarak mera
Malayalam: Chuvanna Kadalavanakku, Seemayavanakku
Malaysia: Jarak merah, Jarak beremah, Jarak hitam
Manipuri: E-hidak, Ee hidak
Melayu: Jarak merah
Nepali: रतनजोती Ratanajōtī
Oria: Johaji, Baigoba, Nonkakalo, Baigawa, Kalo
Pashto: رتنجوتي Ratanjoti
Portuguese: Pinhão-roxo
Russian: Ятрофа хлопчатниколистная
Sinhala: සිරියා අමනක්කු - ආතලයි Siriyā amanakku, ātalayi
Slovak: Jatrofa bavlníkolistá
Spanish: Túa túa
Sunda: Jarak beureum
Tamil: சிரியா அமனக்கு - ஆதலை Ciriyā amaṉakku, ātalai
Telugu: Nela-amida, Nepalam, Verriamudam, Seema nepalamu, Nela amudam, Bodandha
Thai: สบู่แดง
United Kingdom: Cotton-leaved physic nut, Bellyache bush
Urdu: رتن جوتی Rtan joti
Vietnam: Xà phòng đỏ

Alexandrian Laurel (Calophyllum inophyllum)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Fri, 30 Jan 2026 22:44:00 -0800

Alexandrian Laurel (Calophyllum inophyllum) is a species of plant in the Calophyllaceae family. It is a low-branching, slow-growing, spreading tree with a wide, irregular crown. It grows up to 30 meters tall, has a cylindrical trunk, and thick, black, and fissured bark.

The leaves are thick, oval, with rounded tips, even margins, and a smooth surface. The upper side is dark green and glossy, the underside is bright green, with a central vein in bright green. The leaves are up to 27 cm long, 13 cm wide, and have a 1 cm petiole.

Flowers bloom throughout the year, but typically from April to June and October to December. Flowers are 30 mm in diameter and occur in racemose or paniculate inflorescences of four to 15 flowers. The flowers have a sweet aroma and attract numerous pollinating insects.

The fruit is round, green, up to 4 cm in diameter, with a large seed in the center. When ripe, the fruit wrinkles and turns yellow to brownish. The fruit is light, with thin, spongy flesh and a flavor similar to apple.

This species thrives on sandy and rocky coasts. The bark is used medicinally. The hardwood is used for boat and ship mast construction. The fruit is used as a biofuel feedstock with a yield of up to 74%, and its use does not compete with food needs.

This tree regenerates easily and bears fruit year-round, has a high survival rate, and is easily cultivated in dry climates. Almost all parts of the plant can be utilized, producing a variety of products with economic value.

Forest stands serve as windbreaks for agriculture and coastal conservation. This tree can reduce the rate of deforestation for firewood due to its higher seed productivity compared to other species. It is suitable for peatland restoration to increase the productivity of degraded land and as a preventative measure against forest and land fires.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Calophyllaceae
Genus: Calophyllum
Species: Calophyllum inophyllum

False nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Tue, 27 Jan 2026 22:12:00 -0800

False nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica) is a species of plant in the Urticaceae family, a herb or small shrub, up to 160 cm tall, usually monoecious but rarely dioecious. The leaves are paired or alternate, and the inflorescence is a spikelet with a cluster of small bracts at the tip.

B. cylindrica generally grows to a height of 50-100 cm. Spine-like hairs form in the leaf axils. The leaves are oval and up to 10 cm long and 4 cm wide.

The flowers are green or greenish-white and emerge from the upper leaf axils. Male and female flowers usually grow on separate plants. Male flowers are more numerous among the spikes in clusters. Female flowers are less evenly distributed along the spikes.

The small, oval seeds are covered with small, hook-like hairs. Ripe seeds are dark brown. The inflorescence resembles a spike and is up to 3 cm long.

This species can be found in moist to mesic deciduous forest habitats, growing abundantly along streambanks, floodplains, and lowlands. B. cylindrica is wind-pollinated, so the flowers do not attract many insects.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rosales
Family: Urticaceae
Genus: Boehmeria
Species:Boehmeria cylindrica
Subspecies: Boehmeria cylindrica ssp. cylindrica, Boehmeria cylindrica ssp. drummondiana

Cempaki (Termitomyces microcarpus)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Sun, 11 Jan 2026 01:50:00 -0800

Cempaki (Termitomyces microcarpus) is a species of fungus in the Lyophyllaceae family. It grows wild in tropical Asian forests near termite nests. It is rarely reported in urban areas. It is edible and known for its deliciousness, high nutritional value, and difficulty in cultivating. In Indonesia, it is used as an alternative food ingredient.

T. microcarpus is the smallest of the Termitomyces species, umbrella-shaped, plain white, measuring 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide. It grows in dense clusters on surfaces and forms a mutualistic relationship, requiring the metabolic activity of termites as a substrate for growth.

This species is known for its deliciousness, rich in nutrients, and has potential bioactive properties, such as helping lower cholesterol and acting as a tonic. Currently, it is difficult to cultivate on a large scale, and people rely solely on wild harvests.

This mushroom is highly favored for its savory, delicious flavor and soft, chewy texture. It is often stir-fried as a side dish. Another variation is the main ingredient in spicy, savory seblak (spicy seblak), often served with galangal seasoning and various toppings, including meatballs, sausages, and other ingredients.

Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Subphylum: Agaricomycotina
Class: Agaricomycetes
Subclass: Agaricomycetidae
Order: Agaricales
Suborder: Tricholomatineae
Family: Lyophyllaceae
Genus: Termitomyces
Species: Termitomyces microcarpus

Matchbox bean (Entada phaseoloides)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:46:00 -0800

Matchbox Bean (Entada phaseoloides) is a species in the Fabaceae family, a large woody liana with stems up to 18 cm in diameter, dark brown, rough bark, laterally flattened, and spirally twisted.

The leaves are bipinnate, up to 25 cm long, with 1-2 pairs of minor leaflets, each divided into 1-2 pairs of pinnules. The pinnules are somewhat leathery, asymmetrical or oblique, up to 10 cm long and 5 cm wide.

The inflorescence is a spike-shaped, about 25-30 cm long, bearing numerous sessile flowers. The individual flowers are very small, about 1.2 mm in diameter. The five petals, green with reddish bases, are 3-4 mm long, and the stamens are about 7 mm long.

The fruit is a very large, flattened, woody pod or capsule, about 1-1.2 m long and 12 cm wide. It is usually slightly curved and linear, with about 12 segments, each containing a single seed. The seeds are lens-shaped, shiny brown, smooth, 5-6 cm wide and 1-1.5 cm thick.

Filipinos used gugo before commercial shampoos were available in stores. This shampoo is obtained by soaking and rubbing the bark of the stem, producing a lather that cleanses the scalp. It is also used as an ingredient in hair tonics. This plant contains saponins, triterpenes, and phenolic compounds. Gugo prevents hair loss by stimulating microcirculation in the blood vessels.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Mimosoideae
Tribe: Mimoseae
Genus: Entada
Species: Entada phaseoloides

Pink trumpet tree (Tabebuia heterophylla)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Fri, 21 Nov 2025 03:56:00 -0800

Pink trumpet tree (Tabebuia heterophylla) is a species of plant in the Bignoniaceae family, growing 6–9 meters tall with a cylindrical trunk and brown bark that is often linearly fissured. The leaves are opposite, compound, with five or fewer minor leaflets.

T. heterophylla has striking bright red flowers, tubular, five-lobed, and 5–7.5 cm long. The fruit is a cylindrical pod, up to 20 cm long and up to 1 cm wide. The pod stalk is up to 3 cm long.

The pod splits along two lines to release numerous thin, light brown seeds, 0.5–2.5 cm long with two white wings. This species is often used as a street tree and shade tree for residential properties.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Genus: Tabebuia
Species: Tabebuia heterophylla

Asian palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Tue, 18 Nov 2025 04:29:00 -0800

Asian palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) is a species of Arecaceae, palm, sturdy, single-stemmed, cylindrical shape, growing 15-30 meters tall and with a trunk diameter of about 60 cm.

The leaves are clustered at the tip of the trunk, forming a rounded crown. The leaf blade resembles a round fan, up to 1.5 meters in diameter. The leaflets are 5-7 cm wide, and the underside is whitish with a waxy coating. The leaf stalk is up to 1 meter long, with a broad, black midrib at the top and a row of two-pointed spines.

The inflorescence is borne on a cob, 20-30 cm long, and the stalk is about 50 cm long. The fruits are clustered in clusters of about 20, round, 7-20 cm in diameter, with a brownish-black outer skin and yellow flesh on the inside. The fruit has three seeds in a thick, hard shell.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Coryphoideae
Tribe: Borasseae
Subtribe: Lataniinae
Genus: Borassus
Species: Borassus flabellifer

Kemadih (Schultesianthus coriaceus)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Tue, 9 Sep 2025 05:39:00 -0700

Kemadih (Schultesianthus coriaceus) is a species of plant in the Solanaceae family. It grows as a climber and covers host trees. It is a perennial, multi-branched, hardwood plant with hard, brown bark and dark green young bark.

S. coriaceus has thick leaves, 15 cm long and 8 cm wide. A central vein is linear, with a pointed tip and base. The upper surface is dark green and the lower surface is bright green. The petiole is 3 cm long.

The flowers are fan-shaped with 5 inflorescences. The base is narrow, whitish-yellow or bright green, and 8 cm wide. Four inflorescences with brownish-white tips and one inflorescence with a green tip grow in the center. The fruit is green, 3.5 cm long, and the stalk is 2 cm long.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Subfamily: Solanoideae
Tribe: Solandreae
Genus: Schultesianthus
Species: Schultesianthus coriaceus

Sandbox tree (Hura crepitans)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Sun, 24 Aug 2025 23:59:00 -0700

Sandbox tree (Hura crepitans) is species in Euphorbiaceae, a tropical tree, growing up to 60 meters tall and with a trunk circumference of up to 13.2 meters, the trunk is covered with long and sharp thorns and exudes a poisonous sap.

H. crepitans has large, oval leaves, 15 cm wide and 20 cm long. The petioles are 22 cm long. The flowers are red and lack petals. Male flowers grow on long stalks, while female flowers grow singly in leaf axils.

The fruit is a large, flask-shaped capsule, up to 10 cm in diameter, with 12-16 radially arranged carpels. The seeds are flat and about 2 cm in diameter. The capsule bursts when ripe, dividing into segments and ejecting the seeds at a speed of 70 m/s, a distance of 30-100 meters.

This tree prefers moist soil and partial shade or partial to full sun, a warm, humid environment. It is often cultivated for shade.

The wood is light and used to make canoes. The sap is used to poison fish.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Hura
Species: Hura crepitans

Black potato (Coleus rotundifolius)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Sat, 24 May 2025 05:06:00 -0700

Black potato (Coleus rotundifolius) is a species of plant in Lamiaceae, herbaceous, fibrous roots and tubers, erect and slightly creeping stems, quadrangular, thick, and slightly odorous.

Single leaves, thick, membranous, opposite and alternate. Leaves are oval, dark green and shiny on the upper side, bright green on the lower side. Up to 5 cm long, up to 4 cm wide, slightly hairy and pinnate leaf veins. Leaf stalks up to 4 cm long.

Small, purple flowers. Star-shaped petals, lip-shaped crown, dark to light purple with a slightly curved tube shape. Flowering from February-August.

Small tubers, brown and white flesh and tuber length 2-4 cm.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Subfamily: Nepetoideae
Tribe: Ocimeae
Subtribe: Plectranthinae
Genus: Coleus
Species: Coleus rotundifolius

Wild durian (Cullenia exarillata)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Fri, 16 May 2025 03:30:00 -0700

Wild durian (Cullenia exarillata) is a species of plant in the Malvaceae, a tall tree with smooth, greyish-white bark, peeling on older trees, a straight trunk, horizontal branches and often with a series of knob-like tubercles for flower and fruit attachment.

C. exarillata has young branches and the underside of the leaves is covered with golden brown peltate or shield-like scales. The leaves are single, alternate, glabrous, glossy green on the upper side and covered with silvery or orange peltate scales on the underside.

Hermaphroditic flowers are tubular and also covered with golden brown scales, 4-5 cm long and cream or reddish brown in color. Flowers have no petals, formed of tubular bracteoles and tubular calyxes, 5-lobed.

Fruit is round, 10-13 cm in diameter, covered with thorns and clustered along the branches. Many seeds, reddish brown, 4-5 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. The seeds are enclosed by a fleshy, whitish aril. The fruit splits open when ripe and dries to release the seeds.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Subfamily: Helicteroideae
Tribe: Durioneae
Genus: Cullenia
Species: Cullenia exarillata

Brown-woolly fig (Ficus drupacea)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Tue, 6 May 2025 04:58:00 -0700

Brown-woolly fig (Ficus drupacea) is a species of plant in the Moraceae, a tropical tree, cylindrical and 10-30 meters tall. The leaves are oval, up to 16 cm long, up to 6 cm wide, with petioles up to 2 cm long.

The fruit is round-oval, up to 3 cm long, up to 2 cm wide, young yellow and old red. The fruit is eaten by pigeons, and pollinated by Eupristina belgaumensis.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Tribe: Ficeae
Genus: Ficus
Species: Ficus drupacea

Beach spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Sun, 23 Mar 2025 07:07:00 -0700

Beach spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis) is plant species in Amaryllidaceae, herbaceous perennial, up to 80 cm tall, with bulbs 7-10 cm in diameter and over time developing a neck 4-5 cm in diameter. The leaves are elongated, flat, thick, up to 80 cm long and up to 3 cm wide.

The flowers are large, white, vanilla-scented, and in sticky clusters. The flower awns are attached to staminal cups. Each flower tube is up to 17 cm long or longer.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Tribe: Hymenocallideae
Genus: Hymenocallis
Species: Hymenocallis littoralis

Asian water hyacinth (Pontederia hastata)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Mon, 17 Mar 2025 08:49:00 -0700

Asian water hyacinth (Pontederia hastata) is a species of plant in the Pontederiaceae, herbaceous, aquatic, erect, growing in colonies in wet environments with freshwater bodies, lakes, swamps, rivers and agricultural land and abandoned lands.

P. hastata is up to 120 cm tall, cylindrical leaf stalks and green in color. Leaves are heart-shaped or arrow-shaped, up to 25 cm long, up to 21 cm wide, green and thick.

Inflorescences in panicles and grow on leaf stalks. Fan-shaped flowers, up to 3 cm wide, six-winged, blue in color, white stamens and yellow pollen. Flower stalks up to 3 cm long and white.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Commelinales
Family: Pontederiaceae
Genus: Pontederia
Subgenus: Monochoria
Species: Pontederia hastata

Java ruellia (Ruellia treubiana)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Tue, 11 Mar 2025 00:15:00 -0700

Java ruellia (Ruellia treubiana) is a species of plant in the Acanthaceae, herbaceous, erect, up to 35 cm tall, cylindrical and green stems, fibrous and white roots.

R. treubiana has leaves sitting opposite each other with long stalks up to 1 cm. The leaves are oval, up to 6.5 cm long, up to 4 cm wide, pointed at the tip, a main vein in the middle with many small pinnate veins and flat margins.

Fan-shaped flowers with five fins, bluish white, up to 3.5 cm long and up to 2.5 cm wide. This species grows on the forest floor in narrow colonies, under teak forests that tend to be shady, on the edge of puddles, on the edge of roads etc.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Acanthaceae
Subfamily: Acanthoideae
Tribe: Ruellieae
Subtribe: Ruelliinae
Genus: Ruellia
Species: Ruellia treubiana

False bird of paradise (Heliconia rostrata)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Thu, 6 Mar 2025 08:46:00 -0800

False bird of paradise or hanging lobster claw heliconia (Heliconia rostrata) is a species of plant in the Heliconiaceae, shrubs, pseudo stems and layers, upright, growing in colonies with fibrous roots and creeping in shallow soil and often appearing above the soil surface.

H. rostrata has elongated, thick, waterproof leaves, up to 85 cm long, up to 20 cm wide, leaf sheaths up to 105 cm long. Flowers in elongated, hanging panicles, up to 50 cm long. Flowers sit opposite, up to 15 cm long, up to 3 cm wide, red and yellow.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Heliconiaceae
Genus: Heliconia
Subgenus: Heliconia
Section: Episcopales
Species: Heliconia rostrata

Bengal trumpet (Thunbergia grandiflora)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Sun, 2 Mar 2025 05:14:00 -0800

Bengal trumpet (Thunbergia grandiflora) is a species of plant in the Acanthaceae, herbaceous, climbing, up to 20 meters long, long root system with deep taproot.

The leaves are opposite, petiolate, rough surface and variable size. The leaves are triangular or oval or 7-cornered and the margins are serrated or wavy or plain. The length and width of the leaves are up to 20 cm.

The flowers are blue and mauve in color, up to 9 cm wide and the tube is 4 cm long. The pods contain seeds that scatter up to several meters when ripe.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Acanthaceae
Subfamily: Thunbergioideae
Tribe: Thunbergieae
Genus: Thunbergia
Species: Thunbergia grandiflora

Dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 02:31:00 -0800

Dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium) is a species of plant in the Asteraceae, an annual herb, up to 2 meters tall, with several stems branching from the base and stout, the base covered with green thread-like leaves branching out from the stem in a fractal pattern.

E. capillifolium has leaves with a sour odor similar to dill pickles. The flowers have a mild odor. This species thrives on roadsides, fields and disturbed areas.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Eupatorieae
Subtribe: Eupatoriinae
Genus: Eupatorium
Species: Eupatorium capillifolium

Formosa lily (Lilium formosanum)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Sat, 22 Feb 2025 03:45:00 -0800

Taiwanese lily or formosa lily (Lilium formosanum) is a species of plant in the Liliaceae, herbaceous, erect, up to 150 cm tall, with small, round, and 2-4 cm diameter bulbs, consisting of white to yellowish lanceolate scales.

L. formosanum has smooth to papillose stems and sometimes purple shades. Leaves are distributed radially around the stem. Leaves are linear or narrow and lanceolate, up to 20 cm long and up to 1.5 cm wide.

Each unit has 1-5 flowers, funnel-shaped, fragrant in umbels. Hermaphroditic flowers consist of 3 flowers. Six flower bracts are identical, broadly spatulate and up to 16 cm long. The flower base color is pure white and the outer part is purple.

Each flower contains 3 carpels and 6 stamens. Anthers are about 12 mm long and pollen is yellow. Filaments are very long, about 12 cm long. Nectar fruits are green and have papillose stalks on both sides. Seeds mature in capsules, slender and up to 9 cm long.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Lilium
Section: Leucolirion
Species: Lilium formosanum

Mossman mahogany (Goniocheton arborescens)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Sat, 15 Feb 2025 14:09:00 -0800

Mossman mahogany (Goniocheton arborescens) is a species of plant in the Meliaceae, a small to large tree, up to 20-30 meters tall, flowering and fruiting when only 1 meter high, the trunk has a diameter of up to 45 cm, the bark is gray-brown, smooth or with light cracks.

The leaves are opposite, 5 pairs or 10 pieces and petioles 0.5-1 cm long. The leaves are up to 18 cm long, up to 9 cm wide, a main vein in the middle with many small pinnate veins, a pointed tip, dark green upper side, lighter and glabrous underside.

The inflorescence is an axillary thyrse measuring up to 8 cm covered with small yellow-brown hairs. Flowers about 10 mm long, creamy green to white, usually 5 petals 10 mm long and 2.2 mm wide. Stamen tubes arise from the base of the petals, 10 anthers 1 mm long at the distal end.

The capsule fruit is round and slightly flat, up to 3 cm in diameter, bald, bright red and contains 5 seeds.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae
Genus: Goniocheton
Species: Goniocheton arborescens

Large-leaved uvaria (Uvaria littoralis)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Thu, 6 Feb 2025 02:28:00 -0800

Kalak or large-leaved uvaria (Uvaria littoralis) is a species of plant in Annonaceae, shrub or small tree, erect, woody, young branches are blackish brown with white spots, growing in clumps on the shaded forest floor, in teak forests, clay soil, limestone and rocky rocks.

U. littoralis has leaves in rows along the branches, zigzag, very short stalks and sitting alternately. The leaf blade is up to 25 cm long, up to 10 cm wide, pointed tip, heart base, a main vein in the middle with many small pinnate veins.

Fan-shaped flowers, blood red, yellow center. Fruits grow at the end of the bunch and radial with a 1-2 cm long stalk. Young fruit is round and yellow, ripe fruit is oval or elongated and red to blackish blue.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Tribe: Uvarieae
Genus: Uvaria
Species: Uvaria littoralis

Wangon (Olax imbricata)

noreply@blogger.com (Dlium) — Wed, 29 Jan 2025 05:55:00 -0800

Wangon or lenteng (Olax imbricata) is a species of plant in the Olacaceae, grows climbing on other trees, in clumps, up to 10 meters high, woody stems, cylindrical and slender, brown and rough bark, many branches.

O. imbricata has leaves in rows along young twigs, stalks 0.5-1 cm and sit alternately. The leaves are oval, blunt tip, about 3 cm wide, about 8 cm long, a main vein in the middle with many small pinnate veins.

The fruit is round, 1-2 cm wide and the stalk is about 1 cm. Young fruit is green or white, ripe fruit is red or orange.

This species grows at an elevation of 200 meters. Grows on the shaded forest floor by climbing other trees such as teak trees. Often found in limestone or clay soils or rocky soils.

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Santalales
Family: Olacaceae
Genus: Olax
Species: Olax imbricata