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Understanding Male Sexual Problems -- the Basics

2012-07-03T05:54:00.005-07:00

Problems with sexual functioning are common, affecting more than half of all couples at some time. Although sexual dysfunction rarely threatens physical health, it can take a heavy psychological toll, bringing on depression, anxiety, and debilitating feelings of inadequacy. Many sexual problems are actually symptoms of other more serious heath disorders.

Determining which factors are affecting your ability to enjoy your sexuality -- whether psychological or physical -- can be very difficult and will require great patience from you, your partner, and your health care provider. Problems may be difficult to resolve without expert help, especially because misinformation and embarrassment are leading causes of sexual dysfunction.

If your sexual problem only occurs under a particular set of circumstances, or only with certain sexual partners, then your condition is considered to be "situational" rather than "generalized" (occurring regardless of the circumstances or partner).

The major categories of sexual dysfunction in men include:

Erectile dysfunction (sometimes called impotence): the inability to have or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual functioning.
Premature ejaculation : an inability to delay orgasm and ejaculation, such that it occurs very early in the course of sexual contact, leaving the other partner dissatisfied.
Male orgasmic disorder: an inability to reach orgasm (climax) with a partner; or the inability to achieve orgasm without lengthy sexual contact; or the inability to have an orgasm during intercourse. In some cases, orgasm can be achieved only through masturbation or oral sex.
Inhibited or hypoactive sexual desire: a disinterest in sexual contact or complete lack of sexual desire.
Retrograde ejaculation: the semen,rather than emerging from the end of the penis, moves backward into the bladder during orgasm.
Priapism: a prolonged erection unaccompanied by sexual desire; this rare condition is potentially dangerous and requires immediate medical attention.

Many of these sexual conditions will occur at some point during the course of a man's life. In fact, some researchers only consider a diagnosis of sexual dysfunction if the problem occurs in 25% of all attempted sexual encounters.

What Causes Male Sexual Problems?

Because the sexual response is so complex, involving multiple factors, there are many causes of sexual dysfunction. Sometimes simple lack of information is to blame. Emotional issues may be a barrier to a healthy sex life. An erection involves the nervous and vascular systems (the network of arteries and veins) and appropriate levels of hormones, so problems with any of these systems can interfere with sexual functioning. Common problems include the following:

Hypogonadism, in which the testicles do not produce enough testosterone
Thyroid disorders (both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism)
Adrenal lesions (Cushing's syndrome)
Noncancerous pituitary growths that increase levels of a hormone called prolactin
Diseases that affect the nervous system, including strokes, spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, long-standing diabetes, and Parkinson's disease
Damage following pelvic surgery (such as prostate, colon, or bladder surgery)
Conditions that affect the penis directly, such as Peyronie's disease (penile curvature) or injury to the penis itself or to the arteries, veins, or nerves that supply the penis
Any serious and debilitating diseases that result in intense fatigue, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, heart disease, cirrhosis, cancer, and kidney failure
Premature ejaculation (PE) is usually not due to physical causes, although the problem is sometimes linked to a neurological disorder, prostate infections, or urethritis. Possible psychological causes include:
- Anxiety
- Guilt feelings about sex
- Ambivalence toward women
- Learned behavior pattern of rapid ejaculation seen with frequent masturbation or infrequent sexual activity
Erection problems can be caused by:
- Blockages in the blood flow to the penis
- Atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries leading to the penis
- Damage to arteries or nerves after radiation treatment
- Leaky veins
- Low levels of the male hormone testosterone or other hormonal disturbances
- Conditions or behaviors that increase the risk of vascular disease, such as smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol or the medications to treat these and other disorders
Painful intercourse usually has physical causes such as these:
- An infection of the prostate, urethra, or testes, which can be initiated by sexually transmitted diseases, such as chlamydia and genital herpes
- An allergic reaction to spermicide or condoms
- Peyronie's disease, fibrous plaques on the upper side of the penis that often produce a painful bend during erection
- Arthritis of the lower back
Lack of sexual desire may be due to any of these factors:
- Physical illness
- Hormonal abnormality (usually low testosterone levels)
- Medications that affect libido
- Psychological causes, including depression or interpersonal problems, which a therapist may help identify
Retrograde ejaculation may occur in men from these causes:
- Prostate or urethral surgery
- Medication that keeps the bladder neck open
- Diabetes (which can injure the nerves that normally close the bladder during ejaculation)
Can Medication Cause Sexual Problems?

Many medications have been implicated in sexual dysfunction, causing inhibited sexual desire and/or erectile dysfunction, such as:
- Drugs to treat high blood pressure
- Diuretics (including thiazides and spironolactone)
- Histamine blockers
- Antidepressant medications
- Common over-the-counter preparations (particularly antihistamines and decongestants)
- Anti-psychotic medications
- Sedatives
- Medications used to treat anxiety
- Use of drugs, including alcohol, methadone and heroin, anabolic steroids, and tobacco
Psychological Factors in Sexual Problems

Psychological factors play an important role. You may find it difficult to enjoy a sexual relationship if:
- You are under a lot of stress
- Your relationship is troubled
- You have a history of traumatic sexual encounters (rape or incest)
- You were raised in a family with strict sexual taboos
- You're afraid of getting your partner pregnant or of contracting a sexually-transmitted disease
- You have negative feelings (including guilt, anger, fear, low self-esteem, and anxiety)
- You are depressed
- You are severely fatigued
Environmental Factors in Sexual Problems

You may find it difficult to enjoy sex if there is no safe, private place to relax and allow yourself to become sexual, or if fatigue due to an overly busy work and personal life robs you of the energy to participate sexually. Parents may find it difficult to find the time to be sexually intimate, given the demands/presence of their children. Fear of contracting HIV (human immunodeficiency virus, which can lead to AIDS), the difficulties of striving for "safer sex," and the psychological effects of discrimination, are just a few of the factors that can cause anxieties in gay men.

Source WebMD

Common Pregnancy Pains and Their Causes

2011-06-23T11:49:00.000-07:00

Your body is constantly changing now that you are pregnant, which may cause discomfort. Some pregnancy discomforts may occur in the early weeks, while others occur only as you get closer to delivery. Other pregnancy discomforts may appear early and then go away, only to come back later. This is normal and usually does not mean something is wrong.

Every woman's pregnancy is unique, and some of the discomforts described in this article may not affect you. Discuss any concerns about pregnancy discomforts you are having with your health care provider.

Pregnancy Breast Changes

Most pregnant women will feel some changes in their breasts. Your breasts will increase in size as your milk glands enlarge and the fat tissue increases, causing breast firmness and tenderness in the first and last few months of pregnancy. Bluish veins may also appear as your blood supply increases. Your nipples will also darken and a thick fluid called colostrum may leak from your breasts. All of these breast changes are normal.

Recommendations:

Wear a bra that provides firm support.
Choose cotton bras or those made from other natural fibers.
Increase your bra size as your breasts become larger. Your bra should fit well without irritating your nipples. Try maternity or nursing bras, which provide more support and can be used after pregnancy if you choose to breastfeed.
To ease discomfort and maintain support, try wearing a bra during the night and day.
Tuck a cotton handkerchief or gauze pad into each bra cup to absorb leaking fluid. Nursing pads, which you can buy in a pharmacy, are also available. Make sure to change these pads as needed to prevent irritation to the underlying skin.
Clean your breasts with warm water only; do not use soap or other products since they can cause dryness.

Pregnancy Fatigue

Your growing baby requires extra energy, which may make you feel tired. Sometimes, feeling tired may be a sign of anemia (low iron in the blood), which is common during pregnancy.

Recommendations:

Get plenty of rest; go to bed early at night and try taking naps during the day.
Maintain a regular schedule when possible but pace your activities; balance activity with rest when needed.
Exercise daily to increase your energy level.
If you think anemia may be a concern, ask your health care provider to test your blood.

Pregnancy Nausea or Vomiting

An upset stomach is one of the most common discomforts during pregnancy. Nausea is a result of hormonal changes and most often occurs early in pregnancy until your body adjusts to the increased production of hormones.

Nausea can begin in early pregnancy, but is usually gone by the fourth month. It can occur at any time of the day but may be worse in the morning when your stomach is empty (this is often called "morning sickness") or if you are not eating enough.

Recommendations:

If nausea is a problem in the morning, eat dry foods like cereal, toast or crackers before getting out of bed. Or, try eating a high-protein snack such as lean meat or cheese before going to bed (protein takes longer to digest).

Eat small meals or snacks every 2-3 hours rather than three large meals. Eat slowly and chew your food completely.

Sip on fluids throughout the day. Avoid large amounts of fluids at one time. Try cool, clear fruit juices, such as apple or grape juice.

Avoid spicy, fried, or greasy foods.

If you are bothered by strong smells, eat foods cold or at room temperature and avoid odors that bother you.

Talk to your doctor about taking vitamin B6 or other treatments.

Contact your health care provider if your vomiting is constant or so severe that you can't keep fluids or foods down. This can cause dehydration and should be treated right away.

Pregnancy Frequent Urination

During the first trimester, your growing uterus and growing baby press against your bladder, causing a frequent need to urinate. This will happen again in the third trimester when the baby's head drops into the pelvis before birth.

Recommendations:

Avoid tight-fitting underwear, pants, or pantyhose.
Contact your health care provider if your urine burns or stings. This can be a sign of a urinary tract infection and should be treated right away.

Pregnancy Headaches

Headaches can be caused by tension, congestion, constipation, or in some cases,preeclampsia. They can occur anytime during pregnancy.

Recommendations:

Apply an ice pack to your forehead or the back of your neck.
Rest, sit, or lie quietly in a low-lit room. Close your eyes and try to release the tension in your back, neck, and shoulders.
Try Tylenol (acetaminophen) occasionally. Ask your health care provider before taking any other medications for your headaches.
Contact your health care provider if you have nausea with your headaches, if your headache is severe and does not go away, or if you have blurry vision, double vision, or blind spots

Pregnancy Bleeding and Swollen Gums

The increase in your circulation and supply of certain hormones may cause tenderness, swelling and bleeding of gums.

Recommendations:

Take proper care of your teeth and gums. Brush and floss regularly.
Get a dental checkup early in your pregnancy to make sure your teeth and mouth are healthy. See your dentist if you have a problem.

Pregnancy Constipation

Your hormones as well as vitamins and iron supplements may cause constipation (difficulty passing stool or incomplete or infrequent passage of hard stools). Pressure on your rectum from your uterus may also cause constipation.

Recommendations:

Add more fiber (such as whole grain foods, fresh fruits, and vegetables) to your diet.
Drink plenty of fluids daily (at least 6-8 glasses of water and 1-2 glasses of fruit or prune juice).
Drink warm liquids, especially in the morning.
Exercise daily.
Set a regular time for bowel movements; avoid straining when having a bowel movement.
Discuss the use of a laxative with your health care providers; they may recommend natural fiber laxatives or stool softeners.

Pregnancy Dizziness (Feeling Faint)

Dizziness can occur anytime middle to late pregnancy. The pregnancy hormone progesterone dilates blood vessels so blood tends to pool in the legs. In addition, more blood is going to your growing uterus. This can cause a decrease in blood pressure, especially when changing positions, resulting in dizziness.

Faintness and dizziness can also be affected by poor eating habits. When your blood sugar levels are too low, you may feel faint.

Recommendations:

Move around often when standing for long periods of time.
Try lying on your left side to rest.
Try to move slowly when standing from a sitting position; avoid sudden movements.
Eat regular meals to prevent low blood sugar.

Difficulty Sleeping During Pregnancy

Finding a comfortable resting position can become difficult later in pregnancy.

Recommendations:

Don't take sleep medication.
Try drinking warm milk at bedtime.
Try taking a warm shower or bath before bedtime.
Use extra pillows for support while sleeping. Lying on your side, place a pillow under your head, abdomen, behind your back and between your knees to prevent muscle strain and help you get the rest you need. You will probably feel better lying on your left side; this improves circulation of blood throughout your body.

Pregnancy Heartburn or Indigestion

Heartburn (indigestion) is a burning feeling that starts in the stomach and seems to rise to the throat. It occurs during pregnancy because your digestive system works more slowly due to changing hormone levels. Also, your enlarged uterus can crowd your stomach, pushing stomach acids upward.

Recommendations:

Eat several small meals each day instead of three large meals.
Eat slowly.
Drink warm liquids such as herbal tea.
Avoid fried, spicy, or rich foods, or any foods that seem to give you indigestion.
Don't lie down directly after eating.
Keep the head of your bed higher than the foot of your bed. Or, place pillows under your shoulders to prevent stomach acids from rising into your chest.
Don't mix fatty foods with sweets in one meal and try to separate liquids and solids at meals.
Try heartburn relievers such as Tums, Maalox, Titralac, Mylanta, Riopan, or Gaviscon.

Pregnancy Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are swollen veins that appear as painful lumps on the anus. They may form as a result of increased circulation and pressure on the rectum and vagina from your growing baby.

Recommendations:

Try to avoid constipation; constipation can cause hemorrhoids and will make them more painful.
Try to avoid sitting or standing for long periods of time; change your position frequently.
Make an effort not to strain during a bowel movement.
Apply ice packs or cold compresses to the area or take a warm bath a few times a day to provide relief.
Avoid tight-fitting underwear, pants, or pantyhose.
Discuss the use of a hemorrhoid treatment with your health care provider.

Pregnancy Varicose Veins

An increased volume of blood and the pressure of your growing uterus can slow your circulation, sometimes causing the veins in your legs to become larger or swollen.

Recommendations:

Although varicose veins are usually hereditary, here are some preventive tips:

Avoid standing or sitting in one place for long periods. It's important to get up and move around often.
Avoid remaining in any position that might restrict the circulation in your legs (such as crossing your legs while sitting).
Elevate your legs and feet while sitting.
Exercise regularly.
Wear support hose but avoid any leg wear that is too tight.

Pregnancy Leg Cramps

Pressure from your growing uterus can cause leg cramps or sharp pains down your legs.

Recommendations:

Be sure to eat and drink foods and beverages rich in calcium (such as milk, broccoli or cheese).
Wear comfortable, low-heeled shoes.
Try wearing support hose but avoid any leg wear that is too tight.
Elevate your legs when possible; avoid crossing your legs.
Exercise daily.
Stretch your legs before going to bed.
Avoid lying on your back, since the weight of your body and the pressure of your enlarged uterus can slow the circulation in your legs, causing cramps.
Gently stretch any muscle that becomes cramped by straightening your leg, flexing your foot, and pulling your toes toward you.
Try massaging the cramp, or apply heat or a hot water bottle to the sore area.

Pregnancy Nasal Congestion

You may have a "stuffy nose" or feel like you have a cold. Pregnancy hormones sometimes dry out the lining in your nose, making it inflamed and swollen.

Recommendations:

Apply a warm, wet washcloth to your cheeks, eyes, and nose to reduce congestion.
Don't use nose sprays; they can aggravate your symptoms.
Drink plenty of fluids (at least 6-8 glasses of fluids a day) to thin mucus.
Elevate your head with an extra pillow while sleeping to prevent mucus from blocking your throat.
Use a humidifier or vaporizer to add moisture to the air.

Shortness of Breath During Pregnancy

Shortness of breath can occur due to increased upward pressure of the uterus

Recommendations:

When walking, slow down and rest a few moments.
Raise your arms over your head (this lifts your rib cage and allows you to breathe in more air).
Avoid lying flat on your back, and try sleeping with your head elevated.

Pregnancy Stretch Marks

Stretch marks are a type of scar tissue that forms when the skin's normal elasticity is not enough for the stretching required during pregnancy. They usually appear on the abdomen and can also appear on the breasts, buttocks or thighs. While they won't disappear completely, stretch marks will fade after delivery. Stretch marks affect the surface under the skin and are usually not preventable.

Recommendations:

Be sure that your diet contains enough sources of the nutrients needed for healthy skin (especially vitamins C and E).
Apply lotion to your skin to keep it soft and reduce dryness.
Exercise daily.

Swelling in the Feet and Legs During Pregnancy

Pressure from the growing uterus on the blood vessels carrying blood from the lower body causes fluid retention that results in swelling (edema) in the legs and feet.

Recommendations:

Try not to stay on your feet for long periods of time. Avoid standing in one place.
Drink plenty of fluids (at least 6-8 glasses of fluids a day).
Avoid foods high in salt (sodium).
Elevate your legs and feet while sitting. Avoid crossing your legs.
Wear loose, comfortable clothing; tight clothing can slow circulation and increase fluid retention.
Don't wear tight shoes; choose supportive shoes with low, wide heels.
Keep your diet rich in protein; too little protein can cause fluid retention.
Notify your health care provider if your hands or face swell. This may be a warning sign of preeclampsia.
Rest on your side during the day to help increase blood flow to your kidneys.

Vaginal Discharge During Pregnancy

Increased blood supply and hormones cause your vagina to increase normal secretions. Normal vaginal discharge is white or clear, non irritating, odorless and may look yellow when dry on your underwear or panty liners.

Recommendations:

Choose cotton underwear or brands made from other natural fibers.
Avoid tight-fitting jeans or pants.
Do not douche. It is possible that you can introduce air into your circulatory system or break your bag of waters in later pregnancy.
Clean the vaginal area often with soap and water.
Wipe yourself from front to back.
Contact your health care provider if you have burning, itching, irritation or swelling, bad odor, bloody discharge, or bright yellow or green discharge (these symptoms could be a sign of infection).

Pregnancy Backaches

Backaches are usually caused by the strain put on the back muscles, changing hormone levels, and changes in your posture.

Recommendations:

Wear low-heeled (but not flat) shoes.
Avoid lifting heavy objects.
Squat down with your knees bent when picking things up instead of bending down at the waist.
Don't stand on your feet for long periods. If you need to stand for long periods, place one foot on a stool or box for support.
Sit in a chair with good back support, or place a small pillow behind your lower back. Also place your feet on a footrest or stool.
Check that your bed is firm. If needed, put a board between the mattress and box spring.
Sleep on your left or right side with a pillow between your legs for support.
Apply a hot water bottle, heating pad on low setting, take a warm bath or shower, or try massage.
Perform exercises, as advised by your health care provider, to make your back muscles stronger and help relieve the soreness.
Maintain good posture. Standing up straight will ease the strain on your back.
Contact your health care provider if you have a low backache that goes around your stomach and does not go away within one hour after you change position or rest. This might be a sign of premature labor.

Abdominal Pain or Discomfort

Sharp, shooting pains on either side of your stomach may result from the stretching tissue supporting your growing uterus. These pains may also travel down your thigh and into your leg.

Recommendations:

Change your position or activity until you are comfortable; avoid sharp turns or movements.
If you have a sudden pain in your abdomen, bend forward to the point of pain to relieve tension and relax the tissue.
Apply a hot water bottle, heating pad, or take a warm bath or shower.
Try massage.
Make sure you are getting enough fluids.
Take Tylenol (acetaminophen), occasionally.
Contact your health care provider if the pain is severe or constant or if you are less than 36 weeks pregnant and you have signs of labor.

Braxton-Hicks Contractions

The muscles in your uterus will contract (tighten) as early as the second trimester of pregnancy on. Irregular, infrequent contractions are called Braxton-Hickscontractions (also known as "false labor pains"). These are normal during pregnancy.

Recommendations:

Try to relax
Change positions. Sometimes this can alleviate the contractions.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - Topic Overview

2011-01-31T11:17:00.000-08:00

What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
Polycystic ovary syndrome (say "pah-lee-SIS-tik OH-vuh-ree SIN-drohm") is a problem in which a woman’s hormones are out of balance. It can cause problems with your periods and make it difficult to get pregnant. PCOS may also cause unwanted changes in the way you look. If it is not treated, over time it can lead to serious health problems, such as diabetes and heart disease.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (or PCOS) is common, affecting as many as 1 out of 15 women. Often the symptoms begin in the teen years. Treatment can help control the symptoms and prevent long-term problems.

What are hormones, and what happens in PCOS?
Hormones are chemical messengers that trigger many different processes, including growth and energy production. Often, the job of one hormone is to signal the release of another hormone.

For reasons that are not well understood, in PCOS the hormones get out of balance. One hormone change triggers another, which changes another. For example:

The sex hormones get out of balance. Normally, the ovaries make a tiny amount of male sex hormones (androgens). In PCOS, they start making slightly more androgens. This may cause you to stop ovulating, get acne, and grow extra facial and body hair.
The body may have a problem using insulin, called insulin resistance. When the body doesn't use insulin well, blood sugar levels go up. Over time, this increases your chance of getting diabetes.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms tend to be mild at first. You may have only a few symptoms or a lot of them. The most common symptoms are:

Acne.
Weight gain and trouble losing weight.
Extra hair on the face and body. Often women get thicker and darker facial hair and more hair on the chest, belly, and back.
Thinning hair on the scalp.
Irregular periods. Often women with PCOS have fewer than nine periods a year. Some women have no periods. Others have very heavy bleeding.
Fertility problems. Many women who have PCOS have trouble getting pregnant (infertility).
Depression.

Most women with PCOS grow many small cysts on their ovaries. That is why it is called polycystic ovary syndrome. The cysts are not harmful but lead to hormone imbalances.
What causes PCOS?
The symptoms of PCOS are caused by changes in hormone levels. There may be one or more causes for the hormone level changes.

PCOS seems to run in families, so your chance of having it is higher if other women in your family have PCOS, irregular periods, or diabetes. PCOS can be passed down from either your mother's or father's side.

How is PCOS diagnosed?
To diagnose PCOS, the doctor will:

Ask questions about your past health, symptoms, and menstrual cycles.
Do a physical exam to look for signs of PCOS, such as extra body hair and high blood pressure. The doctor will also check your height and weight to see if you have a healthy body mass index (BMI).
Do a number of lab tests to check your blood sugar, insulin, and other hormone levels. Hormone tests can help rule out thyroid or other gland problems that could cause similar symptoms.
You may also have a pelvic ultrasound to look for cysts on your ovaries. Your doctor may be able to tell you that you have PCOS without an ultrasound, but this test will help him or her rule out other problems.

How is it treated?
Regular exercise, healthy foods, and weight control are key treatments for PCOS. Medicines to balance hormones may also be used. Getting treatment can reduce unpleasant symptoms and help prevent long-term health problems.

The first step in managing PCOS is to get regular exercise and eat heart-healthy foods. This can help lower blood pressure and cholesterol and reduce the risk of diabetes and heart disease. It can also help you lose weight if you need to.

Try to fit in moderate activity and/or vigorous activity on a regular basis. Walking is a great exercise that most people can do.
Eat a heart-healthy diet. In general, this diet has lots of vegetables, fruits, nuts, beans, and whole grains. It also limits foods that are high in saturated fat, such as meats, cheeses, and fried foods. If you have blood sugar problems, try to eat about the same amount of carbohydrate at each meal. A registered dietitian can help you make a meal plan.
Most women who have PCOS can benefit from losing weight. Even losing 10lb may help get your hormones in balance and regulate your menstrual cycle. PCOS can make it hard to lose weight, so work with your doctor to make a plan that can help you succeed.
If you smoke, consider quitting. Women who smoke have higher androgen levels that may contribute to PCOS symptoms.1Smoking also increases the risk for heart disease.
A doctor may also prescribe medicines, such as:

Birth control pills. They can help your periods be regular and can reduce symptoms such as excess facial hair and acne. An androgen-lowering medicine, spironolactone, may be used with birth control pills to help reduce symptoms even more. These medicines are not used if you are trying to get pregnant.
A diabetes medicine called metformin. It can help restore regular menstrual cycles and fertility.
Fertility medicines, if you are trying to get pregnant.
It is important to see your doctor for follow-up to make sure treatment is working and to adjust it if needed. You may also need regular tests to check for diabetes, high blood pressure, and other possible problems.

It may take a while for treatments to help with symptoms such as facial hair or acne. In the meantime:

Over-the-counter or prescription acne medicines may help with skin problems.
Waxing, tweezing, and shaving are easy ways to get rid of unwanted hair. Electrolysis or laser treatments can permanently remove the hair but are more expensive. Your doctor can also prescribe a skin cream that slows hair growth for as long as you use it regularly.
It can be hard to deal with having PCOS. If you are feeling sad or depressed, it may help to talk to a counselor or to other women who have PCOS. Ask your doctor about local support groups, or look for an online group. It can make a big difference to know that you are not alone.

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2011-01-26T06:08:00.000-08:00

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2011-01-26T06:05:00.000-08:00

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Vaginal Discharge: What’s Abnormal?

2011-01-25T22:57:00.000-08:00

Vaginal discharge may not be a popular topic of conversation. But you might like to know that it actually serves an important housekeeping function in the female reproductive system. Fluid made by glands inside the vagina and cervix carries away dead cells and bacteria. This keeps the vagina clean and helps prevent infection.

Most of the time vaginal discharge is perfectly normal. The amount can vary from woman to woman, and the normal color can range from clear to a milky whitish, depending on the time in your menstrual cycle. You may also notice slight changes in the amount and odor of the discharge. For example, there will be more discharge if you are ovulating, breastfeeding, or sexually aroused. The smell may be different if you are pregnant or you haven’t been diligent about your personal hygiene.

None of those changes is cause for alarm. However, if the color, smell, or consistency seems significantly unusual, especially if there is itching or burning in the vagina, you could be noticing a sign of an infection or other condition.

What causes abnormal discharge?

Any change in the balance of normal bacteria in the vagina can affect the smell, color, or texture of the discharge. These are a few of the things that can upset that balance:

antibiotic or steroid use
bacterial vaginosis, which is a bacterial infection more common in pregnant women or women who have multiple sexual partners
birth control pills
cervical cancer
chlamydia or gonorrhea, which are sexually transmitted infections
diabetes
douches, scented soaps or lotions, bubble bath
pelvic infection after surgery
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
trichomoniasis, which is a parasitic infection typically caused by having unprotected sex
vaginal atrophy, which is thinning and drying out of the vaginal walls during menopause
vaginitis, which is irritation in or around the vagina
yeast infections

See the chart below to learn more about what a particular type of discharge might mean.

Types of Abnormal Discharge and Their Possible Causes

Type of Discharge	What It Might Mean	Other Symptoms
Bloody or brown	Irregular menstrual cycles, or less often, cervical or endometrial cancer	Abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain
Cloudy or yellow	Gonorrhea	Bleeding between periods, urinary incontinence
Frothy, yellow or greenish with a bad smell	Trichomoniasis	Pain and itching while urinating
Pink	Shedding of the uterine lining after childbirth (lochia)
Thick, white, cheesy	Yeast infection	Swelling and pain around the vulva, itching, painful sexual intercourse
White, gray, or yellow with fishy odor	Bacterial vaginosis	Itching or burning, redness and swelling of the vagina or vulva

How does the doctor diagnose abnormal discharge?

The doctor will start by taking a health history and asking about your symptoms. Questions the doctor may ask include:

When did the abnormal discharge begin?
What color is the discharge?
Is there any smell?
Do you have any itching, pain, or burning in or around the vagina?
Do you have more than one sexual partner?
Do you douche?

The doctor may take a sample of the discharge or do a Pap test to collect cells from your cervix for further examination.

How is abnormal discharge treated?

Call your doctor for an appointment if you notice any unusual discharge. How you are treated will depend on the condition that’s causing the problem. For example, yeast infections are usually treated with antifungal medications inserted into the vagina in cream or gel form. Bacterial vaginosis is treated with antibiotic pills or creams. Trichomoniasis is usually treated with the drug metronidazole or tinidazole.

Here are some tips for preventing vaginal infections that can lead to abnormal discharge:

Keep the vagina clean by washing regularly with a gentle soap and warm water.
Never use scented soaps or douche. Also avoid feminine sprays and bubble baths.
After going to the bathroom, always wipe from front to back to prevent bacteria from getting into the vagina and causing an infection.
Wear 100% cotton underpants, and avoid overly tight clothing.-WebMD

Download EBook: Pregnancy Food Guide

2011-01-25T11:12:00.000-08:00

Click here to download Pregnancy Food Guide.

Top Tips for Pregnancy Nutrition

2011-01-25T10:50:00.000-08:00

Which vitamins and nutrients are key to your baby's health?

Good nutrition during pregnancy improves your chances of having a healthy baby. It may even reduce the risk of certain chronic conditions in your child, long after he has grown.

Eating for Two During Pregnancy

Whether you waited months for a positive pregnancy test or this pregnancy took you by surprise, you'll probably need to make over your eating habits. Many women begin pregnancy with shortfalls of nutrients central to a healthy pregnancy, including iron, calcium, and brain-building fats.

"Never in a woman's life is nutrition so important as when she's pregnant and nursing," says Elizabeth Somer, MA, RD, author of Nutrition for a Healthy Pregnancy.

Indeed. Research suggests that, along with other healthy habits during pregnancy, eating right influences a child's well-being at birth, and beyond.

"We've discovered that a child isn't only what she eats, but also what you ate during pregnancy, and possibly what your mother ate," says Randy Jirtle, PhD, a researcher in the field of epigenetics. Increasingly, research shows that mom's lifestyle affects her baby's chances for conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

Focus on Folic Acid During Pregnancy

Getting adequate folic acid is one way of helping your child become the healthiest person possible. During the first month of pregnancy, folic acid reduces the risk of neural tube defects, including spina bifida.

Be sure to take a daily multivitamin with 400 micrograms folic acid until you replace it with a prescription prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement. Choose grains fortified with folic acid, including breakfast cereals, breads, rice, and pasta, every day too.

Multivitamins Have Multiple Effects During Pregnancy

Multivitamins do more than supply the necessary folic acid for growing babies, according to a population study conducted at the University of Pittsburgh.

Researchers there found that women in early pregnancy who took a multivitamin or prenatal vitamin regularly reduced their risk of preeclampsia by 45%. Preeclampsia, which causes elevated blood pressure and protein in the urine, is a leading cause of premature delivery and fetal death.

Despite the benefits, you may find swallowing pregnancy supplements difficult. The pills are often large, and they contain high doses of iron that can irritate your stomach and cause constipation.

"If you find yourself having trouble taking prenatal vitamins or you're having unwanted side effects, talk to your doctor about other, safe options," advises Jennifer Shu, MD, pediatrician and co-author of Heading Home with Your Newborn: From Birth to Reality.

And always tell your doctor or midwife about all the dietary supplements you take, including herbal remedies.

Make Calories Count During Pregnancy

During the first few months of pregnancy, you may not notice a big weight gain.

Some women may even lose weight during the first trimester of pregnancy because of queasiness that prevents them from eating and drinking normally. Tell your doctor if you experience persistent vomiting or nausea – you may become dehydrated. So-called morning sickness can last for the entire pregnancy, but it typically starts to dissipate after about 13 weeks.

As your baby begins growing, you'll need to make sure your extra calories are nutritionally rich. Pregnancy is not a license to overeat, however. A pregnant woman only needs an additional 300 calories a day. "Three hundred calories sounds like a lot, but it's about the amount in two large apples," Somer says.

Of course, it's OK to splurge on a hot fudge sundae on indulge pregnancy food cravings from time to time. On a daily basis, here's how to make those 300 additional calories matter most:

16 ounces 1% low fat milk
2 slices bread; 2 ounces chicken; 1 teaspoon reduced fat mayonnaise
8 ounce vanilla non-fat yogurt mixed with 1/2 cup fruit and 1 ounce whole grain crunchy cereal
Weighty Matters During Pregnancy

Gaining the recommended number of pounds limits pregnancy and delivery complications and ensures a healthy infant. Women who start pregnancy at a normal weight can expect to put on between 25 and 35 pounds. For twins, expect to gain between 34 and 45 pounds.

Underweight women may need to gain more, while overweight moms may be advised to put on fewer pounds.

In addition, "Overweight women tend to have heavier babies that are more difficult to deliver," says obstetrician Erin Tracy, MD.

Overweight moms should not diet during pregnancy. Work closely with your health care provider and a registered dietitian to determine a pregnancy eating plan tailored to your needs.

More Nutrients of Note During Pregnancy

Every nutrient that's important to you as a woman is necessary for your baby's growth and development. Yet, certain nutrients stand out as particularly important to your child, especially as pregnancy progresses.

Protein: Protein is the structural material of every cell in your baby's body.

Insufficient protein during pregnancy restricts fetal growth. And it may even affect your child's chances for high blood pressure later in life, according to a study in The New England Journal of Medicine.

Pregnancy protein needs climb 25 grams a day above what was needed before you were pregnant, for a total of about 70 grams -- the amount found in three eight-ounce glasses of milk or about seven ounces of cooked meat, chicken, or seafood.

Iron: You require about 50% more iron when you are pregnant. Iron is important in the formation of hemoglobin, which is the oxygen-carrying protein on red blood cells. In pregnancy your need for iron and hemoglobin goes up, especially in the second and third trimesters.

Iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy can cause fatigue in mom, and possible problems for baby. "Some studies show severe iron deficiency anemia in mom is linked to low birth weights and iron-deficient infants," says Tracy.

Calcium: The baby needs calcium for development. If you don't consume enough calcium, your body will take it from your bones. This can cause a decrease in bone mass and increase your risk for osteoporosis.

Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA): DHA is important for brain and eye development. Fish harbors this omega-3 fatty acid, but there's a catch.

Women in their childbearing years, and pregnant and nursing women, should steer clear of shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish because of methylmercury, a heavy metal that's toxic to a developing baby's neurological system. Safer DHA-rich sources include salmon and fortified eggs. Ask your doctor whether you may need a DHA supplement.
Rethink Your Drink During Pregnancy

Pregnant women require about 10 cups of fluid every day. Although plain water is preferable, milk and juice count toward your fluid quota too.

Beer, wine, and spirits work against a healthy baby, however. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy promotes physical and mental birth defects.

"There is no known safe level for alcohol when you are expecting, so the best thing to do is avoid it," Tracy says. If you're worried about taking a drink before you knew you were expecting, talk with your doctor or midwife about your concerns.

What about caffeine? Its effects on developing babies is a subject of debate. Limit coffee to one or two eight-ounce cups a day to be on the safe side, advises the March of Dimes.

Juice seems like a healthy alternative to soft drinks, and it is. However, juice is laden with calories that can cause unwanted weight gain. Other soft drinks, such as soda, supply about as many calories as juice, and may also contain caffeine.

Your Pregnancy Eating Plan

Prescription prenatal pills may provide what your diet lacks on any given day, but when you're pregnant, healthy eating takes center stage. A balance of nutrients is key, according to Jirtle.

"Just because a little of something is good does not mean a lot is necessarily better," Jirtle says.

Moderately active women who start pregnancy at a healthy weight need about 2,400 calories a day. Here are some ideas of what to include on a daily basis:

Grains: 8 servings, such as 1 slice whole wheat bread, 1 cup whole grain cereal; 1/2 cup cooked pasta or rice. (Choose high fiber whole grains often to reduce pregnancy constipation.)

Vegetables: 4 or more servings, such as 2 medium whole raw carrots; 1 cup dark leafy greens; 1 cup cooked broccoli or cauliflower.

Fruits: 2 to 4 servings, such as 1 small apple, orange, pear, or banana or 1 cup berries.

Dairy: 3 servings, such as 8 ounces milk or yogurt or 1 1/2 ounces hard cheese.

Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, nuts, and beans: 2-3 servings, such as 2-3 ounces cooked meat, poultry, or seafood.

Fats, oils and sweets: sparingly.

Click here and here to download free ebooks on pregnancy nutrition.

or buy from Amazon:

-WebMD

Abotion: Frequently asked questions

2011-01-21T04:56:00.000-08:00

What is an abortion?

Abortion is the early ending of a pregnancy.

Sometimes abortion happens on its own. This is called miscarriage or spontaneous abortion. But women can also choose to end a pregnancy by getting surgery or taking medicine.

When should you see a doctor?

If you think you might be pregnant, see a doctor as soon as possible. If you are pregnant, this is an important time to learn as much as you can about your options. If you are thinking about having an abortion, it’s best not to wait. The earlier you are in your pregnancy, the more options you are likely to have. Also, the risk of problems will be lower.

Your doctor will ask about your medical history and will do a physical exam. You will have lab tests to make sure that you are pregnant. You may also have an ultrasound.

Whether you are an adult or a teen, the law protects your privacy. Your exam and test results are your private information. Your doctor or clinic won't share them unless you give your permission.

How will you know what decision is right for you?

Deciding to continue your pregnancy or end it is very personal. Counseling may help you to decide what is best for you. If you're comfortable, you can start by talking with your doctor. Family planning clinics also offer counseling to help you decide what is best for you. You may also want to talk with someone close to you who understands how pregnancy and raising a child would affect your life. Carefully think through your choices, which are to:

Have a baby, and support and raise your child to adulthood.
Have a baby, and place the baby for adoption.
Have an abortion.

When can an abortion be done?

It will depend on how many weeks pregnant you are. You may have a choice between a medical abortion (which means taking medicine to end the pregnancy) and a surgical abortion such as vacuum aspiration, or dilation and evacuation (D&E).

After 9 weeks, surgical abortion is the only option. The risks from having an abortion in the second trimester are higher than in the first trimester.

**Abortion choices**
When	Medical abortion	Surgical abortion
First trimester (around 5 to 12 weeks)	Mifepristone withmisoprostol Methotrexate with misoprostol (Experts do not recommend medical abortion after 9 weeks.)	Manual vacuum aspiration, as early as 5 weeks after the last menstrual period (uses a tube attached to a handheld syringe that draws tissue out of the uterus) Machine vacuum aspiration (uses a tube attached to an electric pump that draws all tissue out of the uterus)
Second trimester(13 to 24 weeks)	None	Dilation and evacuation (D&E), a combination of vacuum aspiration, forceps, and dilation and curettage(D&C) Induction, possibly with D&E, seldom used

Abortions done early in the pregnancy can be done by your doctor or gynecologist. Some nurse-midwives, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants may also be trained to do some types of abortions. Abortion services are most likely to be offered at university hospitals and family planning clinics.

Some states have legal restrictions on abortion. Talk to your closest Planned Parenthood or other family planning clinic to learn more about restrictions in your state.

In some states, women younger than 18 will need a parent’s permission. A minor can get a court order that will allow an abortion without a parent’s consent.

Abortions are rarely done after 24 weeks of pregnancy (during the late second trimester and entire third trimester). Many states in the U.S. have restrictions on abortions after 24 weeks.

How safe is abortion?

Abortions done by doctors are very safe. Less than 1 in 100 women have a serious problem from an abortion.

The safest timing for an abortion is usually during the first trimester.¹ This is when a low-risk medicine or vacuum aspiration procedure can be used. Medicine is not recommended after 9 weeks.

After 9 weeks, only surgical abortion can be used. Problems from surgical abortion in the second trimester include heavy blood loss, infection, and moderate to severe pain.

The most widely used methods for abortion do not prevent a woman from becoming pregnant later.

Keep in mind that you can get pregnant in the weeks right after an abortion. This is a good time to start using birth control that works well and fits your lifestyle.

It will probably take you 1 to 3 weeks to heal and feel better after an abortion. You should not have sex during this time. But when you do have sex again, be sure to use a condom for several weeks or for as long as your doctor tells you to. This will help to prevent infection.

Source: WebMD

Bleeding During Pregnancy

2011-01-20T06:44:00.000-08:00

Cause for concern:

Bleeding during pregnancy is common, especially during the first trimester, and usually it's no cause for alarm. But because bleeding can sometimes be a sign of something serious, it's important to know the possible causes, and get checked out by your doctor to make sure you and your baby are healthy.

Bleeding in the First Trimester

About 20% of women have some bleeding during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Possible causes of first trimester bleeding include:

Implantation bleeding. You may experience some normal spotting within the first six to 12 days after you conceive as the fertilized egg implants itself in the lining of the uterus. Some women don't realize they are pregnant because they mistake this bleeding for a light period. Usually the bleeding is very light and lasts from a few hours to a few days.

Miscarriage. Because miscarriage is most common during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, it tends to be one of the biggest concerns with first trimester bleeding. About half of women who bleed in pregnancy eventually miscarry, but that doesn't necessarily mean that if you're bleeding you've lost the baby, especially if you don't have any other symptoms.

Other symptoms of miscarriage are strong cramps in the lower abdomen and tissue passing through the vagina.

Ectopic pregnancy. In an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized embryo implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. If the embryo keeps growing, it can cause the fallopian tube to burst, which can be life-threatening to the mother. Although ectopic pregnancy is potentially dangerous, it only occurs in about 2% of pregnancies.

Other symptoms of ectopic pregnancy are strong cramps or pain in the lower abdomen, and lightheadedness.

Molar pregnancy (also called gestational trophoblastic disease). This is a very rare condition in which abnormal tissue grows inside the uterus instead of a baby. In rare cases, the tissue is cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body.

Other symptoms of molar pregnancy are severe nausea and vomiting, and rapid enlargement of the uterus.

Additional causes of bleeding in early pregnancy include:

Cervical changes. During pregnancy, extra blood flows to the cervix. Intercourse or a Pap test, which cause contact with the cervix, can trigger bleeding. This type of bleeding isn't cause for concern.
Infection. Any infection of the cervix, vagina, or a sexually transmitted infection (such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, or herpes) can cause bleeding in the first trimester.

Bleeding in the Second and Third Trimesters

Abnormal bleeding in late pregnancy may be more serious, because it can signal a problem with the mother or baby. Call your doctor as soon as possible if you experience any bleeding in your second or third trimester.

Possible causes of bleeding in late pregnancy include:

Placenta previa. This condition occurs when the placenta sits low in the uterus and partially or completely covers the opening of the birth canal. Although placenta previa is very rare, occurring in only one in 200 pregnancies, it is an emergency requiring immediate medical attention.

Bleeding from placenta previa can often occur without any pain.

Placental abruption. In about 1% of pregnancies, the placenta detaches from the wall of the uterus before or during labor and blood pools between the placenta and uterus. Placental abruption can be very dangerous to both the mother and baby.

Other symptoms of placental abruption are abdominal pain, clots from the vagina, tender uterus, and back pain.

Uterine rupture. In rare cases, a scar from a previous C-section can tear open during pregnancy. Uterine rupture can be life-threatening, and requires an emergency C-section.

Other symptoms of uterine rupture are pain and tenderness in the abdomen.

Vasa previa. In this very rare condition, the developing baby's blood vessels in the umbilical cord or placenta cross the opening to the birth canal. Vasa previa can be very dangerous to the baby because the blood vessels can tear open, causing the baby to bleed severely and lose oxygen.

Other symptoms of vasa previa include abnormal fetal heart rate and excessive bleeding.

Premature labor. Vaginal bleeding late in pregnancy may just be a sign that your body is getting ready to deliver. A few days or weeks before labor begins, the mucus plug that covers the opening of the uterus will pass out of the vagina, and it will usually have small amounts of blood in it (this is known as "bloody show"). If bleeding and symptoms of labor begin before the 37th week of pregnancy, contact your doctor right away because you might be in preterm labor.

Other symptoms of preterm labor include contractions, vaginal discharge, abdominal pressure, and ache in the lower back.

Additional causes of bleeding in late pregnancy are:

Injury to the cervix or vagina
Polyps
Cancer

What to Do If You Have Abnormal Bleeding During Pregnancy

Because vaginal bleeding in any trimester can be a sign of a problem, call your doctor. Wear a pad so that you can keep track of how much you're bleeding, and record the type of blood (for example, pink, brown, or red; smooth or full of clots). Bring any tissue that passes through the vagina to your doctor for testing. Don't use a tampon or have sex while you are still bleeding.

Go to the emergency room or call 911 right away if you are experiencing any of the following symptoms, which could be signs of a miscarriage or other serious problem:

Severe pain or intense cramps low in the abdomen
Severe bleeding, whether or not there is pain
Discharge from the vagina that contains tissue
Dizziness or fainting
A fever of more than 100.5 degrees Fahrenheit and/or chills

Health Care Consultations at WHC

2011-01-20T06:28:00.000-08:00

Our staff is available by appointment to see individual women for consultations on specific women's health issues:

Abnormal pap smears
Birth control
Emergency contraception (morning after pill)
Endometriosis
Fibroids
Genital warts
Herpes
HPV
Hysterectomy
Infertility
Menopause
Pap smears
Pelvic pain
PMS
Sexually transmitted infections
Urinary incontinence

Please note: Seeing our medical staff for a consult does not mean you will become a Women’s Health Clinic client or receive ongoing care from us.

New Morning-After Pill Ella Wins FDA Approval

2011-01-20T06:19:00.000-08:00

Aug. 13, 2010 -- The FDA has approved Ella, a new morning-after contraceptive pill effective for up to five days after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure.

An FDA expert advisory panel last June unanimously urged the FDA to approve the drug. Called Ella in the U.S., the drug already is approved in Europe and sold there as EllaOne.

The only other emergency contraceptive is Plan B. Unlike Ella, which will be available only by prescription, Plan B is sold without a prescription for women aged 17 and older.

Side effects of Ella, similar to those of Plan B, include headache, nausea, abdominal pain, pain/discomfort during menstruation (dysmenorrhea), fatigue, and dizziness. The drug should not be taken by women who are pregnant or nursing.

The two emergency contraceptives work differently:

Plan B contains levonorgestrel, a progestin hormone used in lower doses in many birth control pills.
Ella contains ulipristal, a non-hormonal drug that blocks the effects of key hormones necessary for conception.
Plan B should be taken as soon as possible after sex. It may work for up to 72 hours after sex.
While emergency contraception should not be delayed, Ella's effectiveness does not fade for 120 hours (five days) after sex, regardless of whether the hormonal surge has occurred.

Ella is manufactured by Paris-based Laboratoire HRA Pharma. It will be distributed by Watson Pharma Inc., of Morristown, N.J.

Source: WebMD

Women's Health

2011-01-20T05:59:00.000-08:00

The woman's body is wonderfully complex and delicate. However, multiple roles as the mother, daughter, wife, homemaker, wage earner can be physically and mentally quite taxing. As a woman, you might share some common health risks with men, such as heart disease, but because of your special reproductive role, you are also at risk of some distinctly female disorders.

With regards to women health care there are many tips that will help ensure you to take proper care of yourself and leave yourself as healthy and happy as possible. One of the best things that you can do is, start to put yourself first, leaving all the priorities at back. And for proper health and wellness you need to look good to feel good.

It only takes a little more than 10 minutes of physical activity a day to start seeing and feeling the improvements, and to live longer. Any additional activity on top of that is just going to help boost your overall health and maximize your life span.

Drinking a cup of tea a day is one of the best ways of maximizing your life span and to maintain good health. Green tea as well as black tea contain great amounts of caffeines which are responsible for the risk of cancer as well as many forms of heart diseases.

Strong legs are important for women's well-being
Most women in their 70's and 80's tend to decline in their health rapidly because of hip fracture mostly caused when they fall down. Once that happens, the immobilization prevents them from getting their much needed exercise to ensure a healthy lifestyle. This problem can easily be prevented by doing some simple thigh and leg exercises on a daily basis.

This section deals with answers to some common problems like, menstrual disorders, pregnancy, breast feeding etc. Information on Sexually Transmitted Diseases, FAQs for women, and Contraceptives too have been included in this section.

Source: http://health.indiamart.com/womenshealth/